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ANDOVER — ANDRASSY

liberty, and they were enabled by travelling to become acquainted with countries which enjoyed the free exercise of those institutions which the government of Metternich refused to Hungary. His political master was Count Szechenyi, who has been called the greatest of the Hungarians. The two brothers were elected in 1847 members of the Hungarian Diet; they joined the Opposition, which was led by Louis Batthyany, Deak, and Kossuth. Andrassy soon distinguished himself by his speeches; he was one of those who first claimed to use^ Magyar. * He had a charm of manner and gallantry which would have made him a favourite anywhere, and completely won the hearts of the susceptible Hungarians. As the differences between the aristocratic party and Kossuth became serious, Andrassy was on the side of Kossuth; he supported him through all the stormy events, of 1848, and he accepted the post of prefect of the county of Zemplin in order to carry out the internal reforms which the democratic party desired; he paid special attention to the organization of the militia. In the civil war of 1848 against the Croatians he took part at the head of the corps he had organized, and was present at the battle of Schwechat, when the Hungarians crossed the frontier and attacked the imperial troops on Austrian soil. He continued his association with the Government of national independence, and in 1849, when the interference of Bussia became imminent, he went on a mission to Constantinople to ask for the aid of the Turks. In this he failed, but the sultan promised to protect Hungarian refugees, a promise which was honourably kept, and which the Hungarians have not forgotten. Andrassy escaped the fate of many of his colleagues by flying from the country, but he was condemned to death under martial law and hanged in effigy. He spent the next years of exile in France and England, and acquired a very thorough knowledge of the customs and institutions of these countries ; like so many of his countrymen he was an excellent linguist. He was pardoned by the emperor in 1856; on his return to Hungary he joined the party of Deak, who claimed the independence of the country, but hoped to attain it by reconciliation with the house of Hapsbuig, a policy which was bitterly opposed by Kossuth and his Andover, a municipal borough and railway station, followers. He sat in the Diet of 1861, but refused to in the Andover parliamentary division of Hampshire, recognize it as a substitute for an independent parliaEngland, on the Anton, 12 miles N.W. by N. of Win- ment, and during the following years he was very active chester. In 1889 a recreation ground was opened. In in gaining support to the principles of the Moderates. 1891 the waterworks were acquired by the corporation. His opportunity came in 1866. He took a leading part Area of borough (a parish), 8662 acres; population in the negotiations which lead to the establishment of the (1881), 5653; (1891), 5852; (1901), 6000. “ Ausgleich ” ; he was greatly instrumental in. winning Andover, a town of Essex county in north-eastern the confidence of the emperor and empress, and is said to Massachusetts, U.S.A., having an area of 33 square miles. have suggested the peculiar form taken by the Common It is situated on the south bank of the Merrimac, where Parliament or “Delegations.” Deak was offered the the surface of the country is broken by small Glacial hills. post of minister-president of Hungary under the new The Theological Seminary here had in 1898 eight instructors constitution, but refused to take office; he suggested the and 41 students, and Phillips Academy had a faculty of name of Andrassy, who, he said, had been sent by Piotwenty professors and was attended by over 400 students. vidence.” There was no one who could rival Andrassy’s claims to be the first national Hungarian minister. As Population (1880), 5169 ; (1890), 6142; (1900), 6813. an old revolutionary he could command the adhesion of AndOVOranto. See Madagascar. his former companions in exile; his birth and his eaily Andrassy, Julius, Count (1823-1890), Hun- connexions won for him the support of the Libeial garian statesman, was born at Zemplin in the north-east of aristocracy, and he had the confidence of the emperoi. Hungary, 18th March 1823. His father, Count Charles (the He held this office for over four years, and quickly made representative of a family which had been settled in Hun- political liberty and constitutional Government a reality, gary about 250 years), was a man of considerable literary introducing full freedom of the press and of public meetand scientific attainments, and was therefore (as were all ings, granting political freedom to the Jews, and establishwho cared for the prosperity of the country) a member of ing the national militia or Honved, in which he took great the national and Liberal opposition to the deadening personal interest. He exercised considerable influence on government of the Austrian bureaucracy. Julius and his the foreign policy of the empire, and helped to keep in elder brother Emmanuel were therefore, from their earliest check the anti-German influences at Vienna. In 18^0 he years, brought up to believe in the excellence of political threw his weight decisively on the side of a public

merely domestic, as in the Middle Ages. Lack of capital, of coal, and of good means of communication, prevents the inhabitants from making use of the iron and lead mines that abound in their mountains. They rear flocks of sheep, goats, cattle, and some pigs. The only roads are bridle-paths, and one municipal road by the Balire Valley, connecting Andorra with the highroad to Seo de Urge! and T irruu-a There is a scheme for extending a branch of the projected Noguera-Pallaresa railway to Seo de Urgel, close to Andorra. The climate is cold in general, and bitterly so in winter. There are some sheltered spots on the southern side of the Pyrenean chain, called Solanas, where the climate is milder, and there the soil is better cultivated producing some fruit and agricultural products for a small export trade. Milk, butter, hams, skins, and wool are sent to France. The French viguier is taken from the French department of Aricge and appointed for life, but the viguier of the bishop must be an Andorran, holding office for three years and re-eligible. There are notaries and clerks, auditors for each parish elected by the heads of families, police agents and bailiffs, chosen and sworn in, like all the above officers, by the council general. The archives are mostly kept in the “ house of the valley ” in the capital, Andorra Vicilla, a struggling village of 600 inhabitants. This Government house has no merit beyond the fact that in it the council general meets and has a chapel, and in it the aldermen, viguiers, and judge of appeal administer justice and assemble for all purposes of administration. Two magistrates, styled rahanadores, are appointed by the council general to see that viguiers and judges preserve the customs and privileges of Andorra. The parishes have a permanent patrol of six armed men, besides the militia. Spain and the bishop of Urgel are very jealous of French encroachments, and claim to have a better right to annex the little state some day. In the meanwhile it continues to pay each of the “ coprincipes ” £40 a year, levied by a tax on pastures. Berthet. Lc val d’Andorre. Paris, 1879.—-Moras. Coutumes du pays d’Andorre. 1882.—Baudon de Mouy. Origines historiques de la question d’Andorre. 1885.—Vuillier. Le val d'Andorre. The Valley of Andorre. Riverside Press, Cambridge, with good map. (a. e. h.)