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Rh of the new tyrant, the greater part of the lands of the English confiscated and divided among aliens, the very name of Englishmen turned into a reproach, the English language rejected as servile and barbarous, and all the high places in Church and State for upwards of a century filled exclusively by men of foreign race.

No less true than eloquent is Thierry's summing up of the social effects of the Norman Conquest on the generation that witnessed it, and on many of their successors. He tells his reader that "if he would form a just idea of England conquered by William of Normandy, he must figure to himselfnot a mere change of political rulenot the triumph of one candidate over another candidateof the man of one party over the man of another party, but the intrusion of one people into the bosom of another peoplethe violent placing of one society over another society which it came to destroy, and the scattered fragments of which it retained only as personal property, or (to use the words of an old act) as 'the clothing of the soil;' he must not picture to himself on the one hand, William, a king and a despoton the other, subjects of William's, high and low, rich and poor, all inhabiting England, and consequently all English; but he must imagine two nations, of one of which William is a member and the chieftwo nations which (if the term must be used) were both subject to William, but as applied to which the word has quite different senses, meaning in the one case subordinatein the other subjugated. He must consider that there are two countries, two soils, included in the same geographical circumferencethat of the Normans rich and free, that of the Saxons poor and serving, vexed by rent and toilage: the former full of spacious mansions, and walled and moated castles; the latter scattered over with huts and straw, and ruined hovels: that peopled with the happy and the idlewith men of the army and of the courtwith knights and nobles; this with men of pain and labourwith farmers and artisans: on the one side, luxury and insolence, on the other, misery and envynot the envy of the poor at the sight of opulence they cannot reach, but the envy of the despoiled when in presence of the despoilers."

Perhaps the effect of Thierry's work has been to cast into the shade the ultimate good effects on England of the Norman Conquest. Yet these are as undeniable as are the miseries which that conquest inflicted on our Saxon ancestors from the time of the