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 ARCHITECTURE the cella, the original examples having been carried away by Sulla for the decoration of the Temple of the Capitol at Kome. Mr Penrose arrived at his conclusions from the great beauty of the Corinthian capitals of the Peristyle, many of which he thought were of a purer type than any likely to have been carved during the reign of Augustus when the work of completion of Cossutius’s temple was again taken up, and still less likely to be of Hadrian’s time. The main results of the late Mr Wood’s discovery of the site and remains of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus were made known as far back as 1876. Since then the remains brought to England and placed in the British Museum have attracted the attention of many archaeologists, who have attempted to make restorations of the plan embodying the chief features. Amongst these, by far the most trustworthy and most important has been that put forward by Dr Murray in a communication to the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1895. The same paper contains drawings representing a restoration of the carved drum of one of the columns belonging to the archaic temple, built 560 b.c., of which Croesus contributed most of the cost. By a fortunate accident the lower part of this drum is inscribed with his name. The fragments found have been set up in the Museum, and are interesting as showing the first conception of a scheme of decoration which exists in no other Greek temple. The Ionic capital of this archaic temple was brought over by Mr Wood, and the oblong form of its abacus is an additional proof of the theory which is now held that the Ionic capital was originally what is known as a bracket-capital, copied from the oblong piece of timber placed on a pillar to support the wooden architrave of a portico. Returning to the later Temple described by Pliny, the two most difficult problems were—(1) where to place the square sculptured pedestals, and (2) how to dispose of the thirty-six “ columme coelatse” spoken of by Pliny. Dr Murray solves the problem by placing the square pedestals (the cornices of which range with the raised platform on which the temple was built), eight at the east and eight at the west end, on a stylobate of four steps, which were carried round the whole building. On these pedestals he places sixteen of the “ columme ccelatse of the remaining twenty he places eight at the east and eight at the west end behind those raised on the square pedestals, resting on the stylobate of the platform; and the remaining four he places in antse to the pronaos and epinaos. The nine steps required to reach the platform (there wrere thirteen in all) Dr Murray puts between the first and second rows of columns of the east and west porticoes (Eig. 5). In determining the plan of the temple, he arranges a vestibule beyond the pronaos, the west wall of which was found by Mr Wood. Then follow the cella, with its double row of columns inside to assist in carrying the roof, and behind it the opisthodomus and the epinaos or posticum (Fig. 6). The excavations made by the British School at Athens in 1890-91 at Megalopolis have exposed the principal portions of the theatre said by Pausanias to have been the largest in Greece, and have enabled the explorers to trace the plan of the Thersilion or Assembly Hall of the 10,000 Arcadians. The hall covered an area of 35,000 square feet, and is remarkable for its plan, inasmuch as the columns which crowned its roof and which were on three sides of the hall were placed so as to radiate towards the tribune, and thus form the least possible obstruction to the view from any portion of the hall. The bases of the columns, which alone remained in situ, proved also by their levels that the floor of the assembly hall sloped towards the tribune. The intercolunmiation of the columns varied from 29 to 17 feet, which shows that they carried wooden beams only. The columns were probably in stone,

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but no remains of any capitals were found. In front of the hall was a portico of sixteen Doric columns, fourteen in the front and one behind each of the angle columns. The complete excavation of the temenos at Eleusis by the Archaeological Society of Athens in 1883 has solved the problem relative to the exact plan of the Hall of the Mysteries. Three successive buildings have occupied the site, and additions and restorations were made to the third hall, designed about 420 B.c. by Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon. The foundations of the third hall show that the building was 183 feet square, with forty-two columns

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Pig. 6.—Plan of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. ranged in seven rows of six each; round the walls were rock-hewn steps for the spectators. The Doric portico of fourteen columns, twelve in front and two behind the angle columns, was added by Philon, the architect of the Arsenal of the Piraeus, about 310 B.c. No architectural remains of the hall were found. The temenos was entered through two Propylsea, the outer one of which was hexastyle and similar in plan to the Propylsea at Athens. The sanctuary of the Temple of Apollo in the island of Delos was explored by the Archaeological Society of Athens in 1877-83, under the direction of Mr Homolle. The whole site has been cleared, revealing, as at Olympia and Delphi, the foundations of all the temples, treasuries, and other votive monuments. Of the temple of Apollo sufficient was found to enable a complete conjectural