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 the National Assembly and the Cabinet;

the institutions exercising specific powers under the Constitution;

the consideration exercised by the Prime Minister or a Minister in the works directly related to the policy;

the trial and adjudication of cases by courts and the carrying out of works by authorities in the course of the trial of cases, the legal execution, and the depositing of property;

the consideration and ruling of petitions and the giving of instructions according to the law on the Council of State;

the carrying out of works in relation to the foreign policy;

the carrying out of works in relation to the public affairs of the military or authorities that participate with the military in performing operational duties of defending and protecting the security of the Kingdom against threats from both inside and outside the Country;

the carrying out of works in the criminal justice process;

the carrying out of activities by religious organisations.

The application of the provisions of this Act to any activities or agencies other than those designated in paragraph 1 may be exempted by a royal decree enacted upon a proposal of the Administrative Procedure Commission.

In this Act—

"administrative procedure" refers to the preparation and action of an authority for adoption of an administrative order or regulation, and includes any administrative action under this Act;

"administrative proceeding" refers to the preparation and action of an authority for adoption of an administrative order;

"administrative order" refers to—

the exercise by an authority of a power under the law which results in the establishment of a legal relationship between persons, with a view to creating, changing, transferring, reserving, terminating, or producing an effect upon the status of a right or duty of a person, whether permanently or provisionally, such as the giving of an instruction, the giving of permission, the giving of approbation, the ruling of an appeal, the giving of certification, or the granting of registration, but not including the issuance of a regulation;

other matters as designated by ministerial regulations;