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 exploration] AFRICA 131 Zambezi and Upper Congo. In the southern Zambezi basin and through Wadai, and finally reached the mouth of the Niger neighbouring districts, the journeys of Holub, Selous, Montagu In the Sahara unsuccessful attempts were made to penetrate from Kerr, Erskine, and others resulted in more accurate knowledge, Algeria to Timbuktu in 1873-74 by Paul Soleillet, who only reached especially in Matabeleland and Mashonaland, while Portuguese Insalah, and in 1874-76 by Victor Largeau. In 1876-77 a German expeditions under Paiva de Andrada explored the country south traveller, Erwin von Bary, made his way to Rhat and Air, but of the Lower Zambezi. was assassinated. A French expedition under Colonel Flatters On Lake hTyasa, where a Scottish mission was established in met with a like disastrous fate in 1881. Farther west success 1875, Mr E. D. Young in 1876 for the first time reached the was attained in 1880 by a German traveller, Dr Lenz, who startBast north ing from Morocco made his way across the Western Sahara, in an end of the lake, proving that it extended farther Equatorial ^ keen supposed. Surveys were also carried part by a new route, to Timbuktu. Morocco itself was, a year or ou l, Africa. ^ y James Stewart. In 1877 Messrs Elton two later (1883-84), the scene of important explorations by M. de and Cotter ill opened a new route north of the lake to 1 oucauld. a French traveller, who, disguised as a Jew, crossed Ugogo. In East, as in West Africa, operations were started by and re-crossed the Atlas, and supplied the first trustworthy inagents of the Belgian Association, but with less success than on formation as to the orography of many parts of the chain. In the Congo. The first new journey of importance on this side Senegambia, where the political expansion inaugurated by General was made (1878-80) on behalf of the British African Explora- Faidherbe was continued under Desbordes and Gallieni, additions tion Committee by Mr Joseph Thomson, who after the death of his were gradually made to geographical knowledge. An unsuccessful leader, Mr Keith Johnston, made his way from the coast to the to reach Timbuktu and Algeria from this side was made north end of Nyasa, thence to Tanganyika, on both sides of attempt in 1878-79 by Soleillet, and it was not till 1887 that the former which he broke new ground, sighting the north end of Lake was reached by Lieutenant Caron, who navigated the Upper Rukwa or Leopold on the east. In 1880-84 a German expedition Nigei^in a gunboat. Hie source of the river had been reached under Reichard, Rohm, and Kaiser crossed Tanganyika, and pene- in 1879 by MM. Zweifel and Moustier, agents of a commercial trated beyond the Upper Congo to Katanga, while in 1882-84 the house at Sierra Leone. Behind the Gold Coast, where Kumasi, French Lieutenant Giraud proceeded by the north of Nyasa to the capital of Ashanti, had long been the limit of European Lake Langweulu, of which he made the first fairly correct map. the first step forward was made by Bonnat, who Between Nyasa and the coast useful work was done about this knowledge, ascending the reached the important mart of Salaga time by Jlr H. E. 0 Neill, British consul at Mozambique, as well (1875-76). In Volta 1882 Captain Lonsdale went farther, visiting as by members of the Universities mission, and a little later by Yendi and Bontuku, while two years later Captain Kirby made Mr J. T. Last. North of the Zanzibar-Tanganyika route a large his way to Kintampo. On the Middle and Lower Niger no great area of new ground was opened in 1883-84 by Mr Joseph Thomson, advance was made during this period ; but on its eastern branch, who traversed the whole length of the Masai country to Lake the Benue, good work was done Iiy E. R. Flegel, who charted the Baringo and the Victoria Nyanza, shedding the first clear light on river in 1879 during a voyage in the missionary steamer Henry the great East African rift-valley and neighbouring highlands, Venn, and in 1882-83 penetrated almost to its source during an including Mounts Kenya and Elgon. On the first part of his route journey in Eastern Adamawa. he had been preceded by the German Dr G. A. Fischer, who in a overland from the French operations in the Sahara, Senegambia, second journey broke some new ground to the south and west andApart the Ogowe region, most of the journeys had hitherto been of the Masai country, traversing for the first time the coast independent ot political motives, few territorial claims having districts east of the Victoria Nyanza (1885-86). A great advance yet been made by European nations. From about 1886 onwards towards the north was made in 1887-89 by the Austrians Teleki exploration was largely connected with the extension of political and Von Hbhnel, who discovered the large Basso Norok, now known influence over African territory, inaugurated in 1884 by the as Lake Rudolf, till then only vaguely indicated on the maps annexations of Germany, and regulated by the enactments of the as Samburu. Berlin Conference of 1884-85, and by subsequent international Still farther north various attempts were made between 1870 agreements. The future course of exploration can best be and 1886 to explore the interior of Somaliland, the principal followed by taking in turn the work done in the different Northbeing those of Flaggenmacher (1874) and Revoil spheres by European Powers. One great expedition, however, East (1870-84), but they met with only partial success. not exclusively connected with any one sphere, must be first Africa. 