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In this Code, if the text does not show otherwise—

“court” means a court of justice or judge having the power to try and adjudicate upon civil cases;

“case” means the proceedings commencing from the submission of a plaint to a court for the acknowledgement, protection, enforcement, or exercise of a right or duty;

“plaint” means any proceeding by which a plaintiff submits a claim to a court, irrespective of whether it be submitted orally or in writing, whether it be submitted to a court of first instance or of appellate instance or of last resort, and whether it be submitted at the time of instituting the case by a plaint or request or subsequently by an