New Orleans Pacific Railway Company v. Parker/Opinion of the Court

1. The motion of the plaintiff Parker to dismiss the appeal as to him, upon the ground that less than $5,000 is involved, demands our first consideration. His position is that the suit embraces two separate and distinct controversies,-one between Parker and appellants, and one between Hamlin and appellants; that there were separate decrees in these several causes; that these decrees cannot be aggregated for the purpose of sustaining the jurisdiction of this court, nor can the appeal be sustained as to him by reason of the fact that as to Hamlin more than the requisite jurisdictional amount is at issue. It is true that the amount of Parker's decree was but $2,400 and interest, but his bill was filed not only for himself, but for all the other bondholders under the mortgage; and the cross-bill avers that he actually represented upwards of 200 of the bonds issued under this mortgage, (an averment admitted by his demurrer,) and prayed for a decree declaring the invalidity of the entire mortgage as to these lands. Had the bill been filed by the trustee under this mortgage for the foreclosure of the whole amount of the debt, and a similar cross-bill had been filed for its cancellation, there could be no doubt of the appealable character of any decree rendered upon these pleadings. This mortgage, however, contained a provision permitting a foreclosure by any holder of an overdue bond or coupon. Parker's bill was filed practically for the benefit of the entire number of bondholders, and the cross-bill could not be sustained except upon the theory that the entire mortgage was invalid as a lien upon these lands. While a decree in favor of the cross-plaintiff might not have been binding upon any defendant to the cross-bill who did not appear, it certainly would have been binding upon Himlin as well as Parker, since Hamlin, on being made a plaintiff, expressly stipulated that the cause should be considered as if he had been one of the original plaintiffs; that Parker's pleadings should be considered as his; and that the pleadings of the defendants should apply equally to him. If Parker's argument in this connection be sound, it would necessarily follow that, if every bondholder of this mortgage had intervened, and a cross-bill had been filed against them all, praying a cancellation of the entire mortgage, our jurisdiction to review a dismissal of this bill could not be sustained as to any of such bondholders whose decrees were not more than $5,000, notwithstanding it would be sustained as to others whose decrees were larger. The result would be that the land might be sold for the benefit of the larger bondholders, and freed from the lien of the smaller.

Where several plaintiffs claim under the same title, and the determination of the cause necessarily involves the validity of that title, this court has jurisdiction as to all such plaintiffs, though the individual claims of none of them exceed $5,000. Thus, in Shields v. Thomas, 17 How. 3, where a bill was filed by several distributees of an estate, to compel the payment of money alleged to be due them, and a decree was rendered in their favor, it was held that this court had jurisdiction over an appeal, although the amount payable to each individual was less than $2,000. It was held that the matter in controversy was the amount due the representatives of the deceased collectively, and not the particular sum to which each was entitled when the amount was distributed among them. Said the court: 'They all claimed under one and the same title. They had a common and undivided interest in the claim, and it was perfectly immaterial to the appellant how it was to be shared among them.' The case of Rodd v. Heartt, 17 Wall. 354, is still more nearly analogous. In this case, which was in admiralty, a fund exceeding the jurisdictional amount paid into the registry of the court was claimed on the one hand by several creditors secured by one mortgage, and on the other by a number of mariners and material-men. A decree having been made adverse to the mortgagees, an appeal was taken by them to this court, and it was held that, although no one of the claims under the mortgage equaled the jurisdictional amount, yet, as the claim of the appellants, which was disallowed, exceeded that sum, an appeal would lie. In The Connemara, 103 U.S. 754, it was held that, where salvors united in a claim for a single salvage service, jointly rendered by them, the owner of the property was entitled to an appeal where the sum decreed exceeded $5,000, though in the division among the several parties sharing in the recovery several were awarded less than $5,000. In line with these cases are those of Davies v. Corbin, 112 U.S. 36, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 4, and Handley v. Stutz, 137 U.S. 366, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 117.

The true distinction is between cases in which there are several plaintiffs interested collectively under a common title, and those wherein the matters in dispute are separate and distinct, and are joined in one suit for convenience or economy. Of the latter class are those relied upon by the plaintiff Parker in this case, and his motion to dismiss must therefore be denied. Indeed, the cross-bill to set aside the whole mortgage as to these lands is sufficient of itself to remove all difficulty with regard to our jurisdiction.

2. The case upon the merits depends upon the question whether the mortgage of 1870 should be construed to cover a land grant made by congress the following year to the Baton Rouge Company in aid of the construction of its road. To answer this question satisfactorily it is necessary to consider the power of this company under its charter, and the manner in which it attempted to exercise this power.

