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14 feet high. This range is lofty enough to intercept the moisture- some measure to the destruction of the forest in the neighbourcharged clouds brought by the trade winds from the Indian hood, w-hich in time exhausts the supply of fuel and building Ocean, and thus raise the mean rainfall from 30 inches in Abyssinia materials. These are now obtained from the vicinity of Mount proper to 40 or 50 inches on the eastern slopes of the Galla uplands. Managasha. The palace of Menelek was placed by Captain Germain Here have been discovered clear indications of iron and copper, and Lieutenant Dye, of the Marchand Mission, by astronomical while gold is known to occur in large quantities in the Tumat observations, in 9° 1' 4" N. lat., 38° 42' 50" E. long. ; but Mr valley, where it was for some time profitably mined by Mehemet Weld Blundell (Geogr. Journal, vol. xv. p. 308, map) places it in Ali. Gold, iron, and other metals are also mentioned in the 38° 56' E., which agrees with that assigned in the Italian map Hammer Koki hills north of Lake Stefanie, and recent exploration by Captain Chaurand (see Gleichen, With the Mission to Menelik, fully confirms the reports of the early Italian explorers—Massaja, London, 1898). Antinori, Chiarini, Cecchi, and others — regarding the vast In the following list will be found alphabetically arranged all superiority of the Galla lands over the Abyssinian plateau in the other important Abyssinian towns regarding which there need natural resources of all kinds. Wellby, who traversed the be given any information complementary or supplementary to that lacustrine region between Shoa and Lake Rudolf in 1898-99, contained in the 9th edition :— describes the “demon-haunted” Walamo district and the Baroda Addigrat, properly Add'Igrat, one of the chief markets in Tigre, and Gamo uplands about Lake Abai as “ fairy lands,” with fertile east by north of Adua, on a fertile plain about 8000 feet above seablack and red soils abundantly watered by limpid streams, in level, with a permanent population of 1500 ; to the west is the parts well timbered or under rich pasturage, and, where cultivated, monastery of Debra-domo, one of the most celebrated sanctuaries in growing bananas, palms, tobacco, limes, cotton, ginger, rasp- Abyssinia. Adua (or Adowa), capital of Tigre, and one of the largest berries, and godaris—“a remarkably good vegetable.” Along the markets in Ethiopia, with a population of about 3000. It has played' banks of the streams “grow big shady trees and a multitude of a large part in recent political events, and 13 miles S.E. of here was flowers and undergrowth, alive with birds of bright plumage” fought the decisive battle of 1st March 1896, in which the Italians (Geograph. Jour. September 1900). Whilst extensive woodlands were utterly defeated, and had consequently to renounce their are rarely met with in Abyssinia, except in the Kwalla districts, claim to a protectorate over Abyssinia. Aliu-Amba, a large travellers in the southern uplands speak of the immense forests of market in Shoa, the first station beyond Ankober, on the trade conifers, wild olives, and other trees, under the matted moss- route between that place and the Gulf of Aden ; has a permanent grown branches of which they have journeyed for hours together. population of 4000, chiefly Moslem. Amba-Mariam, a fortified This home of the cofifee-shrub could still supply the world with station in the province of Beghemeder, midway between Gondar many other valuable species, such as the aggieh, or korarima, a and Debra-Tabor near the north-east side of Lake Tsana, with fruit much esteemed for its flavour and aroma, and the kosso, a a population of 3000. Here is the famous shrine and church beautiful plant with large pendent red flowers, highly prized for dedicated^ to St. Mary, whence the name of the place, “Fort its medicinal properties. Besides the elephant, hartebeest, and St Mary.” Debra-Berham, “Mountain of Light,” a former capital other large African game, the wild fauna includes the giraffe, of Shoa, a few miles south of Litche, on the banks of the Beresa, rhinoceros, lion, black panther, leopard, hyena, buffalo, gazelles, an auriferous head-stream of the Jemma, a tributary of the Blue wild donkeys (striped like a zebra), eagles, vultures, kites, guinea- Nile, with a population of 2500. Debra-Tabor, “Mount Tabor,” fowl, partridges, and sand-grouse. Of great economic importance the chief royal residence during the reign of King Johannes, occuis the civet-cat (Viverra civetta), which is domesticated, and pies a strong strategic position overlooking the fertile plains east yields most of the musk that finds its way to the eastern markets. of Lake Tsana, at a height of about 8620 feet above the sea. It A more valuable product is coffee, which is indigenous in the Kaffa has a population of 3000, including the neighbouring station of country, whence it takes its name, and is extensively cultivated Samara, headquarters of the Protestant missionaries in the time of throughout the wooded districts of Gallaland. It thrives best on King Theodore. Harrar, after the withdrawal of the Egyptian the clearings under the shade of large trees, and is of prime quality ; garrison, was occupied in 1887 by the Abyssinians with the view much of the so-called Arabian “mocha ” really comes from Ethiopia, of establishing an advanced military and trading station towards and the two sorts are often mixed together for the