1885, however, the brothers James succeeded in spoken of, viz., the Emin Pasha relief expedition making their way for the first time from Berbera to under H. M. Stanley, which set out in 1887 by way Emin the Webi Shebeli. In Abyssinia and the Galla countries to the of the Congo to carry supplies to the governor of the Pasha south of it the principal work was done by a band of Italian old Egyptian Equatorial province. The route lay up Relief explorers, among whom the names of Antinori, Antonelli, Bianchi, the Aruwimi, the principal tributary of the Congo ExpediCecchi, and Chiarini most deserve mention. Many of the expe- from the north-east, by which the expedition made its ‘on. ditions were unfortunate, but valuable results were obtained by way, encountering immense difficulties, through the great Equatorial Cecchi and Chiarini, who penetrated the Galla countries to Kaffa forest, the character and extent of which were thus for the first (1876-81). In 1881-83 Dr Stecker, and in 1886-87 Dr Traversi, time brought to light The return was made to the east coast, explored the Lake Zuai region ; while in 1882 a Dutch traveller, and resulted in the discovery of the great snowy range of RuwenJ. M. Schuver, pushed through unknown districts south-west of zori or Runsoro, and the confirmation of the existence of a third Abyssinia beyond the Blue Nile. French travellers, among them Nile lake discharging its waters into the Albert Nyanza by-the M. Aubry (1883-85), also made their way to the Galla countries, Semliki river. A further discovery was that of a large bay, hitherto where a few years later a considerable advance was made by J. unsuspected, forming the south-west corner of the Victoria Borelli, who reached a point on the Omo farther south than any Nyanza. of his predecessors. On the Upper Nile, where General Gordon In the partition of the continent among European nations and his lieutenants were now waging war against official corrup- attention was first directed to West Africa, where the activity of tion, and the oppression of the slave traders, the chief geographical the International Association and of France was work was the survey of the course of the river by Gordon and quickly followed (1884) by the appropriation by ^ameroon’ members of his staff; the examination of the Albert Nvanza by Germany of the chief of the previously unclaimed strips of Romolo Gessi and by Colonel Mason ; and, somewhat later, various coast. In one of these — Cameroon — the unknown interior journeys of Emin Pasha to the west of the lake. To the south had till then been contiguous with the coast-line, but German of Darfur the bounds of knowledge were somewhat extended by travellers soon began to throw back its limits. Through the Colonel Purdy and by the Greek Dr Potagos, while on and labours of Zintgraff (1887-89), Kund (1887-88), Morgen (1889-90) beyond the watershed to the south-west the work of Schweinfurth the river systems of the Sanaga and Nyong were brought to was continued by the Russian Dr Junker (1878-86), who pushed light, and a connexion effected with the Benue and Adamawa in far down the Welle river, and by Frank Lupton, governor of the the north. Other travellers—Von Stetten, Konrau, Ramsay, &c. Bahr-el-Ghazal province. —supplemented their work, while Von Uechtritz and Passarge In Northern Africa, embracing the Sahara and western Sudan, explored scientifically the region of the Benue (1894). The the period 1873-85 was not marked by many important expedi- eastern borders of the territory were first explored in 1897-98 by oris North and ^ ) the attention of explorers being directed to the Von Carnap, and later (1898-99), from the side of the French Northmore central regions. That of Dr G. Nachtigal, which Congo, by Pleyn. In the adjoining French territory, Congo. West threw valuable light on the region around Lake Chad, the Sanga, one of the principal northern tributaries Africa. had been begun in 1869, though not completed till of the Congo, was explored in 1890-92 by Cholet, Ponel, Fourneau, 1874. Its later stages took the traveller through the others, and was reached from' the north by Mizon, who drew almost unknown country of Wadai to the Nile. In 1873-74 and the first line of communication between the Benue and the Congo the German traveller, Dr G. Rohlfs, undertook his second ex- (1890-92). In 1890 Paul Crampel, who in the previous year had pedition to the oases north of the Libyan desert, and in 1878-79 explored north of the Ogowe, undertook a great expedition from penetrated the latter as far as Kufra. A little later (1880-81) the Ubangi to the Shari, but was attacked and killed, with a crossing of North Africa from east to west was effected by the several of his companions, on the borders of Bagirmi. M. Italians Matteucci and Massari, who, starting from Suakin, passed Dybowski, who commanded a supporting expedition, reached the