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 ANAZARBA — ANCHOR

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the effect of clearing up and rendering definite the older morphological doctrines, which for the most part had no fixed criterion by which they could be tested. This has been conspicuously the case with regard to Yan Tieghem’s famous doctrine of the stele, which has quite lately been severely criticized from this point of view in England and America, where morphological anatomy is at the present time being actively pursued by Scott, GwynneVaughan, Jeffrey, and others. Fourthly, we have to record the

foundation of the modern study of physiological anatomy by Schwendener (Dus mechanische Princip ini Bute dev Monocotylen, 1874, and other works), followed by numerous pupils and others, among whom Haberlandt (Physiulofjische Pflanzen-jinutomie, Leipzig, 1st ed. 1884, 2nd ed. 1896, and other works) is pre-eminent. The pursuit of this study has not only thrown valuable light on the economy of the plant as a whole, but forms an indispensable condition of the advance of morphological anatomy. (a. G. T.)

Anaza rba, Anazarbus, or Caesarea ad Anazarbum, the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda, situated ISLE, of Adana in the rich Cilician plain at the foot of an isolated ridge of rock upon which stood its acropolis. In the 12 th century it was for a time the capital of Lesser Armenia, and its ruins are striking and interesting. AncactlS, a coast department of central Peru, with an area of 16,562 square miles, and a population officially estimated at 428,703. It embraces seven provinces, Santa, with the town of Santa (population, 3000) ; Pallasca, with the town of Samanco (2000); Pomabamba, with the town of Huarmey (1500); Huaraz, with the town of Huaraz (8000); Huaylas, with the town of Huaylas (6000); Huari, and Cajartambo. In the sierra are the important towns of Caraz (6000) and Carhuaz (5000). Anchor, the instrument which, secured to a ship by a cable, enables her to ride in safety, and therefore forms one of the most important articles in the vessel’s equipment. Until the beginning of the 19th century anchors were of imperfect manufacture, the means of effecting good and efficient welding being absent and the iron poor, whilst the arms, being straight, generally parted at the crown, when weighing from good holding ground. Mr Pering in the early part of the century introduced curved arms; and Fig. 1.—Improved Martin Anchor. twenty - five years later, the Admiralty anchor, under the direction of the Board, was supplied to H.M. ships, followed by Lieutenant (afterwards Captain) Rodger’s anchor, with wellformed arms, shank, and crown, the points or pees to the palm being blunt. This anchor had an excellent reputation amongst nautical men of that period. The Committee on Anchors, appointed by the Admiralty in _,,. FlG 1852, placed at the - 2-Improved M.rtrn-Adelpm Anchor. head of the list Trotman and Rodger’s anchors. In the former a great departure from previous anchors was made, the arms in one piece pivoted on a bolt through a forkshaped shank ; later came the self-canting and close-stowing

Martin anchor, which, passing through successive improvements in design and manufacture, is largely used in the Royal Navy and mercantile marine. The improved Martin anchor (Fig. 1) is made of forged iron; a projection in the centre of the arms works in a recess at the heel of the shank ; the arms when in position are secured by side plates close to the heel of the shank; the vacancies outside the shank are filled by blocks bolted through on each side and are flush with the side plates, the latter keeping the flukes in position. The introduction of cast-steel in 1894 led to the improved Fig. 3.—Hall’s Stock less Anchor. Martin - Adelphi pattern (Fig. 2). The crown and arms are cast in one, and, with the stock, are made of cast-steel, the shank remaining of forged iron; a projection in the crown works in a recess (lower Fig. 2), secured in its place by a forged

Fig. 3a.—Hall’s Stockless Anchor stowed. steel pin passing through crown and heel of shank ; a nut with washer is fitted to the pin. Stockless anchors are extensively used in the British mercantile marine and in some foreign navies ; their advantages are— handiness, absence of davits, and a clear forecastle for right ahead gun fire or for working ship. Should experience prove that a stockless anchor possesses the same holding power as a stocked one, it will supersede Fig. 4.—Riley’s Stockless Anchor. latter. Hall’s tpe stockless anchor is shown in Figs. 3 and 3a, and Riley’s in Fig. 4. The latter is made in three pieces