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 427 LOS — ANDORRA Quebrada Grande is 12,468 feet in altitade ; Cencerro, 12,944 feet; 11,150 feet, and the lowest pass 6725 feet. The longitudinal Mercedario, 13,206 feet; Ojota, 14,304 feet; Pachon, 14,485 feet; valley of Canca forms the middle depression. The two chains while Gordito is 10,318 feet. Farther north the passes are higher. appear to unite in the mountains ot Antioquia. The eastern BarahonaPass is 15,092 feet; Ternera, 15,912 feet; San Lorenzo, chain, separated from the central chain by the Magdelena de16,420 feet, while the peak of the volcano reaches 18,143 feet; pression, beginning north of the equator at 6000 feet, gradually Mount Olivares, 20,472 feet; Porongos, 19,488 feet; Tortolas, rises to the height of Nevado, 14,146 feet, Pan de Azucar, 12,140 feet, and in the Sierra Nevada de Cochi attains to peaks ot 16,/00 20,121 feet; and Potro, 19,357 feet. feet. The predominant rocks are gneiss, crystalline slate, and As far as 28° S. lat. the Cordillera de los Andes has been prin- granite, some Cretaceous and Tertiary shales. The central cipally formed by two well-defined ridges, but to the north, chain isand and is the more important of the two, recent volcanic action has greatly modified its orography. Only owing to unbroken, its greater altitudes, and is of volcanic character. a single line of passes characterizes the main ridge, and amongst To the south, near the equator, are Mounts Arapul, 13,360 them are the passes of Ollita, 15,026 feet; Penas Negras, 14,435 and Chumbul, 15,720 feet. The volcanoes Campainero, feet ; Pircas Negras, 13,615 feet; La Gallina, 16,240 feet; Tres feet, 12,470 feet, and Pasto, 14,000 feet, are also in that zone. Farther Quebradas, 15,535 feet; and Aguita, 15,485 feet. To the north of north is the volcano Purace, presents a height of 16,000 Mount Potro thp peaks in the Cordillera are not very prominent feet; then come Huila, 18,000which Santa Catalina, 16,170 feet; as far as the great mass of Tres Quebradas, but here are to be and Tolima, 18,400 feet; Santafeet; met with some that may be considered as amongst the highest of feet; and Hervas, 18,340 feet. Isabel, 16,760 feet; Ruiz, 17,390 the whole range. Mount Aguita is 20,600 feet, and the culAuthorities.—John B. Minchin. “Journey in the Andean minating peak of those of Tres Cruces reaches 22,658ofeet. To the east of the eastern longitudinal valley, at 27° S. lat., Tableland of Bolivia,” Proceedings of Geographical Society, 1882. Dr Paul Gussfeldt. Reise in den Gentralen CMleno-Argenticommences a high volcanic plateau between the Cordillera and the southern prolongation of the Bolivian Cordillera Real, which nichen Andes. Berlin, 1884.—John Ball. Notes of a Naturalist contains lofty summits, such as Mount Veladero (20,998), Mount in South America. London, 1887.—Dr_ Aafred Hettner. Bonete (21,980), Mount Reclus (20,670), Mount Pissis (22,146), Reisen in den Colombianischen Andean. Leipsic, 1888.—Edwarp Mount Ojo del Salado (21,653), and Incahuasi (21,719). To the Whymper. Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. north of Tres Cruces is a transversal depression in the Cordillera, London, 1892. — Teodoro Wolff. Geografia y Geologia del which is considered to be the southern termination of the high Ecuador. Leipsic, 1892. —E. A. Fitzgerald. The Highest plateau of the Puna de Atacama. The Cordillera of the Andes Andes. London, 1899.—Sir Martin Conway. “Explorations borders the Puna to the west, while the Bolivian Cordillera Real in the Bolivian Andes,” Geographical Journal. London, 1899. bounds it to the east. In that region the Cordillera of the Andes —Dr Carl Burckhard. “Expedition geologique dans la is of comparatively recent origin, being principally constituted Region Andine, 380-39° S. lat.”—Dr Leo Wehrli. “ Cordillere by a line of high volcanoes, the chief summits being those of Argentino-Chilienne, 40° et 41° S. lat.,” Revista del Museo de La Juncal, Panteonde Aliste, Azufre or Listarria (18,636), Lullaillaco Plata, 1899.—F. P. Moreno. “Explorations in Patagonia,” (21,720), Miniques (19,357), Socompa (19,948), Licancaur (19,685), Geographical Journal. London, 1900.—Hans Steffen.