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ALLEGHENY — ALLMAN

There are 23 indigo factories, with an out-turn valued at Ks.1,09,000. The division of Allahabad has an area of 17,265 square miles. Population (1891), 5,757,121, being 333 persons per square mile; (1901), 5,535,803, showing a decrease of 4 per cent., due to the famine of 1896-97, which was severely felt in this tract. It comprises the eight districts of Cawnpore, Fatehpur, Banda, Hamirpur, Allahabad, Jhansi, Jalaun, and Lalitpur. Allegheny, a city of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., situated in lat. 40° 27, N. and long. 80° 00' W. on the north bank of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, opposite Pittsburg, with which it forms a single business and manufacturing community. The elevation above sea-level at the station of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the lower part of the city, is 736 feet, most of the city being much higher. The main position is on a plateau immediately above the rivers, with residence portions extending over the hills behind. The river part is occupied by manufacturers, while the principal mercantile quarter is along Federal and Ohio streets, which intersect at a central square, containing the city hall, post office, Carnegie free library, and the marketplace. The parks consist of the east, north, and west parks, nearly surrounding the central business section, and Biverview Park on the hills about two miles to the north. The population in 1890 was 105,287; in 1900, 129,896, with a death-rate of 16‘23. The higher institutions of learning are the Western University of Pennsylvania and theological seminaries of the Presbyterian and United Presbyterian churches. In the lower part of the city is the Riverside State Penitentiary. The government consists of a mayor, and departments of public safety, public works, and public charity, with select and common councils. The annual expenditure is $2,099,000, the debt is $4,810,588, and the valuation of property $81,601,300. There are three hospitals, ten banking institutions, and four insurance companies. It has extensive manufactures, amounting in 1890 to $20,500,000, mainly of iron, leather, and paint. Three railways, the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburg and Western, and the Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburg, enter the city. Allenstein, a town of Prussia, province Easi Prussia, 100 miles by rail KE. from Thorn. It has a mediaeval episcopal castle, a couple of churches, a synagogue,. a lunatic asylum, and various industries — ironfoundries, saw-mills, brick-works, and breweries; also a trade in cereals and timber. Population (1885), 11,555 (1895), 21,579; (1901), 24,307. ‘ Allentown, a city of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., the capital of ^Lehigh county, situated in 40° 37' U. lat. and 75 27' W. long., in the eastern part of the state, in Lehigh Valley, at an altitude of 256 feet, sixty miles north by west from Philadelphia. Though its site is hilly, its plan is quite regular. The city is divided into e even wards, and is entered by four railways, the Central of New Jersey, the Lehigh Valley, the Perkiomen, and the Philadelphia and Reading. It has important manuiactures of boots and shoes, iron and silk. It is the site The i«gooCollege - 25,228, P^^ion was 18,063, in 1890 it was and in in 19001880 it was oo,4Io.

. AHeppi, or Aulapalay, a seaport of Southern India m the state of Travancore, 33 miles south of Cochin’ situated on a strip of coast between the sea and one of those backwaters that here form the chief means of inland communication. There is a lighthouse, 85 feet high with a revolving white light visible 18 miles out at sea The exports consist of coffee, pepper, cardamoms, and’cocoanuts. There are two factories for coir matting. The

Raja has a palace, and Protestant missionaries have a church. Population (1891), 22,768. Aller, a town of Spain, in the province of Oviedo, 21 miles S.E. of Oviedo, on the coast side of the Picos de Europa that separate the basin of the rivers running towards the sea from the dry plateau of Old Castile. It stands in the midst of a wooded country, and in the neighbourhood are coal and iron-ore mines and an iron foundry. There are two churches and schools. Population (1897), 11,975. Alliance, a city of Stark county, Ohio, U.S.A., situated in the north-east part of the state, at an altitude of 1081 feet, on three lines of railway. It is the seat of Mount Union College. Its manufactures consist in great part of agricultural tools and machines. The population in 1880was 4636,in 1890 it was 7607,and inl900 itwas8974. Allier, a department in the centre of France. It is traversed by the ramifications of the mountains of Dome and of the Forez, and watered by the Allier and the Cher. Its area occupies 2850 square miles. The department comprises 29 cantons, 321 communes, and had a population in 1901 of 422,083, against 424,582 in 1886. Births (1899), 7999, of which 463 were illegitimate; deaths, 7236; marriages, 3590. The towns are Moulins (22,415 inhabitants in 1896), Gannat, La Palisse, Commentry, Montlugon, and Vichy. In 1896 there were 872 primary schools, with 60,688 pupils, and 9 per cent, of the population was illiterate. The area under cultivation measured 1,660,255 acres, of which 1,185,600 acres were in forest and 34,580 acres in vineyards. In 1899 the wheat crop yielded a value of £1,804,210, and the vines £200,000. The live stock (1899) numbered 742,510 head, of which 275,900 were cattle. Allier counts among the departments of France in which the mining industry is in a forward state. It produces a million tons of coal yearly in the basin of Commentry. The industry in metals has likewise assumed large proportions around Montlu§on, turning out 69,000 tons of iron, cast-iron, and steel, of the value of £700,000, in 1898. The other industries are in glass, in paper, in chemical products (Commentry), and in cutlery (St Pourgain). Allingfham, William (1824 1889), Irish man of letters and poet, was born at Ballyshannon, Donegal, 19th March 1824 (or 1828, according to some authorities), and was the son of the manager of a local bank. He obtained a post in the custom-house of his native town and filled several similar situations in Ireland and England until 1864, when he became sub-editor of Fraser’s Magazine, which he subsequently edited until 18 < 9. He had made himself known by the publication of a volume of poems in 1850, followed by The Music Master and Day and Night Songs, a volume containing many charming lyrics, in 1855, and by Lawrence Bloomfield,, a narrative poem illustrative of Irish social questions, in 1864. He married Helen Paterson, known under her wedded name as a distinguished water-colour painter, and died at Hampstead on the 18th of November 1889. Though working on an unostentatious scale, Allingham produced much excellent lyrical and descriptive poetry, and the best of his pieces are thoroughly national in spirit and local colouring. Allman, George James (1812-1898), British biologist, was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1812, and received his early education at the Academical Institution, Belfast. For some time he studied for the Irish bar, but ultimately gave up law in favour of natural science.’ In 1844 he graduated in medicine at Dublin, and was at once appointed Professor of Botany in that university. This position he held for about twelve years until he removed to Edinburgh as Regius Professor of Natural History.