Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible/Volume 5/John/John part1

=Preface=

It is not material to enquire when and where this gospel was written; we are sure that it was given by inspiration of God to John, the brother of James, one of the twelve apostles, distinguished by the honourable character of  that disciple whom Jesus loved, one of the first three of the worthies of the Son of David, whom he took to be the witnesses of his retirements, particularly of his transfiguration and his agony. The ancients tell us that John lived longest of all the twelve apostles, and was the only one of them that died a natural death, all the rest suffering martyrdom; and some of them say that he wrote this gospel at Ephesus, at the request of the ministers of the several churches of Asia, in opposition to the heresy of Corinthus and the Ebionites, who held that our Lord was a  mere man. It seems most probable that he wrote it before his banishment into the isle of Patmos, for there he wrote his  Apocalypse, the close of which seems designed for the closing up of the canon of scripture; and, if so, this gospel was not written after. I cannot therefore give credit to those later fathers, who say that he wrote it in his banishment, or after his return from it, many years after the destruction of Jerusalem; when he was ninety years old, saith one of them; when he was a hundred, saith another of them. However, it is clear that he wrote last of the four evangelists, and, comparing his gospel with theirs, we may observe, 1. That he  relates what they had  omitted; he  brings up the rear, and his gospel is as the  rearward or  gathering host; it gleans up what they has passed by. Thus there was a  later collection of Solomon's wise sayings (Prov. xxv. 1), and yet far short of what he delivered, 1 Kings iv. 32. 2. That he gives us more of the  mystery of that of which the other evangelists gave us only the  history. It was necessary that the matters of fact should be first settled, which was done in their  declarations of those things which Jesus began both to do and teach, Luke i. 1; Acts i. 1. But, this being done out of the mouth of two or three witnesses,  John goes on to perfection (Heb. vi. 1),  not laying again the foundation, but building upon it, leading us more within the veil. Some of the ancients observe that the other evangelists wrote more of the  ta somatika—the  bodily things of Christ; but John writes of the  ta pneumatika—the  spiritual things of the gospel, the life and soul of it; therefore some have called this gospel the  key of the evangelists. Here is it that a  door is  opened in heaven, and the first voice we hear is,  Come up hither, come up higher. Some of the ancients, that supposed the four living creatures in John's vision to represent the four evangelists, make John himself to be the  flying eagle, so  high does he  soar, and  so clearly does he  see into divine and heavenly things. =CHAP. 1.= ''The scope and design of this chapter is to confirm our faith in Christ as the eternal Son of God, and the true Messiah and Saviour of the world, that we may be brought to receive him, and rely upon him, as our Prophet, Priest, and King, and to give up ourselves to be ruled, and taught, and saved by him. In order to this, we have here, I. An account given of him by the inspired penman himself, fairly laying down, in the beginning, what he designed his whole book should be the proof of (ver. 1-5); and again (ver. 10-14); and again, ver. 16-18. II. The testimony of John Baptist concerning him (ver. 6-9; and again, ver. 15); but most fully and particularly, ver. 19-37. III. His own manifestation of himself to Andrew and Peter (ver. 38-42), to Philip and Nathanael, ver. 43-51.''

The Divinity of Christ.
$1$ In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. $2$ The same was in the beginning with God. $3$ All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. $4$ In him was life; and the life was the light of men. $5$ And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. Augustine says ( de Civitate Dei, lib. 10, cap. 29) that his friend Simplicius told him he had heard a Platonic philosopher say that these first verses of St. John's gospel were  worthy to be written in letters of gold. The learned Francis Junius, in the account he gives of his own life, tells how he was in his youth infected with loose notions in religion, and by the grace of God was wonderfully recovered by reading accidentally these verses in a bible which his father had designedly laid in his way. He says that he observed such a divinity in the argument, such an authority and majesty in the style, that his flesh trembled, and he was struck with such amazement that for a whole day he scarcely knew where he was or what he did; and thence he dates the beginning of his being religious. Let us enquire what there is in those strong lines. The evangelist here lays down the great truth he is to prove, that Jesus Christ is God, one with the Father. Observe, I. Of whom he speaks— The Word— ho logos. This is an idiom peculiar to John's writings. See 1 John i. 1; v. 7; Rev. xix. 13. Yet some think that Christ is meant by  the Word in Acts xx. 32; Heb. iv. 12; Luke i. 2. The Chaldee paraphrase very frequently calls the Messiah  Memra—the Word of Jehovah, and speaks of many things in the Old Testament, said to be done by  the Lord, as done by that  Word of the Lord. Even the vulgar Jews were taught that the  Word of God was the same with God. The evangelist, in the close of his discourse (v. 18), plainly tells us why he calls Christ '' the Word—because he is the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, and has declared him. Word is two-fold:  logos endiathetos— word conceived; and  logos prophorikos— word uttered.'' The  logos ho eso and  ho exo,  ratio and  oratio—intelligence and  utterance. 1. There is the  word conceived, that is,  thought, which is the first and only immediate product and conception of the soul (all the operations of which are performed by  thought), and it is one with the soul. And thus the second person in the Trinity is fitly called  the Word; for he is the  first-begotten of the Father, that eternal essential Wisdom which  the Lord possessed, as the soul does its thought,  in the beginning of his way, Prov. viii. 22. There is nothing we are more sure of than  that we think, yet nothing we are more in the dark about than  how we think; who can declare the generation of  thought in the soul? Surely then the generations and births of the eternal mind may well be allowed to be great mysteries of godliness, the bottom of which we cannot fathom, while yet we adore the depth. 2. There is the  word uttered, and this is  speech, the chief and most natural indication of the mind. And thus Christ is  the Word, for  by him God has in  these last days spoken to us (Heb. i. 2), and has directed us to  hear him, Matt. xvii. 5. He has made known God's mind to us, as a man's word or speech makes known his thoughts, as far as he pleases, and no further. Christ is called that  wonderful speaker (see notes on Dan. viii. 13), the  speaker of things hidden and  strange. He is  the Word speaking  from God to us, and  to God for us. John Baptist was  the voice, but Christ  the Word: being  the Word, he is  the Truth, the  Amen, the  faithful Witness of the mind of God. II. What he saith of him, enough to prove beyond contradiction that  he is God. He asserts, 1. His existence in the beginning:  In the beginning was the Word. This bespeaks his existence, not only before his incarnation, but before all time. The beginning of time, in which all creatures were produced and brought into being, found this eternal Word in being. The world was  from the beginning, but the Word was  in the beginning. Eternity is usually expressed by being  before the foundation of the world. The eternity of God is so described (Ps. xc. 2),  Before the mountains were brought forth. So Prov. viii. 23. The Word had a being before the world had a beginning. He that  was in the beginning  never began, and therefore was  ever,  achronos— without beginning of time. So Nonnus. 2. His co-existence with the Father:  The Word was with God, and the Word was God. Let none say that when we invite them to Christ we would draw them from God, for Christ is  with God and  is God; it is repeated in v. 2:  the same, the very same that we believe in and preach, was  in the beginning with God, that is, he was so from eternity. In the beginning the world was  from God, as it was created by him; but the Word was  with God, as ever with him. The Word was with God, (1.) In respect of  essence and  substance; for  the Word was God: a distinct person or substance, for he was  with God; and yet the same in substance, for he  was God, Heb. i. 3. (2.) In respect of  complacency and  felicity. There was a glory and happiness which Christ had  with God before the world was (ch. xvii. 5), the Son infinitely happy in the enjoyment of his Father's bosom, and no less the Father's delight, the Son of his love, Prov. viii. 30. (3.) In respect of  counsel and  design. The mystery of man's redemption by this Word incarnate was  hid in God before all worlds, Eph. iii. 9. He that undertook to  bring us to God (1 Pet. iii. 18) was himself from eternity  with God; so that this grand affair of man's reconciliation to God was concerted between the Father and Son from eternity, and they understand one another perfectly well in it, Zech. vi. 13; Matt. xi. 27. He was  by him as one brought up with him for this service, Prov. viii. 30. He was  with God, and therefore is said to  come forth from the Father. 3. His agency in making the world, v. 3. This is here, (1.) Expressly asserted:  All things were made by him. He was  with God, not only so as to be  acquainted with the divine counsels from eternity, but to be  active in the divine operations in the beginning of time.  Then was I by him, Prov. viii. 30. God made the world  by a word (Ps. xxxiii. 6) and Christ was  the Word. By him, not as a subordinate instrument, but as a co-ordinate agent, God  made the world (Heb. i. 2), not as the workman cuts by his axe, but as the body sees by the eye. (2.) The contrary is denied:  Without him was not any thing made that was made, from the highest angel to the meanest worm. God the Father did nothing without him in that work. Now, [1.] This proves that  he is God; for he that  built all things is God, Heb. iii. 4. The God of Israel often proved himself to be God with this, that he  made all things: Isa. xl. 12, 28; xli. 4; and see Jer. x. 11, 12. [2.] This proves the excellency of the Christian religion, that the author and founder of it is the same that was the author and founder of the world. How excellent must that constitution needs be which derives its institution from him who is the fountain of all excellency! When we worship Christ, we worship him to whom the patriarchs gave honour as the Creator of the world, and on whom all creatures depend. [3.] This shows how well qualified he was for the work of our redemption and salvation. Help was laid upon one that was mighty indeed; for it was laid upon him that made all things; and he is appointed the author of our bliss who was the author of our being. 4. The original of life and light that is in him:  In him was life, v. 4. This further proves that he is God, and every way qualified for his undertaking; for, (1.) He has  life in himself; not only the  true God, but the  living God. God is life; he swears by himself when he saith,  As I live. (2.) All living creatures have their life in him; not only all the  matter of the creation was  made by him, but all the  life too that is in the creation is derived from him and supported by him. It was the Word of God that produced the  moving creatures that had life, Gen. i. 20; Acts xvii. 25. He is that Word by which man lives more than by bread, Matt. iv. 4. (3.) Reasonable creatures have their  light from him; that  life which is  the light of men comes from him. Life in man is something greater and nobler than it is in other creatures; it is  rational, and not merely  animal. When man became a  living soul, his life was  light, his capacities such as distinguished him from, and dignified him above, the beasts that perish. The  spirit of a man is the candle of the Lord, and it was the eternal Word that lighted this candle. The light of reason, as well as the life of sense, is derived from him, and depends upon him. This proves him fit to undertake our salvation; for life and light, spiritual and eternal life and light, are the two great things that fallen man, who lies so much under the power of  death and  darkness, has need of. From whom may we better expect the light of divine revelation than from him who gave us the light of human reason? And if, when God gave us natural life, that life was in his Son, how readily should we receive the gospel-record, that he hath given us  eternal life, and  that life too  is in his Son! 5. The manifestation of him to the children of men. It might be objected, If this eternal Word was all in all thus in the creation of the world, whence is it that he has been so little taken notice of and regarded? To this he answers (v. 5),  The light shines, but the darkness comprehends it not. Observe, (1.) The discovery of the eternal Word to the lapsed world, even before he was manifested in the flesh:  The light shineth in darkness. Light is self-evidencing, and will make itself known; this light, whence the light of men comes, hath shone, and doth shine. [1.] The eternal Word,  as God, shines in  the darkness of  natural conscience. Though men by the fall are become  darkness, yet that which may be known of God is manifested in them; see Rom. i. 19, 20. The light of nature is this light shining in darkness. Something of the power of the divine Word, both as  creating and as  commanding, all mankind have an innate sense of; were it not for this, earth would be a hell, a place of  utter darkness; blessed be God, it is not so yet. [2.] The eternal Word, as Mediator, shone in the darkness of the Old-Testament types and figures, and the prophecies and promises which were of the Messiah from the beginning. He that had commanded the light of this world to shine out of darkness was himself long a light  shining in darkness; there was a  veil upon this  light, 2 Cor. iii. 13. (2.) The disability of the degenerate world to receive this discovery:  The darkness comprehended it not; the most of men received the grace of God in these discoveries in vain. [1.] The world of mankind  comprehended not the natural light that was in their understandings, but became  vain in their imaginations concerning the eternal God and the eternal Word, Rom. i. 21, 28. The darkness of error and sin overpowered and quite eclipsed this light. God  spoke once, yea twice, but  man perceived it not, Job xxxiii. 14. [2.] The Jews, who had the light of the Old Testament, yet comprehended not Christ in it. As there was a veil upon Moses's face, so there was upon the people's hearts. In the  darkness of the types and shadows the light shone; but such as the  darkness of their understandings that they could not  see it. It was therefore requisite that Christ should come, both to rectify the errors of the Gentile world and to improve the truths of the Jewish church.

The Testimony of John Baptist; Christ's Incarnation.
