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A.D. 476. The Roman empire of the West extinguished by Odoacer.

481. Establishment of the French monarchy in Gaul by Clovis.

455–582. The Saxons, Angles, and Frisians conquer Britain, except the northern parts and the districts along the west coast. The German conquerors found eight independent kingdoms.

533–568. The generals of Justinian, the Emperor of Constantinople, conquer Italy and North Africa; and these countries are for a short time annexed to the Roman empire of the East.

568–570. The Lombards conquer great part of Italy.

570–627. The wars between the emperors of Constantinople and the kings of Persia are actively continued.

622. The Mohammedan era of the Hegira. Mohammed is driven from Mecca, and is received as prince of Medina.

629–632. Mohammed conquers Arabia.

632–651. The Mohammedan Arabs invade and conquer Persia.

632–709. They attack the Roman empire of the East. They conquer Syria, Egypt, and Africa.

709–713. They cross the Straits of Gibraltar, and invade and conquer Spain.