Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Manichaean Controversy/Introductory Essay/Literature/Modern Works

II.&#160; Modern Works.

(b. 1659 in France, pastor of the French church in Berlin, d. 1738):&#160; '' Histoire Crit. de Manich&#233;e et du Manich&#233;isme'', Amst. 1634 and &#8217;39, 2 vols. 4to.&#160; Part of the first volume is historical, the second doctrinal.&#160; Very full and scholarly.&#160; He intended to write a third volume on the later Manich&#230;ans.&#160; :&#160; Das Manich&#228;ische Religions-system nach den Quellen neu untersucht und entwickelt, T&#252;b. 1831 (500 pages).&#160; A comprehensive, philosophical and critical view.&#160; He calls the Manich. system a  "gl&#252;hend pr&#228;chtiges Natur-und Weltgedicht."&#160; [An able critique of Baur&#8217;s work by Schneckenburger appeared in the  "Theol. Studien u. Kritiken," 1833, p. 875 sq.&#160; Schneckenburger strives to make it appear that Baur unduly minifies the Christian element in Manich&#230;ism.&#160; Later researches have tended to confirm Baur&#8217;s main position.&#160; The Oriental sources employed by Fl&#252;gel and Kessler have thrown much light upon the character of primitive Manich&#230;ism, and have enabled us to determine more precisely than Beausobre and Baur were able to do the constituent elements of Mani&#8217;s system.&#160; :&#160; Manich&#230;orum Indulgenti&#230;, Lips. 1827.&#160; Wegnern points out the resemblance between the Manich&#230;an system, in accordance with which the "hearers" participate in the merits of the "elect" without subjecting themselves to the rigorous asceticism practiced by the latter, and the later doctrine and practice of indulgences in the Roman Catholic church.]&#160; :&#160; Ueber Kanon, Kritik und Exegese der Manich&#228;er, Bern, 1832.&#160; :&#160; Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, Petersb. 1856, 2 vols.&#160; G. :&#160;  Mani, seine Lehre und seine Scriften.&#160; Aus dem Fihrist des Ab&#238; Jakub an-Nad&#238;m (987), Leipz. 1862.&#160; Text, translation and commentary, 440 pages.&#160; [Of the highest value, the principal document on which the work is based being, probably, the most authentic exposition of primitive Manich&#230;an doctrine.]&#160; K. :&#160; ''Untersuchungen zur Genesis des Manich. Rel. Systems'', Leipz. 1876.&#160; By the same: &#160;M&#226;n&#238; oder Beitr&#228;ge zur Kenntniss der Religionsmischung im Semitismus, Leipz. 1887.&#160; See also his thorough article, M&#226;n&#238; und die Manich&#230;r, in "Herzog," new ed. vol. IX. 223&#8211;259 (abridged in Schaff&#8217;s "Encyclop." II. 1396&#8211;1398).&#160; [Kessler has done more than any other writer to establish the relation between the Manich&#230;ans and the earlier Oriental sects, and between these and the old Babylonian religion.&#160; The author of this introduction wishes to express his deep obligation to Kessler.&#160; The article on the "Mand&#228;er" in "Herzog," by the same author, is valuable in this connection, though his attempt to exclude all historical connection between this Babylonian Gnostic sect and Palestine can hardly be pronounced a success.&#160; J. B. :&#160; Ruling Ideas in Early Ages; lecture on "The Manich&#230;ans and the Jewish Fathers," with special reference to Augustin&#8217;s method of dealing with the cavils of the Manich&#230;ans.]&#160; G. T. :&#160;  Manes and Manich&#230;ans, in "Smith and Wace," III. 792&#8211;801.&#160; A. :&#160; Manich&#230;ism in 9th ed. of the "Encycl. Britannica," vol. XV. (1883), 481&#8211;487.&#160; [Also in German, as a Beigabe to his Lehrbuch d. Dogmengeschichte, vol. I. p. 681 sq.&#160; Harnack follows Kessler in all essential particulars.&#160; Of Kessler&#8217;s article in "Herzog" he says:&#160; "This article contains the best that we possess on Manich&#230;ism."&#160; In this we concur.&#160; : ''&#160;S. Austin and his Place in the History of Christian Thought, Hulsean Lectures, 1885, p. 45&#8211;72, and passim'', Lond. 1886.&#160; This treatise is of considerable value, especially as it regards the philosophical attitude of Augustin towards Manich&#230;ism.]&#160; The accounts of Mosheim, Lardner, Schr&#246;ckh, Walch, Neander, Gieseler [and Wolf].