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AFRICA [ethnology Geographi Greed Minores. Paris, 1855-61.—Idem. Claudii Ptolcrncci was made by the construction, within the German sphere, of a short line from Tanga towards Usambara ; but in spite of many Geographia. Paris, 1883.—Mannert. Geographic der Griechen schemes for a trunk line to the great lakes, no decided action und R'6mer,vo. it. Leipzig, 1825.—D’Avezac. Description. . . had yet been taken in 1901, the necessary credits for the expenses de VAfrigue ancienne. Paris, 1845.—Ibn Haukal (10th cent., of a line from Dar-es-Salaam to Tanganyika, with a branch to the trans. Slane). “ Description de 1’Afrique,” Nouv. Journ. Asiat. Victoria Nyanza, having been refused. In British East Africa a 1842.—Edrisi (12th cent., trans. Jaubert). “Geographie,” Rec. survey for a railway to the Victoria Nyanza was carried out in de voyages. . . public par la Soc. dc Giogr. vol. v. Paris, 1836. 1892, and the first rail laid in 1896. The route adopted, after —Abulfeda (14th cent., trans. Reinaud and Guyard). Geographic. traversing Kikuyu, drops down to the rift-valley by a steep and Paris, 1848-83.—Leo Africanus (16th cent., trans. Pory, ed. Robert difficult descent, afterwards climbing the Mau Escarpment to Port Brown). History and Description of Africa. London, Hakluyt Florence on Kavirondo Bay. In April 1901, 488 miles had been Society, 1896.—Kunstmann. Afrika vor denraEntdeckungcn der completed out of a total of 582. In French Somaliland a railway Portugiesen. Munich, 1853.—Barros. Asia, I Decada. Lisbon, is under construction from Jibuti to Harrar, with the object of 1552 and 1777-78.—Makmol. Descripcion General de Africa. tapping the trade of Abyssinia. In British Central Africa a Granada, 1573. — Sanuto. Geographia delV Africa. Yenice, scheme has been set on foot for a railway past the rapids of the 1588.—Dapper. Description de VAfrigue. Amsterdam, 1686.— Shire. In South Africa the Cape trunk-line has been continued Estancelin. Rechcrches sur les. . . navigateurs Normands en vid Mafeking to Bulawayo, which was reached in 1897, while a Afrigue. Paris, 1832.—Major. Life of Prince Henry the Naviline from Beira to Salisbury, commenced in 1891, was completed in gator. London, 1868.—Cordeiro. HHydrographic Africaine au 1899. The Natal and Cape railways have been continued north XVP Siecle. Lisbon, 1878.—Brucker. e Decouvreurs et Missionto the Transvaal (the latter traversing the whole length of Orange naires dans V Afrigue Centrale, au XVI et XVIP Siecle. Lyon, River Colony), meeting the completed Louremjo Marques railway 1878.—D’Anville. Memoire concernant les Rivieres de Vinterieur at Pretoria. Other lines have also been constructed or commenced de VAfrigue. Paris, n.d.—Proceedings of the Association for Proboth in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony. In 1899 a northern moting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, London, 1790extension of the Bulawayo railway, towards the Zambezi, was 1810.—Historical and Geographical Sketch of the Discoveries. . . commenced as a section of a great scheme for a railway from end of Europeans in North and West Africa at the Close of the l&th to end of the continent, passing through German East Africa and Century. Edinburgh, 1799.—Murray. Historical Account of Uganda to Cairo ; while another step towards the realization of Discoveries, dec. Edinburgh, 1818.—Walckenaer. Recherches the project was taken in the same year by the completion of g&ographigues sur VInterieur de VAfrigue Septentrionale. Paris, the Nile railway to Khartum. Pending a possible extension to 1821.—M‘Queen. Geographical and Commercial View of Northern the Upper Nile, steam communication by river in that direction and Central Africa. Edinburgh, 1821. — Idem. Geographical was opened by the cutting of the sudd, or grass barrier, early Survey of Africa. London, 1840.—Cooley. Inner Africa Laid in 1900 by Major Peake. Another Egyptian railway which Open. London, 1852.—Oliver. Flora of Tropical Africa. is probably only a question of time is one from Suakin to London, 1868.—General Act of the Conference of Berlin. LonBerber or Kassala. Farther south a short line has been open for don, 1886.—Umlauft. Afrika in kartographischer Darstellung some years at Massawa. In Algeria an extension of the western von Herodot bis heute. Vienna, &c. 1887.—Gurich. “Ueberrailway was opened to Jenien-bu-Resg at the beginning of 1900, blick iiber den geologischen Bau des afr. Kontinentes, ” Petermanns while the much - discussed project of a line or lines across Mitteilungen. Gotha, 1887.—Reclus. Nouvelle Geographie the Sahara to Timbuktu and Lake Chad has again come into Universelle, vols. x. to xiii. 1885-88.—Sup an. “Ein Jahrhundert prominence. In French West Africa the construction of a line der Afrika-Forschung,” Peterm. Mitt. 1888.—Heiderich. “Die from Konakri to the Upper Niger has been commenced, while work mittlere Hohe Afrikas,” Peterm. Mitt. 1888.—Reichard. “Das on the Senegal-Niger line has been continued. On the Ivory Coast afrikanische Elfenbein und sein Handel,” Deutsche Geogr. Blatter. the survey for a proposed railway towards the interior was com- Bremen, 1889.