Organon (Owen)/Topics/Book 4

Chap. 1. Of Topics relative to Genus.
 * 1st Top. Genus deceptively assumed, if it applies not to every thing, in the same species with that, of which it is predicated.
 * 2nd Top. The definition of accident to be regarded.
 * 3rd Top. Also whether the genus and the species are in the same category.
 * 4th Top. Whether the definition of species is predicated of genus.
 * 5th Top. If the genus is not predicated of what the species is.
 * 6th Top. If what is contained in the genus is subject to no species.
 * 7th Top. If what is placed in genus is of wider extension than, or equal to, the genus itself. (Vide Crakan Log ii. 5.)
 * 8th Top. If what are in the same species are not in the genus.

Chap. 2. Of Topics relative to Genus, Species, and Difference.
 * 1st Top. Whether there is another genus of the same thing.
 * 2nd Top. Examine the genus to which the assigned genus belongs.
 * 3rd Top. Whether the assigned genus is predicated of the same, as the species is predicated of, as genus.
 * 4th Top. Whether the definitions of the genera are predicated of the species and its subjects.
 * 5th Top. Whether difference has been assigned as a genus;
 * 6th Top. or as a species.
 * 7th Top. Whether genus is placed in species;
 * 8th Top. or difference is so placed.
 * 9th Top. Whether genus is made subject to difference;
 * 10th Top. or genus predicated as difference.
 * 11th Top. Whether no difference of genera is predicated of species.
 * 12th Top. If species is naturally prior to the genus;
 * 13th Top. or the genus and difference are not necessarily joined to the species.

Chap. 3. Of the proper Constitution of Genus and Species.
 * 1st Top. Genus erroneously assigned if its subject partakes either of some contrary to genus, or of what cannot be joined to it.
 * 2nd Top. If the species and genus are not employed in the same sense.
 * 3rd Top. If there be only one species of the genus.
 * 4th Top. If genus has not been taken in its right sense. (Vide Aldrich, cap. 1, de Metaphorâ.  Cf. Top. vi. 2.)
 * 5th Top. If any contrary exist to species:  this consideration multiform.
 * 6th Top. That the genus is rightly constituted, if there be a contrary to species, is proved in three ways.
 * 7th Top. From derivations; how the same topics may be obtained, useful for confirmation and refutation.

Chap. 4. Of Topics belonging to Similitude, Relatives, etc.
 * 1st. Arguments to be obtained from similars.
 * 2nd. How the argument about genus is to be conducted, if what is opposed to species be privation.
 * 3rd. Negatives to be considered inversely.
 * 4th. Of expression by relation, if species be relative, genus also is.
 * 5th. If species be not referred to the same thing, both per se, and according to genus.
 * 6th. Or according to all the genera of the genus.  Objection.
 * 7th. Whether genus and species are redicated in the same case.
 * 8th. Whether those similarly called relatives as to cases, do not alike reciprocate.
 * 9th. In as many ways as species is referred to another thing, in so many also, ought genus to be and vice versâ.
 * 10th. Whether the opposite is the genus of the opposite.
 * 11th. If genus and species are stated as related to something, they ought to have the same ratio to those in which they are inherent.

Chap. 5. Topics relative to Genus continued.
 * 1st. The error of those, in stating the genus, who refer energy to habit, and vice versâ.
 * 2nd. Or a power.
 * 3rd. Or assume as genus, what is in some way consequent to species.
 * 4th. Genus and species ought to be inherent in the same.
 * 5th. Species ought to partake of genus, "simpliciter non quondam modo."
 * 6th. Error in taking a part of species for genus.
 * 7th. Or in referring a failing to a faculty.
 * 8th. Or involving in a faculty what is good per se; or subjecting to one genus, what is in more.
 * 9th. Error in assigning genus as difference, and vice versâ.
 * 10th. Also in making the thing affected, the genus of the affection.
 * 11th. Or of which there is passion, the genus of the passion.

Chap. 6. Of Topics relative to Genus, continued.
 * 1st. Examine whether the proposed genus possesses subject species.
 * 2nd. Whether the consequent of all, has been taken as genus or difference.
 * 3rd. Whether the assigned genus is stated to be in the subject species.
 * 4th. Whether genus and species are not synonymous, etc.
 * 5th. Error in assigning the better of two contraries to the worse genus.
 * 6th. Argument useful to the subverter from the more and less.
 * 7th. If the more or similar be not genus, neither is that which is assigned.
 * 8th. This place not useful to the supporter, if the assigned genus and species accept the more. Comparison of genera, etc., useful.
 * 9th. To establish genus we must show that it comprehends species, with whose nature it concurs.
 * 10th. How genus is to be distinguished from difference.
 * 11th. We must collect the genus from the noun and its derivatives.
 * 12th. Examine whether one is a consequent to the other, whilst the two do not reciprocate.

