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Rh by his grandson Charles, afterwards the Emperor Charles V. 1517. Dispute between Luther and Tetzel respecting the sale of indulgences; which leads to the Reformation.

1519. Charles V. is elected Emperor of Germany. 1520. Cortez conquers Mexico. 1525. Francis First of Spain defeated and taken prisoner by the Imperial army at Pavia. 1529. League of Smalcald formed by the Protestant princes of Germany. 1533. Henry VIII. renounces the Papal supremacy. 1533. Pizarro conquers Peru. 1556. Abdication of the Emperor Charles V., Philip II. becomes King of Spain, and Ferdinand I. Emperor of Germany. 1557. Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. 1557. The Spaniards defeat the French at the battle of St. Quentin. 1571. Don John of Austria at the head of the Spanish fleet, aided by the Venetian and the Papal squadrons, defeats the Turks at Lepanto. 1572. Massacre of the Protestants in France on St Bartholomew's-day. 1579. The Netherlands revolt against Spain. 1580. Philip II. conquers Portugal.