$6$ There was a man sent from God, whose name  was John. 7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all  men through him might believe. $8$ He was not that Light, but  was sent to bear witness of that Light. $9$  That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. $10$ He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. $11$ He came unto his own, and his own received him not. $12$ But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God,  even to them that believe on his name: $13$ Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. The evangelist designs to bring in John Baptist bearing an honourable testimony to Jesus Christ, Now in these verses, before he does this, I. He gives us some account of the witness he is about to produce. His name was  John, which signifies  gracious; his conversation was austere, but he was not the less  gracious. Now, 1. We are here told concerning him, in general, that he was a  man sent of God. The evangelist had said concerning Jesus Christ that he was  with God and that he  was God; but here concerning John that he was a  man, a mere man. God is pleased to speak to us by men like ourselves. John was a  great man, but he was a man, a son of man; he was  sent from God, he was God's  messenger, so he is called, Mal. iii. 1. God gave him both his mission and his message, both his credentials and his instructions. John wrought no miracle, nor do we find that he had visions and revelations; but the strictness and purity of his life and doctrine, and the direct tendency of both to reform the world, and to revive the interests of God's kingdom among men, were plain indications that he was  sent of God. 2. We are here told what his office and business were (v. 7):  The same came for a witness, an eye-witness, a leading witness. He came  eis martyrian— for a testimony. The legal institutions had been long a testimony for God in the Jewish church. By them revealed religion was kept up; hence we read of the  tabernacle of the testimony, the ark of the testimony, the law and the testimony: but now divine revelation is to be turned into another channel; now the testimony of Christ is the testimony of God, 1 Cor. i. 6; ii. 1. Among the Gentiles, God indeed had not left himself without witness (Acts xiv. 17), but the Redeemer had no testimonies borne him among them. There was a profound silence concerning him, till John Baptist came for a witness to him. Now observe, (1.) The matter of his testimony:  He came to bear witness to the light. Light is a thing which witnesses for itself, and carries its own evidence along with it; but to those who shut their eyes against the light it is necessary there should be those that bear witness to it. Christ's light needs not man's testimony, but the world's darkness does. John was like the night watchman that goes round the town, proclaiming the approach of the morning light to those that have closed their eyes, and are not willing themselves to observe it; or like that watchman that was set to tell those who asked him what of the night that  the morning comes, and,  if you will enquire, enquire ye, Isa. xxi. 11, 12. He was sent of God to tell the world that the long-looked-for Messiah was now come, who should be  a light to enlighten the Gentiles and the glory of his people Israel; and to proclaim that dispensation at hand which would bring life and immortality to light. (2.) The design of his testimony:  That all men through him might believe; not in him, but in Christ, whose way he was sent to prepare. He taught men to look through him, and pass through him, to Christ; through the doctrine of repentance for sin to that of faith in Christ. He prepared men for the reception and entertainment of Christ and his gospel, by awakening them to a sight and sense of sin; and that, their eyes being thereby opened, they might be ready to admit those beams of divine light which, in the person and doctrine of the Messiah, were now ready to shine in their faces. If they would but receive this witness of man, they would soon find that the witness of God was greater, 1 John v. 9. See ch. x. 41. Observe, it was designed that all men through him might believe, excluding none from the kind and beneficial influences of his ministry that did not exclude themselves, as multitudes did, who rejected the counsel of God against themselves, and so received the grace of God in vain. 3. We are here cautioned not to mistake him for the light who only came to bear witness to it (v. 8):  He was not that light that was expected and promised, but only was sent to bear witness of that great and ruling light. He was a star, like that which guided the wise men to Christ, a morning star; but he was not the Sun; not the Bridegroom, but a friend of the Bridegroom; not the Prince, but his harbinger. There were those who rested in John's baptism, and looked no further, as those Ephesians, Acts xix. 3. To rectify this mistake, the evangelist here, when he speaks very honourably of him, yet shows that he must give place to Christ. He was great as the prophet of the Highest, but not the Highest himself. Note, We must take heed of over-valuing ministers, as well as of under-valuing them; they are not our lords, nor have they dominion over our faith, but ministers by whom we believe, stewards of our Lord's house. We must not give up ourselves by an implicit faith to their conduct, for they are not that light; but we must attend to, and receive, their testimony; for they are sent to bear witness of that light; so then let us esteem them, and not otherwise. Had John pretended to be that light he had not been so much as a faithful witness of that light. Those who usurp the honour of Christ forfeit the honour of being the servants of Christ; yet John was very serviceable as a witness to the light, though he was not that light. Those may be of great use to us who yet shine with a borrowed light. II. Before he goes on with John's testimony, he returns to give us a further account of this Jesus to whom John bore record. Having shown in the beginning of the chapter the glories of his Godhead, he here comes to show the graces of his incarnation, and his favours to man as Mediator. 1. Christ was the  true Light (v. 9); not as if John Baptist were a false light, but, in comparison with Christ, he was a very small light. Christ is the great light that deserves to be called so. Other lights are but figuratively and equivocally called so: Christ is the true light. The fountain of all knowledge and of all comfort must needs be the true light. He is the true light, for proof of which we are not referred to the emanations of his glory in the invisible world (the beams with which he enlightens that), but to those rays of his light which are darted downwards, and with which this dark world of ours is enlightened. But how does Christ enlighten every man that comes into the world? (1.) By his creating power he enlightens every man with the light of reason; that life which is the light of men is from him; all the discoveries and directions of reason, all the comfort it gives us, and all the beauty it puts upon us, are from Christ. (2.) By the publication of his gospel to all nations he does in effect enlighten every man. John Baptist was a light, but he enlightened only Jerusalem and Judea, and the region round about Jordan, like a candle that enlightens one room; but Christ is the true light, for he is a light to enlighten the Gentiles. His everlasting gospel is to be preached to every nation and language, Rev. xiv. 6. Like the sun which enlightens every man that will open his eyes, and receive its light (Ps. xix. 6), to which the preaching of the gospel is compared. See Rom. x. 18. Divine revelation is not now to be confined, as it had been, to one people, but to be diffused to all people, Matt. v. 15. (3.) By the operation of his Spirit and grace he enlightens all those that are enlightened to salvation; and those that are not enlightened by him perish in darkness.  The light of the knowledge of the glory of God is said to be  in the face of Jesus Christ, and is compared with that light which was at the beginning commanded to shine out of darkness, and which enlightens every man that comes into the world. Whatever light any man has, he is indebted to Christ for it, whether it be natural or supernatural. 2. Christ  was in the world, v. 10. He was in the world, as the essential Word, before his incarnation, upholding all things; but this speaks of his being in the world when he took our nature upon him, and dwelt among us; see ch. xvi. 28.  I am come into the world. The Son of the Highest was here in this  lower world; that  light in this  dark world; that  holy thing in this sinful polluted world. He left a world of bliss and glory, and was here in this melancholy miserable world. He undertook to reconcile the world to God, and therefore was  in the world, to treat about it, and settle that affair; to satisfy God's justice for the world, and discover God's favour to the world. He was in the world, but not of it, and speaks with an air of triumph when he can say,  Now I am no more in it, ch. xvii. 11. The greatest honour that ever was put upon this world, which is so mean and inconsiderable a part of the universe, was that the Son of God was once  in the world; and, as it should engage our affections to things above that there Christ is, so it should reconcile us to our present abode in  this world that once Christ was  here. He  was in the world for awhile, but it is spoken of as a thing past; and so it will be said of us shortly, We were in the world. O that when we are here no more we may be where Christ is! Now observe here, (1.) What reason Christ had to expect the most affectionate and respectful welcome possible in this world; for '' the world was made by him. Therefore'' he came to save a lost world because it was a world of his own making. Why should he not concern himself to revive the light that was of his own kindling, to restore a life of his own infusing, and to renew the image that was originally of his own impressing? The world was  made by him, and therefore ought to do him homage. (2.) What cold entertainment he met with, notwithstanding:  The world knew him not. The great Maker, Ruler, and Redeemer of the world was in it, and few or none of the inhabitants of the world were aware of it. The  ox knows his owner, but the more brutish world did not. They did not own him, did not bid him welcome, because they did not  know him; and they did not know him because he did not make himself known in the way that they expected—in external glory and majesty. His kingdom came not  with observation, because it was to be a kingdom of trail and probation. When he shall come as a Judge the world shall  know him. 3. He  came to his own (v. 11); not only to the world, which was  his own, but to the people of Israel, that were peculiarly  his own above all people; of them he came, among them he lived, and to them he was  first sent. The Jews were at this time a mean despicable people;  the crown was fallen from their head; yet, in remembrance of the ancient covenant, bad as they were, and poor as they were, Christ was not ashamed to look upon them as his own.  Ta idia—his own  things; not  tous idious—his own  persons, as  true believers are called, ch. xiii. 1. The Jews were  his, as a man's house, and lands, and goods are  his, which he uses and possesses; but believers are his as a man's wife and children are his own, which he loves and enjoys. He came to his own, to seek and save them, because they were  his own. He was sent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel, for it was he whose own the sheep were. Now observe, (1.) That the generality  rejected him:  His own received him not. He had reason to expect that those who were his own should have bidden him welcome, considering how great the  obligations were which they  lay under to him, and how fair the  opportunities were which they had of coming to the knowledge of him. They had the oracles of God, which told them beforehand  when and  where to expect him, and of what tribe and family he should arise. He came among them himself, introduced with signs and wonders, and himself the greatest; and therefore it is not said of them, as it was of the world (v. 10), that they  knew him not; but  his own, though they could not but know him, yet  received him not; did not receive his doctrine, did not welcome him as the Messiah, but fortified themselves against him. The  chief priests, that were in a particular manner  his own (for the Levites were God's tribe), were ring-leaders in this contempt put upon him. Now this was very  unjust, because they were  his own, and therefore he might  command their respect; and it was very  unkind and  ungrateful, because he came to them, to seek and save them, and so to  court their respect. Note, Many who in profession are  Christ's own, yet do not  receive him, because they will not part with their sins, nor have him to  reign over them. (2.) That yet there was a remnant who  owned him, and were faithful to him. Though his own received him not, yet there were those that  received him (v. 12): '' But as many as received him. Though Israel were not gathered,'' yet Christ was  glorious. Though the body of that nation persisted and perished in unbelief, yet there were many of  them that were wrought upon to submit to Christ, and many more that  were not of that fold. Observe here, [1.] The true Christian's  description and  property; and that is, that he  receives Christ, and  believes on his name; the latter explains the former. Note,  First, To be a Christian indeed is to  believe on Christ's name; it is to  assent to the gospel discovery, and  consent to the gospel proposal, concerning him. His name is  the Word of God; the King of kings, the Lord our righteousness; Jesus a Saviour. Now to  believe on his name is to  acknowledge that he is what these great names bespeak him to be, and to  acquiesce in it, that he may be so '' to us. Secondly, Believing in Christ's name is  receiving'' him as a gift from God. We must receive his doctrine as true and good; receive his law as just and holy; receive his offers as kind and advantageous; and we must receive the image of his grace, and impressions of his love, as the governing principle of our affections and actions. [2.] The true Christian's dignity and privilege are twofold:—  First, The  privilege of adoption, which takes them into the number of God's children:  To them gave he power to become the sons of God. Hitherto, the adoption pertained to the Jews only ( Israel is my son, my first-born); but now, by faith in Christ, Gentiles are the  children of God, Gal. iii. 26. They have  power,  exousian— authority; for no man taketh this power to himself, but he who is  authorized by the gospel charter. To them gave he a  right; to them gave he this pre-eminence.  This power have all the saints. Note, 1. It is the unspeakable privilege of all good Christians, that they are become the  children of God. They were by nature children of wrath, children of this world. If they be the  children of God, they  become so, are  made so  Fiunt, non nascuntur Christiani—Persons are not born Christians, but made such.—Tertullian.  Behold what manner of love is this, 1 John iii. 1. God calls them  his children, they call him  Father, and are entitled to all the privileges of children, those of their way and those of their home. 2. The privilege of adoption is entirely owing to  Jesus Christ; he  gave this power to them that believe on his name. God is his Father, and so ours; and it is by virtue of our espousals to him, and union with him, that we stand related to God as a Father. It was in Christ that we were  predestinated to the adoption; from him we receive both the character and the Spirit of adoption, and he is the  first-born among many brethren. The Son of God became a Son of man, that the sons and daughters of men might become the sons and daughters of God Almighty.  Secondly, The  privilege of regeneration (v. 13):  Which were born. Note, All the children of God are born again; all that are adopted are regenerated. This  real change evermore attends that  relative one. Wherever God confers the dignity of children, he creates the nature and disposition of children. Men cannot do so when they adopt. Now here we have an account of the original of this new birth. 1. Negatively. (1.) It is not  propagated by natural generation from our parents. It is  not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of  corruptible seed, 1 Pet. i. 23. Man is called  flesh and blood, because thence he has his original: but we do not become the children of God as we become the children of our natural parents. Note, Grace does not run in the blood, as corruption does. Man polluted  begat a son in his own likeness (Gen. v. 3); but man sanctified and renewed does not beget a son in  that likeness. The Jews gloried much in their parentage, and the noble blood that ran in their veins:  We are Abraham's seed; and  therefore to them  pertained the adoption because they were born of that blood; but this New-Testament adoption is not founded in any such natural relation. (2.) It is not  produced by the natural power of our own will. As it is not of  blood, nor of  the will of the flesh, so neither is it of the  will of man, which labours under a moral impotency of determining itself to that which is good; so that the principles of the divine life are not of our own planting, it is the grace of God that makes us willing to be  his. Nor can human laws or writings prevail to sanctify and regenerate a soul; if they could, the new birth would be by the will of man. But, 2. Positively: it is of  God. This new birth is owing to the word of God as the means (1 Pet. i. 23), and to the Spirit of God as the great and sole author. True believers are  born of God, 1 John iii. 9; v. 1. And this is necessary to their adoption; for we cannot expect the  love of God if we have not something of his  likeness, nor claim the privileges of adoption if we be not under the power of regeneration. 4. The  word was made flesh, v. 14. This expresses Christ's incarnation more clearly than what went before. By his divine presence he always  was in the world, and by his prophets he  came to his own. But now that the fulness of time was come he was sent forth after another manner,  made of a woman (Gal. iv. 4); God manifested in the flesh, according to the faith and hope of holy Job;  Yet shall I see God in my flesh, Job xix. 26. Observe here, (1.) The  human nature of Christ with which he was veiled; and that expressed two ways. [1.] '' The word was made flesh. Forasmuch as the children, who were to become the sons of God,  were partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same,'' Heb. ii. 14. The Socinians agree that Christ is both God and man, but they say that he  was man, and was  made a God, as Moses (Exod. vii. 1), directly contrary to John here, who saith,  Theos en— He was God, but  sarxegeneto— He was made flesh. Compare v. 1 with this. This intimates not only that he was really and truly man, but that he subjected himself to the miseries and calamities of the human nature. He was made  flesh, the meanest part of man. Flesh bespeaks man  weak, and he was crucified through  weakness, 2 Cor. xiii. 4.  Flesh bespeaks man  mortal and  dying (Ps. lxxviii. 39), and Christ was  put to death in the flesh 1 Pet. iii. 18. Nay,  flesh bespeaks  man tainted with sin (Gen. vi. 3), and Christ, though he was perfectly holy and harmless, yet appeared  in the likeness of sinful flesh (Rom. viii. 3), and was made  sin for us, 2 Cor. v. 21. When Adam had sinned, God said to him,  Dust thou art; not only because made out of the dust, but because by sin he was sunk into dust. His fall did,  somatoun ten psychen,  turn him as it were  all into body, made him earthly; therefore he that was made a curse for us was made  flesh, and  condemned sin in the flesh, Rom. viii. 3. Wonder at this, that the eternal Word should be made flesh, when flesh was come into such an ill name; that he who made  all things should himself be made flesh, one of the meanest things, and submit to that from which he was at the greatest distance. The voice that ushered in the gospel cried,  All flesh is grass (Isa. xl. 6), to make the Redeemer's love the more wonderful, who, to  redeem and  save us, was made flesh, and withered as grass; but the  Word of the Lord, who was made flesh,  endures for ever; when made flesh, he ceased not to be the Word of God. [2.] He  dwelt among us, here in this lower world. Having taken upon him the nature of man, he put himself into the place and condition of other men. The Word might have been made flesh, and dwelt among the angels; but, having taken a  body of the same mould with ours, in it he came, and resided in the same world with us. He  dwelt among us, us worms of the earth, us that he had no need of, us that he got nothing by, us that were  corrupt and  depraved, and revolted from God. The Lord God came and dwelt even  among the rebellious, Ps. lxviii. 18. He that had dwelt among angels, those noble and excellent beings, came and dwelt  among us that are a  generation of vipers, us  sinners, which was worse to him than David's swelling in Mesech and Kedar, or Ezekiel's dwelling  among scorpions, or the church of Pergamus dwelling  where Satan's seat is. When we look upon the upper world, the world of spirits, how mean and contemptible does this flesh, this body, appear, which we carry about with us, and this world in which our lot is cast, and how hard is it to a contemplative mind to be reconciled to them! But that the eternal Word was  made flesh, was clothed with a body as we are, and dwelt in this world as we do, this has put an honour upon them both, and should make us willing to abide in the flesh while God has any work for us to do; for Christ dwelt in this lower world, bad as it is, till he had finished what he had to do here, ch. xvii. 4. He dwelt  among the Jews, that the scripture might be fulfilled,  He shall dwell in the tents of Shem, Gen. ix. 27. And see Zech. ii. 10. Though the Jews were unkind to him, yet he continued to dwell among them; though (as some of the ancient writers tell us) he was invited to better treatment by Abgarus king of Edessa, yet he removed not to any other nation. He  dwelt among us. He was in the world, not as a wayfaring man that tarries but for a night, but he  dwelt among us, made a long residence, the original word is observable,  eskenosen en hemin— he dwelt among us, he dwelt  as in a tabernacle, which intimates,  First, That he dwelt here in very  mean circumstances, as shepherds that dwell in tents. He did not dwell among us  as in a palace, but as in a  tent; for he had not where to lay his head, and was always upon the remove.  Secondly, That his state here was a  military state. Soldiers  dwell in tents; he had long since proclaimed war with the  seed of the serpent, and now he takes  the field in person, sets up his standard, and pitches his tent, to prosecute this war.  Thirdly, That his stay among us was not to be perpetual. He dwelt here as  in a tent, not as at  home. The patriarchs, by dwelling in tabernacles,  confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on earth, and sought the better country, and so did Christ, leaving us an example, Heb. xiii. 13, 14.  Fourthly, That as of old God dwelt in the tabernacle of Moses, by the shechinah between the cherubim, so now he dwells in the human nature of Christ; that is now the true shechinah, the symbol of God's peculiar presence. And we are to make all our addresses to God through Christ, and from him to receive divine oracles. (2.) The  beams of his divine glory that  darted through this  veil of flesh: We beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth. The sun is still the fountain of light, though eclipsed or clouded; so Christ was still the brightness of his Father's glory, even when he  dwelt among us in this lower world. And how slightly soever the Jews thought of him there were those that saw through the veil. Observe, [1.] Who were the witnesses of this glory:  we, his disciples and followers, that conversed most freely and familiarly with him; we among whom he  dwelt. Other men discover their weaknesses to those that are most familiar with them, but it was not so with Christ; those that were most intimate with him saw most of his glory. As it was with his  doctrine, the disciples knew the mysteries of it, while others had it  under the veil of parables; so it was with his  person, they saw the glory of his divinity, while others saw only the veil of his human nature. He manifested himself  to them, and not unto the world. These witnesses were a competent number, twelve of them, a whole jury of witnesses; men of plainness and integrity, and far from any thing of design or intrigue. [2.] What evidence they had of it:  We saw it. They had not their evidence by report, at second hand, but were themselves eye-witnesses of those proofs on which they built their testimony that he was the  Son of the living God: We saw it. The word signifies a fixed abiding sight, such as gave them an opportunity of making their observations. This apostle himself explains this:  What we declare unto you of the Word of life is what we have  seen with our eyes, and what  we have looked upon, 1 John i. 1. [3.] What the glory was:  The glory as of the only begotten of the Father. The glory of the  Word made flesh was such a glory as became the only  begotten Son of God, and could not be the glory of any other. Note,  First, Jesus Christ is the only begotten of the Father. Believers are the children of God by the special favour of adoption and the special grace of regeneration. They are in a sense  homoiousioi— of a like nature (2 Pet. i. 4), and have the image of his perfections; but Christ is  homousios— of the same nature, and is the express image of his person, and the Son of God by an eternal generation. Angels are sons of God, but he never said to any of them,  This day have I begotten thee, Heb. i. 5.  Secondly, He was evidently declared to be the only begotten of the Father, by that which was seen of his glory when he dwelt among us. Though he was in the  form of a servant, in respect of outward circumstances, yet, in respect of graces, his form was as that of the  fourth in the fiery furnace,  like the Son of God. His divine glory appeared in the holiness and heavenliness of his doctrine; in his miracles, which extorted from many this acknowledgment, that he was the  Son of God; it appeared in the purity, goodness, and beneficence, of his whole conversation. God's goodness is his glory, and he went about doing good; he spoke and acted in every thing as an incarnate Deity. Perhaps the evangelist had a particular regard to the glory of his  transfiguration, of which he was an eye-witness; see 2 Pet. i. 16-18. God's calling him his  beloved Son, in whom he was well pleased, intimated that he was the  only begotten of the Father; but the full proof of this was at his resurrection. [4.] What advantage those he dwelt among had from this. He dwelt among them,  full of grace and truth. In the old tabernacle wherein God dwelt was the  law, in  this was grace; in that were  types, in this was  truth. The incarnate Word was every way qualified for his undertaking as Mediator; for he was  full of grace and truth, the two great things that fallen man stands in need of; and this proved him to be the  Son of God as much as the divine power and majesty that appeared in him.  First, He has a fulness of grace and truth  for himself; he had the Spirit without measure. He was full  of grace, fully acceptable to his Father, and therefore qualified to intercede for us; and full  of truth, fully apprized of the things he was to reveal, and therefore fit to instruct us. He had a fulness of knowledge and a fulness of compassion.  Secondly, He has a fulness of grace and truth  for us. He  received, that he might  give, and God was well pleased in him, that he might be well pleased with us in him; and this was the  truth of the legal  types.

