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 ANTITOXI N — ANTRIM Antitoxin. See Bacteriology, II. Antivari, or Bar, so called from its position opposite Bari in Italy, once a town of Turkish Albania, now Montenegrin, situated near the Adriatic Sea, 18 miles jST.W. of Scutari, and surrounded by a dense forest of olive trees. Its old Venetian castle suffered greatly from the siege by the Montenegrins in 1878, and is now in ruins. There is a good harbour (Pristan) for vessels of light draught, and a beautiful residence for the prince one hour distant from the town, which had at one time a considerable trade in the products of Albania, but is now of little importance. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Population, about 1500, mostly Albanians. Antofagasta, a town and port on the Pacific and the capital of the Chilian province and department of the same name, situated in 23° 38' 39" S. lat. and 70° 24' 39" W. long., about 768 miles N. of Valparaiso. It belonged to Bolivia until occupied in 1879 by Chile, then at war with the former country; its occupation was agreed to by Peru in 1884, and it was definitely ceded to Chile by the treaty of 1885. The population in 1895 was 13,530; in 1898 it was estimated at 16,795. It is the head of the railway to Oruro in Bolivia, and most of the Bolivian export trade passes through it. The total value of the exports in 1897 was (Chilian currency) $4,237,841 ; of the imports, $2,187,171. In the same year the shipping which entered had a tonnage of 75,224 tons. The value of the Bolivian mineral products exported through it in 1898 was $29,994,914 (Chilian currency). The province of Antofagasta has an area of 47,918 square miles, and had in 1895 a population of. 44,085. It is divided into three departments. In 1898 the marriages numbered 253, the births 1561, and the deaths 1093. Antonelli, Giacomo (1806-1876), Italian Cardinal, was born at Sonnino, 2nd April 1806. He was educated for the priesthood, but, after taking orders, preferred an administrative career. Created secular prelate, he was sent as apostolic delegate to Viterbo, where he early manifested his reactionary tendencies in an attempt to stamp out Liberalism. Recalled to Rome in 1841, he entered the office of the papal secretary of state, but four years later was appointed pontifical treasurer-general. Created cardinal (11th June 1847), he was chosen by Pius IX. to preside over the council of state entrusted with the drafting of the constitution. On 10th March 1848 Antonelli became premier of the first constitutional ministry of Pius IX., a capacity in which he displayed unscrupulous duplicity. Upon the fall of his cabinet Antonelli created for himself the governorship of the sacred palaces in order to retain constant access to and influence over the Pope. After the assassination of Pellegrino Rossi (15th November 1848) he arranged the flight of Pius IX. to Gaeta, where he was appointed secretary of state. Notwithstanding promises to the Powers, he restored absolute government upon returning to Rome (12th April 1850) and violated the conditions of the surrender by wholesale imprisonment of Liberals. In 1855 he narrowly escaped assassination. As ally of the Bourbons of Naples, from whom he had received an annual subsidy, he attempted, after 1860, to facilitate their restoration by fomenting brigandage on the Neapolitan frontier. To the overtures of Ricasoli in 1861, Pius IX., at Antonelli’s suggestion, replied with the famous “ Nonpossumus,” but subsequently (1867) accepted, too late, Ricasoli’s proposal concerning ecclesiastical property. After the September Convention (1864) Antonelli organized the Legion of Antibes to replace French troops in Rome, and in 1867 secured French aid against Garibaldi’s invasion of papal territory. Upon the reoccupation of Rome by the French after Mentana, Antonelli again

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ruled supreme, but upon the entry of the Italians in 1870 was obliged to restrict his activity to the management of foreign relations. He wrote, with papal approval, the letter requesting the Italians to occupy the Leonine city, and obtained from the Italians payment of the Peter’s pence (5,000,000 lire) remaining in the papal exchequer, as well as 50,000 scudi—the first and only instalment of the Italian allowance ever accepted by the Holy See. At Antonelli’s death in 1876 the Vatican finances were found to be in disorder, with a deficit of 45,000,000 lire. His personal fortune, accumulated during office, was considerable, and was bequeathed entirely to members of his family. From 1850 until his death he interfered little in affairs of dogma and church discipline, although he addressed to the Powers circulars enclosing the Syllabus (1864) and the acts of the Vatican Council (1870). His activity was devoted almost exclusively to the political aspects of the struggle between the papacy and the Italian Risorgimento. (h. w. s.) Antrim, a maritime county of Ireland, province of Ulster, bounded on the N. and N.E. and E. by the North Channel, on the S. by Co. Down, on the S.W. by Lough Neagh, and on the W. by Co. Londonderry. Population.—The area of the administrative county in 1899 was 711,487 acres, of which 225,926 were tillage, 358,080 pasture, 747 fallow, 6140 plantation, 24,170 turf bog, 6538 marsh, 51,896 barren mountain, and 37,990 water, roads, fences, &c. The new administrative county under the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, includes the portion of the town of Lisburn formerly situated in Down, and the town of Carrickfergus, formerly a separate county,' but does not include the portion of the city of Belfast formerly situated in Antrim. The population in 1881 waS 421,943, and in 1891, 428,128, of whom 200,514 were males and 227,614 females, divided as follows among the different religions: Presbyterians, 180,375; Roman Catholics, 106,390 ; Protestant Episcopalians, 106,244; Methodists, 14,745 ; other denominations, 20,162. The increase of population between 1881 and 1891 was 1'47 per cent., the largest percentage of increase in Ireland. The average number of persons to an acre was Of the total population 176,923 inhabited the rural districts, being an average of 205 persons to each square mile under crops and pasture. In 1901 the population was 461,240, showing an increase of 7 per cent. Education.—The following table gives the degree of education in 1891 (excluding Belfast and Carrickfergus):— Percentage. Females. Total. R.C. Pr. Epis. Presb, Read and write 68,437 70,920 139,357 64 6 71-8 80-5 Read only. 10,736 16,806 16-8 27,542 17'3 13-8 Illiterate. 8202 11-4 9322 17,524 18-1 5-7 In 1881 the percentage of illiterates among Roman Catholics was 24‘0. In 1891 in the whole county there were 53 superior schools with 3470 pupils (613 Roman Catholics and 2857 Protestants), and 735 primary schools with 67,446 pupils (15,419 Roman Catholics and 52,027 Protestants). The number of pupils on the rolls of the national schools on 30th September 1899 was 80,943, of whom 18,200 were Roman Catholics and 62,743 Protestants. The following table gives the number of births, deaths, and marriages in various years :— Year. 1881 1891 1899

Births. 12,869 12,459 13,374

Deaths, i Marriages. 8484 2631 9586 3255 9982 3582

In 1899 the birth-rate per 1000 was 31‘0, and the death-rate 23‘2; the rate of illegitimacy was 4 ‘3 per cent, of the total births. The total number of emigrants who left the county between 1st May 1851 and 31st December 1899 was 249,354, of whom 144,508 were males and 104,766 females. The chief towns in the county are Belfast, 348,965; Lisburn, 11,459 ; Carrickfergus, and Ballymena. Administration.—The county is divided into four parliamentary divisions—north, mid, east, and south ; the number of registered electors in 1900 being respectively 8600, 8219, 8886, and 10,381. The rateable valuation in 1900 was £693,685, the county borough