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 ARBITRATION,

INTERNATIONAL

be paid to non-combatants in respect of losses occasioned by war. Amongst the earliest of these commissions was that Mixed appointed under the treaty of 19th November commis- 1794, negotiated with Lord Grenville by Mr John slons. jay5 the distinguished American lawyer and statesman, and known as “ The Jay Treaty,” the object of which

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was to settle the indemnities to be paid by Great Britain and the United States respectively to owners of merchant ships captured during the American revolutionary war. Similar commissions were appointed in pursuance of the treaty of Vienna of 20th November 1815. In 1843, wholesale claims for indemnity were settled by a mixed commission

Table I. Territorial Disputes. Date of Agreement to refer. 24th Dec. 1814 (Treaty of Ghent)

Parties.

Great Britain and Mixed commission United States

Do.

Do.

29th Sept. 1827

Do.

13th Jan. 1868 1871

Sept. 1872 31st Dec. 1873 1874 3rd Feb. 1876 1878

Arbitrating Authority.

Do. King of the Netherlands

Great Britain and General Ulysses S. Grant, President of U.S. Portugal Great Britain and Mixed commission United States Great Britain and Portugal Italy and Switzerland Persia and Afghanistan Argentine Republic and Paraguay Argentine Republic and Chile Turkey and Greece

President of French Republic Mixed commission Generals Goldsmid and R. Pollock (British officers) President of United States Ministers of U.S. in the two countries Representatives of Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia

13th July 1878 (Treaty of Berlin) » 14th Sept. 1881 Colombia and Vene- King Alfonso XII. of Spain, and on his death the zuela Queen Regent Christina 10th Sept. 1885 Great Britain and Mixed Commission Russia 24th Dec. 1886 Nicaragua and President Cleveland Costa Rica Peru and Ecuador King of Spain, and on his 1st Aug. 1887 death the Queen Regent 29th Nov. 1888 France and Hol- Emperor of Russia land Jan. 1891 Persia and Afghan- Viceroy of India istan 1893 Great Britain, Anglo-Russian comRussia, and Af- mission. ghanistan France and Ger- Mixed commission 1897 many France and Brazil Federal Council of SwitzerApril 1897 land

12th Nov. 1898

Argentine Republic, Mixed commission Chile, and Bolivia

after certain preliminary points had been decided by arbitration in the following circumstances. France had found it necessary to take punitive measures against certain Moorish tribes on the West Coast of Africa in order to protect her colonies at Senegal from the arbitrary exactions by which they were oppressed. With this view she blockaded the coast of Portendic, but failed to notify the fact to the owners of the British vessels who traded with the nations in gum and other exports. The result

Subject Matter.

Kesult.

Islands in Passamaquoddy Bay 24th Nov. 1817.—Dispute settled near the mouth of the St Croix river Northern boundary of U.S. 18th June 1822.—Delimitation effected North-east boundary of U.S. 9th Aug. 1842.—Award not accepted by U.S., but dispute settled by Webster-Ashburton Treaty Sovereignty over island of 21st April 1870.—In favour of Bulama, off west coast of Portugal Africa 23rd Nov. 1871.—$5,500,000 Nova Scotia fisheries awarded to Great Britain, the American commissioners dissenting. Congress, however, voted the full amount Territories and islands in Dela- 24th July 1875.—In favour of Portugal goa Bay Boundary between Italy and 23rd Sept. 1874.—In favour of Italy Canton of Ticino Boundaries on north - west Delimitation effected frontier of India 12th Nov. 1878.—In favour of Frontier dispute Paraguay Strait of Magellan and land Sept. 1881. — Delimitation effected boundaries Territorial sovereignty 1st July 1880.—Thessaly and part of Epirus to be ceded to Greece. Decision embodied in treaty of 14th June 1881 May 1891.—In favour of ColBoundary dispute ombia 21st May 1886.—Delimitation effected Right of navigation in San 21st March 1888.—Mainly in favour of Costa Rica Juan river, &c. Territory east of Rio Bamba Delimitation effected Afghan boundary

Boundaries of French and 25th May 1891.—In favour of Holland Dutch Guiana Frontier of the Hashtadan Delimitation effected district Use of waters of river Kushk Dispute settled Hinterland of Togo, Gold Coast 11th July 1897. — Dispute settled of Africa Boundary between Brazil and 1st Dec. 1900. — Awarded to Brazil 147,000 square miles of French Guiana the disputed territory to the Araguay river on the S. and France about 3000squaremiles to the N. of the Tumuc Humac mountains. Practically in favour of Brazil Boundary of the province of 25th March 1899. — DelimitAtacama ation effected was that the commercial arrangements of the British owners were upset and they claimed compensation at the hands of their Government. Correspondence on the subject with the French Government went on for four years. It was finally agreed to refer to the king of Prussia the determination of two questions, one of fact, the other of law. (1) Did the blockade occasion losses to the British traders in the exercise of their lawful calling ? (2) If yea, was France bound to make these losses good? The king