John's Testimony to Christ.
$15$ John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was before me. $16$ And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. $17$ For the law was given by Moses,  but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. 18 No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared  him. In these verses, I. The evangelist begins again to give us John Baptist's testimony concerning Christ, v. 15. He had said (v. 8) that he  came for a witness; now here he tells us that he did accordingly  bear witness. Here, Observe, 1.  How he expressed his testimony: He  cried, according to the prediction that he should be  the voice of one crying. The Old-Testament prophets cried aloud, to show people their  sins; this New-Testament prophet cried aloud, to show people their  Saviour. This intimates, (1.) That it was an open  public testimony, proclaimed, that all manner of persons might take notice of it, for all are concerned in it. False teachers  entice secretly, but wisdom publishes her dictates in the chief places of concourse. (2.) That he was free and hearty in bearing this testimony. He  cried as one that was both  well assured of the truth to which he witnessed and  well affected to it. He that had leaped in his  mother's womb for joy of Christ's approach, when newly conceived, does now with a like exultation of spirit  welcome his public appearance. 2. What his  testimony was. He appeals to what he had said at the beginning of his ministry, when he had directed them to expect one that should  come after him, whose forerunner he was, and never intended any other than to lead them to him, and to prepare his way. This he had given them notice of from the first. Note, It is very comfortable to a minister to have the testimony of his conscience for him that he set out in his ministry with honest principles and sincere intentions, with a single eye to the glory and honour of Christ. Now what he had then said he applies to this Jesus whom he had lately baptized, and who was so remarkably owned from heaven:  This was he of whom I spoke. John did not tell them that there would shortly appear such a one among them, and then leave them to find him out; but in  this he went beyond all the Old-Testament prophets that he particularly specified the person: " This was he, the very man I told you of, and to him all I said is to be accommodated." Now what was it he said? (1.) He had given the preference to this Jesus:  He that comes after me, in the time of his birth and public appearance, is preferred before me; he that  succeeds me in preaching and making disciples is a more excellent person, upon all accounts; as the prince or peer that  comes after is preferred before the harbinger or gentleman-usher that makes way for him. Note, Jesus Christ, who was to be called the  Son of the Highest (Luke i. 32), was preferred before John Baptist, who was to be called only the  prophet of the Highest, Luke i. 76. John was a minister of the New Testament, but Christ was the Mediator of the New Testament. And observe, though John was a great man, and had a great name and interest, yet he was forward to give the preference to him to whom it belonged. Note, All the ministers of Christ must prefer him and his interest before themselves and their own interests; they will make an ill account  that seek their own things, not the things of Christ, Phil. ii. 21. He comes  after me, and yet is  preferred before me. Note, God dispenses his gifts according to his good pleasure, and many times crosses hands, as Jacob did, preferring the  younger before the  elder. Paul far outstripped those that were in Christ before him. (2.) He here gives a good reason for it:  For he was before me,  protos mou en— He was my first, or  first to me; he was my first Cause, my original. The  First is one of  God's names, Isa. xliv. 6. He is  before me, is  my first, [1.] In respect of  seniority: he was  before me, for he was before Abraham, ch. viii. 58. Nay, he was  before all things, Col. i. 17. I am but of yesterday, he from eternity. It was but in  those days that John Baptist came (Matt. iii. 1), but the goings forth of our Lord Jesus  were of old, from everlasting, Mic. v. 2. This proves two natures in Christ. Christ, as man,  came after John as to his public appearance; Christ, as God, was  before him; and how could he otherwise be before him but by an eternal existence? [2.] In respect of supremacy; for he was  my prince; so some princes are called the  first;  proton, "It is he for whose sake and service I am sent: he is my Master, I am his minister and messenger." II. He presently returns again to speak of Jesus Christ, and cannot go on with John Baptist's testimony till v. 19. The 16th verse has a manifest connection with v. 14, where the incarnate Word was said to be  full of grace and truth. Now here he makes this the matter, not only of our adoration, but of our thankfulness, because  from that fulness of his '' we all have received. He received gifts for men'' (Ps. lxviii. 18), that he might  give gifts to men, Eph. iv. 8. He was filled, that he might  fill all in all (Eph. i. 23), might  fill our treasures, Prov. viii. 21. He has a fountain of fulness overflowing: '' We all have received. All we'' apostles; so some. We have received the favour of this apostleship, that is  grace; and a fitness for it, that is  truth. Or, rather,  All we believers; as many as received him (v. 16), received from him. Note, All true believers receive from Christ's fulness; the best and greatest saints cannot live without him, the meanest and weakest may live by him. This excludes proud boasting, that we have nothing but  we have received it; and silences perplexing fears, that we want nothing but  we may receive it. Let us see what it is that we have received. 1. We have received  grace for grace. Our receivings by Christ are all summed up in this one word,  grace; we have received  kai charin— even grace, so great a gift, so rich, so invaluable; we have received  no less than grace; this is a gift to be spoken of with an emphasis. It is repeated,  grace for grace; for to every stone in this building, as well as  to the top-stone, we must cry,  Grace, grace. Observe, (1.) The blessing received. It is  grace; the good will of God towards us, and the good work of God in us. God's good will works the good work, and then the good work qualifies us for further tokens of his good will. As the cistern receives water from the fulness of the fountain, the branches sap from the fulness of the root, and the air light from the fulness of the sun, so we receive grace from the fulness of Christ. (2.) The manner of its reception:  Grace for grace— charin anti charitos. The phrase is singular, and interpreters put different senses upon it, each of which will be of use to illustrate the unsearchable riches of the grace of Christ.  Grace for grace bespeaks, [1.] The  freeness of this grace. It is grace for grace' sake; so  Grotius. We receive grace, not for  our sakes (be it known to us), but even so, Father,  because it seemed good in thy sight. It is a  gift according to grace, Rom. xii. 6. It is grace  to us for the sake of grace to Jesus Christ. God was well pleased in him, and is therefore well pleased with us in him, Eph. i. 6. [2.] The  fulness of this grace.  Grace for grace is abundance of grace, grace upon grace (so  Camero), one grace heaped upon another; as  skin for skin is skin after skin, even all that a man has, Job ii. 4. It is a blessing poured out, that there shall not be room to receive it,  plenteous redemption: one grace a pledge of more grace.  Joseph-He will add. It is such a fulness as is called  the fulness of God which we are filled with. We are not straitened in the grace of Christ, if we be not straitened in our own bosoms. [3.] The  serviceableness of this grace.  Grace for grace is grace for the promoting and advancing of grace. Grace to be  exercised by ourselves; gracious habits for gracious acts. Grace to be  ministered to others; gracious vouchsafements for gracious performances: grace is a talent to be traded with. The apostles received grace (Rom. i. 5; Eph. iii. 8), that they might communicate it, 1 Pet. iv. 10. [4.] The  substitution of New-Testament grace  in the room and stead of Old-Testament grace: so  Beza. And this sense is confirmed by what follows (v. 17); for the Old Testament had grace in type, the New Testament has grace in truth. There was a grace under the Old Testament, the gospel was preached then (Gal. iii. 8); but that grace is superseded, and we have gospel grace instead of it, a  glory which excelleth, 2 Cor. iii. 10. Discoveries of grace are now more clear, distributions of grace far more plentiful; this is grace instead of grace. [5.] It bespeaks the  augmentation and '' continuance of grace. Grace for grace'' is one grace to improve, confirm, and perfect another grace. We are changed into the divine image,  from glory to glory, from one degree of glorious grace to another, 2 Cor. iii. 18. Those that have  true grace have that for  more grace, Jam. iv. 6. When God gives grace he saith, Take this  in part; for he who hath promised will perform. [6.] It bespeaks the  agreeableness and  conformity of grace in the saints to the grace that is in Jesus Christ; so Mr. '' Clark. Grace for grace'' is grace in us answering to grace in him, as the impression upon the wax answers the seal line for line. The grace we receive from Christ  changes us into the same image (2 Cor. iii. 18), the  image of the Son (Rom. viii. 29), the  image of the heavenly, 1 Cor. xv. 49. 2. We have received  grace and truth, v. 17. He had said (v. 14) that Christ was  full of grace and truth; now here he says that by him  grace and truth came to us. From Christ we  receive grace; this is a string he delights to harp upon, he cannot go off from it. Two things he further observes in this verse concerning this grace:—(1.) Its  preference above the law of Moses:  The law was given by Moses, and it was a glorious discovery, both of God's  will concerning man and his  good will to man; but the gospel of Christ is a much clearer discovery both of duty and happiness. That which was given by Moses was purely terrifying and threatening, and bound with penalties, a law which could not  give life, which was given with abundance of terror (Heb. xii. 18); but that which is given by Jesus Christ is of another nature; it has all the beneficial uses of the law, but not the terror, for it is  grace: grace  teaching (Tit. ii. 11), grace  reigning, Rom. v. 21. It is a law, but a remedial law. The endearments of love are the genius of the gospel, not the affrightments of law and the curse. (2.) Its  connection with truth:  grace and truth. In the gospel we have the discovery of the greatest  truths to be embraced by the understanding, as well as of the richest  grace to be embraced by the will and affections. It is a  faithful saying, and  worthy of all acceptation; that is, it is  grace and truth. The offers of  grace are  sincere, and what we may venture our souls upon; they are made  in earnest, for it is  grace and truth. It is  grace and truth with reference to the  law that was  given by Moses. For it is, [1.] The performance of all the Old-Testament promises. In the Old Testament we often find  mercy and  truth put together, that is, mercy according to promise; so here  grace and truth denote grace according to promise. See Luke i. 72; 1 Kings viii. 56. [2.] It is the substance of all the Old-Testament types and shadows. Something of grace there was both in the ordinances that were instituted for Israel and the providences that occurred concerning Israel; but they were only shadows of good things to come, even of the grace that is to be  brought to us by the revelation of Jesus Christ. He is the  true paschal lamb, the  true scape-goat, the true  manna. They had grace in the picture; we have grace in the person, that is, '' grace and truth. Grace and truth came,''  egeneto— was made; the same word that was used (v. 3) concerning Christ's  making all things. The law was only  made known by Moses, but the  being of this grace and truth, as well as the discovery of them, is owing to Jesus Christ; this was  made by him, as the world at first was; and by him this  grace and truth do  consist. 3. Another thing we receive from Christ is a clear revelation of God to us (v. 18): He hath  declared God to us, whom  no man hath seen at any time. This was the grace and truth which came by Christ, the knowledge of God and an acquaintance with him. Observe, (1.) The insufficiency of all other discoveries:  No man hath seen God at any time. This intimates, [1.] That the nature of God being  spiritual, he is invisible to bodily eyes, he is a being  whom no man hath seen, nor can see, 1 Tim. vi. 16. We have therefore need to  live by faith, by which we  see him that is invisible, Heb. xi. 27. [2.] That the revelation which God made of himself in the Old Testament was very short and imperfect, in comparison with that which he has made by Christ:  No man hath seen God at any time; that is, what was seen and known of God before the incarnation of Christ was nothing to that which is now seen and known; life and immortality are now brought to a much clearer light than they were then. [3.] That none of the Old-Testament prophets were so well qualified to make known the mind and will of God to the children of men as our Lord Jesus was, for none of them had '' seen God at any time. Moses beheld the similitude of the Lord (Num. xii. 8), but was told that he could not  see his face,'' Exod. xxxiii. 20. But  this recommends Christ's holy religion to us that it was founded by one that had seen God, and knew more of his mind than any one else ever did. (2.) The all-sufficiency of the gospel discovery proved from its author:  The only-begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him. Observe here, [1.] How  fit he was to make this discovery, and every way qualified for it. He and he alone was  worthy to take the book, and to open the seals, Rev. v. 9. For,  First, He is  the only-begotten Son; and who so likely to know the Father as the Son? or in whom is the Father better known than in the Son? Matt. xi. 27. He is of the same nature with the Father, so that he who hath  seen him hath seen  the Father, ch. xiv. 9. The servant is not supposed to know so well  what his Lord does as the Son, ch. xv. 15. Moses was  faithful as a servant, but Christ '' as a Son. Secondly, He is  in the bosom of the Father.'' He had lain in his bosom from eternity. When he was here upon earth, yet still, as God, he was in the bosom of the Father, and thither he returned when he '' ascended. In the bosom of the Father;'' that is, 1. In the bosom of his  special love, dear to him, in  whom he was well pleased, always his delight. All God's saints are  in his hand, but his Son was  in his bosom, one in nature and essence, and therefore in the highest degree one  in love. 2. In the bosom of his  secret counsels. As there was a mutual  complacency, so there was a mutual  consciousness, between the Father and Son (Matt. xi. 27); none so fit as he to make known God, for none knew his mind as he did. Our most secret counsels we are said to hide  in our bosom (in pectore); Christ was privy to the  bosom-counsels of the Father. The prophets  sat down at his feet as scholars; Christ lay in his bosom as a friend. See Eph. iii. 11. [2.] How  free he was in making this discovery: '' He hath declared. Him'' is not in the original. He has declared that of God which no man had at any time seen or known; not only that which was hid  of God, but that which was hid  in God (Eph. iii. 9),  exegesato—it signifies a plain, clear, and full discovery, not by general and doubtful hints, but by particular explications. He that runs may now read the will of God and the way of salvation. This is the  grace, this the  truth, that came by Jesus Christ.

