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 AFRICA 141 history] Athagao, Agao, Agaomedir (“Agaoland”) and other parts of ties of the continent, and with a narrow strip along the Abyssinia. and western seaboards. There were vast areas in Afar (Danakil), between Abyssinia, Red Sea, and Gulf of eastern the interior which were still unexplored, but the explorer Aden. had penetrated far beyond the limits of European political Somali; Gallas ; Somali and Galla lands. Turkana ; Rendileh ; Lake Rudolf district. influence, and in 1875 the explorer did not necessarily Masai; Wakwaji; ilau.plateau between Great Rift-Valley and include a batch of ready-made treaties among his outfit. Lake Victoria. Wahuma, intermingled with the Bantus in the equatorial lake It would be interesting to discuss the causes which have, directly or indirectly, led to the extraordinary causes cf region. II. Western Hamites :— activity which the Great Powers of Western European Makurim (‘ ‘ Westerns ”), so called by the Carthaginians, whence Europe have displayed in annexing and marking activity. Mauri, “Moors,” call themselves Imazighen, “Freemen”; Maziges, Numidse, Gsetuli, Leucajthiopes, all now known as out spheres of influence in the African continent. But “Berbers” ; Shellalas (Shluhs) of the western Atlas; Kabyles such an inquiry would involve a review of the whole field of North Morocco and Algeria ; Shawiahs, Zenagas, Beni- of European politics, and it must be sufficient, before proMzabs of Algeria and Tunisia ; Haratin (“ Black Berbers ”) ceeding to a recapitulation of the steps by which Europe of the southern Atlas ; Tuaregs of the western Sahara. Tamahu {Libyans), Nasomones ; Aujilas ; Hammonii; Siwahs, has absorbed Africa, to indicate one or two of the main factors in the situation. The Franco-German war of 1870 Cyrenaica and Siwah oasis. Garamantes, Tedamansi, Tedas and Dazas (northern and must be regarded as the real starting-point in the movesouthern Tibbus), Tibesti range and the oases of the eastern ment. From that war Germany emerged strong and Sahara. united, eager for new worlds to conquer. France, after III. Semites:— Himyarites, Axumites ; Tigrinas ; Amharinas ; Shoas ; north, the first shock of despair had passed away, began to develop fresh stores of reserve energy, and her statesmen central, and south Abyssinia. Phoenicians, Carthage and Mauritanian coast lands (extinct). and people, half unconsciously at first, but later of set Arabs (mostly Bedouins), Egypt, Anglo - Egyptian Sudan, design, sought to find outside Europe compensation for Tripolitana, Mauritania, western Sahara, central Sudan, her lost provinces on the Rhine. France and Germany east coast southwards to Sofala. were both, therefore, ripe for a policy of colonial expanJews, Egypt, Tripolitana, Mauritania. IV. Europeans :— sion, and a rapid survey of the land-masses of the globe Hellenes, Cyrenaica, Nile Delta (extinct). made it clear that Africa, alone among the continents, offered adequate opportunities for satisfying this new-born ^Fandals/Africa Provincia, Mauritania (extinct). land hunger. France still possessed some remnants of Modern Greeks, Egypt, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Maltese a her former colonial possessions, and in Northern Africa, Italians ( Egypt, and thence to Morocco ; Canary Islands and on the Atlantic seaboard, had a firm foothold on the french f (Spaniards). continent. Germany was entirely without colonies, either Spaniards) Dutch, Huguenots (extinct), Cape Colony, Natal, the late Boer in Africa or elsewhere. The more temperate regions of States. the earth had already been acquired by the colonizing Britons, Cape, Natal, late Boer States, North and South Powers that were earlier in the field, and the more accesRhodesia, Nyasaland, East and West Coast sporadically. sible parts of the tropics had also been earmarked as Germans, The Cape, Transvaal, elsewhere sporadically. Portuguese, East and West Coasts, Sao Thome, Cape Verde British, Dutch, Spanish, or Portuguese. Africa alone, Islands, Madeira, Azores. therefore, offered any large field for the resuscitated energies of France, or the virgin activities of Germany; B. Negritic Division. and the history of the modern partition of Africa is mainly I. Sudanese Negroes’ Full details in Art. Negro. a record of the struggles of these two Powers and of Great II. Bantu Negroids III. Bushmen, formerly ranged from Tanganyika to the Cape, Britain to secure for themselves as large a share as posnow mainly confined to the Kalahari Desert (Art. Bush- sible of the continent. The part played by Leopold II., men). King of the Belgians, in the founding of the Congo Free IV. Hottentots (Khoi-Khoin):— State, and in the opening up of the continent to the Namaqua, Great and Little Namaqualand. political influence of Europe, furnishes a remarkable Koraqua, Upper Orange and Vaal rivers. Griqua, Griqualand East. episode in that history; but France, Germany, and Great Gonaqua, Cape Colony, Eastern Provinces. All except the Namaqua are Dutch - Hottentot or Bantu- Britain are the principal actors in the drama, and in following the various stages in the work of partition it is necesHottentot half-breeds. sary, for a proper understanding of the part which each V. Negritoes :— Danya {Tank) in Egypt from Shade-land beyond Punt (Somali- of these three Powers played, to remember that France land) 3300 B.c. was the first consciously to recognize the magnitude of the Akkas a undertaking and the need for speed in its accomplishment; that, in Germany, Prince Bismarck, at the instigation of Achuas18 r^e^e> Aruwimi and Semliki river valleys. Wambutti J a small but influential body of “ Kolonial-Menschen,” took the first steps in the direction of colonial expansion, J)okos 1 South Gallaland, Lake Rudolf district, Masai- not only in advance of German public opinion, but before }Vandorobos f laU(E other countries, or at least Great Britain, had realized Babinga, Middle Sangha, northern tributary, Congo. Batwa, Sankuru river, southern tributary, Congo. that Germany was seriously entering the lists as a colonial Abongo, Akoa (Okoa), Okande district, Ogoway basin. Power; and finally that Great Britain, though more Obongo, Ashiraland, Ogoway basin. favourably placed than either of her rivals, was, from a Vaalpcns, Middle Limpopo river, North Transvaal. variety of causes, the last to realize the need for action (a. h. k.) and the urgency of the situation. III. Recent Political History. The position of Great Britain requires a few words of Africa is the last of the continents to be annexed explanation. She was already in possession of a vast by the nations of Europe, and the process of annexation colonial empire, widely distributed over the globe. It presents many features which have no parallel in the pre- was a favourite conception of the public men of the middle vious history of the relations of the white with the half of the 19th century that colonies were quite as much coloured races. Until 1875 Europe had concerned herself a burden as a blessing, and that, at no very remote period, politically mainly with the northern and southern extremi- the young communities which had settled in distant lands