Mimicry in Butterflies/Index


 * INDEX


 * References to the plates are given in thicker type


 * Acraea, taken by kestrel, 118;
 * A. axina, 122;
 * A. caldarena, 122;
 * A. egina, 34, VI. 7;
 * A. encedon, patterns of different forms in relation to those of Danais chrysippus, 29, 144;
 * typical form of, IX. d;
 * alcippina form of, IX. e;
 * daira form of, IX. f;
 * A. halali, 122;
 * A. violae, 33 note;
 * eaten by lizards, 108;
 * attacked by birds, 110, 117
 * Acraeinae, as models for African butterflies, 33
 * Adaptation and Natural Selection, 61
 * Adelpha, 54
 * African butterflies, mimicry among, 28-36
 * Alcidis agathyrsus, 27, 145, III. 1
 * Aletis helcita, 36
 * Amauris echeria, 30, 148, VIII. 7;
 * A. hyalites, 30, VI. 2;
 * A. niavius, 30, VIII. 6
 * Amphidasys betularia, rapidity of increase in melanic sport of, 101
 * Anosia plexippus (= Danais archippus), 113
 * Anthomysa, 41
 * Aporia agathon, 149
 * Araschnia levana, seasonal dimorphism in, 130;
 * typical form, VI. 10;
 * prorsa form, VI. 9;
 * porima form, VI. 8
 * Archonias, 43, 56, 145;
 * A. critias, XI. 10
 * Argynnis diana, 47, XVI. 3;
 * A. hyperbius, 29;
 * as mimic of Danais plexippus, 52;
 * in mimicry ring, 66, IV. 3, 4
 * Artamus fuscus, 112
 * Asilid flies, as enemies of butterflies, 106
 * Athyma punctata, 53


 * Bates, G. L., on contents of birds' stomachs, 113
 * Bates, H. W., on mimicry, 9;
 * on resemblances between unpalatable forms, 14;
 * on initial variation in mimetic resemblance, 63;
 * on S. American Pierines attacked by birds, 112
 * Bateson, 3
 * Belenois, 36
 * Bingham, on birds eating butterflies, 110
 * Birds, as enemies of butterflies, 109;
 * stomach contents of, 113;
 * feeding experiments with, 115;
 * colour perception in, 119
 * Bowater, on Amphidasys betularia, 102, 137 note
 * Breeding experiments, with Hypolimnas dubius, 30;
 * with Papilio polytes, 84;
 * with Papilio memnon, 89;
 * with Papilio dardanus, 90;
 * with Pseudacraea eurytus, 128
 * Bryant, on birds eating butterflies, 114
 * Buchanga atra, 111
 * Byblia ilithyia, 122


 * Caduga tytia, 24, 51, II. 2
 * Callamesia pieridoides, 56
 * Calotes ophiomachus, 107;
 * C. versicolor, 107
 * Carpenter, on intermediates in Pseudacraea eurytus, 126;
 * on breeding experiments with Pseudacraea eurytus, 128
 * Castnia, as mimic, 39, XII. 4;
 * scales of, 41, XV. 5
 * Catopsilia, 121;
 * C. florella, 111;
 * C. pyranthe, 111
 * Cerchneis rupicoloides, 118;
 * C. naumanni, 117
 * Cercopithecus pygerythrus, 121
 * Charaxes athamas, 110
 * Citronophila similis, 35
 * Classification of butterflies, 18-21
 * Colaenis telesiphe, 38, XI. 4
 * Cyclosia hestinioides, III. 3
 * Cymatophora or, establishment of melanic sport in, 102 note
 * Cyrestis thyodamas, 110