John's Testimony to Christ; John Examined by the Priests.
$19$ And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? 20 And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. $21$ And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No. $22$ Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? $23$ He said, I  am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. $24$ And they which were sent were of the Pharisees. $25$ And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? $26$ John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; $27$ He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose. $28$ These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. We have here the testimony of John, which he delivered to the messengers who were sent from Jerusalem to examine him. Observe here, I. Who they were that sent to him, and who they were that were sent. 1. They that sent to him were  the Jews at Jerusalem, the great sanhedrim or high-commission court, which sat at Jerusalem, and was the representative of the Jewish church, who took cognizance of all matters relating to religion. One would think that they who were the fountains of learning, and the guides of the church, should have, by books, understood the times so well as to know that the Messiah was at hand, and therefore should presently have known him that was his forerunner, and readily embraced him; but, instead of this, they sent messengers to  cross questions with him. Secular learning, honour, and power, seldom dispose men's minds to the reception of divine light. 2. They that were sent were, (1.)  Priests and Levites, probably members of the council, men of learning, gravity, and authority. John Baptist was himself a priest of the seed of Aaron, and therefore it was not fit that he should be examined by any but priests. It was prophesied concerning John's ministry that it should  purify the Sons of Levi (Mal. iii. 3), and therefore they were jealous of him and his reformation. (2.) They were  of the Pharisees, proud, self-justiciaries, that thought they needed no repentance, and therefore could not bear one that made it his business to preach repentance. II. On what errand they were sent; it was to enquire concerning John and  his baptism. They did not send for John to them, probably because they  feared the people, lest the people where John was should be provoked to rise, or lest the people where they were should be brought acquainted with him; they thought it was good to keep him at a distance. They enquire concerning him, 1. To satisfy their curiosity; as the Athenians enquired concerning Paul's doctrine, for the novelty of it, Acts xvii. 19, 20. Such a proud conceit they had of themselves that the doctrine of repentance was to them strange doctrine. 2. It was to show their authority. They thought they  looked great when they called him to account whom all men counted as a prophet, and arraigned him at their bar. 3. It was with a design to  suppress him and silence him if they could find any colour for it; for they were jealous of his growing interest, and his ministry agreed neither with the Mosaic dispensation which they had been long under, nor with the notions they had formed of the Messiah's kingdom. III. What was the answer he gave them, and his account, both concerning himself and concerning his baptism, in both which he witnessed to Christ. 1. Concerning himself, and what he professed himself to be. They asked him,  Sy tis ei— Thou, who art thou? John's appearing in the world was surprising. He was in the wilderness till the day of his showing unto Israel. His spirit, his converse, he doctrine, had something in them which commanded and gained respect; but he did not, as seducers do, give out himself to be  some great one. He was more industrious to  do good than to  appear great; and therefore waived saying any thing of himself till he was legally interrogated. Those speak best for Christ that say least of themselves, whose  own works praise them, not  their own lips. He answers their interrogatory, (1.)  Negatively. He was not that great one whom some took him to be. God's faithful witnesses stand more upon their guard  against undue respect than against  unjust contempt. Paul writes as warmly against those that overvalued him, and said,  I am of Paul, as against those that undervalued him, and said that his bodily presence was weak; and he rent his clothes when he was called a god. [1.] John disowns himself to be  the Christ (v. 20):  He said, I am not the Christ, who was now expected and waited for. Note, The ministers of Christ must remember that  they are not Christ, and therefore must not usurp his powers and prerogatives, nor assume the praises due to him only. They are not Christ, and therefore must not lord it over God's heritage, nor pretend to a dominion over the faith of Christians. They cannot created grace and peace; they cannot enlighten, convert, quicken, comfort; for they are not Christ. Observe how emphatically this is here expressed concerning John: He  confessed, and denied not, but confessed; it denotes his vehemence and constancy in making this protestation. Note, Temptations to pride, and assuming that honour to ourselves which does not belong to us, ought to be resisted with a great deal of vigour and earnestness. When John was taken to be the Messiah, he did not connive at it with a  Si populus vult decipi, decipiatur—If the people will be deceived, let them; but openly and solemnly, without any ambiguities, confessed,  I am not the Christ;  hoti ouk eimi ego ho Christos— I am not the Christ, not I; another is at hand, who is he, but I am not. His disowning himself to be the Christ is called his  confessing and not  denying Christ. Note, Those that humble and abase themselves thereby confess Christ, and give honour to him; but those that will not deny themselves do in effect deny Christ, [2.] He disowns himself to be Elias, v. 21. The Jews expected the person of Elias to return from heaven, and to live among them, and promised themselves great things from it. Hearing of John's character, doctrine, and baptism, and observing that he appeared as one dropped from heaven, in the same part of the country from which Elijah was carried to heaven, it is no wonder that they were ready to take him for this Elijah; but he disowned this honour too. He was indeed prophesied of under the name of Elijah (Mal. iv. 5), and he came in the  spirit and power of Elias (Luke i. 17), and was the Elias that was to come (Matt. xi. 14); but he was not the person of Elias, not that Elias that went to heaven in the fiery chariot, as he was that met Christ in his transfiguration. He was the Elias that God had promised, not the Elias that they foolishly dreamed of. Elias did come, and  they knew him not (Matt. xvii. 12); nor did he make himself known to them as the Elias, because they had promised themselves such an Elias as God never promised them. [3.] He disowns himself to be that  prophet, or the prophet.  First, He was not  that prophet which Moses said  the Lord would  raise up to them of their brethren, like unto him. If they meant this, they needed not ask that question, for that prophet was no other than the Messiah, and he had said already, '' I am not the Christ. Secondly,'' He was not such a prophet as they expected and wished for, who, like Samuel and Elijah, and some other of the prophets, would interpose in public affairs, and rescue them from under the Roman yoke.  Thirdly, He was not one of the old prophets raised from the dead, as they expected one to come before Elias, as Elias before the Messiah.  Fourthly, Though John was a prophet, yea, more than a prophet, yet he had his revelation, not by dreams and visions, as the Old-Testament prophets had theirs; his commission and work were of another nature, and belonged to another dispensation. If John had said that he was Elias, and was a prophet, he might have made his words good; but ministers must, upon all occasions, express themselves with the utmost caution, both that they may not confirm people in any mistakes, and particularly that they may not give occasion to any to think of them  above what is meet. (2.)  Affirmatively. The committee that was sent to examine him pressed for a positive answer (v. 22), urging the authority of  those that sent them, which they expected he should pay a deference to: " Tell us, What art thou? not that we may believe thee, and be baptized by three, but that we may  give an answer to those that sent us, and that it may not be said we were sent on a fool's errand." John was looked upon as a man of sincerity, and therefore they believed he would not give an evasive ambiguous answer; but would be fair and above-board, and give a plain answer to a plain question:  What sayest thou of thyself? And he did so,  I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness. Observe, [1.] He gives his answer in the words of scripture, to show that the scripture was fulfilled in him, and that his office was supported by a divine authority. What the scripture saith of the office of the ministry should be often thought of by those of that high calling, who must look upon themselves as that, and that only, which the word of God makes them. [2.] He gives in his answer in very humble, modest, self-denying expressions. He chooses to apply that scripture to himself which denotes not his dignity, but his duty and dependence, which bespeaks him little:  I am the voice, as if he were  vox et pr&#230;terea nihil— mere voice. [3.] He gives such an account of himself as might be profitable to them, and might excite and awaken them to hearken to him; for he  was the voice (see Isa. xl. 3), a voice to alarm, an articulate voice to instruct. Ministers are but the  voice, the vehicle, by which God is pleased to communicate his mind. What are Paul and Apollos but messengers? Observe,  First, He was a  human voice. The people were prepared to receive the law by the voice of thunders, and a trumpet exceedingly loud, such as made them tremble; but they were prepared for the gospel by the voice of a man like ourselves,  a still small voice, such as that in which God came to Elijah, 1 Kings xix. 12.  Secondly, He was the voice of  one crying, which denotes, 1. His  earnestness and  importunity in calling people to repentance; he  cried aloud, and did not spare. Ministers must preach as those that are in earnest, and are themselves affected with those things with which they desire to affect others. Those words are not likely to  thaw the hearers' hearts that  freeze between the speaker's lips. 2. His  open publication of the doctrine he preached; he was the voice of one  crying, that all manner of persons might hear and take notice.  Doth not wisdom cry? Prov. viii. 1.  Thirdly, It was in the  wilderness that this voice was crying; in a place of silence and solitude, out of the noise of the world and the hurry of its business; the more retired we are from the tumult of secular affairs the better prepared we are to hear from God.  Fourthly, That which he cried was,  Make straight the way of the Lord; that is, 1. He came to  rectify the mistakes of people concerning the ways of God; it is certain that they are right ways, but the scribes and Pharisees, with their corrupt glosses upon the law, had made them crooked. Now John Baptist calls people to return to the original rule. 2. He came to prepare and dispose people for the reception and entertainment of Christ and his gospel. It is an allusion to the harbingers of a prince or great man, that cry,  Make room. Note, When God is coming towards us, we must prepare to meet him, and let the word of the Lord have  free course. See Ps. xxiv. 7. 2. Here is his testimony concerning  his baptism. (1.) The enquiry which the committee made about it:  Why baptizest thou, if thou be not the Christ, nor Elias, nor that prophet? v. 25. [1.] They readily apprehended baptism to be fitly and properly used as a sacred rite or ceremony, for the Jewish church had used it with circumcision in the admission of proselytes, to signify the cleansing of them from the pollutions of their former state. That sign was made use of in the Christian church, that it might be the more passable. Christ did not affect novelty, nor should his ministers. [2.] They expected it would be used in the days of the Messiah, because it was promised that then there should be a  fountain opened (Zech. xiii. 1), and  clean water sprinkled, Ezek. xxxvi. 25. It is taken for granted that Christ, and Elias, and  that prophet, would baptize, when they came to  purify a  polluted world. Divine justice drowned the old world  in its filth, but divine grace has provided for the cleansing of this new world  from its filth. [3.] They would therefore know by what authority John baptized. His denying himself to be Elias, or  that prophet, subjected him to this further question,  Why baptizest thou? Note, It is no new thing for a man's modesty to be turned against him, and improved to his prejudice; but it is better that men should take advantage of our low thoughts of ourselves, to  trample upon us, than the devil take advantage of our high thoughts of ourselves, to  tempt us to pride and draw us into his condemnation. (2.) The account he gave of it, v. 26, 27. [1.] He owned himself to be only the minister of the outward sign: " I baptize with water, and that is all; I am no more, and do no more, than what you see; I have no other title than  John the Baptist; I cannot confer the spiritual grace signified by it." Paul was in care that none should think of him above what they saw him to be (2 Cor. xii. 6); so was John Baptist. Ministers must not set up for masters. [2.] He directed them to one who was greater than himself, and would do that for them, if they pleased, which he could not do: " I baptize with water, and that is the utmost of my commission; I have nothing to do but by this to lead you to one that comes after me, and consign you to him." Note, The great business of Christ's ministers is to direct all people to him; we preach not ourselves, but  Christ Jesus the Lord. John gave the same account to this committee that he had given to the people (v. 15):  This as he of whom I spoke. John was constant and uniform in his testimony, not as a reed shaken with the wind. The sanhedrim were jealous of his interest in the people, but he is not afraid to tell them that there is one at the door that will go beyond him.  First, He tells them of Christ's  presence among them now at this time:  There stands one among you, at this time,  whom you know not. Christ stood among the common people, and was as one of them. Note, 1. Much true worth lies hid in this world; obscurity is often the lot of real excellency. Saints are God's  hidden ones, therefore  the world knows them not. 2. God himself is often nearer to us than we are aware of.  The Lord is  in this place, and  I knew it not. They were gazing, in expectation of the messiah:  Lo he is here, or he is there, when the kingdom of God was abroad and already  among them, Luke xvii. 21.  Secondly, He tells them of Christ's  preference above himself: He comes  after me, and yet is  preferred before me. This he had said before; he adds here, "Whose  shoe-latchet I am not worthy to loose; I am not fit to be named the same day with him; it is an honour too great for me to pretend to be in the meanest office about him," 1 Sam. xxv. 41. Those to whom Christ is precious reckon his service, even the most despised instances of it, an honour to them. See Ps. lxxxiv. 10. If so great a man as John accounted himself unworthy of the honour of being near Christ, how unworthy then should we account ourselves! Now, one would think, these chief priests and Pharisees, upon this intimation given concerning the approach of the Messiah, should presently have asked who, and where, this excellent person was; and who more likely to tell them than he who had given them this general notice? No, they did not think this any part of their business or concern; they came to molest John, not to receive any instructions from him: so that their ignorance was  wilful; they might have known Christ, and would not.  Lastly, Notice is taken of the place where all this was done:  In Bethabara beyond Jordan, v. 28. Bethabara signifies the  house of passage; some think it was the very place where Israel passed over Jordan into the land of promise under the conduct of Joshua; there was opened the way into the gospel state by Jesus Christ. It was at a great  distance from Jerusalem, beyond Jordan; probably because what he did  there would be least offensive to the government. Amos must go prophesy in the country, not near the court; but it was sad that Jerusalem should put so far from her the things that belonged to  her peace. He made this confession in the same place where he was  baptizing, that all those who attended his baptism might be witnesses of it, and none might say that they knew not what to  make of him.

John's Testimony to Christ.
