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 ADRIATIC — ADULTERATION other consequences of the territorial change. In 1892, when the last census was taken, the population numbered 85,780. Little reliance, however, can be placed on a Turkish census, the figures of which are always exaggerated. The most competent residents estimate the present (1901) population at between 66,000 and 70,000. In point of structure Adrianople is thoroughly oriental—a mass of mean, irregular wooden buildings, threaded by narrow tortuous streets, with a sprinkling of edifices of superior class. Of these the most important are the Idadieh school, the school of arts and crafts, the Jewish communal school; the Greek college, Zappeion; the Imperial Ottoman Bank and Tobacco Regie, a fire-tower, a theatre, palaces for the prefect of the city, the administrative staff of the 2nd Army Corps, and the defence works commission, a handsome row of barracks, a military hospital, and a French hospital. All these are sightly structures; but they make little show amid their squalid surroundings. Adriauople has five faubourgs, of which Kiretchhane and Yilderim are on the left bank of the Maritza, and Kirdjik stands on a hill overlooking the city. The two last-named are exclusively Greek, but a large proportion of the inhabitants of Kiretchhane is Bulgarian. These three suburbs—as well as the little hamlet of Demirtash, containing about 300 houses all occupied by Bulgars— are all built in the native fashion ; but the fifth suburb, Karagatch, which is on the right bank of the Maritza, and occupies the region between the railway station and the city, is western in its design, consisting of detached residences in gardens, many of them handsome villas and all of them comely structures of modern European type. In all the communities schools have multiplied, but the new seminaries are of the old non-progressive type. The only exception is the Hamidieh school for boys—a government institution which takes both boarders and day-scholars. Like the Lyceum of Galata Serai in Constantinople, it has two sets of professors, Turkish and French, and a full course of education in each language, the pupils following both courses. The several communities have each their own charitable institutions, the Jews being specially well endowed in this respect. The Greeks have a literary syllogos, and there is a well-organized club to which members of all the native communities, as well as many foreigners belong. The economic condition of Adrianople—city and province —was much impaired by the war of 1877-78, and was just showing signs of recovery when the severance from it of Eastern Rumelia by a Customs cordon rendered the situation worse than ever. Theretofore Adrianople had been the commercial entrepdt for the whole of Thrace, as it had been also, prior to the war, for a large proportion of the region between the Balkans and the Danube, now Bulgaria. But the separation of Eastern Rumelia isolated Adrianople, and transferred to Philippopolis at least two-thirds of its foreign trade which, as regards sea-borne merchandise, is carried on through the port of Burghas. Sericulture, which prior to the war contributed largely to the prosperity of the town, suffered severely for a time, but about 1890 it began to show signs of revival which gradually developed. In 1897 and 1898 the output of silk increased in a remarkable degree, and in 1899 the crop equalled those of the yiost prosperous period which the silk industry has ever known in Adrianople. Unfortunately, the failure of the grain crops of the province in 1900 and in the four previous years almost neutralized the effect of these good silk harvests on the general prosperity of the population. The production of cheese continues steadily to increase. During the last few years great pains have been bestowed upon the improvement and extension of the fortifications, with the object of rendering them impregnable. In the opinion of military experts this object has been attained. (E. W.*) Adriatic. See Mediterranean. , Ad UI lam, a city in the “lowland” of Judah, now Aid el-Ma, 7 miles north-east of Beit-Jibrin. The cave was near the city, and not near the Dead Sea. As a political expression the “ cave of Adullam ” first occurs in a Reform speech by Mr Bright in 1866. Adulteration.—So many difficulties had been met with in the operation of the Adulteration of Food Act 1872, referred to in the ninth edition of this work, together with the Act of 1860, that in 1874 a Select Parliamentary Committee was appointed, which, after hearing much evidence, reported that, while the Act had done much good, it had at the same time inflicted

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considerable injury and enforced heavy and undeserved penalties upon some respectable tradesmen. “This appears to have been mainly due to the want of a clear understanding as to what does and what does not constitute adulteration, and in some cases to the conflicting decisions and inexperience of the analysts. Your committee are of opinion that the Act itself is defective and needs amendment.” The Act had been but very partially applied; in most districts it had not been put into operation at all, in many no analysts had been appointed, in others no inspectors whose duty it would have been to purchase samples and submit them to the analysts for analysis. At that time but very few chemists had a competent knowledge of the composition of articles of food and of drink. The work in previous years had been carried on by amateurs, microscopists, and sensationmongers, and no systematic steps had been taken to collect trustworthy analyses and to work out efficient and practicable methods of analysis. Upon the report of the Select Committee of 1874 the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 was based, all previous Acts being repealed. This Act avoided the term “ adulteration ” altogether, and endeavoured to give a general definition of “food,” of “drug,” and of offences which would bring dealers in food and drugs into collision with the Act. The appointment of analysts was made incumbent upon the City of London, the vestries, all county quarter-sessions, and town councils of boroughs having a separate police establishment, and inspectors were empowered to collect samples for analysis. For the protection of the vendor such samples as were purchased for analysis were to be offered to be divided into three parts, one to be submitted to the analyst, the second to be given to the vendor to be dealt with by him as he might deem fit, whilst the third was to be retained by the purchasing inspector, and, at the discretion of the magistrates hearing any summons, to be submitted, in case of dispute, to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue for analysis by the chemical laboratory at Somerset House. The public analyst had to give a certificate to the person submitting any sample for analysis, which certificate was to be taken as evidence of the facts therein stated, in order to render the proceedings as inexpensive as possible. If the defendant in any prosecution proved to the satisfaction of the court that he had purchased the article under a warranty of genuineness, and that he sold it in the same state as when he purchased it, he was to be discharged from the prosecution, but no provision was made that in that event the giver of the warranty should be proceeded against. For admixing injurious substances with food or drug a fine not exceeding <£50 could be imposed, or, after a conviction for a first offence, imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months with hard labour. For any ordinary practice of sophistication the maximum fine was fixed at £20. The general definition above referred to, contained in clause 6 of the Act, was couched in the following words : ■—“ No person shall sell to the JLprejudice of the mj A O purchaser any article of food or any drug which Cultjes " is not of the nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded by such purchaser; provided that an offence shall not be deemed to be committed in the following cases :—(1) Where any matter or ingredient not injurious to health has been added to the food or drug because the same is required for the production or preparation thereof as an article of commerce, in a state fit for carriage or consumption, and not fraudulently to increase the bulk, weight, or measure of the food or drug, or conceal the inferior quality thereof; (2) where the food or drug is a proprietary medicine or is the subject of a S. L —12