 * Danainae, characteristics of, 22;
 * as models for Oriental butterflies,23;
 * as models for African butterflies, 28
 * Danais, 111, 145;
 * D. archippus, 48;
 * eaten by lizard, 108;
 * rejected by bird, 113, XVI. 8;
 * D. berenice, 48, XVI. 9;
 * D. chrysippus, 23, 28;
 * flight of, 55;
 * in mimicry ring, 65;
 * eaten by lizards, 108;
 * eaten by Bee-eater, 111;
 * eaten by Brown Shrike, 117;
 * rejected by Kestrel, 118;
 * rejected by baboon, 122;
 * local variation in, 132;
 * patterns overlapping with those of Acraea encedon, 144;
 * alcippus form, IX. b;
 * dorippus form, IX. c;
 * typical form, IV. 1, VIII. 5;
 * D. plexippus, as model for Argynnis hyperbius, 52;
 * in mimicry ring, 65;
 * eaten by Liothrix, 115 note, IV. 2;
 * D. petiverana, 29, VI. 1;
 * D. septentrionis, 23, 111, 112, I. 3;
 * D. vulgaris, 150
 * Darwin, on natural selection, 1;
 * on adaptation, 5;
 * on initial variation in mimetic resemblance, 63;
 * on a difficulty of the mimicry theory, 65
 * Defence in butterflies, 54
 * Delias cathara, 56;
 * D. eucharis, 28, 115, 116, II. 1
 * de Meijere, on breeding Papilio memnon, 89
 * de Vries, 3
 * Dismorphia, as mimics of Ithomiinae, 38, 42;
 * restricted range of many forms, 51;
 * diversity of pattern in genus, 58;
 * as Batesian mimics, 135;
 * patterns parallel with those of Ithomiinae, 145;
 * D. astynome, 151;
 * D. avonia, 151;
 * D. cretacea, 5, 8, 62, X. 1;
 * D. orise, as mimic, 39, XII. 2;
 * scales of, 40, XIV. 2;
 * D. praxinoe, as mimic, 57, 62, X. 2, 3;
 * as member of mimicry ring, 134
 * Distasteful groups, characteristics of, 55


 * Eltringham, 17 note, 32 note, 36 note
 * Elymnias, patterns in genus compared with those of Danaidae, 59, 144;
 * E. malelas, 24, II. 6, 7;
 * E. phegea, 35, VII. 9;
 * E. singhala, 25, I. 9;
 * E. undularis, in mimicry ring, 66, 115 note, 116, IV. 5, 6
 * Epicopeia polydora, 27, III. 5
 * Equilibrium, conditions of in mixed population, 93
 * Eresia, 134, 135
 * Eugonia californica, 114
 * Euphaedra ruspina, 36
 * Euploea core, 25, 108, 110, 112, I. 10;
 * E. mulciber, 24, 51, II. 4, 5;
 * E. rhadamanthus, 24, 51, II. 8;
 * E. rafflesii, 110
 * Euploeinae, characteristics of, 22;
 * as models for Oriental butterflies, 24;
 * in relation to birds, 111, 112, 115 note
 * Euripus halitherses, 24
 * Euripus halitherses, 24


 * Feeding experiments, with Mantids, 105;
 * with lizards, 107;
 * with birds, 115;
 * with mammals, 121
 * Finn, on feeding experiments with lizards, 108;
 * on feeding experiments with Indian birds, 115;
 * on feeding experiments with a Tree-shrew, 121
 * Flight, different in model and mimic, 55;
 * difference of in Papilio polytes and its models, 82
 * Fryer, on breeding Papilio polytes, 84;
 * on relative abundance of females of Papilio polytes in Ceylon, 97;
 * on birds eating "unpalatable" butterflies, 112


 * Gerrhonotus infernalis, 108


 * Haase, on mimicry, 16;
 * on classification of Papilionidae, 25
 * Hahnel, on S. American Pierines attacked by birds, 112
 * Hardy, on conditions of equilibrium in a mixed population, 94
 * Hearsy, on birds eating butterflies, 111
 * Hebomoia, 110
 * Heliconinae, as models for S. American butterflies, 38
 * Heliconius, 145;
 * H. eucrate, XV. 3;
 * H. melpomene, as model, 42, 43, XI. 5;
 * H. mirus, XV. 1;
 * H. pardalinus, XV. 4;
 * H. splendens, XV. 5;
 * H. sulphurea, 43, XI. 1;
 * H. telchinia, XV. 2;
 * H. telesiphe, XI. 3
 * Herpestes galera, 121
 * Hess, on colour perception in birds, 119
 * Hopkins, on pigment of Pierids, 150
 * Hypolimnas dubius, polymorphism in, 30;
 * as mimic of Danaines,30, VII. 8, 9;
 * breeding experiments with, 30;
 * var. mima compared with model, 148;
 * patterns of in relation to models, 149;
 * H. bolina, 25, 117, I. 5, 6;
 * H. misippus, 25, 29,
 * as model, 53;
 * flight of, 55;
 * in mimicry ring, 66, 116;
 * eaten by Brown Shrike, 117;
 * alcippoides form, IX. h;
 * inaria form, IX. i;
 * typical form, IV. 7, 8, IX. g