$29$ The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. $30$ This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is preferred before me: for he was before me. $31$ And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. $32$ And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. $33$ And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. $34$ And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God. $35$ Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples; $36$ And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God! We have in these verses an account of John's testimony concerning Jesus Christ, which he witnessed to his own disciples that followed him. As soon as ever Christ was  baptized he was immediately hurried into the wilderness, to be  tempted; and there he was forty days. During his absence John had continued to bear testimony to him, and to tell the people of him; but now at last he  sees Jesus coming to him, returning from the wilderness of temptation. As soon as that conflict was over Christ immediately returned to John, who was  preaching and  baptizing. Now Christ was tempted for example and encouragement to us; and this teaches us, 1. That the  hardships of a tempted state should engage us to keep close to ordinances; to go into the  sanctuary of God, Ps. lxxiii. 17. Our combats with Satan should oblige us to keep close to the communion of saints: two are better than one. 2. That the  honours of a victorious state must not set us  above ordinances. Christ had triumphed over Satan, and been attended by angels, and yet, after all, he returns to the place where John was preaching and baptizing. As long as we are on this side heaven, whatever extraordinary visits of divine grace we may have here at any time, we must still keep close to the ordinary means of grace and comfort, and walk with God in them. Now here are  two testimonies borne by John to Christ, but those two  agree in one. I. Here is his testimony to Christ on the first day that he saw him coming from the wilderness; and here four things are witnessed by him concerning Christ, when he had him before his eyes:— 1. That he is  the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world, v. 29. Let us learn here, (1.) That Jesus Christ is the  Lamb of God, which bespeaks him the great sacrifice, by which atonement is made for sin, and man reconciled to God. Of all the legal sacrifices he chooses to allude to the  lambs that were offered, not only because a lamb is an emblem of meekness, and Christ must be led as a  lamb to the slaughter (Isa. liii. 7), but with a special reference, [1.] To the  daily sacrifice, which was offered every morning and evening continually, and that was always a  lamb (Exod. xxix. 38), which was a type of Christ, as the everlasting propitiation, whose blood continually speaks. [2.] To the  paschal lamb, the blood of which, being sprinkled upon the door-posts, secured the Israelites from the stroke of the destroying angel. Christ is  our passover, 1 Cor. v. 7. He is the Lamb  of God; he is appointed by  him (Rom. iii. 25), he was devoted to him (ch. xvii. 19), and he was accepted with him; in him he was well pleased. The lot which fell on the goat that was to be offered for a sin-offering was called the  Lord's lot (Lev. xvi. 8, 9); so Christ, who was to make atonement for sin, is called the  Lamb of God. (2.) That Jesus Christ, as the  Lamb of God, takes away the sin of the world. This was his undertaking; he appeared, to  put away sin by the sacrifice of himself, Heb. ix. 26. John Baptist had called people to repent of their sins, in order to the remission of them. Now here he shows how and by whom that remission was to be expected, what ground of hope we have that our sins shall be pardoned upon our repentance, though our repentance makes no satisfaction for them. This ground of hope we have—Jesus Christ is  the Lamb of God. [1.] He  takes away sin. He, being Mediator between God and man, takes away that which is, above any thing, offensive to the  holiness of God, and destructive to the  happiness of man. He came,  First, To take away the guilt of sin by the merit of his death, to vacate the judgment, and reverse the attainder, which mankind lay under, by an act of indemnity, of which all penitent obedient believers may claim the benefit.  Secondly, To take away the power of sin by the Spirit of his grace, so that it shall not have dominion, Rom. vi. 14. Christ, as the Lamb of God, washes us from our sins in his own blood; that is, he both  justifies and  sanctifies us: he  takes away sin. He is  ho airon— he is taking away the sin of the world, which denotes it not a single but a continued act; it is his constant work and office to take  away sin, which is such a  work of time that it will never be completed till time shall be no more. He is always  taking away sin, by the continual intercession of his blood in heaven, and the continual influence of his grace on earth. [2.] He takes away the  sin of the world; purchases pardon for all those that repent, and believe the gospel, of what country, nation, or language, soever they be. The legal sacrifices had reference only to the sins of Israel, to make atonement for them; but the Lamb of God was offered to be a propitiation for the  sin of the whole world; see 1 John ii. 2. This is encouraging to our faith; if Christ takes away the sin of the world, then why not my sin? Christ levelled his force at the main body of sin's army, struck at the root, and aimed at the overthrow, of that  wickedness which the  whole world lay in. God was in him reconciling the world to himself. [3.] He does this by  taking it upon himself. He is the Lamb of God, that  bears the sin of the world; so the margin reads it. He bore sin  for us, and so bears it  from us; he  bore the sin of many, as the scape-goat had the sins of Israel put upon his head, Lev. xvi. 21. God could have taken away the sin by taking away the sinner, as he took away the sin of the old world; but he has found out a way of abolishing the sin, and yet sparing the sinner, by making his Son  sin for us. (3.) That it is our duty, with an eye of faith, to  behold the Lamb of God thus taking away the  sin of the world. See him taking away sin, and let that increase our hatred of sin, and resolutions against it. Let not us hold that fast which the Lamb of God came to take away: for Christ will either take our sins away or take us away. Let it increase our love to Christ,  who loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, Rev. i. 5. Whatever God is pleased to take away from us, if withal he take away our sins, we have reason to be thankful, and no reason to complain. 2. That this was he of whom he had spoken before (v. 30, 31):  This is he, this person whom I now point at, you see where he stands,  this is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man. Observe, (1.) This honour John had above all the prophets, that, whereas they spoke of him as one that should come, he saw him already come.  This is he. He sees him  now, he sees him  nigh, Num. xxiv. 17. Such a difference there is between present  faith and future  vision. Now we love one whom we have not seen; then we shall see him whom our souls love, shall see him, and say, This is he of whom I said,  my Christ, and  my all, my beloved, and  my friend. (2.) John calls Christ  a man; after me comes a man— aner, a  strong man: like  the man, the branch, or the  man of God's right hand. (3.) He refers to what he had himself said of him before:  This is he of whom I said. Note, Those who have said the most honourable things of Christ will never see cause to unsay them; but the more they know him the more they are confirmed in their esteem of him. John still thinks as meanly of himself, and as highly of Christ, as ever. Though Christ appeared not in any external pomp or grandeur, yet John is not ashamed to own,  This is he whom I meant, who is  preferred before me. And it was necessary that John should thus show them the person, otherwise they could not have believed that one who made so mean a figure should be he of whom John had spoken such great things. (4.) He protests against any confederacy or combination with this Jesus:  And I knew him not. Though there was some relation between them (Elisabeth was cousin to the virgin Mary), yet there was no acquaintance at all between them; John had no personal knowledge of Jesus till he saw him come to his baptism. Their manner of life had been different: John had spent his time in the wilderness, in solitude; Jesus at Nazareth, in conversation. There was no correspondence, no interview between them, that the matter might appear to be wholly carried on by the direction and disposal of Heaven, and not by any design or concert of the persons themselves. And as he hereby disowns all collusion, so also all partiality and sinister regard in it; he could not be supposed to favour him as a friend, for there was no friendship or familiarity between them. Nay, as he could not be biassed to speak honourably of him because he was a stranger to him, he was not able to say any thing of him but what he  received from above, to which he appeals, ch. iii. 27. Note, They who are taught believe and confess one whom they have not seen, and blessed are they who  yet have believed. (5.) The great intention of John's ministry and baptism was to introduce Jesus Christ. That he should be  made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. Observe, [1.] Though John did not know Jesus by face, yet he knew that he should be made manifest. Note, We may know the certainty of that which yet we do not fully know the nature and intention of. We know that the happiness of heaven  shall be made manifest to Israel, but cannot describe it. [2.] The general assurance John had that Christ  should be made manifest served to carry him with diligence and resolution through his work, though he was kept in the dark concerning particulars:  Therefore am I come. Our assurance of the reality of things, though they are unseen, is enough to quicken us to our duty. [3.] God reveals himself to his people by degrees. At first, John knew no more concerning Christ but that he should be made manifest; in confidence of that, he came baptizing, and now he is favoured with a sight of him. They who, upon God's word, believe what they do not see, shall shortly see what they now believe. [4.] The ministry of the word and sacraments is designed for no other end than to lead people to Christ, and to make him more and more manifest. [5.] Baptism with water made way for the manifesting of Christ, as it supposed our corruption and filthiness, and signified our cleansing by him who is the  fountain opened. 3. That this was he  upon whom the Spirit descended from heaven like a dove. For the confirming of his testimony concerning Christ, he here vouches the extraordinary appearance at his baptism, in which God himself bore witness to him. This was a considerable proof of Christ's mission. Now, to assure us of the truth of it, we are here told (v. 32-34), (1.) That John Baptist saw it: He  bore record; did not relate it as a story, but solemnly attested it, with all the seriousness and solemnity of  witness-bearing. He made affidavit of it:  I saw the Spirit descending from heaven. John could not see the  Spirit, but he saw the dove which was a sign and representation of the Spirit. The Spirit came now upon Christ, both to  make him fit for his  work and to  make him known to the  world. Christ was notified, not by the descent of a crown upon him, or by a transfiguration, but by the descent of the Spirit as a dove upon him, to qualify him for his undertaking. Thus the first testimony given to the apostles was by the descent of the Spirit upon them. God's children are made manifest by their  graces; their glories are reserved for their future state. Observe, [1.] The spirit descended  from heaven, for every good and perfect gift is  from above. [2.] He descended  like a dove—an emblem of meekness, and mildness, and gentleness, which makes him  fit to teach. The dove brought the olive-branch of peace, Gen. viii. 11. [3.] The Spirit that descended upon Christ  abode upon him, as was foretold, Isa. xi. 2. The Spirit did not  move him at times, as Samson (Judg. xiii. 25), but  at all times. The Spirit was given to him  without measure; it was his prerogative to have the Spirit always upon him, so that he could at no time be found either  unqualified for his work himself or  unfurnished for the supply of those that seek to him for his grace. (2.) That he was  told to expect it, which very much corroborates the proof. It was not John's bare conjecture, that surely he on whom he saw the Spirit descending was the Son of God; but it was an  instituted sign given him before, by which he might certainly know it (v. 33):  I knew him not. He insists much upon this, that he knew no more of him than other people did, otherwise than by revelation. But  he that sent me to baptize gave me this sign,  Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, the same is he. [1.] See here what sure grounds John went upon in his ministry and baptism, that he might proceed with all imaginable satisfaction.  First, He did not run  without sending: God  sent him to baptize. He had a warrant from heaven for what he did. When a minister's call is clear, his comfort is sure, though his success is not always so.  Secondly, He did not run  without speeding; for, when he was sent to  baptize with water, he was directed to one that should  baptize with the Holy Ghost. Under this notion John Baptist was taught to expect Christ, as one who would give that repentance and faith which he called people to, and would carry on and complete that blessed structure of which he was now laying the foundation. Note, It is a great comfort to Christ's ministers, in their administration of the outward signs, that he whose ministers they are can confer the grace signified thereby, and so put life, and soul, and power into their ministrations; can speak to the heart what they speak to the ear, and  breathe upon the dry bones to which they  prophesy. [2.] See what sure grounds he went upon in his designation of the person of the Messiah. God had before given him a sign, as he did to Samuel concerning Saul: "On whom thou shalt see the Spirit descend,  that same is he." This not only prevented any mistakes, but gave him boldness in his testimony. When he had such assurance as this given him, he could speak with assurance. When John was told this before, his expectations could not but be very much raised; and, when the event exactly answered the prediction, his faith could not but be much confirmed: and these things are written that we may believe. 4. That he is  the Son of God. This is the conclusion of John's testimony, that in which all the particulars centre, as the  quod erat demonstrandum—the fact to be demonstrated (v. 34):  I saw, and bore record, that this is the Son of God. (1.) The truth asserted is,  that this is the Son of God. The voice from heaven proclaimed, and John subscribed to it, not only that he should baptize with the Holy Ghost by a divine authority, but that he has a divine nature. This was the peculiar Christian creed, that Jesus is the Son of God (Matt. xvi. 16), and here is the first framing of it. (2.) John's testimony to it: " I saw, and bore record. Not only I now bear record of it, but I did so as soon as I had seen it." Observe, [1.] What he  saw he was forward to  bear record of, as they, Acts iv. 20:  We cannot but speak the things which we have seen. [2.] What he  bore record of was what he  saw. Christ's witnesses were eye-witnesses, and therefore the more to be credited: they did not speak by hear-say and report, 2 Pet. i. 16. II. Here is John's testimony to Christ, the next day after, v. 35, 36. Where observe, 1. He took every opportunity that offered itself to lead people to Christ:  John stood looking upon Jesus as he walked. It should seem, John was now retired from the multitude, and was in close conversation with  two of his disciples. Note, Ministers should not only in their public preaching, but in their private converse, witness to Christ, and serve his interests. He saw Jesus  walking at some distance, yet did not go to him himself, because he would shun every thing that might give the least colour to suspect a combination. He was  looking upon Jesus— emblepsas; he looked stedfastly, and fixed his eyes upon him. Those that would lead others to Christ must be diligent and frequent in the  contemplation of him themselves. John had seen Christ before, but now looked upon him, 1 John i. 1. 2. He repeated the same testimony which he had given to Christ the day before, though he could have delivered some other great truth concerning him; but thus he would show that he was uniform and constant in his testimony, and consistent with himself. His doctrine was the same in private that it was in public, as Paul's was, Acts xx. 20, 21. It is good to have that repeated which we have heard, Phil. iii. 1. The doctrine of Christ's sacrifice for the taking away of the sin of the world ought especially to be insisted upon by all good ministers: Christ, the Lamb of God,  Christ and him crucified. 3. He intended this especially for his two disciples that stood with him; he was willing to turn them over to Christ, for to this end he bore witness to Christ in their hearing that they might leave all to follow him, even that they might leave  him. He did not reckon that he lost those disciples who went over from him to Christ, any more than the schoolmaster reckons that scholar lost whom he sends to the university. John gathered disciples, not for himself, but for Christ to  prepare them for the Lord, Luke i. 17. So far was he from being jealous of Christ's growing interest, that there was nothing he was more desirous of. Humble generous souls will give others their due praise without fear of diminishing themselves by it. What we have of reputation, as well as of other things, will not be the less for our giving every body his own.

The Call of Andrew and Peter.
