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APOCALYPTIC

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APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE 621-622, and Charles, op. cit. 238-240). Of the Latin breach between John Hyrcanus and the Pharisees took version only i. 9 survives, being preserved in the Pseudo- place and before the savage massacres of the latter by Cyprian’s Ad Novatianum and cvi. 1-18 discovered by Jannseus in 95 b.c. ; for it is not likely that in a book James in an 8th-century MS. of the British Museum dealing with the sufferings of the Pharisees such a refer(see James, Apoc. Anecdota, 146-150, Charles, op. cit. ence would be omitted. These chapters indicate a revolu372-375). This version is made from the Greek. The tion in the religious hopes of the nation. An eternal Ethiopic version, which is a very faithful translation of Messianic kingdom is no longer anticipated, but only a the Greek, alone preserves the entire text. It was edited temporary one, at the close of which the final judgment by Laurence in 1838 from one MS. and in 18ol by will ensue. The righteous dead rise not to this kingdom Dillmann from five. The present writer has undertaken but to spiritual blessedness in heaven itself—to an immortality of the soul. This section also has suffered at the a text based on a study of twenty-five MSS. hands of the final editor. Thus xci. 12-17, which describe Translations and Commentaries. —Laurence, The Book of Enoch, the last three weeks of the Ten-Weeks Apocalypse, should be Oxford, 1821 ; Dillmann, Das Buch Henoch, 1853 ; Schodde, The Book of Enoch, 1882 ; Charles, The Book of Enoch, 1893 ; Beer, read immediately after xciii. 1-10, which recount the first “ Das Buch Henoch ” in Kautzsch’s Apok. u. Pseud, des A. T. 1900, seven weeks of the same apocalypse. But, furthermore, ii. 217-310 ; Flemming and Radermacher, Das Buch Henoch, 1901. the section obviously begins with xcii. “Written by Enoch Critical Inquiries.—The bibliography will be found in Schiirer, Gesch. d. Jiidischen Volkes3, iii. 207-209, and a short critical the scribe,” &c. Then comes xci. 1-10 as a natural sequel. account of the most important of these in Charles, op. cit. pp. The Ten-Weeks Apocalypse, xciii. 1-10, xci. 12-17, if it came from the same hand, followed, and then xciv. The 9-21. We have remarked above that the Book of Enoch is attempt (by Clemen and Beer) to place the Ten-Weeks divided into five parts—i.-xxxvi.,xxxvii.-lxxi.,lxxii.-lxxxii., Apocalypse before 167, because it makes no reference to lxxxiii.-xc., xci.-cviii. Some of these parts constituted the Maccabees, is not successful; for where the history of originally separate treatises. In the course of their mankind from Adam to the final judgment is despatched reduction and incorporation into a single work they in sixteen verses, such an omission need cause little emsuffered much mutilation and loss. From an early date barrassment, and still less if the author is the deterthe compositeness of this work was recognized. Scholars mined foe of the Maccabees, whom he would undoubtedly have varied greatly in their critical analyses of the work have stigmatized as apostates, if he had mentioned them at (see Charles, op. cit. 6-21, 309-311 ; Hastings’ Diet, of all, just as he similarly brands all the Sadducean priestthe Bible, i. 706 ; Ency. Biblica, i. 221-222 ; Schodde, Book hood that preceded them to the time of the captivity. of Enoch, 1882, pp. 19-32). The analysis which gained This Ten-Weeks Apocalypse, therefore, we take to be the most acceptation was that of Dillmann (Herzog’s Real work of the writer of the rest of xci.-civ. Chaps, i.-xxxvi. Enkyk? xii. 350-352), according to whom the present books —This is the most difficult section in the book. It is very consist of—(1) the groundwork, i.e., i.-xxxvi., lxxii.-cv., composite. Ch. vi.-xi. is apparently an independent fragwritten in the time of John Hyrcanus; (2) xxxvii.-lxxi., ment of the Enoch Saga. It is itself compounded of the xvii.