 * Ideopsis daos, III. 4
 * Initial variation, difficulty of, 63
 * Insect enemies of butterflies, 105
 * Intermediates, between different forms of Pseudacraea eurytus, 128;
 * in relation to mimicry,129, 140
 * Ithomiinae, characteristics of, 10;
 * as models for S. American butterflies, 38
 * Ituna, 39;
 * I. ilione, 40, XIV. 4;
 * I. phenarete, XII. 3


 * Jacobsen, experiments with Papilio memnon, 89
 * Jordan, 40 note
 * Junonia, 111


 * Lanius cristatus, 117
 * Limenitis albomaculata, 53;
 * L. archippus, 49, 59, XVI. 6;
 * L. arthemis, 47, 49, XVI. 4;
 * L. astyanax, 47, XVI. 5;
 * L. floridensis (= eros), 49, XVI. 7;
 * L. proserpina, 47
 * Lizards, as enemies of butterflies, 107
 * Local varieties, in connection with mimicry, 132
 * Lycaenidae, as mimics in Africa, 35
 * Lycorea, 145


 * McAtee, on feeding experiments with birds, 118
 * Mammals, as enemies of butterflies, 121
 * Manders, on feeding experiments with lizards, 107;
 * with birds, 117
 * Mantids, as enemies of butterflies, 105
 * Marshall, on Müllerian mimicry, 72;
 * on feeding experiments with Mantids, 105;
 * on birds as enemies of butterflies, 107;
 * on feeding experiments with S. African birds, 117;
 * with monkeys, 121;
 * on birds attacking Pierids, 150
 * Mechanitis egaensis, XV. 9;
 * M. elisa, XV. 6;
 * M. lysimnia, 151, XV. 8;
 * M. methona, XV. 10;
 * M. saturata, as model for Dismorphia praxinoe, 57, 62;
 * as member of mimicry ring, 134, XV. 7
 * Melanic sports in moths, 101
 * Melinaea, 135
 * Melinda formosa, App. II
 * Melittophagus swinhoei, 110
 * Merops viridis, 111
 * Merrifield, on seasonal dimorphism, 130
 * Methona confusa, XII. 1, XIV. 1
 * Migratory birds, suggested influence on mimicry of, 53
 * Mimacraea, 35
 * Mimetic resemblance, as induced through gradual slight changes, 64
 * Mimic, occupying same station as model, 51;
 * occupying station apart from model, 53;
 * scarcer than model, 56;
 * pattern of in relation to allies, 57
 * Mimicry, Wallace's conditions of, 50;
 * Batesian, 9;
 * Müllerian, 14
 * Mimicry rings, 65;
 * in S. American butterflies, 134;
 * and natural selection, 136
 * Mimicry theory, difficulties of, 139
 * Monkeys, as enemies of butterflies, 121
 * Moths, mimicry in, 27, 36
 * Moulton, on S. American mimicry rings, 134
 * Müller, 14, 72
 * Müllerian mimicry, 53, 57, 66;
 * difficulties of, 72
 * Mutation, see Sports
 * Mylothris, 36
 * Mylothris, 36


 * Natural selection and mimicry, 10-12, 61, 92, 152
 * Neal, on monkeys as enemies of butterflies, 123
 * Nepheronia (= Pareronia) hippia, 116
 * Neptis imitans, 24;
 * N. nemetes, 54;
 * N. kamarupa, 121
 * North American butterflies, mimicry among, 45
 * Norton, on rapidity of changes in mixed populations through natural selection, 94, App. I


 * Oriental butterflies, mimicry among, 23
 * Overlapping in patterns of different groups of butterflies, 144