$37$ And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus. $38$ Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? $39$ He saith unto them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. $40$ One of the two which heard John  speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. $41$ He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. $42$ And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. We have here the turning over of two disciples from John to Jesus, and one of them fetching in a third, and these are the first-fruits of Christ's disciples; see how small the church was in its beginnings, and what the dawning of the day of its great things was. I. Andrew and another with him were the two that John Baptist had directed to Christ, v. 37. Who the other was we are not told; some think that it was Thomas, comparing ch. xxi. 2; others that it was John himself, the penman of this gospel, whose manner it is industriously to conceal his name, ch. xiii. 23, and xx. 3. 1. Here is their readiness to go over to Christ: They  heard John speak of Christ as the  Lamb of God, and they  followed Jesus. Probably they had heard John say the same thing the day before, and then it had not the effect upon them which now it had; see the benefit of repetition, and of private personal converse. They heard him speak of Christ as the  Lamb of God, that takes away the sin of the world, and this made them  follow him. The strongest and most prevailing argument with a sensible awakened soul to follow Christ is that it is he, and he only, that  takes away sin. 2. The kind notice Christ took of them, v. 38. They came behind him; but, though he had his back towards them, he was soon aware of them, and  turned, and  saw them following. Note, Christ takes early cognizance of the first motions of a soul towards him, and the first step taken in the way to heaven; see Isa. lxiv. 5; Luke xv. 20. He did not stay till they begged leave to speak with him, but spoke first. What communion there is between a soul and Christ, it is he that  begins the discourse. He saith unto them,  What seek ye? This was not a reprimand for their boldness in intruding into his company: he that came to  seek us never checked any for  seeking him; but, on the contrary, it is a kind invitation of them into his acquaintance whom he saw bashful and modest: "Come, what have you to say to me? What is your petition? What is your request." Note, Those whose business it is to instruct people in the affairs of their souls should be humble, and mild, and easy of access, and should encourage those that apply to them. The question Christ put to them is what we should all put to ourselves when we begin to follow Christ, and take upon us the profession of his holy religion: " What seek ye? What do we design and desire?" Those that  follow Christ, and yet  seek the world, or themselves, or the praise of men, deceive themselves. " What seek we in seeking Christ? Do we seek a teacher, ruler, and reconciler? In following Christ, do we seek the favour of God and eternal life?" If our  eye be  single in this, we are  full of light. 3. Their modest enquiry concerning the place of his abode:  Rabbi, where dwellest thou? (1.) In calling him  Rabbi, they intimated that their design in coming to him was to be  taught by him; rabbi signifies a  master, a teaching master; the Jews called their doctors, or learned men,  rabbies. The word comes from  rab, multus or  magnus, a  rabbi, a  great man, and one that, as we say, has  much in him. Never was there such a rabbi as our Lord Jesus, such a  great one, in whom were  hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. These came to Christ to be his scholars, so must all those that apply themselves to him. John had told them that he was the  Lamb of God; now this  Lamb is worthy to  take the book and open the seals as a rabbi, Rev. v. 9. And, unless we give up ourselves to be ruled and taught by him, he will not  take away our sins. (2.) In asking  where he dwelt, they intimate a desire to be better acquainted with him. Christ was a stranger in this country, so that they meant where was his  inn where he  lodged; for there they would attend him at some seasonable time, when he should appoint, to receive instruction from him; they would not press rudely upon him, when it was not proper. Civility and good manners well become those who follow Christ. And, besides, they hoped to have more from him than they could have in a short conference now by the way. They resolved to make a business, not a by-business of conversing with Christ. Those that have had some communion with Christ cannot but desire, [1.] A  further communion with him; they follow on to know more of him. [2.] A  fixed communion with him; where they may sit down at his feet, and abide by his instructions. It is not enough to take a turn with Christ now and then, but we must  lodge with him. 4. The courteous invitation Christ gave them to his lodgings:  He saith unto them, Come and see. Thus should good desires towards Christ and communion with him be countenanced. (1.) He invites them to come to his lodgings: the nearer we approach to Christ, the more we see of his beauty and excellency. Deceivers maintain their interest in their followers by keeping them at a distance, but that which Christ desired to recommend him to the esteem and affections of his followers was that they would  come and see: "Come and see what a mean lodging I have, what poor accommodations I take up with, that you may not expect any worldly advantage by following me, as they did who made their court to the scribes and Pharisees, and called them rabbin.  Come and see what you must count upon if you follow me." See Matt. viii. 20. (2.) He invites them to come  immediately and without delay. They asked where he lodged, that they might wait upon him at a more convenient season; but Christ invites them immediately to  come and see; never in better time than now. Hence learn, [1.] As to others, that it is best taking people when they are in a good mind; strike while the iron is hot. [2.] As to ourselves, that it is wisdom to embrace the present opportunities:  Now is the accepted time, 2 Cor. vi. 2. 5. Their cheerful and (no doubt) thankful acceptance of his invitation:  They came and saw where he dwelt, and  abode with him that day. It had been greater modesty and manners than had done them good if they had refused this offer. (2.) They readily went along with him:  They came and saw where he dwelt. Gracious souls cheerfully accept Christ's gracious invitations; as David, Ps. xxvii. 8. They enquired not how they might be accommodated with him, but would put that to the venture, and make the best of what they found. It is good being where Christ is, wherever it be. (2.) They were so well pleased with what they found that they  abode with him that day ("Master, it is good to be here"); and he bade them welcome. It was about the tenth hour. Some think that John reckons according to the Roman computation, and that it was about ten o'clock in the morning, and they staid with him till night; others think that John reckons as the other evangelists did, according to the Jewish computation, and that it was four o'clock in the afternoon, and they abode with him that night and the next day. Dr. Lightfoot conjectures that this next day that they spent with Christ was a sabbath-day, and, it being late, they could not get home before the sabbath. As it is our duty, wherever we are, to contrive to spend the sabbath as much as may be to our spiritual benefit and advantage, so they are blessed who, by the lively exercises of faith, love, and devotion, spend their sabbaths in communion with Christ. These are Lord's days indeed,  days of the Son of man. II. Andrew brought his brother Peter to Christ. If Peter had been the first-born of Christ's disciples, the papists would have made a noise with it: he did indeed afterwards come to be more eminent in gifts, but Andrew had the honour first to be acquainted with Christ, and to be the instrument of bringing Peter to him. Observe, 1. The  information which Andrew gave to Peter, with an intimation to come to Christ. (1.) He  found him: He first finds his own brother Simon; his finding implies his seeking him. Simon came along with Andrew to attend John's ministry and baptism, and Andrew knew where to look for him. Perhaps the other disciple that was with him went out to seek some friend of his at the same time, but Andrew sped first:  He first findeth Simon, who came only to attend on John, but has his expectations out-done; he meets with Jesus. (2.) He told him whom they had found:  We have found the Messias. Observe, [1.] he speaks  humbly; not, "I have found," assuming the honour of the discovery to himself, but " We have," rejoicing that he had shared with others in it. [2.] He speaks  exultingly, and with triumph:  We have found that pearl of great price, that true treasure; and, having found it, he proclaims it as those lepers, 2 Kings vii. 9, for he knows that he shall have never the less in Christ for others sharing. [3.] He speaks  intelligently: We have found the Messias, which was more than had yet been said. John had said,  He is the Lamb of God, and the Son of God, which Andrew compares with the scriptures of the Old Testament, and, comparing them together, concludes that he is the Messiah promised to the fathers, for it is now that the fulness of time is come. Thus, by  making God's testimonies his meditation, he speaks more clearly concerning Christ than ever  his teacher had done, Ps. cxix. 99. (3.) He  brought him to Jesus; would not undertake to instruct him himself, but brought him to the fountain-head, persuaded him to come to Christ and introduced him. Now this was, [1.] An instance of true love to his brother,  his own brother, so he is called here, because he was very dear to him. Note, We ought with a particular concern and application to seek the spiritual welfare of those that are related to us; for their relation to us adds both to the  obligation and to the  opportunity of doing good to their souls. [2.] It was an effect of his day's conversation with Christ. Note, the best evidence of our profiting by the means of grace is the piety and usefulness of our conversation afterwards. Hereby it appeared that Andrew had  been with Jesus that he was so full of him, that he had been  in the mount, for his face shone. He knew there was enough in Christ for all; and, having tasted that he is gracious, he could not rest till those he loved had tasted it too. Note, True grace hates monopolies, and loves not to eat its morsels alone. 2. The  entertainment which Jesus Christ gave to Peter, who was never the less welcome for his being influenced by his brother to come, v. 42. Observe, (1.) Christ called him by his name:  When Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon, the son of Jona. It should seem that Peter was utterly a stranger to Christ, and if so, [1.] It was a proof of Christ's omniscience that upon the first sight, without any enquiry, he could tell the name both of him and of his father.  The Lord knows them that are his, and their whole case. However, [2.] It was an instance of his condescending grace and favour, that he did thus freely and affably call him by his name, though he was of mean extraction, and  vir mullius nominis—a man of no name. It was an instance of God's favour to Moses that he  knew him by name, Exod. xxxiii. 17. Some observe the signification of these names:  Simon— obedient, Jona— a dove. An obedient dove-like spirit qualifies us to be the disciples of Christ. (2.) He gave him a new name:  Cephas. [1.] His giving him a name intimates  Christ's favour to him. A new name denotes some great dignity, Rev. ii. 17; Isa. lxii. 2. By this Christ not only wiped off the reproach of his mean and obscure parentage, but adopted him into his family as one of his own. [2.] The name which he gave him bespeaks his  fidelity to Christ:  Thou shalt be called Cephas (that is Hebrew for  a stone), which is by interpretation Peter; so it should be rendered, as Acts ix. 36.  Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas; the former Hebrew, the latter Greek, for a  young roe. Peter's natural temper was stiff, and hardy, and resolute, which I take to be the principal reason why Christ called him  Cephas—a stone. When Christ afterwards prayed for him, that his faith might not fail, that so he might be firm to Christ himself, and at the same time bade him  strengthen his brethren, and lay out himself for the support of others, then he  made him what he here called him,  Cephas—a stone. Those that come to Christ must come with a fixed resolution to be firm and constant to him,  like a stone, solid and stedfast; and it is by his grace that they are so. His saying,  Be thou steady, makes them so. Now this does no more prove that Peter was the singular or only rock upon which the church is built than the calling of James and John  Boanerges proves them the only  sons of thunder, or the calling of Joses  Barnabas proves him the only  son of consolation.

The Call of Philip and Nathanael.
$43$ The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. $44$ Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. 45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. $46$ And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. $47$ Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! $48$ Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. $49$ Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. $50$ Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. $51$ And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man. We have here the call of Philip and Nathanael. I. Philip was called immediately by Christ himself, not as Andrew, who was directed to Christ by John, or Peter, who was invited by his brother. God has various methods of bringing his chosen ones home to himself. But, whatever means he  uses, he is not  tied to any. 1. Philip was called in a  preventing was:  Jesus findeth Philip. Christ sought us, and found us, before we made any enquiries after him. The name  Philip is of Greek origin, and much used among the Gentiles, which some make an instance of the degeneracy of the Jewish church at this time, and their conformity to the nations; yet Christ changed not his name. 2. He was called the  day following. See how closely Christ applied himself to his business. When work is to be done for God, we must not  lose a day. Yet observe, Christ now called one or two a day; but, after the Spirit was poured out, there were thousands a day effectually called, in which was fulfilled ch. xiv. 12. 3. Jesus  would go forth into Galilee to call him. Christ will find out all those that are given to him, wherever they are, and none of them shall be lost. 4. Philip was brought to be a disciple by the power of Christ going along with that word,  Follow me. See the nature of true Christianity; it is  following Christ, devoting ourselves to his  converse and  conduct, attending his movements, and treading in his steps. See the efficacy of the grace of it is the  rod of his strength. 5. We are told that Philip was of Bethsaida, and Andrew and Peter were so too, v. 44. These eminent disciples received not honour from the place of their nativity, but reflected honour upon it.  Bethsaida signifies the  house of nets, because inhabited mostly by fishermen; thence Christ chose disciples, who were to be furnished with extraordinary gifts, and therefore needed not the ordinary advantages of learning. Bethsaida was a wicked place (Matt. xi. 21), yet even  there was a remnant, according to the election of grace. II. Nathanael was invited to Christ by Philip, and much is said concerning him. In which we may observe, 1. What passed between Philip and Nathanael, in which appears an observable mixture of pious zeal with weakness, such as is usually found in beginners, that are yet but  asking the way to Zion. Here is, (1.) The joyful news that Philip brought to Nathanael, v. 45. As Andrew before, so Philip here, having got some knowledge of Christ himself, rests not till he has  made manifest the savour of that knowledge. Philip, though newly come to an acquaintance with Christ himself, yet steps aside to seek Nathanael. Note, When we have the fairest opportunities of getting good to our own souls, yet ever then we must seek opportunities of doing good to the souls of others, remembering the words of Christ,  It is more blessed to give than to receive, Acts xx. 35. O, saith Philip,  we have found him of whom Moses and the prophets did write, Observe here, [1.] What a transport of joy Philip was in, upon this new acquaintance with Christ: "We have found him whom we have so often talked of, so long wished and waited for; at last,  he is come he is come, and  we have found him!" [2.] What an advantage it was to him that he was so well acquainted with the scriptures of the Old Testament, which prepared his mind for the reception of evangelical light, and made the entrance of it much the more easy:  Him of whom Moses and the prophets did write. What was written entirely and from eternity in the  book of the divine counsels was in part, at sundry times and in divers manners, copied out into the book of the  divine revelations. Glorious things were written there concerning the Seed of the woman, the Seed of Abraham, Shiloh, the prophet like Moses, the Son of David, Emmanuel, the Man, the Branch, Messiah the Prince. Philip had studied these things, and was full of them, which made him readily welcome Christ. [3.] What mistakes and weaknesses he laboured under: he called Christ  Jesus of Nazareth, whereas he was of  Bethlehem; and the  Son of Joseph, whereas he as but his  supposed Son. Young beginners in religion are subject to mistakes, which time and the grace of God will rectify. It was his weakness to say,  We have found him, for Christ found them before they found Christ. He did not yet  apprehend, as Paul did, how he was  apprehended of Christ Jesus, Phil. iii. 12. (2.) The objection which Nathanael made against this,  Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? v. 46. Here, [1.] His  caution was commendable, that he did not lightly assent to every thing that was said, but took it into examination; our rule is,  Prove all things. But, [2.] His objection arose from Ignorance. If he meant that no good thing could come out of Nazareth it was owing to his ignorance of the divine grace, as if that were less affected to one place than another, or tied itself to men's foolish and ill-natured observations. If he meant that the Messiah, that great good thing, could not come out of Nazareth, so far he was right (Moses, in the law, said that he should come out of Judah, and the prophets had assigned Bethlehem for the place of his nativity); but then he was ignorant of the matter of  fact, that this Jesus was born at Bethlehem; so that the blunder Philip made, in calling him  Jesus of Nazareth, occasioned this objection. Note, The mistakes of preachers often give rise to the prejudices of hearers. (3.) The short reply which Philip gave to this objection:  Come and see. [1.] It was his  weakness that he could not give a satisfactory answer to it; yet it is the common case of young beginners in religion. We may  know enough to  satisfy ourselves, and yet not be able to  say enough to  silence the cavils of a subtle adversary. [2.] It was his  wisdom and zeal that, when he could not answer the objection himself, he would have him go to one that could:  Come and see. Let us not stand arguing here, and raising difficulties to ourselves which we cannot get over; let us go and converse with Christ himself, and these difficulties will all vanish presently. Note, It is folly to spend that time in doubtful disputation which might be better spent, and to much better purpose, in the exercises of piety and devotion.  Come and see; not,  Go and see, but, " Come, and I will go along with thee;" as Isa. ii. 3; Jer. i. 5. From this parley between Philip and Nathanael, we may observe,  First, That many people are kept from the ways of religion by the unreasonable prejudices they have conceived against religion, upon the account of some foreign circumstances which do not at all touch the merits of the case.  Secondly, The best way to remove the prejudices they have entertained against religion is to prove themselves, and make trial of it. Let us not answer this matter before we hear it. 2. What passed between Nathanael and our Lord Jesus. He came and  saw, not in vain. (1.) Our Lord Jesus bore a very honourable testimony to Nathanael's integrity:  Jesus saw him coming, and met him with favourable encouragement; he said of him to those about him, Nathanael himself being within hearing,  Behold an Israelite indeed. Observe, [1.] That he  commended him; not to flatter him, or puff him up with a good conceit of himself, but perhaps because he knew him to be a  modest man, if not a  melancholy man, one that had hard and mean thoughts of himself, was ready to doubt his own sincerity; and Christ by this testimony put the matter out of doubt. Nathanael had, more than any of the candidates, objected against Christ; but Christ hereby showed that he excused it, and was not extreme to mark what he had said amiss, because he knew his heart was upright. He did not retort upon him,  Can any good thing come out of Cana (ch. xxi. 2), an obscure town in Galilee? But kindly gives him this character, to encourage us to hope for acceptance with Christ, notwithstanding our weakness, and to teach us to speak honourably of those who without cause have spoken slightly of us, and to give them their due praise. [2.] That he commended him for his '' integrity. First, Behold an Israelite indeed. It is Christ's prerogative to know what men are  indeed; we can but  hope the best. The whole nation were Israelites in name, but  all are not Israel that are of Israel (Rom. ix. 6); here, however, was  an Israelite indeed.'' 