The act of 1869 of the legislature of Louisiana, incorporating the Baton Rouge Company, authorized it (section 13) to obtain from any parish or other municipality any rights, privileges, or franchises that such municipality might choose to grant in reference to the construction of the road; and by section 14 it was authorized to borrow money or to purchase property for the purpose of constructing the road, to issue its corporate bonds, and, to secure the payment of such bonds, to mortgage its road, etc. By section 15 provision was made for a second mortgage, guarantied by the state, and for bonds to be issued and made payable to the state or bearrer. By section 16 the first mortgage that should be given was declared to be a prior lien upon the railroad within the state, including all the 'real and personal estate within the state of Louisiana appurtenant to or necessary for the operation of said main line of rail road, owned by the company at the date of said mortgage, or which may be acquired by it thereafter; and upon the corporate franchises and privileges of said company, granted by the state of Louisiana, relative to the construction, operation, and use of said main line of railroad within the state of Louisiana,' etc. The mortgage did not differ materially from this act, though its description of property covered by it is still more explicit, and is as follows: 'About five hundred and one miles of railroad within the said state of Louisiana, together with the right of way, road-bed, rails, depots, stations, shops, buildings, machinery, tools, engines, cars, tenders, and other rolling stock; also all the real and personal estate within the state of Louisiana owned by the said company at the date of this mortgage, or which may be acquired by it thereafter, appurtenant to or necessary for the operation of said main line of said railroad, or any of said branches connected with the said main line, or to be connected therewith; also all other property, real and personal, of every kind and description whatsoever and wherever situated in the state of Louisiana, which is now owned or which shall hereafter be acquired by the said company, and which shall be appurtenant to or necessary or used for the operation of said main line of railroad, or of any of said branches; also the tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, and all of the estate, right, title, and interest, legal and equitable, of the said company and its successors and assigns therein, together with the corporate franchises and privileges of said company at any time granted or to be granted by the state of Louisiana relative to the construction, operation, and use of said railroad within said state.' The bonds issued under this mortgage contained a similar description of the property, the latter clause of such description, however, purporting to include 'the corporate franchises and privileges of said company granted by the state of Louisiana, or by act of congress, relative to the construction,' etc. How these words, 'or by act of congress,' came to be inserted in the bonds does not appear. It may have been an oversight, or the company may have supposed that the land grant would be acquired, and that the insertion of these words would impart additional currency to the bonds. It is not material, however, to determine why or how this was done, since neither the act of the legislature nor the mortgage itself assumed in terms to cover anything granted by the act of congress.

The language of the act of the legislature and of the mortgage itself restricts its lien to real and personal property situated in the state of Louisiana, then owned, or which should thereafter be acquired, and which should be appurtenant to or necessary or used for the operation of the main line of said road or any of its branches. The succeeding clause, which includes tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, etc., was manifestly not intended as an expansion of the prior clause, and for the purposes of this case may be treated as superfluous. No argument is needed to show that a land grant is not necessary to the operation of a railroad. It may be a necessary aid in the construction of a road, but it is certainly not necessary in its operation. Plaintiffs' contention, then, if supportable at all, must be upon the theory that the land grant was appurtenant to the road; not necessarily to its operation, but to the road itself. The word 'appurtenant,' as ordinarily defined, is that which belonge to or is connected with something else, to which it is subordinate or less worthy, and with which it passes as an incident,-such as an easement or servitude to land; the tackle, apparel, rigging, and furniture to a ship; a right of common to a pasture; or a barn, garden, or orchard to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense it is said that land can never be appurtenant to land, (Jackson v. Hathaway, 15 Johns. 447, 454; Leonard v. White, 7 Mass. 6; Woodhull v. Rosenthal, 61 N. Y. 382;) but it was evidently contemplated by this mortgage that real as well as personal property subsequently acquired, such as land for stations, machine-shops, or other purposes immediately connected with the road, should pass under the lien of the mortgage. Property, however, not connected with what is ordinarily termed the 'plant,' or not forming a part of the organic structure of the road, is never treated as appurtenant to it. Thus, in Humphreys v. McKissock, 140 U.S. 304, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 779, (decided at the last term of this court,) it was held that a railroad company joining in the construction of an elevator upon land not belonging to it, and situated at some distance from its road, did not, by its ownership of stock in the elevator company, acquire such an interest in it as would pass as an appurtenance under the mortgage of the road as constructed or to be constructed, and the 'appurtenances thereunto belonging.' The court went further, and held that the elevator itself, if owned by the company, would not be appurtenant to its road. In line with this are the earlier cases of Harris v. Elliott, 10 Pet. 25, holding that the soil and freehold of a street did not pass as appurtenant to a lot of land fronting upon such street. So in Linthicum v. Ray, 9 Wall. 241, it was said that the right to use a wharf would not pass as appurtenant to a lot, as it was not in any way connected with the enjoyment or use of the lot, and a right not so connected could not be annexed as an incident to land so as to become appurtenant to it. In Smith v. McCullough, 104 U.S. 25, a mortgage executed by a railroad company upon its then and thereafter to be acquired property contained a specific description of such property, and was held not to cover municipal bonds issued to it in building the road, which were not embraced in such description. And in Bank v. Tennessee, 104 U.S. 493, where a bank was required by its charter to pay a certain tax in lieu of all other taxes, and was authorized to purchase and hold a lot of ground for its use 'as a place of business,' and hold such real property as might be conveyed to it to secure its debts, it was held that the immunity from taxation extended only to so much of the building as was required by the actual needs of the bank in carrying on its business. See, also, Tucker v. Ferguson, 22 Wall. 527.