—Lavigerie. L’Esclavage Africain. Paris, 1888.— pleted in 1899, and in Dahomey a line from Kotonu to the Niger, Possedimenti eprotettorati Europei in Africa. Rome, 1889 and 1890. by a route passing through Carnotville and Nikki, has been begun. —La Traite des Esclavcs en Afrigue. Brussels, 1890.—Sieyerr. In French Congo, although the need of a line to Brazzaville on Afrika. Leipzig, 1891 and 1901.—White. “ On the ComparaStanley Pool is acknowledged, little progress towards a realization tive Value of African Lands,” Scott. Geog. Mag. 1891.—Idem. of the project has been made. In the British West African The Development of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1892.—Engler. colonies lines have since 1896 been under construction in Sierra Hochgebirgsfiora des tropischen Afrika. Berlin, 1892. — Idem. Leone, the Gold Coast, and Lagos. In the Congo Free State a “Ueber die. . . Ergebnisse der. . . botanischen Forschungen,” &c. short railway to Mayumbe, north of the lower river, is being con- Peterm. Mitt. 1894.—Jager. Die Verwcndbarkeitdcs afrikanischen structed, and lines are proposed from Stanley Falls to Albert Elefanten. Magdeburg, 1892.—Robert Brown. The Story of Nyanza and Tanganyika. Finally, in Madagascar, the credits lor Africa and its Explorers. London, 1892-95.—Ravenstein. “ Reports ... on the Climatology of Africa,” Rep. Brit. Assoc. a line from Tamatave to the capital were voted early in 1900. The telegraphic system of Africa is on the whole older than that 1893-99.—PrAville. Les Societies AfricaAnes. Paris, 1894.— of the railways, the newer European possessions having in most Felkin. “On the Geographical Distribution of Tropical Discases been provided with telegraph lines before railway eases in Africa,” R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1894.—Reichard. e e “ Zur Frage der Austrocknung Afrikas,” Geogr. Zeitschrift. had been set on foot. Algeria, grap" s. projects cape Colony the systems date In back to theEgypt, middleand of 1895.—Murray. How to Live in Tropical Africa. London, the 19th century, before the end of which the lines had in each 1895.—Futterer. Afrika in seiner Bedeutung fur die Goldcountry reached some thousands of miles. In tropical Africa the produktion, Ac. Berlin, 1895. — Keane. Africa (in Stansystems of French West Africa, where the line from Dakar to St ford’s Compendium). London, 1895.—DEwfevRE. “Les CaoutLouis was begun in 1862, are the most fully developed, lines having choucs Africains,” Ann. Soc. Scient. Bruxelles. 1895.—Keltie. been carried from four different points on the coast of Senegal and The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895.—Hertslet. French Guinea towards the Niger, the main line being prolonged The Map of Africa by Treaty. London, 1896.—Darwin. “Pailnorth-west to Timbuktu, and west and south to the coast of ways in Africa,” Geogr. Journal. November, 1896.—Poskin. Dahomey ; while other lines are either open, being constructed, or L’Afrigue Eguatoriale, Climatologie, Nosologic, Hygiene. Brussels, projected, including one connecting the Ivory Coast with the 1897.—Dhci.E. Three Years in Savage Africa. London, 1898.— general system. In French Congo, also, a line connects Brazzaville VanOrtroy. Conventions Internationales definissant les limites. . . with the coast at Loango, whence it runs northwards to Libre- des Possessions, Ac. Brussels, 1898.—Johnston. A History of the ville. Most of the European colonies and protectorates have lines Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. Cambridge, 1899. — Trade of more or less length, but the most important is that initiated by and Shipping of Africa (from Board of Trade Journal). London, Mr Cecil Rhodes, which, starting northwards from the Cape, is 1899. See also the works of explorers mentioned in the above (e. He.) destined before long to connect the north and south extremities article. of the continent. It crosses the Zambezi to Lake Nyasa, beyond II. Ethnology. which it has already passed the south end of Tanganyika, while from the north the Egyptian lines have been prolonged beyond Khartum to the Upper Nile. A line from the east coast, which That Africa has been continuously occupied by two will eventually connect with the Cape to Cairo line in Uganda, distinct branches of mankind — the Caucasic and the has been carried through British East Africa in advance of the railway, reaching the Nile at Ripon Falls in February 1900. Con- Ethiopic—from the remotest times, seems evident both siderable progress has been made with a line which will cross the from the remains of primitive man which have been found whole width of the Congo Free State to Lake Tanganyika, where wherever they have been sought, and from the ethnical it may eventually be connected with the German line from Dar-es- relations that have prevailed throughout the historic period. Salaam to the lake. Literature.—The following is a selection of works relating to The remains—that is, rude and polished flints and other Africa as a whole, or large portions of the continent.—Herodotus implements dating from the Old and Hew Stone Ages— (edited by Rawlinson). History. London, 1880.—Muller. have in recent years been brought to light in great abund-