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The courts of justice under this Charter are of three tiers, namely, courts of first instance, appellate courts, and Supreme Court of Justice, save where a law otherwise prescribes.

The courts of first instance are the Civil Court, the Bangkok South Civil Court, the Thon Buri Civil Court, the Criminal Court, the Bangkok South Criminal Court, the Thon Buri Criminal Court, provincial courts, municipal courts, and other courts of justice which are designated as courts of first instance by their constituent acts.

The appellate courts are the Court of Appeal and the Regional Courts of Appeal.

The Supreme Court of Justice, appellate courts, and courts of first instance may divide their public service into divisions or agencies called otherwise and may permit them to separately and specifically exercise their powers over any types of cases or over cases in any territory under their jurisdiction. This shall be effected announcements issued by the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission.

The announcements of the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission under paragraph 1 shall come into force upon publication in the Royal Gazette.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall have the duty to lay down rules for the judicial service of the courts of justice in order that the business of the courts of justice shall proceed in an orderly and uniform manner. In addition, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall have the power to supervise judges in order that they shall correctly observe the rules and procedures designated by the law or by other means.

The Secretary General of the Office of the Judiciary, with the approval of the Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission, has the power to propose an opinion as to the establishment, dissolution, or change of jurisdiction of courts of justice to the Council of Ministers for consideration and implementation, having regard to the number, conditions, locations, and jurisdiction of the courts as may be necessary for the smooth bringing of justice to the people throughout the Kingdom.

The Courts of Justice Judicial Administration Commission shall designate the number of judges in the courts of justice which suits the necessity of the public service.