1. A sincere follower of the good example of Israel, whose character it was that he was a  plain man, in opposition to Esau's character of a  cunning man. He was a genuine son of  honest Jacob, not only of his  seed, but of his  spirit. 2. A sincere professor of the faith of Israel; he was true to the religion he professed, and lived up to it: he was really as good as he seemed, and his practice was  of a piece with his profession. He is the Jew that is one  inwardly (Rom. ii. 29), so is he '' the Christian. Secondly, He is one in whom is  no guile—that is the character of an Israelite indeed, a Christian indeed:  no guile towards men; a man without trick or design; a man that one may trust;  no guile towards God, that is, sincere in his repentance for sin; sincere in his covenanting with God; in whose spirit is  no guile,'' Ps. xxxii. 2. He does not say without  guilt, but without  guile. Though in many things he is foolish and forgetful, yet in nothing false, nor  wickedly departing from God: there is no allowed approved guilt in him; not painted, though he have his spots: " Behold this Israelite  indeed." 1. "Take notice of him, that you may learn his way, and do like him." 2. "Admire him;  behold, and  wonder." The hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees had so leavened the Jewish church and nation, and their religion was so degenerated into formality or state-policy, that an Israelite indeed was a  man wondered at, a miracle of divine grace, like Job, ch. i. 8. (2.) Nathanael is much surprised at this, upon which Christ gives him a further proof of his omnisciency, and a kind memorial of his former devotion. [1.] Here is Nathanael's modesty, in that he was soon put out of countenance at the kind notice Christ was pleased to take of him: " Whence knowest thou me, me that am unworthy of thy cognizance?  who am I, O Lord God?" 2 Sam. vii. 18. This was an evidence of his sincerity, that he did not catch at the praise he met with, but declined it. Christ knows us better than we know ourselves; we know not what is in a man's heart by looking in his face, but all things are naked and open before Christ, Heb. iv. 12, 13. Doth Christ know us? Let us covet to know him. [2.] Here is Christ's further  manifestation of himself to him: '' Before Philip called thee, I saw thee. First, He gives him to understand that he  knew him,'' and so manifests his divinity. It is God's prerogative infallibly to know all persons and all things; by this Christ proved himself to be God upon many occasions. It was prophesied concerning the Messiah that he should be of  quick understanding in the fear of the Lord, that is, in judging the sincerity and degree of the fear of God in others, and that he should not  judge after the sight of his eyes, Isa. xi. 2, 3. Here he answers that prediction. See 2 Tim. ii. 19.  Secondly, That before Philip called him he saw him under the fig-tree; this manifests a particular kindness for him. 1. His eye was towards him before Philip called him, which was the first time that ever Nathanael was acquainted with Christ. Christ has knowledge of us before we have any knowledge of him; see Isa. xlv. 4; Gal. iv. 9. 2. His eye was upon him when he as  under the fig-tree; this was a private token which nobody understood but Nathanael: "When thou wast retired  under the fig-tree in thy garden, and thoughtest that no eye saw thee, I have then my eye upon thee, and saw that which was very acceptable." It is most probable that Nathanael under the fig-tree was employed, as Isaac in the field, in meditation, and prayer, and communion with God. Perhaps then and there it was that he solemnly joined himself to the Lord in an inviolable covenant. Christ saw in secret, and by this public notice of it did in part reward him openly.  Sitting under the fig-tree denotes quietness and composedness of spirit, which much befriend communion with God. See Mic. iv. 4; Zech. iii. 10. Nathanael here in was an Israelite indeed, that, like Israel, he  wrestled with God alone (Gen. xxxii. 24), prayed not like the hypocrites, in the corners of the streets, but under the fig-tree. (3.) Nathanael hereby obtained a full assurance of faith in Jesus Christ, expressed in that noble acknowledgment (v. 49):  Rabbi, thou art the Son of God, thou art the king of Israel; that is, in short, thou art the true Messiah. Observe here, [1.] How  firmly he believed  with the heart. Though he had lately laboured under some prejudices concerning Christ, they had now all vanished. Note, The grace of God, in working faith, casts down imaginations. Now he asks no more,  Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? For he believes Jesus of Nazareth to be the chief good, and embraces him accordingly. [2.] How  freely he confessed  with the mouth. His confession is made in form of an adoration, directed to our Lord Jesus himself, which is a proper way of confessing our faith.  First, He confesses Christ's prophetical office, in calling him  Rabbi, a title which the Jews commonly gave to their teachers. Christ is the great rabbi, at whose feet we must all be '' brought up. Secondly, He confesses his divine nature and mission, in calling him the Son of God (that Son of God spoken of Ps. ii. 7); though he had but a human  form and  aspect, yet having a divine knowledge, the knowledge of the heart, and of things distant and secret, Nathanael thence concludes him to be the  Son of God. Thirdly, He confesses, " Thou art the king of Israel;'' that king of Israel whom we have been long waiting for." If he be the Son of God, he is king of the Israel of God. Nathanael hereby proves himself an Israelite indeed that he so readily owns and submits to the king of Israel. (4.) Christ hereupon raises the hopes and expectations of Nathanael to something further and greater than all this, v. 50, 51. Christ is very tender of young converts, and will encourage good beginnings, though weak, Matt. xii. 20. [1.] He here signifies his acceptance, and (it should seem) his admiration, of the ready faith of Nathanael:  Because I said, I saw thee under the fig-tree, believest thou? He wonders that such a small indication of Christ's divine knowledge should have such an effect; it was a sign that Nathanael's heart was prepared beforehand, else the work had not been done so suddenly. Note, It is much for the honour of Christ and his grace, when the heart is surrendered to him at the first summons. [2.] He promises him much greater helps for the confirmation and increase of his faith than he had had for the first production of it.  First, In general: " Thou shalt see greater things than these, stronger proofs of my being the Messiah;" the miracles of Christ, and his resurrection. Note, 1. To him that hath, and maketh good use of what he hath, more shall be given. 2. Those who truly believe the gospel will find its evidences grow upon them, and will see more and more cause to believe it. 3. Whatever discoveries Christ is pleased to make of himself to his people while they are here in this world, he hath still greater things than these to make known to them; a glory yet further  to be revealed.  Secondly, In particular: "Not thou only, but you, all you my disciples, whose faith this is intended for the confirmation of, you  shall see heaven opened;" this is more than telling Nathanael of his being under the fig-tree. This is introduced with a solemn preface,  Verily, verily I say unto you, which commands both a  fixed attention to what is said as very weighty, and a  full assent to it as undoubtedly true: "I say it, whose word you may rely upon,  amen, amen." None used this word at the beginning of a sentence but Christ, though the Jews often used it at the close of a prayer, and sometimes doubled it. It is a solemn asseveration. Christ is called the  Amen (Rev. iii. 14), and so some take it here,  I the Amen, the Amen, say unto you. I the faithful witness. Note, The assurances we have of the glory to be revealed are built upon the word of Christ. Now see what it is that Christ assures them of:  Hereafter, or  within awhile, or  ere long, or henceforth, ye shall see heaven opened.  a. It is a mean title that Christ here takes to himself:  The Son of man; a title frequently applied to him in the gospel, but always by himself. Nathanael had called him the  Son of God and  king of Israel: he calls himself  Son of man, ( a.) To express his  humility in the midst of the honours done him. ( b.) To teach his  humanity, which is to be believed as well as his divinity. ( c.) To intimate his present state of humiliation, that Nathanael might not expect this king of Israel to appear in external pomp.  b. Yet they are great things which he here foretels:  You shall see heaven opened, and  the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man. ( a.) Some understand it literally, as pointing at some particular event. Either, [ a.] There was some vision of Christ's glory, in which this was exactly fulfilled, which Nathanael was an eye-witness of, as Peter, and James, and John were of his transfiguration. There were many things which Christ did, and those in the presence of his disciples, which were not written (ch. xx. 30), and why not this? Or, [ b.] It was fulfilled in the many ministrations of the angels to our Lord Jesus, especially that at his ascension, when heaven was opened to receive him, and the angels  ascended and  descended, to attend him and to do him honour, and this in the sight of the disciples. Christ's ascension was the great proof of his mission, and much confirmed the faith of his disciples, ch. vi. 62. Or, [ c.] It may refer to Christ's second coming, to judge the world, when the heavens shall be  open, and every eye shall see him, and the angels of God shall ascend and descend about him, as attendants on him, every one employed; and a busy day it will be. See 2 Thess. i. 10. ( b.) Others take it figuratively, as speaking of a state or series of things to commence  from henceforth; and so we may understand it, [ a.] Of Christ's  miracles. Nathanael believed, because Christ, as the prophets of old, could tell him things secret; but what is this? Christ is now beginning a dispensation of miracles, much more great and strange than this, as if heaven were opened; and such a power shall be exerted by the Son of man as if the angels, which excel in strength, were continually attending his orders. Immediately after this, Christ began to work miracles, ch. ii. 11. Or, [ b.] Of his  mediation, and that blessed intercourse which he hath settled between heaven and earth, which his disciples should be degrees be let into the mystery of.  First, By Christ, as Mediator, they shall see  heaven opened, that we may  enter into the holiest by his blood (Heb. x. 19, 20); heaven opened, that by faith we may  look in, and at length may  go in; may now behold the glory of the Lord, and hereafter enter into the joy of our Lord. And,  Secondly, They shall  see angels ascending and descending upon the Son of man. Through Christ we have communion with and benefit by the holy angels, and things in heaven and things on earth are  reconciled and  gathered together. Christ is to us as Jacob's ladder (Gen. xxviii. 12), by whom angels continually ascend and descend for the good of the saints.

=CHAP. 2.= ''In the close of the foregoing chapter we had an account of the first disciples whom Jesus called, Andrew and Peter, Philip and Nathanael. These were the first-fruits to God and to the Lamb, Rev. xiv. 4. Now, in this chapter, we have, I. The account of the first miracle which Jesus wrought-turning water into wine, at Cana of Galilee''

(ver. 1-11), and his appearing at Capernaum, ver. 12. II. The account of the first passover he kept at Jerusalem after he began his public ministry; his driving the buyers and sellers out of the temple (ver. 13-17); and the sign he gave to those who quarrelled with him for it (ver. 18-22), with an account of some almost believers, that followed him, thereupon, for some time (ver. 23-25), but he knew them too well to put any confidence in them.

Water Turned into Wine.
$1$ And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: $2$ And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. $3$ And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have no wine. $4$ Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. $5$ His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do  it. 6 And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece. $7$ Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. $8$ And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the governor of the feast. And they bare  it. $9$ When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, $10$ And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse:  but thou hast kept the good wine until now. $11$ This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him. We have here the story of Christ's miraculous conversion of water into wine at a marriage in Cana of Galilee. There were some few so well disposed as to believe in Christ, and to follow him, when he  did no miracle; yet it was not likely that many should be wrought upon till he had something wherewith to answer those that asked,  What sign showest thou? He could have wrought miracles before, could have made them the common actions of his life and the common entertainments of his friends; but, miracles being designed for the sacred and solemn seals of his doctrine, he began not to work any till he began to preach his doctrine. Now observe, I. The occasion of this miracle. Maimonides observes it to be to the honour of Moses that all the signs he did in the wilderness he did  upon necessity; we needed food, he brought us manna, and so did Christ. Observe, 1. The time: the  third day after he came into Galilee. The evangelist keeps a journal of occurrences, for no day passed without something extraordinary done or said. Our Master filled up his time better than his servants do, and never lay down at night complaining, as the Roman emperor did, that he had  lost a day. 2. The place: it was at Cana in Galilee, in the tribe of Asher (Josh. xix. 28), of which, before, it was said that  he shall yield royal dainties, Gen. xlix. 20. Christ began to work miracles in an obscure corner of the country, remote from Jerusalem, which was the public scene of action, to show that he  sought not honour from men (ch. v. 41), but would put honour  upon the lowly. His doctrine and miracles would not be so much opposed by the plain and honest Galileans as they would be by the proud and prejudiced rabbies, politicians, and grandees, at Jerusalem. 3. The occasion itself was a  marriage; probably one or both of the parties were akin to our Lord Jesus. The  mother of Jesus is said to be  there, and not to be  called, as Jesus and his disciples were, which intimates that she was there as one at home. Observe the honour which Christ hereby put upon the ordinance of marriage, that he graced the solemnity of it, not only with his presence, but with his first miracle; because it was instituted and blessed in innocency, because by it he would still  seek a godly seed, because it resembles the mystical union between him and his church, and because he foresaw that in the papal kingdom, while the marriage ceremony would be unduly  dignified and advanced into a  sacrament, the  married state would be unduly  vilified, as inconsistent with any sacred function. There was a  marriage— gamos, a  marriage-feast, to grace the solemnity. Marriages were usually celebrated with festivals (Gen. xxix. 22; Judg. xiv. 10), in token of joy and friendly respect, and for the confirming of love. 4. Christ and his mother and disciples were principal guests at this entertainment.  The mother of Jesus (that was her most honourable title)  was there; no mention being made of Joseph, we conclude him dead before this. Jesus was  called, and he came, accepted the invitation, and feasted with them, to teach us to be  respectful to our relations, and  sociable with them, though they be mean. Christ was to come in a way different from that of John Baptist, who came  neither eating nor drinking, Matt. xi. 18, 19. It is the wisdom of the prudent to study how to  improve conversation rather than how to  decline it. (1.)  There was a marriage, and Jesus was called. Note, [1.] It is very desirable, when there is a  marriage, to have Jesus Christ  present at it; to have his spiritual gracious presence, to have the marriage owned and blessed by him: the  marriage is then  honourable indeed; and they that  marry in the Lord (1 Cor. vii. 39) do not marry  without him. [2.] They that would have Christ with them at their marriage must invite him by prayer; that is the messenger that must be sent to heaven for him; and he will come:  Thou shalt call, and I will answer. And he will turn the water into wine. (2.) The disciples also were invited, those five whom he had called ( ch. 1), for as yet he had no more; they were his family, and were invited with him. They had thrown themselves upon his care, and they soon found that, though he had no wealth, he had good friends. Note, [1.] Those that  follow Christ shall  feast with him, they shall  fare as he  fares, so he has  bespoken for them (ch. xii. 26):  Where I am, there shall my servant be also. [2.] Love to Christ is testified by a love to those that are his, for his sake;  our goodness extendeth not to him, but  to the saints. Calvin observes how  generous the maker of the feast was, though he seems to have been but of small substance, to invite four or five strangers more than he thought of, because they were followers of Christ, which shows, saith he, that there is more of freedom, and liberality, and true friendship, in the conversation of some meaner persons than among many of higher rank. II. The miracle itself. In which observe, 1. They  wanted wine, v. 3. (1.) There was  want at a  feast; though much was provided, yet all was spent. While we are in this world we sometimes find ourselves  in straits, even then when we think ourselves in the  fulness of our sufficiency. If always  spending, perhaps all is spent ere we are aware. (2.) There was want at a  marriage feast. Note, They who, being  married, are come to  care for the things of the world must expect  trouble in the flesh, and count upon disappointment. (3.) It should seem, Christ and his disciples were the occasion of this want, because there was more company than was expected when the provision was made; but they who straiten themselves for Christ shall not lose by him. 2. The  mother of Jesus solicited him to assist her friends in this strait. We are told (v. 3-5) what passed between Christ and his mother upon this occasion. (1.) She acquaints him with the difficulty they were in (v. 3):  She saith unto him, They have no wine. Some think that she did not expect from him any miraculous supply (he having as yet wrought no miracle), but that she would have him make some  decent excuse to the company, and make the best of it, to save the bridegroom's reputation, and keep him in countenance; or (as Calvin suggests) would have him make up the want of wine with some holy profitable discourse. But, most probably, she looked for a miracle; for she knew he was now appearing as the great prophet, like unto Moses, who so often seasonably supplied the wants of Israel; and, though this was his first public miracle, perhaps he had sometimes relieved her and her husband in their low estate. The bridegroom might have sent out for more wine, but she was for going to the fountain-head. Note, [1.] We ought to be concerned for the wants and straits of our friends, and not  seek our own things only. [2.] In our own and our friends' straits it is our wisdom and duty to apply ourselves to Christ by prayer. [3.] In our addresses to Christ, we must not prescribe to him, but humbly spread our case before him, and then  refer ourselves to him to do as he pleases. (2.) He gave her a reprimand for it, for he saw more amiss in it than we do, else he had not treated it thus.—Here is, [1.] The rebuke itself:  Woman, what have I to do with thee? As many as Christ loves, he rebukes and chastens. He calls her  woman, not  mother. When we begin to be assuming, we should be reminded what we are,  men and  women, frail, foolish, and corrupt. The question,  ti emoi kai soi, might be read,  What is that to me and thee? What is it to us if they do want? But it is always as we render it,  What have I to do with thee? as Judges xi. 12; 2 Sam. xvi. 10; Ezra iv. 3; Matt. viii. 29. It therefore bespeaks a resentment, yet not at all inconsistent with the reverence and subjection which he paid to his mother, according to the fifth commandment (Luke ii. 51); for there was a time when it was Levi's praise that he  said to his father, I have not known him, Deut. xxxiii. 9. Now this was intended to be,  First, A check to his mother for interposing in a matter which was the act of his Godhead, which had no dependence on her, and which she was not the mother of. Though, as man, he was David's Son and hers; yet, as God, he was David's Lord and hers, and he would have her know it. The greatest advancements must not make us forget ourselves and our place, nor the familiarity to which the covenant of grace admits us breed contempt, irreverence, or any kind or degree of presumption.  