Organon (Owen)/Topics/Book 2

Chap. 1. Of the Division of Problems: of the Conversion of the Accidental:  and of Problematical Errors.
 * 2.1. Problems either universal or particular: things common to both.
 * 2.2. Of the universally subversive.
 * 2.3. The problem pertaining to accident different, and its peculiar difficulty.
 * 2.4. Two errors occurrent in problems.

Chap. 2. Of the "Places," belonging to Problems of Accident.
 * 1st Topic: to prove that has been assigned as accident, which is present in some other mode.
 * 2nd Topic. To examine the subjects of predication.
 * 3rd Topic. To define both, accident (the predicate and its subject).
 * 4th Topic. To change the problem into a proposition.
 * 5th Topic. To examine what vulgar denomination we ought to admit, and what to reject.

Chap. 3. Of the Topics belonging to Multifarious Predication.
 * 1st Topic. If an ambiguity of expression escape our opponent, we must employ the sense most adapted to our own position.
 * 2nd Topic. If it does not escape him, we must distinguish the various senses of predication. (Cf Top. vi. 2.)

Chap. 4. Topics relative to Name, Genus, Species, Definition, Time.
 * 1st Top. An intelligible name to be adopted instead of an obscure one.
 * 2nd, To prove the presence of contraries, genus must be regarded.
 * 1. Demonstration of species from genus.
 * 2. Vice versâ.
 * 3rd. Of what genus is predicated, some species will be, and if no species is, no genus can be.
 * 4th. Definitions of the subject matter to be examined.
 * 5th, Also the consequences of its subsistence.
 * 6th, Time to be regarded.

Chap. 5. Upon drawing on the Adversary to our own strong points: Subversion of the Proposition by that of the Consequent.
 * 1st Topic. Of drawing off our opponent to another point, upon which we are well prepared, if he denies any thing which we wish him to grant, in order to effect his refutation.  Three classes of this topic.
 * 2nd, If the consequent be subverted the original proposition is.

Chap. 6. Of Topics connected with Affirmative and Negative Argument relatively, etc.
 * 1st Topic. If one of two things concerning a matter be predicated, the same argument comprehends both.
 * 2nd Top. The name to be transferred to the etymology.
 * 3rd Top. Discrimination between the necessary and general.
 * 4th Top. Whether notions which are only nominally different be stated as accidents to each other.  Cf. Rhet. b. ii. 24.

Chap. 7. On Places connected with Contraries.
 * 1st Top. Of many propositions contrary to the same, that is to be taken which especially suits our position.  Contraries join in six ways.
 * 1. The two first do not produce contrariety.
 * 2. All the remaining four do produce contrariety.
 * 2nd Top. If any thing contrary to accident be predicated of the same as the accident is.
 * 3rd Top. Also whether any thing has been predicated, from the existence of which, contraries follow.
 * 4th Top. Whether an accident, to which there is a contrary, takes the contrary also to it.

Chap. 8. Of Topics, from the sequence of Opposition.
 * 1st Top. We must employ the four kinds of opposition, so as to see whether if A be the consequent of B, non-A also follows non-B.
 * 2nd Top. Also whether the contrary follows the contrary directly or inversely.
 * 3rd Top. Privations, their peculiarity.
 * 4th Top. Relatives to be employed in a similar way.  An objection stated and explained.

Chap. 9. Topics of Co-ordinates, Generation and Corruption.
 * 1st Top. What is proved of one of the derivatives of the same word, is proved at the same time of all.
 * 2nd Top. We must observe whether the contrary is predicated of the contrary.
 * 3rd Top. We must collect from the generation and corruption of a thing, whether itself be good or bad.

Chap. 10. As to Similars, the more and less.
 * 1st Top. Whether similars are enunciated of similars, and what is predicated of the one, be also truly said, of the many.
 * 2nd Top. Arguments to be taken from the more, of which there are four places.
 * 3rd Top. Argument, "a similitudine"  or "verisimilitudine," three-fold.

Chap. 11. Of Arguments from Addition and the Simple.
 * 1st Top. If an addition is made affecting the quality, what is added will partake of the same quality.
 * 2nd Top. Whatever is predicated comparatively, will also be so, simply.
 * 3rd Top. What can be said with a certain qualification, is true also, simply.