European markets. the Gulf of Aden. Their claim to the city and surrounding terriBesides gold, ivory, musk, salt, and coffee, the staples of the tory has been recognised by international treaties, and here have export trade, many other commodities, such as corn, flour, beer, recently been erected large government buildings in the European Markets war< korarima, honey, wax, cotton, and indigo, are for- style. It is by far the largest town in Abyssinia, with a settled and towns. Basso^e^intothe the north, local markets. the south, busiestand are population estimated in 1900 at over 20,000, mostly Mohammedans. Bonga in Of thethese extreme Harrar is now a great depot for the distribution of European wares Lieka in the centre. Lieka, the largest market in Gallaland, (cottons, silks, cutlery, crockery, beads, &c.) amongst the surroundstands on the Billb plain near Sopso, and enjoys direct com- ing Galla and Somali tribes, and throughout the southern provinces munication with Gojam, Shoa, and other parts of the empire. of the empire. Litchd (Licheh), till recently the capital of Shoa, Bonga, the commercial centre of Kaffa, is much frequented by and largest market in South Abyssinia, on a terrace watered by a traders from all the surrounding provinces, and even by foreign head-stream of the Jemma, a few miles north of Debra-Berham, merchants following the routes from Zeila and Berbera on the has a population of 3000. East of this place are the ruins of coast through Harrar and the Arusi Galla territory to South Tcgulet, which, after the fall of Axum, was for a time the imperial Ethiopia. Apart from these market-places there are few permanent capital, and gave its name to the present kingdom of Shoa. Mahcentres of population in Abyssinia. Even these are not towns in dera-Mariam, “Mary’s Rest,” for some time a royal residence, the strict sense, but military stations, called katama, “camps,” and still an important market and great place of pilgrimage in the by the natives, who have no word for town. Since the fall of the kingdom of Amhara, a few miles south-west of Debra-Tabor on a great city of Axum, the so-called “capitals” and royal residences head-stream of the Gumera, which flows east to Lake Tsana ; its Adua, Gondar, Magdala, and others—have been little more two churches of the “Mother” and the “Son” are amongst the than overgrown villages, flourishing for a time, and then perhaps most venerated sanctuaries in the whole of Ethiopia. It°has a suddenly abandoned at the whim of the reigning potentate. considerable permanent population estimated at over 4000, Gallas Menelek himself has successively shifted his headquarters from and Amharas, the former mostly Mohammedans. Sokota, one of Ankober, Litche, Debra-Berham, and Entoto, to Addis Abbaba the great central markets, and capital of the province of Wa^ in (Addi-Abbas), the present seat of government, both for his king- Amhara, at the converging point of several main trade routes on dom of Shoa and for the empire. This place, which dates only the banks of the Bilbis, which flows through the Tsellari to the from 1892, stands on the southern slopes of the Entoto range (on Takazze, near the Lasta frontier. The market, which is held three which the next preceding capital was situated) on bare, grassy times a week, is numerously attended, especially by dealers in the undulations, watered by small streams flowing S.S.E. to the salt blocks which come from Lake Alalbed, and which are the Hawash. The centre of the camp, on which the principal tracks currency throughout a large part of Ethiopia. In recent years from all directions converge, is the “Gebi,” or enclosure of Khm has suffered much from epidemics, the population falling Menelek, around which straw-thatched native huts, with wattle Sokota about 5000 in 1868 to less than 2000 in 1900. and mud walls, are scattered in groups over a wide area. The Gebi from A railway has been projected to run from the French port of which includes the “ Elfinage ” (Elfig) or two-storeyed dwellino'- Jibuti, Tajura Bay, through Elba in the Harrar district to Addis house, the ‘ aderash or hall of reception, the “saganet” or clock- Abbaba. The coast section was in progress in 1901, and should it bower (used as a hall of justice), and the “guoda” or storehouse— ever be completed the whole way, which seems doubtful, Jibuti must completely covers a small hill overlooking the whole neighbour- become the chief outlet for the rich and varied produce of Gallaland, hood, while around it are the inclosures of the principal nobles. much of which at present finds its way by the old caravan route About a mile to the north-east of the palace is the military camp through the Arussi territory to the British ports of Zeila, Bulhar, of the king. About thirty miles south of Addis Abbaba can be and Berbera, on the Gulf of Aden. route, followed from time seen the sacred Mount Zakwala, while to the south-east lie the immemorial by the Arussi and IttuThis is scarcely known to fine masses of Mount Yarhu, and to the north-west Mount Mana- the outer world, and has not yet beenGallas, followed by any European gasha. On the hills some five miles to the north, 1500 feet above traveller. It was known, however, to Cecchi, who was the camp, are the ruins of an old fortress, and the churches of St. informed by the native traders that beyond Harrar it turns Roads. Raguel and St. Mariam. The frequent change of capital is due in sharply round to the west as far as the neighbourhood of Ankober,