 * Papilio aristolochiae, as model for female of P. polytes, 13, 26, 52, 77;
 * range of, 79;
 * likeness to P. polytes, 80;
 * characteristics of, 81;
 * flight of, 82;
 * eaten by lizards, 108;
 * rejected by certain birds, 115, 116;
 * disliked by Tree-shrew, 121, V. 5, 5a;
 * P. agestor, 24, 51, II. 3;
 * P. asterius, 46;
 * P. bachus, App. II;
 * P. bootes, 27, III. 6;
 * P. brasidas, 29, VI. 4;
 * P. chamissonia, 44, XIII. 2;
 * P. clytia, 23, 25, 55, I. 7, 8;
 * P. coon, 26, 89;
 * P. cynorta, 35, 36, VII. 10;
 * P. dardanus, investigated by Trimen, 14;
 * mimicry in, 30;
 * breeding experiments with, 90;
 * polymorphic forms of in relation to models, 149 note;
 * var. humbloti, 32;
 * var. meriones, 32;
 * ♀ cenea, 31, VIII. 4;
 * ♀ dionysus, 31, 33;
 * ♀ hippocoon, 31, VIII. 3;
 * ♀ niavioides, 32, 33;
 * ♀ planemoides, 31;
 * ♀ ruspina, 33;
 * ♀ trimeni, 31, 32, 33;
 * ♀ trophonius, 31, 122, VIII. 2;
 * P. delesserti, App. II;
 * P. demoleus, 111, 121;
 * P. echerioides, App. II;
 * P. erithonius, 110;
 * P. euterpinus, 42, 43;
 * P. glaucus, 45;
 * var. turnus, 46;
 * P. hahneli, 39;
 * P. hector, model for female of P. polytes, 13, 52, 78;
 * range of, 79;
 * characteristics of, 81;
 * flight of, 82;
 * eaten by lizards, 108;
 * eaten by birds, 110, 117, V. 6, 6a;
 * P. hippason, App. II;
 * P. laglaizei, 27, 124, III. 2;
 * P. leonidas, 29, VI. 3;
 * P. lysithous, polymorphism in, 44;
 * ♀ lysithous, XIII. 4;
 * ♀ rurik, XIII. 5;
 * ♀ pomponius, XIII. 6;
 * P. macareus, 23, 111;
 * P. memnon, 26, 89;
 * P. mendax, 24, 51, II. 9;
 * P. nephalion, 44, XIII. 1;
 * P. osyris, XI. 8, 9;
 * P. paradoxus, 25;
 * P. pausanias, 43, XI. 2;
 * P. perrhebus, 44, XIII. 3;
 * P. philenor, as model, 45;
 * taken by lizard, 108, XVI. 1;
 * P. polytes, polymorphism in females of, 13, 75;
 * mimic of Pharmacophagus Papilio, 26;
 * habits of, 52, 124;
 * often more abundant than models, 56;
 * description of, 76-78;
 * relative abundance of models in Ceylon, 79;
 * breeding experiments with, 84;
 * equilibrium among females of in Ceylon, 96;
 * relative abundance of three forms of female of in Ceylon, 97;
 * historical notes on abundance of forms of female in Ceylon, 98;
 * origin of forms of female in, 125, 141;
 * relation of polymorphic forms to models in, 149 note;
 * preyed on by Wood-Swallow, 112;
 * feeding experiments with, 116, V. 1-4, 1a-4a;
 * P. polyxenus, 27;
 * P. rex, App. II;
 * P. ridleyanus, 34, 36, VI. 6;
 * P. sarpedon, 110;
 * P. troilus, 45, XVI. 2;
 * P. xenocles, 23, 111, I. 4;
 * P. zagreus, 43, X. 8
 * Papilionidae, as mimics of Oriental models, 23-25;
 * of African models, 29, 30, 35;
 * of S. American models, 43;
 * of N. American models, 45
 * Parallel patterns, in different butterfly groups, 144
 * Pareronia, 145, 149;
 * P. ceylanica, 23, 59, 116 note, I. 1, 2
 * Pattern and physiological properties, possible connection between, 137
 * Patterns, overlapping series of in different groups of butterflies, 145
 * Pedaliodes, 135
 * Pereute charops, 42, XI. 6, 7
 * Pericopis, 39
 * Perrhybris, as mimics of Ithomiines, coloration of male in P. malenka, 62;
 * as members of mimicry rings, 134, 135;
 * P. demophile, 151;
 * P. lorena, 151;
 * P. malenka, X. 4, 5, 6
 * Pharmacophagus Swallow-tails, characteristics of, 22, App. II;
 * as models for Oriental butterflies, 25;
 * absence of in Africa, 35;
 * as models in S. America, 43;
 * as models in N. America, 45
 * Phrissura, 36
 * Phyciodes, 38, 54
 * Physiological properties, possible connection of with pattern, 137
 * Pieridae, as models for Oriental butterflies, 28;
 * mimicry in African, 36;
 * mimicry in S. American, 43;
 * frequency of bird attacks on, 150
 * Planema epaea, 35, VII. 5;
 * P. macarista, sexual difference in, 34, VII. 1, 2;
 * mimicked by Elymnias phegea, 35;
 * by Pseudacraea eurytus, 126;
 * P. poggei, as model for planemoides female of Papilio dardanus, 31;
 * P. paragea, 126, VII. 4;
 * P. tellus, 126, VII. 3
 * Poison-eaters, see Pharmacophagus Swallow-tails
 * Polymorphism, in females of mimicking species, 13;
 * among females of P. dardanus, 30;
 * among females of P. polytes, 75
 * Population, conditions of equilibrium in mixed, 93
 * Poulton, 17;
 * on N. American mimetic butterflies, 45;
 * on the "Transparency group," 41;
 * on mimicry through agency of migratory birds, 53;
 * on Hypolimnas misippus, 66 note;
 * on the relation between mimetic forms of P. polytes, 90;
 * on predaceous insects, 105;
 * on relative proportion of different forms of Pseudacraea eurytus, 127;
 * on local variation in D. chrysippus, 132
 * Precis, 111, 122, 131;
 * P. octavia, seasonal dimorphism in, 131, VI. 11, 12
 * Prioneris, 110;
 * P. sita, 28
 * Pritchett, feeding experiments with lizards, 108
 * Protective resemblance, 8
 * Protogonius, as mimics of Ithomiines, 38;
 * as members of mimicry rings, 134, 135, 138;
 * P. tithoreides, X. 9
 * Pseudacraea, 59, 144;
 * P. boisduvali, 34, VI. 5;
 * P. eurytus, relative proportion of different forms in, 127;
 * polymorphism of in relation to model, 149 note;
 * var. hobleyi as mimic of Planema macarista, 35, 127, VII. 6, 7;
 * var. terra, as mimic of Planema tellus, 126, VII. 8;
 * var. obscura as mimic of Planema paragea, 126
 * var. terra, as mimic of Planema tellus, 126, VII. 8;
 * var. obscura as mimic of Planema paragea, 126