Analogous cases in the state courts are numerous. Thus in Parish v. Wheeler, 22 N. Y. 494, it was held that canal-boats purchased with the funds of a railroad company, and used and run by it in connection with its railroad, but beyond its terminus, were not covered by a mortgage of its engines, cars, etc., 'and all other personal property in any way belonging or appertaining to the railroad of said company.' So in Railroad Co. v. Coffin, 50 Conn. 150, the property mortgaged by the railroad company was described very nearly in the terms employed in the mortgage under consideration, and it was held that lands purchased by the company outside of the lay-out of the road, and not needed for its use or construction, were not covered by the mortgage. It was said in the opinion that 'lands purchased and sold at a profit, although the profit might be expended in the construction of the road, were never intended to be embraced by the phrase, 'acquired by the company for the purposes of the railroad." In Mississippi Valley Co. v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 58 Miss. 846, a railroad mortgage covering property thereafter to be acquired was confined to such as was appurtenant to or necessary for building or operating the road, and carrying out the purposes for which it was created, and was held not to include an hotel and brick store-house, some vacant town-lots, and a farm of 300 acres; the hotel being used as a railroad eating-house, and the other property being rented out for the several purposes for which it was adapted. In Meyer v. Johnston, 53 Ala. 237, 64 Ala. 603, a mortgage of a railroad and 'all other property now owned and which may be hereafter owned by the railroad company' was held not to cover a land grant of the United States, made by an act of congress subsequently passed. Other cases to the same purport are Railroad Co. v. Livermore, 47 Pa. St. 465; Dinsmore v. Railroad Co., 12 Wis. 649; Farmers' Loan, etc., Co. v. Commercial Bank, 11 Wis. 207, 15 Wis. 424; Morgan v. Donovan, 58 Ala. 241; Walsh v. Barton, 24 Ohio St. 28; Calhoun v. Railroad Co., 2 Flip. 442; Seymour v. Railroad Co., 25 Barb. 284.

A consideration of the circumstances attending and following the execution of this mortgage strengthens the inference that we have drawn from it,-that the land grant was not intended to be included. There is no allegation in the bill that the parties to this mortgage expected, or had any reason to expect, that the land grant would be made; and, had it been intended to include so important an item, it is scarcely possible that the mortgagor would have left such intention to be inferred from the indefinite and ambiguous language of this instrument. Nor is there any evidence that, after the act of congress was passed, the line of the road was ever definitely fixed, as contemplated by section 9 of the act of March 3, 1871, (16 St. 573, 576,) although it had filed a map designating the general route of the road pursuant to sections 12 and 22, and obtained an order from the secretary of the interior withdrawing from entry and sale the odd-numbered sections of land within the grant and indemnity limits. As the grant was, by section 9, of lands not sold, reserved, or otherwise disposed of at the time the route of the road was difinitely fixed, it is settled in this court that the title to any particular lands would not pass until the line was so located, because until that time it could not be definitely ascertained what lands had been otherwise disposed of. Van Wyck v. Knevals, 106 U.S. 360, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 336; Railway Co. v. Dunmeyer, 113 U.S. 629, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 566; Land Co. v. Griffey, 142 U.S. 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 362. As to lands within the indemnity limits, it has always been held that no title is acquired until the specific parcels have been selected by the grantee, and approved by the secretary of the interior. Grinnell v. Railroad Co., 103 U.S. 739; Kansas Pac. R. Co. v. Atchison R. Co., 112 U.S. 414, 421, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 208; St. Paul, etc., R. Co. v. Winona, etc., R. Co., 112 U.S. 720, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 334; Barney v. Railroad Co., 117 U.S. 228, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 654; U.S. v. Missouri, etc., Ry. Co., 141 U.S. 358, 375, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 13; St. Paul & P. R. Co. v. Northern Pac. R. Co., 139 U.S. 1, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 389. A definite location of this line was subsequently made by the Pacific Company, but there is no evidence that such location coincided with the general route designated by theBaton Rouge Company, and, as no patents were ever issued for the lands earned by the construction of the road until March, 1885, when they were issued to the Pacific Company as assignee of the Baton Rouge Company, it is difficult to see what lands were ever 'acquired' by the latter company, to which this mortgage would attach.

