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 APPENZELL — APPORTIONMENT French-speaking inhabitants, the rest being Germanquantities. Ice and milk are not suitable Solid food speaking. The religious statistics are as follows (1900), should not be given until fever has abated and distinct Ausser Rhoden—Protestants, 49,741 ; Romanists, 5501 ; improvement set in. Great care should be exercised m Jews, 31; Inner Rhoden—Protestants, 830; Romanists, the administration of aperients, and as this is.a matter 12,653. which patients or their friends are apt to take, into their The loftiest point in the canton is the Santis, 8216 own hands it is necessary to give an emphatic warning feet, now crowned by an observatory and an inn. The against the practice so long as the symptoms described political capital of Ausser Rhoden is Herisau, while are present. The safest course is to eschew aperients that of Inner Rhoden is Appenzell. Both halves of the altogether. In cases of moderate severity it may be canton still preserve their primitive democratic assemblies. desirable to open the bowels, but this is best accomplished In 1897, the state revenue of Ausser Rhoden was 640,162 by enemata. francs (an increase of 100 per cent, since 1885), and the In the majority of cases the foregoing measures will suffice, but when the attack pursues an unfavourable state expenditure 613,337 francs (an increase of 61 per course the question of operative interference arises. There cent, since 1885), while in 1898 the surplus was 18,490 francs; the state debt in 1897 was nil. In 1897, Inner is a considerable difference of opinion among surgeons on Rhoden had a state revenue of 181,932 francs (an increase the point. Some advocate early operation in all.cases; others, of a more conservative tendency, prefer to give the of nearly 72 per cent, since 1885), and a state expenditure inflammation an opportunity of subsiding without inter- of 165,409 francs (an increase of 64 per cent, since 1885), ference, and hold that in uncomplicated cases it only but in 1898 there was a deficit of 24,544 francs; in 1897 becomes necessary when the symptoms persist after the there was no public debt. In 1899, the mountain pastures fifth day. Perhaps the soundest rule is to. operate in all or “alps” of Inner Rhoden were 168 in number, and doubtful cases. Removal of the appendix in persons capable of supporting 4008 cows, while the capital value liable to recurrent attacks has been practised with great was put at 2,682,955 francs; accurate statistics have not success, and may be regarded as one of the triumphs of yet been published as regards Ausser Rhoden. Appenzell, the chief town of the above canton, modern surgery. The danger of relapse may, however, be guarded against by less drastic means. Persons who situated in Inner Rhoden. The two convents are both have had an attack should attend to their mastication and Capuchin, that of the men dating from 1588, and that of be careful about diet. In particular, they should avoid the women being a few years later in date. The “ Teufel ” indigestible substances, and counteract any tendency to flag was captured from the Tyrolese in 1406 at Imst, constipation. Exercise and abdominal massage are re- near Landeck. In 1888, the population of Appenzell commended, but the advisability of the latter is open to (which is rather a large village than a town) was 4472, question. and in 1899 was put at 4369. The prognosis in appendicitis is generally favourable. References. — Appenzellische Jahrbiicher. 3 series from The “ case mortality ” is believed to be about 5 per cent., 1854. Trogen.—Ebel. Schilderung d. GeUrgsvblker d. Schweiz. Leipzig, vol. i. (1798) describes App.—Kobelt. Die Alpwirthbut in the graver forms it is very much higher. Men are schaft im Kant. App., Inner Rhoden. Soleure, 1899.- Richman. said to be more liable to attack than women. It has Appenzell. London, 1895.—Zellweger. Geschichte d. App. Volkes been suggested that some constitutional states, such as a (to 1597). 6 vols. in 11 parts. Trogen, 1830-38. Der Kant. (w. A. B. C.) rheumatic or gouty tendency, predispose to appendicitis, App. Trogen, 1867. but the theory is not supported by any substantial Appleby, a municipal borough (1885), market-town evidence. and county town of Westmoreland, England, on the Eden, Affections with which appendicitis is liable to be con- 13 miles S.E. of Penrith, in the Appleby parliamentary founded are acute intestinal obstruction, typhoid fever, division of the county. Station on the Midland Railway. renal and gall-stone colic. The first of these resembles The bridge over the Eden has been rebuilt. Two Wesleyan it most closely, and diagnosis is sometimes very diffi- chapels and new grammar school buildings are modern cult. In typhoid fever the characteristic temperature, erections. Area, 1855 acres; population (1881), 1855; the general condition of the patient, and the presence of (1891), 1776; (1901), 1764. delirium are differentiating signs of importance; in renal Appleton, a city of Wisconsin, U.S.A., the capital and gall-stone colic the situation and more paroxysmal character of the pain are usually distinctive. (See also of Outagamie county, situated in 44° 16' N. lat. and Surgery.) (a. sl.) 88° 24' W. long., at an altitude of 718 feet, in the eastern part of the state, at the Grand Chute on Lower Fox river, Appenzell, one of the Swiss cantons, since 1597 which supplies excellent water-power for lumber and paper divided into the two half cantons of Ausser Rhoden and manufactures. The plan of the city is regular, and it is Inner Rhoden, the joint total area of which is 161 ‘8 sq. divided into six wards. It is entered by the Chicago and miles. Of this Ausser Rhoden claims 100^ sq. miles, 97‘8 North-western and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul sq. miles being classed as “productive,” forests covering railways. It is the seat of Lawrence University. The 18‘1 sq. miles, and vineyards -01 sq. mile, while of the city received its name from Samuel Appleton, who was 2-7 “unproductive” sq. miles, eternal snows cover 0‘3 sq. one of its founders, and a leading spirit in the organizamile. Inner Rhoden has an area of 61'3 sq. miles, of tion of Lawrence University. Population (1880), 8005; which 56‘7 sq. miles are classed as “productive,” forests (1890), 11,869; (1900), 15,085. covering 2‘7 sq. miles, while of the “unproductive” 4'6 Appomattox, a village of Appomattox county, sq. miles -38 is occupied by eternal snows. The population of Ausser Rhoden was in 1880, 51,953; in 1888, Yirginia, U.S.A., formerly the capital. It is situated 54,109 ; and in 1900, 55,284, or 551 per sq. mile; of Inner in southern Yirginia, on the Norfolk and Western railway. Rhoden the population was in 1880, 12,874; in 1888, It is noted as the scene of the surrender of the army of 12,874; and in 1900, 13,486, or 220 per sq. mile. The northern Yirginia under General Lee to the Federal forces rate of density in the former is only exceeded in Switzer- under Grant on 9th April 1865. Apportionment.—The term “apportionment” land by Geneva, and Basel Stadt (Bale Ville). In 1900 there were in Ausser Rhoden but 580 Italian-speaking (in is used in law in a variety of senses:—(i.) Sometimes it Inner Rhoden, 78) and 86 (in Inner Rhoden only 4) is employed, roughly and with no technical meaning, to 504