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 A R C H I T E C T u R E ducecl a reform therein. In the pavement and frescoes of the walls the subjects are selected from out-of-door life, and birds, insects, and water-plants are depicted with marvellous fidelity to nature. The temple of Luxor has also been cleared out under Mr Maspero, so that those portions of the plan which were covered over and hidden by modern buildings are now exposed.

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trace being shown on the stone bases still in situ, which were raised two inches above the pavement, a precaution taken to protect the base of a wooden column. This timber construction was afterwards copied in stone, and is the origin, according to Dr Dbrpfeld, of the slightly projecting antte employed afterwards decoratively in all Greek temples. Further evidence of the correctness of this theory has been found in the temple of Hera at Olympia, which was excavated by the German Government in 1875-85. Here the lower part of the walls was in masonry of small dimensions carrying a superstructure in crude brick, and the antai were protected and strengthened by vertical posts of timber, traces of which were found on the stylobate or upper step. Here also, as in Tiryns, the doorposts of the entrance doorway were in timber. In the Heraion, however, that which at Tiryns constituted the megaron had become the cella of the temple, and a further development had taken place by the surrounding of the same with a peristyle of columns to protect the external wall of the cella, and probably its stucco face and painted decoration. The variety of profile shown in the stone capitals found on the site, and the fact that

Persian. Mr Marcel Dieulafoy’s excavations at Susa in 1884-86 have confirmed those made by Sir Kenneth Loftus in 1850 as regards the three great porticoes and the Apadana, or Hall of Columns of the Palace of Artaxerxes Mnemon. The walls enclosing the hall and flanking the porticoes, as conjectured by Fergusson, no longer existed, being probably built in unburnt brick; but the discovery of fragments of the pavement inside the hall and in the rear of the north and west porticoes, which stopped on the lines where the walls (16 feet thick) should have been found, is a sufficiently clear proof of their existence. The fourth or south side of the Apadana opened on to a court, and facing the hall, on the right and left of the court, were two walls, which were decorated with the famous frieze of archers now in the Louvre. The wall had apparently fallen down on its face, and thus preserved more or less intact this frieze, which was executed in enamel in bright colours on beton blocks. Farther to the south Mr Dieulafoy found the grand staircase leading to the palace similar to the well-known example at Persepolis, except that the walls were here decorated with enamelled beton blocks. At Persepolis in 1891 Mr Weld Blundell ascertained, firstly, that the drain which was supposed to run under the site of what in Fergusson’s restoration should be a wall was carried between the wall and the first row of columns; secondly, that two of the vertical stone rain-water pipes rose above the pavement of the terrace, proving that they were brought down inside the wall from the roof above the Hall of Columns; Fig. 4.—The Theatre of Epidaurus. and, thirdly, that the three porticoes were flanked by towers, the foundations of which were traced I Pausanias mentions his having seen a wooden column in below the hard lime crust which had been mistaken for the opisthodomus, have led to the conclusion that originally all the columns of this temple were in wood, being the solid rock, thus confirming Fergusson’s restoration. replaced gradually by copies in stone. Their wide interGreek. columniation proves also that the entablature was in wood, Although the excavat ions made byDrSchliemann in Troy, and the discovery of some of the terra-cotta tiles and Mycenae, and Tiryns have in the main an archaeological antefixee shows that the wooden roof was covered with tiles. rather than an architectural value, the discovery of the The probable date of the foundation of the temple is plan of the Palace of Tiryns has enabled Dr Dbrpfeld to placed by Dr Dbrpfeld in the 11th cent. B.c.; four centuries, trace the origin of many of the characteristic features of therefore, before the earliest stone temples known, viz., Greek architecture. The propylaea or entrance gateways those of Apollo and of Zeus at Syracuse. The excavations at Olympia have laid bare the whole were of the same plan as that subsequently developed into the Hexastyle porticoes of the Propylaea at Athens and site of the Altis or sacred enclosure, and some of the other sacred enclosures. In the megaron or men’s hall of structures of later date round the same. It may be the palace, with its Portico-in-antis and vestibule, Dr pointed out that the preservation and recovery of the Dbrpfeld recognizes the model of the cella of the Greek famous statue of Hermes by Praxiteles is due to its having Doric Temple. The researches revealed that the primitive been thrown down by, and buried in, the clay of the crude construction consisted of a foundation wall about 3 feet brick walls of the cella; when that happened no one in height, built in rubble masonry laid in clay mortar, and knows, but it is strange that so ephemeral a material as of such thickness as to suggest that the upper part of the unburnt brick should, if our dates are correct, have been walls was built in crude or unburnt brick. In order to preserved for thirteen or fourteen centuries. The reprotect the face of the antse of the Portico-in-antis, and in searches of Blouet and other explorers in the earlier part conjunction with the two columns of the portico, to carry of the 19th century had made known to us the plan of the architrave, vertical posts or planks of wood were em- the Temple of Zeus, which yas Hexastyle Doric with ployed, secured by wooden dowels to a stone base. The thirteen columns in the flanks, and of the usual type, with two columns of the Portico-in-antis were in timber, their pronaos, epinaos, and cella. The entire clearance of all the