Not only this, but there is no allegation or evidence that the Baton Rouge Company paid the cost of surveying, selecting, and conveying these lands as required by the act of July 31, 1876, (19 St. 102, 121,) as a preliminary to their conveyance. New Orleans Pac. Ry. Co. v. U.S., 124 U.S. 124, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 417; Deseret Salt Co. v. Tarpey, 142 U.S. --, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 158. Nor is there any evidence to show that the Baton Rouge Company ever built any of its line of road, or did anything to earn or acquire the title to any part of its land grant.

The decrees in this case were also fatally defective in ordering all the lands assumed to be covered by this mortgage to be sold, free from all liens, mortgages, and incumbrances, to satisfy a claim of $2,400 in one case and $6,000 in another, without making provision for other bondholders, subsequent mortgagees, or other creditors of the road. Assuming for the purposes of this case that, under the peculiar terms of this mortgage, these bondholders had the right to file this bill without calling upon the trustee to act,-a point upon which we express no opinion,-they had no right to a decree for their exclusive benefit. It a single bondholder has any right at all to institute proceedings, he is bound to act for all standing in a similar position, and not only to permit other bondholders to intervene, but to see that their rights are protected in the final decree. Upon this principle it was held by this court, in Pennock v. Coe, 23 How. 117, that a bondholder cannot, by getting a judgment at law, be permitted to sell a portion of the property devoted to the common security, as this would disturb the pro rata distribution among the bondholders, to which they are equitably entitled. 'These bondholders,' said Mr. Justice NELSON, 'have a common interest in this security, and are all equally entitled to the benefit of it; and, in case of a deficiency of the fund to satisfy the whole of the debt, in equity a distribution is made among the holders pro rata. * *  * To permit, therefore, one of the bondholders under the second mortgage to proceed at law in the collection of his debt upon execution would not only disturb the pro rata distribution in case of a dificiency, and give him an inequitable preference over his associates, but also have the effect to prejudice the superior equity of the bondholders under the first mortgage, which possesses the prior lien.' Jones, Ry. Secur. §§ 392, 393, 434; Fish v. Paper Co., 29 N. J. Eq. 16; Martin v. Railroad Co., 7 Bush, 116.

In Railroad Co. v. Orr, 18 Wall. 471, 475, a bill was filed by a bondholder, on behalf of himself and all others, against a county and a railroad company for the foreclosure of a mortgage given by the railroad company to secure the redemption of certain bonds issued by the county, and for a sale of the mortgaged property. The railroad company demurred for want of proper parties. It was held that the other bondholders should be parties to the suit, and, in delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Justice HUNT observed: 'It is the interest of every bondholder to diminish the debt of every other bondholder. In so far as he succeeds in doing that, he adds to his own security. Each holder, therefore, should be present, both that he may defend his own claims, and that he may attack the other claims, should there be just occasion for it. If, upon a fair adjustment of the amount of the debts, there should be a deficiency in the security, real or apprehended, every one interested should have notice in advance of the time, place, and mode of sale, that he may make timely arrangements to secure a sale of the property at its full value.'

In the view we have taken of the case, it is unnecessary to consider the other points made by the defense. We are satisfied, both from the words of the mortgage itself and from the circumstances attending its execution, that it should not be construed to include the land grant subsequently made to this company.

The decrees of the court below must be reversed, and the case remanded, with instructions to dismiss the bills of Parker and Hamlin, and for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.