-xix., before 64 b.c. ; (3) the Noachic fragments, vi. Semjaza and Azazel myths, and in its present composite 3-8, viii. 1-3, ix. 7, x. 1, 11, xx., xxxix. 1, 2a, liv. 7-lv. 2, form is already presupposed by Ixxxviii.-lxxxix. 1 ; hence lx., Ixv.-lxix. 25, cvi.-cvii. ; and (4) cviii. from a later its present form is earlier than 166 b.c. It represents a hand. With much of this analysis there is no reason to primitive and very sensuous view of the eternal Messianic disagree. The similitudes are undoubtedly of different kingdom on earth, seeing that the righteous beget 1000 authorship from the rest of the book, and certain portions children before they die. In the next place xii.-xvi. stand of the book are derived from the Book of Noah. On the quite apart from the rest of i.-xxxvi. owing to the tranother hand, the so-called groundwork has no existence scendent picture they give of God as contrasted with what unless in the minds of earlier critics and some of their is given in the rest of the section. Likewise they reprebelated followers in the present. It springs from at least sent what Enoch saw in a dream, whereas xvii.-xxxvi. four hands, and may be roughly divided into four parts, recount Enoch’s actual journeys through the heavens. corresponding to the present actual divisions of the book. These chapters were probably an independent fragment of Of these we shall deal with the easiest first. Gh. Ixxii- the Enoch Saga. Again, xvii.-xix. stand in a peculiar Ixxxii. constitutes a work in itself, the writer of which had relation to xx.-xxxvi., since both sections deal with the very different objects before him from the writers of the rest same subjects. Thus xvii. 4 = xxiii.; xvii. 6 = xxii. ; of the book. His sole aim is to give the law of the heavenly xviii. 1 = xxxiv.-xxxvi.; xviii. 6-9 = xxiv.-xxv., xxxii. 1-2; bodies. His work has suffered disarrangements and inter- xviii. 11, xix. =xxi. 7-10; xviii. 12-16 =xxi. 1-6. They polations at the hands of the editor of the whole work. belong to the same cycle of tradition and cannot be indeThus Ixxx. sq. are intrusions, and Ixxxii. should stand pendent of each other. Chap. xx. appears to show that before Ixxix., for the opening words of the latter suppose xx.-xxxvi. is fragmentary, since only four of the seven it to be already read. Chaps. Ixxxiii.-xc.—This section angels mentioned in xx. have anything to do in xxi.was written before 161 B.c., for “the great horn,” who is xxxvi. Chaps, xxxvii.-lxx.—These constitute the wellJudas the Maccabee, was still warring when the author was known similitudes. They were written before 64 b.c., writing. (Dillmann, Schiirer, and others take the great for Home was not yet known to the writer, and after 95 horn to be John Hyrcanus, but this interpretation does b.c., for the slaying of the righteous, of which the writer violence to the text.) These chapters recount three visions : complains, was not perpetrated by the Maccabean princes the first two deal with the first-world judgment; the third before that date. This section consists of three similiwith the entire history of the world till the final judg- tudes—xxxviii.-xliv., xlv.-lvii., Iviii.-lxix. These are introment. An eternal Messianic kingdom at the close of the duced and concluded by xxxvii. and Ixx. There are judgment is to be established under the Messiah, with its many interpolations—lx., Ixv.-lxix. 25 come confessedly centre in the Hew Jerusalem set up by God Himself. from the Book of Noah; most probably also liv. 7-lv. 2. Chaps, xci.-civ.—In the preceding section the Maccabees Whence others, such as xxxix. 1, 2a, xli. 3-8, xliii. sq., spring were the religious champions of the nation and the friends is doubtful. Ch. 1., Ivi. 5-lvii. 3a are likewise insertions, of the Chasids. Here they are leagued with the Sadducees, and Ixxi. an addition, at variance with the thought of the and are the declared foes of the Pharisaic party. This section. The Messianic doctrine and eschatology of this section was written therefore after 134 b.c., when the section is unique. The Messiah is here for the first time