Montoya v. Gonzales/Opinion of the Court

This action was begun on June 12, 1906, for the partition, among the remote heirs of Juan Gonzales, of the Alameda land grant, a Spanish grant of land in New Mexico, confirmed as perfect by the court of private land claims of the United States. On June 17, 1907, a judgment of partition was entered, declaring the persons named to be entitled to stated fractional undivided interests, and appointing commissioners to divide the land, or to report to the court if it could not be divided without prejudice to the owners. On July 3, 1907, the commissioners reported that partition could not be made, and before further action of the court, on July 20, 1907, the appellees asked leave to intervene in order to assert adverse interests. The application was allowed on November 20, 1907, and the questions now before this court arise between these interveners and heirs of Gonzales. By way of parenthesis we will dispose of a preliminary objection as this point. It was argued that the decree of partition was a final decree and that the intervention came too late; but apart from the oftenstated disposition of this court to leave decisions upon matters of local procedure undisturbed (Tiaco v. Forbes, 228 U.S. 549, 558, 57 L. ed. 960, 965, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585), the right to intervene was given by statute 'during the pendency of such suit,' and the decision that the suit still was pending was right. N. M. Comp. Laws, 1897, § 3182, Acts of 1907, chap. 107, subsec. 269. See further Clark v. Roller, 199 U.S. 541, 546, 50 L. ed. 300, 302, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 141.

The main questions concern the merits of the case. The greater part of the Alameda grant, it is found, has been occupied in strips, from beyond the memory of men now living. The interveners claim such strips, most of them but a few yards wide, but extending, as they say, from the Rio Grande westward to the Ceja or ridge of Rio Puerco,-a distance of some 16 miles. They have no documentary evidence of a title derived from Juan Gonzales, but they and their predecessors in title have occupied the bottom lands between the Rio Grande and the foothills to the west for more than ten years under deeds purporting to convey a fee simple in the respective strips to the ridge of Rio Puerco. The eastern part has been fenced, cultivated, and built upon; but from the foothills to the Ceja of Rio Puerco the land is unfenced, and by a general custom has been used mainly for the grazing of cattle by the interveners and others claiming ownership in the grant. The title to this last-mentioned land alone is in question now, and it will be seen that if the interveners have the title they claim, it must have been gained by the lapse of time during which they have held what they have held under the above-mentioned deeds. The judgment was in their favor in the courts below. 16 N. M. 349, 120 Pac. 676.

The title of the interveners does not depend upon the ordinary statute of limitations, and some considerations that might be relevant under that statute are not relevant here. The title rests upon a peculiar statute that has been in force unchanged in any particular affecting this case, it is said, since 1858. Comp. Laws. 1865, chap. 73, § 1, Comp. Laws 1897, § 2937. By this act, possession for ten years, under a deed purporting to convey a fee simple, of any lands which have been granted by Spain, Mexico, or the United States, gives a title in fee to the quantity of land specified in the deed, if, during the ten years, no claim by suit in law or equity, effectually prosecuted, shall have been set up. We state the statute according to its construction by the court below, with which, again, we should be slow to interfere (Gray v. Taylor, 227 U.S. 51, 57, 58 L. ed. 413, 416, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 199), and which also seems plainly right. The interveners, therefore, brought precisely within the words of the act, and we think it unnecessary to spend time on the suggestion that the appellants equally are within it, and therefore, on the principle of cases such as Hunnicutt v. Peyton, 102 U.S. 333, 26 L. ed. 113, are entitled to prevail to the strength of their older title so far as they were not actually excluded from the land. The purpose of the act is to ripen disseisin into title according to the deed under which the disseisor holds, and it is especially directed against ancient claims such as the appellants set up.

It only remains to consider whether there is anything in the Constitution of the United States to prevent the statute from doing its work. We limit our inquiry to its operation in the present case, and do not speculate as to whether other cases could be put in which the letter of some parts of the law could not be sustained. As applied to the interveners, the statute simply enacts that possession for ten years of the front and cultivable portion of a strip under a deed carrying the whold of it back to the ridge of the Puerco shall give title to the whole. We can see no taking of property without due process of law in this. A statute of limitation may give title. Toltec Ranch Co. v. Cook, 191 U.S. 532, 48 L. ed. 291, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 166; Davis v. Mills, 194 U.S. 451, 456, 457, 48 L. ed. 1067, 1071, 1072, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 692; United States v. Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Co. 209 U.S. 447, 52 L. ed. 881, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 579. The disseisee has notice of the law and of the fact that he is dispossessed, and that a deed to the disseisor may purport to convey more than is fenced in. If he chooses to wait ten years without bringing suit, he is not in a position to complain of the consequences,-at least, not when, as in the present case, the deeds do not purport to convey more than a reasonable man probably would have anticipated. See Soper v. Lawrence Bros. Co. 201 U.S. 359, 367, 368, 50 L. ed. 788, 790, 791, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 473. For we should conjucture, if it were material, that in this case the deeds under which the interveners held were in a form that was usual and expected in that place.

The statute does not deny the equal protection of the laws, even if it should be confined to Spanish and Mexican grants. For there very well may have been grounds for the discrimination in the history of those grants and the greater probability of an attempt to revive stale claims, as is explained by the supreme court of New Mexico. There is no other matter that we think proper for reconsideration here.

Judgment affirmed.