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AMERICA — AMERICU S

narrow strip along the Pacific from Mexico to Titicaca is age of the sediments from which these were taken. The bones of other associated animals, says Hatcher, demonthe greatest of archaeological enigmas. Bandelier, Holmes, strate the Pleistocene nature of the deposits, by which is Seler, and Uhle have taken up the questions anew. not necessarily meant older Quaternary, for their horizons Beyond Colombia are Ecuador and Peru, where, in t e have not been differentiated and correlated in South widening of the continent, architecture, stone-working, America. Hatcher believes that “there is no good pottery, metallurgy, textiles, are again exalted. Among evidence in favour of a great antiquity for man in Patathe Cordilleras in their western and interior drainages, gonia.” In a cave near Consuelo Cove, Southern Pataover a space covering more than twenty degrees of latitude, gonia, have been found fragments of the skin and bones the student comes again upon massive ruins. The of a large ground-sloth, Grypotherium (Neomylodon') listen, materials on the coast were clay and gravel, wrought into associated with human remains. Ameghino argues that concrete, sun-dried bricks, and pise or rammed work, cut creature is still living, while Dr Moreno advances the stalks of plants formed with clay a kind of stafi, and this theory that the animal has been extinct for a long period, lintels were made by burying stems of cana brava (Gynerium saccharoides) in blocks of pise. On the uplands and that it was domesticated by a people of great structures were of stone laid up in a dozen ways. Walls antiquity, who dwelt there prior to the Indians. Hauthal, for buildings, garden terraces, and aqueducts were straight Roth, and Nitsche review their work with the conclusion, or sloping. Doorways were usually square, but corbelled not unanimously held by them, that man co-existed here archways and gateways surmounted with sculptures were with all the other animals whose remains were found not uncommon. Ornamentation was in carving and in during an inter-Glacial period. Woodward reviews the colour, the latter far more effectively used than in Middle question in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, America. A glance at the exquisite textiles reveals at closing with this sentence : “If we accept the confirmaonce the inspiration of mural decorations. The most pro- tory evidence afforded by Mr Spencer Moore, we can lific source of Peruvian relics is the sepulchres or huacas, hardly refuse to believe that this ground-sloth was kept the same materials being used in their construction as in and fed by an early race of men.” These are individual building the houses. Here, owing to a dry climate, are opinions, subject to revision by that court of appeals, the the dead, clad and surrounded with food, vessels, tools, institutional judgment. Authorities.—A valuable endowment of research in specimens, and art products, as in life. The textiles and the pottery literature, and pictures, deposited in libraries, museums, and can only be mentioned their quality and endless varieties galleries since 1880 will keep ethnologists and archaeologists emastonish the technologist. In the Carib province there are I ployed for many years to come. The scientific inquirer will find no mural remains, but the pottery, with its excessive on- j a mass of material in the papers and reports contributed to the laying, recalls Mexico and the jewellers of Chiriqui. The various societies and institutions which are devoted to anthropoloresearch. The following short list of works includes, however, polished stone work is superb, finding its climax in Puerto gical a few authorities which have made use of recent discoveries generRico, which seems to have been the sacred island of the ally •—H. H. Bancroft. Native Races of the Pacific States of North Caribs. For the coasts of South America the vast shell- America, vols. i.-v. 1874-1876. New York.—D. G. Brinton. Library of Aboriginal American Literature, vols. i.-viii. 1882-1890. heaps are the repositories of ancient history. The American Race. New York, 1891.—Gustav Since 1880 organized institutions of anthropology Philadelphia. Bruhl. Die Culturvolker Amerikas. Cincinnati, 1889.—Desire have taken the spade out of the hands of individual Charnay. The Ancient Cities of the New World. New York, 1887. explorers in order to know the truth concern- .—p. S. Dellenbaugh. The North Americans of Yesterday. New Palmohthic Q-]acja] or Pleistocene man. The geo- York, 1901.—J. Deniker. The Races of Man. London,_ 1900.—Paul Ehrenreich. Die Vblkerstdmme Brasiliens. Berlin, 1892. logist and the trained archaeologist are asso- Anthropologische Studien iiber die Urbewohncr Brasiliens. Berlin, ciated. In North America the sites have been examined 1897. by the Peabody Museum and the Bureau of Ethnology, Archaeology, vols. i.-iv. Boston, 1891-94.—E. Forstemann. Zur with the result that only the Trenton gravels have any Entzifferung der Maya Handschriften, Parts i.-vii. Dresden, 1880, standing. The so-called palaeolithic implements are every- 1898. Die Maya - Randschrift der Kbnigl. bffent. Bibliothek Dresden. Leipzig, 1880; Dresden, 1891.—E. F. Im Thurn. where. The question is one of geology, simply to decide zu Among the Lndians of Guiana. London, 1883.—A. EL Keane. whether those recovered at Trenton are ancient. Putnam Ethnology. Cambridge, 1896. Man, Past and Present. Camand Wright maintain that they are ancient, Chamberlain bridge, 1899.—Washington Matthews. Navajo Legends. and Holmes that they are post-Glacial, and comparatively Cambridge, Mass., 1897.—Anne Cary Maudslay and Alfred A Glimpse at Guatemala, and some Notes on the recent. In South America the shell heaps, of enormous Percival. Ancient Monuments of Central America. London, 1899. EL C. size, are supposed to show that the animals have under- Mercer. The Rill Caves of Yucatan. Philadelphia, 1896.gone changes in size and that such vast masses require Marquis de Nadaillac. L’Amerique prehistorique. Paris, untold ages to accumulate. The first is a biological 1883.—H. J. Nieboer. Slavery as an Industrial System. Ethnoproblem. As for the second, the elements of savage logical researches. The Hague, 1900.—G. Nordenskiold. Ihe Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Colorado. Stockholm, 1893. voracity and wastefulness, of uncertainty as to cubical —Edward John Payne. History of the New World called contents on uneven surface, and of the number of mouths America, vol. i. 1892, vol. ii. 1899. Oxford.—DisiRk Pector. to fill, make it hazardous to construct a chronological table Notes sur VAmtricanismc; Quelques-unes de ses lacunes en 1900. on a shell heap. Hudson’s village sites in Patagonia Paris 1900.—J. W. Powell. The United States of America. Ed. N. S. S. Shaler. New York, 1894.—Cyrus Thomas. Introcontain pottery, and that brings them all into the territory by duction to the Study of North American Archaeology. Cincinnati, of Indian archaeology. Ameghino refers deposits in Pata- 1898.—Justin Winsor. Narrative and Critical History of gonia, from which undoubted human bones and relics have America. Boston, 1889.—G. F. Wright. The Ice Age in North (o. T. M.) been exhumed, to the Miocene. The question is of the America. New York, 1896.

of Sumter county, situated in the south-western part of the state at an altitude of 360 feet. It is in an agriAmerican Literature. See under United cultural region which produces cotton and corn, and is on the Central of Georgia and the Georgia and Alabama States. railways. The population in 1880 was 3635, in 1890 it AmeriCUS, a city of Georgia, U.S.A., the capital was 6398, and in 1900 it was 7674. America. Islands.

See Polynesia.