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AGONY — AGR

ICULTURAL

manufactory, the works of the Hungarian state chemical explanation in chemistry, it does not therefore tobacco a leather manufactory, a manufactory of war follow,” as Professor Ward says {op. cit. vol. i. p. 24), railways, articles and one of carpets, &c. The new streets, especially “that the sum total of scientific knowledge is equally the lower town, are very fine, with numerous large intelligible whether we accept the theistic hypothesis 01 in mansions and excellent statues. The scientific and not. It is true that every item of scientific knowledge is financial institutions are rapidly acquiring a recognized concerned with some definite relation of definite phenostatus. mena, and with nothing else; but, for all that, the systematic organization of such items may quite well yield Agricultural Machinery.— Since 1875 further knowledge, which transcends the special relations there has been a marked advance in agricultural of definite phenomena.” At the opening of the era of machines—not so much in the invention of machines modern scientific discovery, with all its fruitful new wholly unknown prior to that time, but rather in the generalizations, the still more highly generalized laws of constant improvement of those which then existed. So epistemology and of the spiritual constitution of man gradual, however, has been the change that it is hardly might well baffle the physicist and lead his intellect to possible, except in the case of the Self-binding Harvester, “ flounder ”; but Logic too is capable of advancing, and to point to any single invention as showing a great with a superior Logic the new premisses, supplied by the departure from the general lines of development, though revelations of science are not inconclusive to those who the final results are very apparent when the simple, patiently follow truth. strong, and effective machines of to-day are compared witn those of a quarter of a century ago. Under these circumAgony. See Dahomey. stances it seems undesirable to treat the subject historicAgordat. See Eritrea. ally, and we shall therefore illustrate and describe one AgOSta. See Augusta. or more types of the latest machines in each important Agra, a city of British India, in the Is orth-west. Pro- class, leaving the reader to judge for himself the extent of vinces, which also gives its name to a district and a division. the advance since the article in the ninth edition of this (vol. i. p. 311) was written. The city, on the right bank of the Jumna, 841 miles from work American implement makers have gone far ahead of Calcutta, is now an important railway centre, whence two main lines diverge southwards towards Bombay. In 18< -/ Europe or the United Kingdom, and the following article the population was 149,008; in 1881 it was 160,203; in is accordingly written from an American standpoint, and 1891 it was 168,662 ; in 1901 it was 188,300, showing an does not represent the actual conditions in operation in increase of 12 per cent. The death-rate in 189 i was 52 more conservative countries (see, however, p. 208 below). per thousand. It has 2 cotton mills, with 24,450 spindles, The several classes of machines will be treated by describemploying 1200 hands; 7 factories for ginning and press- ing them in the order in which they are used in carrying ing cotton; a tannery and boot factory; flour mill, 48 on the operations performed: 1st, ploughing; 2nd, the printing presses. In 1896-97 the government college had preparation of the seed-bed; 3rd, seeding or planting; 194 students. There are also two missionary colleges. 4th, cultivating; 5th, harvesting. The native town is well laid, out and handsomely budt. Ploughs. Only a small garrison is now kept in the cantonment. The Where the amount of work to be done is small, and the municipality consists of 34 members, of whom 24 are elected, with the magistrate as ex officio chairman. The character of the farm does not permit the use of the riding water-works provide a daily consumption of 1,338,000 plough, the old, familiar walking plough is still in use; gallons, being 8 gallons per head in the town, and 1L| but it has several serious defects. Owing to the fact that gallons in the cantonment. The municipal income in the friction between the earth and the plough is entirely a sliding friction, the character of material employed in con1896-97 amounted to Rs.3,82,388. The district of Agra is traversed by several lines structing the plough, and the finish imparted to_ it, and of railway, and part of it is irrigated by the Agra also the form given to the parts, have a very important Canal. Land revenue and rates (1896-97) amounted to effect in determining the force required to carry on the Rs. 19,74,298, the incidence of assessment being R.l :.12 operation; and it is in respect of these features that most per acre; the cultivated area was 683,111 acres, of which of the improvements in this style of implement have been 313,728 were irrigated from wells, &c.; the number of made. Instead of cast iron, left in the rough state as it police was 3753 ; of vernacular schools, 153, with 5265 comes from the mould, the mould-board is now made of pupils; the registered death-rate in 1897 was 56 per steel, well tempered and highly polished, the result of thousand. The principal crops are millets, pulses, barley, which is to improve its scouring qualities, and greatly wheat, cotton, and a little indigo. Area, 1845 square reduce the draft necessary to operate it. The use of this miles; population (1891), 1,003,796, being 544 persons form of plough calls for considerable skill and strength in per square mile; (1901), 1,060,546, showing an increase holding it to its work, and the attention of the inventor has been naturally turned to the production of a machine of 6 per cent. The division of Agra has an area of 10,139 square miles. in which these objections are obviated; and on the larger it, In 1891 the population was 4,767,759, being 470 persons farms, and where the character of the surface permits 1 per square mile. In 1901 the population was 5,248,121, the sulky or riding plough is now generally used (see showing an increase of 10 per cent., attributed to the Fig. 1). In this form of plough the frame is mounted on three extension of irrigation from canals. It comprises the six districts of Muttra, Agra, Farukhabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, wheels, one of which runs on the land, and the other two in the furrow. The furrow wheels are placed on inclined and Etah. axles, the plough beam being carried on swinging links, AgTSUTB (Slavonic, Zagrab; Croatian, Zagreb'), a operated by a hand lever, when it is necessary to raise the municipal town of Hungary, the capital of the provinces plough out of the furrow. The land wheel and the for1 of Croatia and Slavonia. Population (1890), 38,742; Sulky machines for tilling the soil are not used in the.United (1900), 57,930. It is the seat of an archbishop and a Kingdom. The driver is not seated, in the case of ploughs, harrows, university. The inhabitants carry on a brisk commerce cultivators, rollers, etc.; but mowing machines, hay makers, harand industry, its more considerable establishments being a vesters, &c., have a seat for the driver, as in the United States.