^ The Viscachuelas (20,605), Tapaquilcha (19,520), Oyahua (19,242), Patagonian Cordillera and its Main Rivers, between 41 and 48 Ancaquilcha (20,275), Olca (19,159), Mino (20,112), Silhlica S. lat.” Geographical Journal. London, 1900. Paul Kruger. (21,100), Perinacota (20,918), Sagama (22,339), Tacona (19,740), Die Chilenische Rehihue Expedition. Berlin, 1900. Carl BurckMisti (19,029) ; to the east closes in the intermediary high plateau hard. “Profils geologiques transversaux de la Cordillera, which commences at 28° S. lat. in Argentina. The principal Argentino-Chilienne Anales del Museo de La Plata, 1900; peaks of the Bolivian Andes and its prolongation from south to Argentine-Chilian Boundaries in the Cordillera de los Andes, (f. P. M.) north, are Famatina, in the centre of Argentina, (20,340 feet), Argentine Evidence. London, 1900. Laguna Blanca (18,307), Diamante (18,045), Cachi (20,000, Andes, Los, a state of Venezuela, formerly Granadas, Lipez (19,680), Guadalupe (18,910), Chorolque (18,480) Cuzco (17,930), Enriaca (18,716), Junan (16,200), Michiga (17,410), bounded on the N. by the states of Zulia and Lara, on Quimza-Cruz (18,280), Illimani (21,190), and Sorata (21,490), the the S. and E. by the state of Zamora, and on the W. last two of which were climbed by Sir Martin Conway. While the western range of the Cordillera is principally termed by Colombia and a portion of Zamora. It had an area by volcanic rocks, the eastern (to the east of the range is Cerro of 14,719 square miles, and a population estimated at Potosi, 15,400 feet) Andes of Bolivia are chiefly composed ot old 365,000. This area was recently divided into two states, crystalline rocks. Between the ranges in the high plateau north Los Andes and Trujillo. to 27° are numerous isolated volcanoes which, have been in activity in recent times, such as Peinado (18,898 feet), San Pedro (18,701), Andijan, a district town of Russian Turkestan, proAntoco (19,029), Antofalla (20,014), Rincon (17,881), Pastes vince of Ferghana, terminus for a time of the Transcaspian Grandes (17,553), Zapaleri (17,553), Sumquira (19,258), Tahue (17 458) ; volcanoes which have been elevated from a lacustrine and Turkestan railway, lying 73 miles E.N.E. of Kokand basin, which very recently occupied the whole extension, and on the left bank of the upper Syr-daria; altitude 1510 the remains of which are in the south, the Laguna Yerde, at 28, , feet. It was formerly the residence of the Khans of and in the north Lake Titicaca. The discovery of great Pampean Kokand, and is described as one of the most pleasant cities mammals in the Pleistocene beds of that region shows that this of Ferghana, on account of its beautiful gardens and large upheaval of the latter is very recent, for in the heart ol the Lordillera, as well as on the west coast of Bolivia and Peru, there park situated in the midst of the town. A canal derived have been discovered, in very recent deposits, the remains of some from the Syr waters these gardens, as well as the fields mammals which cannot have crossed the high range as it now round the town. The cotton-tree being much grown in The two Cordilleras that formed the Andes to the north of 28 the district, Andijan is a centre for the trade in raw cotton, and has moreover nearly twenty factories for cotton S. lat. are continued in Peru, with the same characteristics the western, chiefly volcanic, while its basis is crystalline ; and cleaning, and several important firms. Andijan merchants, the eastern composed of green mica slate, primitive clay-slate, with their goods, are met with all over Central Asia. and granite, the more important of the two, which is cut by Population (1897), 46,680. many large rivers, affluents of the Amazon and which abuts on Ecuador. The western, which reaches an altitude of about 10,000 Andorra., or Andorre, a small neutral, autonomous, feet, then ceases to exist as a continuous chain, there remaining semi-independent state, with an area of 191 square miles, only a short, high ridge, called by Whymper the Pacific range of the equator,” and between this ridge and the crystalline situated chiefly on the peninsular side of the Pyrenean Andean axis, the “avenue of volcanoes,” to use his words, arises chain. Its population, according to some estimates in amidst majestic scenery. Chimborazo, which is not m e main 1887, was between 6000 and 12,000, but no trustchain, reaches 20,517 feet, Cotopaxi (19,580 feet), Antisana worthy census exists. Its six parishes are subdivided into (19,260 feet), Coyambo (19,200 feet), are in the eastern range, with many other peaks of over 16,000 feet, which still contain fifty-two pueblos or hamlets. The Andorrans are fond of the glaciers. Under the equator, Sangay, 17,380 feet, according to chase and of fishing in their streams. The more well-to-do Wolff, appears to be the most active volcano in the world, classes now talk French fluently, and get their children Pichincha, 15,804 feet, and Cotocachi, 16,297 feet, are the loftiest volcanoes of the western range. The Colombian Andes have educated in France. During the coldest winter months recently been the subject of careful exploration. The three prin- their communications are much easier with Spain than cipal chains are continuations of those under the equator, u through the snow-clad passes leading into the Ariege. show very slight traces of volcanic action. In the western The local industries are of the most primitive kind. -chain, which is remarkable for its regularity, the highest peak is ANDES,