 * Ray, on adaptation, 4, 6
 * Rodents, bearing on mimicry of recent genetic work with, 147


 * Satyrinae, transparency in S. American, 42
 * Sceleporus floridanus, 108
 * Schaus, on birds as enemies of butterflies, 112
 * Seasonal dimorphism, 130
 * Seitz, 44, 52, 58
 * Shelford, 56 note
 * S. American butterflies, mimicry among, 38
 * Sports, as foundation of mimetic resemblances, 70, 91, 143
 * Sweet-peas, experiments on, 91
 * Swynnerton, on contents of stomachs of birds, 114


 * Telipna sanguinea, 36
 * Terias brigitta, 35;
 * T. hecabe, 110
 * Thyridia, 40, XIV. 3
 * Tithorea pseudonyma, X. 10
 * "Transparency group," in S. America, 39
 * Trimen, on mimicry in African butterflies, 13
 * Tupaia ferruginea, 121


 * Variation, difficulty of initial, 63


 * Wade, on relative abundance of the three forms of P. polytes in Ceylon, 99
 * Wallace, on mimicry in Oriental butterflies, 12;
 * on the conditions of mimicry, 50;
 * on the females of P. polytes, 76;
 * on initial variation, 64
 * Warning colours, 10, 11
 * Weismann, 1, 2