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 ANGLING

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market. The demand is, in consequence, largely in excess of the natural supply; and the natural supply itself is diminished in many cases by pollution which destroys the eggs of the salmon, by manufacturers’ turbines, water-wheels, and other apparatus which destroy the young of the salmon and hinder the travels of the spawning fish up stream; and by the capture by poachers of the large salmon themselves when on the spawning beds. In the sea, in the estuaries of rivers, and even in the narrow freshwater rivers themselves, salmon are ruthlessly netted for market purposes. It is a striking peculiarity of the salmon that while it must, in view of its rapid growth, feed largely in the sea, it is rarely caught in salt water by the angler. In rivers, Angling.—Strictly speaking, angling should mean on the other hand, where it rises to the angler’s fly and the capture of fish with the hook, as distinguished from takes his prawn, worm, gudgeon, or other bait, it rapidly netting, spearing, or trapping; for “angle” is an old English gets out of condition and is believed to feed but little. word applied to the hook, which in very ancient times In most salmon rivers there is, as a matter of fact, little appears to have been made in angular form. Such angular food to sustain such large fish. The most sportsmanlike hooks are still used by the natives in tropical seas. In method of catching salmon is undoubtedly with the fly modern times, however, angling is the term used to denote though, generally speaking, the combination of feathers, the various forms of fishing, recognized as sportsmanlike, tinsel and wools which go to make up this lure, does not represent any insect known to entomologists. What with rod, line, and hook. The principal British fishes which are sought after are termed fancy flies are possibly taken by the fish for by the sportsman naturally divide themselves into two the young of some marine creature, or simply for some classes. In the first class are the members of the salmon unknown thing struggling to escape. To the present day family which yield sport to the fly-fisher; namely the trout are fished for in Norway with a piece of red rag salmon itself, the sea-trout, the brown trout, trailed behind a boat, and it can hardly be suggested takins and the grayling. To these may perhaps be that the fish regard this as any known item of food, or added the char; but this very delicate and that it is absolutely necessary that artificial flies or baits highly esteemed fish, in English waters at any rate, rises should represent existing insect or animal life. Grilse, badly, and is not often caught except on spinning baits which is the name given to salmon on their first return fished at a considerable depth. In Scandinavia, on the to the river before spawning, will rise to such flies as other hand, it rises exceedingly well in many lakes, and the March brown; and even a full-grown salmon will grows to a large size. The smelt is also a member of the occasionally take quite a small fly. Salmon rise most salmon family, and ascends rivers to spawn, but it can readily when first leaving the sea and entering the river. hardly be reckoned among the sportsman’s fish. The After being in fresh water a little time they apparently second class are commonly spoken of as “ coarse fish,” and settle down to a period of inactivity and feed badly, include those species which are found in most though a rise of water will generally set them moving Coarse They are the upwards, and on reaching a new pool they may often be 0£ our riVers, lakes, and ponds. pike, barbel, bream, perch, carp, tench, chub, induced to rise. It should be mentioned here that in roach, rudd, dace, and gudgeon. Of these, chub, dace, some rivers salmon are running up from the sea all the and rudd yield sport to the fly-fisher, and, in certain year round; and it is one of the problems connected with waters, roach and even perch will take a fly freely in this remarkable fish to explain why, in the Tay, for the summer time. Instances are recorded from time to instance, it should enter the river in January, seeing that time of other coarse fish taking flies, but, generally the principal purpose for which it comes into fresh speaking, they are fished for with natural baits of various water, namely spawning, is not carried out until the kinds. Perch, while not despising such baits as worms, following autumn at the earliest. These January fish, feed more particularly on the young of other fish; while moreover, have apparently not spawned during the the fish of the carp family, which includes the roach, months preceding their entry into the river, and unless rudd, dace, chub, barbel, bream, tench, and gudgeon, feed it is assumed that they are all barren fish, which is mainly on vegetable growths, worms, water insects, and unlikely, it would appear that the salmon or some sundry pastes when proffered by the angler, and are members of the species do not spawn every year. In usually captured on float or leger tackle, by the process the majority of salmon rivers there is a spring run of known as bottom-fishing. Pike, on the other hand, are salmon; in July and August shoals of grilse enter the fished for with natural or artificial baits kept in movement river; while in September there is the autumn run of a few feet from the bottom if dead, while live baits are big fish, which have evidently come up for spawning and usually suspended by a float, or used by means of the pater- no other purpose. About the beginning of September, netting, as a rule ceases, the dates varying in different noster or leger methods, which will be described later. Returning now to the game fish; the salmon first, of rivers; but angling with rod and line is still allowed a few weeks, as otherwise the proprietors of the all claims our attention by reason of its size,. sporting for qualities, and excellence as food. This fish is upper reaches of the river, who protect the salmon on Salmon. rapidly disappearing from the rivers of England the spawning beds, would obtain no sport at all. In and Wales, and has seriously diminished in numbers in November angling entirely ceases, and the salmon soon most of the rivers of Scotland and Ireland. The primary go on the gravelly shallows, where the female deposits cause of the decrease of salmon is undoubtedly the her eggs, a few of them only being vivified by milt from increase of the population in the British Isles generally, the male. The fish cover their eggs by sweeping gravel which demands such an increased fish supply that the over them. In the course of a few weeks the eggs hatch, salmon, which fetches high prices, is eagerly sought and the resulting fry remain in the river about two years, after by professional fishermen and others for the very much resembling the small trout in appearance.

The older phases Of the controversy have been superseded by recent action at Rome and in England. The older books which still are valuable are two :—On the Roman side—Estcoukt, Question of Anglican Ordinations, 1893 ; on the English side—Denny and Lacey, De Hicrarchia Anglicana, 1895, and Supplement, 1896. The latest phase begins with the publication of the bull Apostoliaz Curce, Rome, 1896. The principal pamphlets and books are On the Roman side—A Vindication of the Bull, by the Roman Catholic bishops, 1898 ; Brandi, Roma e Canterbury, Rome, 1897 : on the English side—The Answer of the Archbishops of England, 1897 ; A Treatise on the Bull, 1896 ; and Priesthood in the English Church, 1898; A. Bulgakoff, Question of Anglican Orders, 1899. These three are tracts xix., xli., and liv. of the Church Historical Society. Also, A. Lowndes, Vindication of Anglican Orders, 2 vols. New York, 1897, is a useful general summary. / (W. H. F.)