Secondly, It was an instruction to others of his relations (many of whom were present here) that they must never expect him to have any regard to his kindred according to the flesh, in his working miracles, or that therein he should gratify them, who in this matter were no more to him than other people. In the things of God we must not '' know faces. Thirdly, It is a standing testimony against that idolatry which he foresaw his church would in after-ages sink into, in giving undue honours to the virgin Mary, a crime which the Roman catholics, as they call themselves, are notoriously guilty of, when they call her the  queen of heaven, the  salvation of the world, their  mediatrix, their  life'' and  hope; not only depending upon her merit and intercession, but beseeching her to  command her Son to do them good: '' Monstra te esse matrem—Show that thou art his mother. Jussu matris impera salvatori—Lay thy maternal commands on the Saviour. Does he not here expressly say, when a miracle was to be wrought, even in the days of his humiliation, and his mother did but tacitly hint an intercession,  Woman, what have I to do with thee? This was plainly designed either to  prevent or  aggravate'' such gross idolatry, such horrid blasphemy. The Son of God is appointed our Advocate with the Father; but the mother of our Lord was never designed to be our advocate with the Son. [2.] The reason of this rebuke:  Mine hour is not yet come. For every thing Christ did, and that was done to him, he had  his hour, the  fixed time and the  fittest time, which was punctually observed.  First, "Mine hour for  working miracles is not yet come." Yet afterwards he wrought this, before the hour, because he foresaw it would confirm the faith of his infant disciples (v. 11), which was the end of all his miracles: so that this was an earnest of the many miracles he would work when his '' hour was come. Secondly, "Mine hour of working miracles  openly is  not yet come; therefore do not talk of it thus  publicly." Thirdly, "It  not the hour of my exemption from thy authority  yet come,'' now that I have begun to act as a prophet?" So Gregory Nyssen.  Fourthly, "Mine hour for working  this miracle is not yet come." His mother moved him to help them  when the wine began to fail (so it may be read, v. 3), but his hour was not yet come till it was quite spent, and there was a  total want; not only to prevent any suspicion of mixing some of the wine that was left with the water, but to teach us that man's extremity is God's opportunity to appear for the help and relief of his people. Then  his hour is come when we are reduced to the utmost strait, and know not what to do. This encouraged those that waited for him to believe that though his hour was not  yet come it would come. Note, The delays of mercy are not to be construed the denials of prayer.  At the end it shall speak. (3.) Notwithstanding this, she encouraged herself with expectations that he would help her friends in this strait, for she bade the servants  observe his orders, v. 5. [1.] She took the reproof very submissively, and did not reply to it. It is best not to deserve reproof from Christ, but next best to be meek and quiet under it, and to count it a kindness, Ps. cxli. 5. [2.] She kept her hope in Christ's mercy, that he would yet grant her desire. When we come to God in Christ for any mercy, two things discourage us:— First, Sense of  our own follies and infirmities "Surely such imperfect prayers as ours cannot speed."  Secondly, Sense of  our Lord's frowns and rebukes. Afflictions are continued, deliverances delayed, and God seems angry at our prayers. This was the case of the mother of our Lord here, and yet she encourages herself with hope that he will at length give in an answer of peace, to teach us to wrestle with God by faith and fervency in prayer, even when he seems in his providence to walk contrary to us. We must  against hope believe in hope, Rom. iv. 18. [3.] She directed the servants to have an eye  to him immediately, and not to make their applications to her, as it is probable  they had done. She quits all pretensions to an  influence upon him, or  intercession with him; let their souls  wait only on him, Ps. lxii. 5. [4.] She directed them punctually to observe his orders, without disputing, or asking questions. Being conscious to herself of a fault in  prescribing to him, she cautions the servants to take heed of the same fault, and to attend both his time and his way for supply: " Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it, though you may think it ever so improper. If he saith, Give the guests water, when they call for wine, do it. If he saith, Pour out from the bottoms of the vessels that are spent, do it. He can make a few drops of wine multiply to so many draughts." Note, Those that expect Christ's  favours must with an implicit obedience observe his  orders. The way of duty is the way to mercy; and Christ's methods must not be objected against. (4.) Christ did at length miraculously supply them; for he is often better than his word, but never worse. [1.] The miracle itself was  turning water into wine; the substance of water acquiring a new form, and having all the accidents and qualities of wine. Such a  transformation is a  miracle; but the popish  transubstantiation, the substance changed, the accidents remaining the same, is a monster. By this Christ showed himself to be the God of nature, who maketh the earth to bring forth wine, Ps. civ. 14, 15. The extracting of the blood of the grape every year from the moisture of the earth is no less a work of power, though, being according to the common law of nature, it is not such a work of wonder, as this. The beginning of Moses's miracles was turning water into blood (Exod. iv. 9; vii. 20), the beginning of Christ's miracles was turning water into wine; which intimates the difference between the law of Moses and the gospel of Christ. The curse of the law turns water into blood, common comforts into bitterness and terror; the blessing of the gospel turns water into wine. Christ hereby showed that his errand into the world was to heighten and improve creature-comforts to all believers, and make them comforts indeed. Shiloh is said to  wash his garments in wine (Gen. xlix. 11), the water for washing being  turned into wine. And the gospel call is,  Come ye to the waters, and buy wine, Isa. lv. 1. [2.] The circumstances of it magnified it and freed it from all suspicion of cheat or collusion; for,  First, It was done in water-pots (v. 6):  There were set there six water-pots of stone. Observe, 1. For what use these water-pots were intended: for the legal purifications from ceremonial pollutions enjoined by the law of God, and many more by the tradition of the elders. The  Jews eat not, except they wash often (Mark vii. 3), and they used much water in their washing, for which reason here were six large water-pots provided. It was a saying among them,  Qui mult&#226; utitur aqu&#226; in lavando, multas consequetur in hoc mundo divitias—He who uses much water in washing will gain much wealth in this world. 2. To what use Christ put them, quite different from what they were intended for; to be the receptacles of the miraculous wine. Thus Christ came to bring in the grace of the gospel, which is as  wine, that cheereth God and man (Judg. ix. 13), instead of the shadows of the law, which were as water,  weak and beggarly elements. These were  water-pots, that had never been used to have wine in them; and of  stone, which is not apt to retain the scent of former liquors, if ever they had had wine in them. They contained  two or three firkins apiece; two or three  measures, baths, or  ephahs; the quantity is uncertain, but very considerable. We may be sure that it was not intended to be all drank at this feast, but for a further kindness to the new-married couple, as the multiplied oil was to the poor widow, out of which she might  pay her debt, and  live of the rest, 2 Kings iv. 7. Christ gives like himself, gives abundantly, according to his riches in glory. It is the penman's language to say,  They contained two or three firkins, for the Holy Spirit could have ascertained just how much; thus (as ch. vi. 19) teaching us to speak cautiously, and not confidently, of those things of which we have not good assurance.  Secondly, The water-pots were filled  up to the brim by the servants at Christ's word, v. 7. As Moses, the servant of the Lord, when God bade him, went to the rock, to draw water; so these servants, when Christ bade them, went to the water, to fetch wine. Note, Since no difficulties can be opposed to the arm of God's power, no improbabilities are to be objected against the word of his command.  Thirdly, The miracle was wrought suddenly, and in such a manner as greatly magnified it.  a. As soon as they had filled the water-pots, presently he said,  Draw out now (v. 8), and it was done, ( a.) Without any ceremony, in the eye of the spectators. One would have thought, as Naaman, he should have come out, and  stood, and  called on the name of God, 2 Kings v. 11. No, he sits still in his place, says not a word, but  wills the thing, and so works it. Note, Christ does great things and marvellous  without noise, works manifest changes in a hidden way. Sometimes Christ, in working miracles, used words and signs, but it was  for their sakes that stood by, ch. xi. 42. ( b.) Without any hesitation or uncertainty in his own breast. He did not say,  Draw out now, and let me  taste it, questioning whether the thing were done as he willed it or no; but with the greatest assurance imaginable, though it was his  first miracle, he recommends it to the master of the feast  first. As he knew what he  would do, so he knew what he  could do, and made no essay in his work; but all was good, very good, even in the beginning.  b. Our Lord Jesus directed the servants, ( a.) To  draw it out; not to let it alone in the vessel, to be admired, but to  draw it out, to be drank. Note, [ a.] Christ's works are all  for use; he gives no man a talent to be  buried, but to be  traded with. Has he turned thy water into wine, given thee knowledge and grace? It is to  profit withal; and therefore  draw out now. [ b.] Those that would know Christ must make trial of him, must attend upon him in the use of ordinary means, and then may expect extraordinary influence. That which is  laid up for all that  fear God is  wrought for those that trust in him (Ps. xxxi. 19), that by the exercise of faith  draw out what is  laid up. ( b.) To present it to  the governor of the feast. Some think that this  governor of the feast was only the chief guest, that sat at the upper end of the table; but, if so, surely our Lord Jesus should have had that place, for he was, upon all accounts, the principal guest; but it seems another had the uppermost room, probably one that  loved it (Matt. xxiii. 6), and  chose it, Luke xiv. 7. And Christ, according to his own rule,  sat down in the lowest room; but, though he was not treated as the Master of the feast, he kindly approved himself a friend to the feast, and, if not its founder, yet its best benefactor. Others think that this  governor was the inspector and monitor of the feast: the same with Plutarch's  symposiarcha, whose office it was to see that each had enough, and none did exceed, and that there were no indecencies or disorders. Note, Feasts have need of governors, because too many, when they are at feasts, have not the government of themselves. Some think that this  governor was the  chaplain, some priest or Levite that craved a blessing and gave thanks, and Christ would have the cup brought to him, that he might bless it, and bless God for it; for the extraordinary tokens of Christ's presence and power were not to supersede, or jostle out, the ordinary rules and methods of piety and devotion.  Fourthly, The wine which was thus miraculously provided was of the best and richest kind, which was acknowledged by the governor of the feast; and that it was really so, and not his fancy, is certain, because he knew not whence it was, v. 9, 10. 1. It was certain that this was  wine. The governor knew this when he drank it, though he knew not  whence it was; the servants knew whence it was, but had not yet tasted it. If the taster had seen the drawing of it, or the drawers had had the tasting of it, something might have been imputed to fancy; but now no room is left for suspicion. 2. That it was the best wine. Note, Christ's works commend themselves even to those that know not their author. The products of miracles were always the best in their kind. This wine had a  stronger body, and  better flavour, than ordinary. This the governor of the feast takes notice of to the bridegroom, with an air of pleasantness, as  uncommon. (1.) The common method was otherwise. Good wine is brought out to the best advantage at the beginning of a feast, when the guests have their heads clear and their appetites fresh, and can relish it, and will commend it; but  when they have well drank, when their heads are confused, and their appetites palled, good wine is but thrown away upon them, worse will serve then. See the vanity of all the pleasures of sense; they soon surfeit, but never satisfy; the longer they are enjoyed, the less pleasant they grow. (2.) This bridegroom obliged his friends with a reserve of the best wine for the grace-cup:  Thou hast kept the good wine until now; not knowing to whom they were indebted for this good wine, he returns the thanks of the table to the bridegroom.  She did not know that I gave her corn and wine, Hos. ii. 8. Now, [1.] Christ, in providing thus plentifully for the guests, though he hereby allows a sober cheerful use of wine, especially in times of rejoicing (Neh. viii. 10), yet he does not invalidate his own caution, nor invade it, in the least, which is, that our hearts be not  at any time, no not at a marriage feast,  overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness, Luke xxi. 34. When Christ provided so much  good wine for them that had  well drunk, he intended to try their sobriety, and to teach them  how to abound, as well as  how to want. Temperance  per force is a thankless virtue; but if divine providence gives us abundance of the delights of sense, and divine grace enables us to use them moderately, this is self-denial that is praiseworthy. He also intended that some should be left for the confirmation of the truth of the miracle to the faith of others. And we have reason to think that the guests at this table were so well  taught, or at least were now so well awed by the presence of Christ, that none of them abused this wine to excess. Theses two considerations, drawn from this story, may be sufficient at any time to fortify us against temptations to intemperance:  First, That our meat and drink are the  gifts of God's bounty to us, and we owe our liberty to use them, and our comfort in the use of them, to the mediation of Christ; it is therefore ungrateful and impious to abuse them.  Secondly, That, wherever we are, Christ has his eye upon us; we should  eat bread before God (Exod. xviii. 12), and then we should not  feed ourselves without fear. [2.] He has given us a specimen of the method he takes in dealing with those that deal with him, which is, to reserve the  best for the  last, and therefore they must  deal upon trust. The recompence of their services and sufferings is reserved for the other world; it is a glory  to be revealed. The pleasures of sin give their colour in the cup, but  at the last bite; but the pleasures of religion will be  pleasures for evermore. III. In the conclusion of this story (v. 11) we are told, 1. That this was  the beginning of miracles which Jesus did. Many miracles had been wrought  concerning him at his birth and baptism, and he himself was the greatest miracle of all; but this was the first that was wrought  by him. He could have wrought miracles when he disputed with the doctors, but his hour was not come. He had power, but there was a  time of the hiding of his power. 2. That herein he  manifested his glory; hereby he proved himself to be the Son of God, and his glory to be that of the only-begotten of the Father. He also discovered the nature and end of his office; the power of a God, and the grace of a Saviour, appearing in all his miracles, and particularly in this, manifested the glory of the long-expected Messiah. 3. That  his disciples believed on him. Those whom he had called (ch. i.), who had seen no miracle, and yet followed him, now saw this, shared in it, and had their faith strengthened by it. Note, (1.) Even the faith that is true is at first but weak. The strongest men were once babes, so were the strongest Christians. (2.) The manifesting of the glory of Christ is the great confirmation of the faith of Christians.

Temple-Merchandise Punished; Christ's Death and Resurrection Foretold.
$12$ After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, and his brethren, and his disciples: and they continued there not many days. $13$ And the Jews' passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem, $14$ And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: $15$ And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep, and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables; 16 And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things hence; make not my Father's house a house of merchandise. $17$ And his disciples remembered that it was written, The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up. $18$ Then answered the Jews and said unto him, What sign showest thou unto us, seeing that thou doest these things? $19$ Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. $20$ Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days? $21$ But he spake of the temple of his body. $22$ When therefore he was risen from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this unto them; and they believed the scripture, and the word which Jesus had said. Here we have, I. The short visit Christ made to Capernaum, v. 12. It was a large and populous city, about a day's journey from Cana; it is called  his own city (Matt. ix. 1), because he made it his head-quarters in Galilee, and what little rest he had was there. It was a place of concourse, and  therefore Christ chose it, that the fame of his doctrine and miracles might thence spread the further. Observe, 1. The company that attended him thither:  his mother, his brethren, and his disciples. Wherever Christ went, (1.) He  would not go alone, but would take those with him who had put themselves under his guidance, that he might instruct them, and that they might attest his miracles. (2.) He  could not go alone, but they would follow him, because they liked the sweetness either of his doctrine or of his wine, ch. vi. 26. His mother, though he had lately given her to understand that in the works of his ministry he should pay no more respect to her than to any other person, yet followed him; not to intercede with him, but to learn of him. His  brethren also and relations, who were at the marriage and were wrought upon by the miracle there, and  his disciples, who attended him wherever he went. It should seem, people were more affected with Christ's miracles at first than they were afterwards, when custom made them seem less strange. 2. His continuance there, which was at this time  not many days, designing now only to  begin the acquaintance he would afterwards  improve there. Christ was still upon the remove, would not confine his usefulness to  one place, because  many needed him. And he would teach his followers to look upon themselves but as  sojourners in this world, and his ministers to follow their opportunities, and go where their work led them. We do not now find Christ in the synagogues, but he privately instructed his friends, and thus entered upon his work  by degrees. It is good for young ministers to accustom themselves to pious and edifying discourse in private, that they may with the better preparation, and greater awe, approach their public work. He did not stay long at Capernaum, because the passover was at hand, and he must attend it at Jerusalem; for every thing is beautiful in its season. The less good must give way to the greater, and all the dwellings of Jacob must give place to the gates of Zion. II. The passover he kept at Jerusalem; it is the  first after his baptism, and the evangelist takes notice of all the passovers he kept henceforward, which were four in all, the  fourth that at which he suffered (three years after this), and half a year was now past since his baptism. Christ, being  made under the law, observed the passover at Jerusalem; see Exod. xxiii. 17. Thus he taught us by his example a strict observance of divine institutions, and a diligent attendance on religious assemblies. He went up to Jerusalem when  the passover was at hand, that he might be there  with the first. It is called  the Jews' passover, because it was peculiar to them (Christ is  our Passover); now shortly God will no longer own it for his. Christ kept the passover at Jerusalem yearly, ever since he was twelve years old, in obedience to the law; but now that he has entered upon his public ministry we may expect something more from him than before; and two things we are here told he did there:— 1. He  purged the temple, v. 14-17. Observe here, (1.) The first place we find him in at Jerusalem was the  temple, and, it should seem, he did not make any public appearance till he came thither; for his presence and preaching there were that glory of the latter house which was to  exceed the glory of the former, Hag. ii. 9. It was foretold (Mal. iii. 1):  I will send my messenger, John Baptist; he never preached in the temple, but  the Lord, whom ye seek, he shall  suddenly come to his temple, suddenly after the appearing of John Baptist; so that this was the time, and the temple the place, when, and where, the Messiah was to be expected. (2.) The first work we find him at in the temple was the  purging of it; for so it was foretold there (Mal. iii. 2, 3):  He shall sit as a refiner and purify the sons of Levi. Now was come the  time of reformation. Christ came to be the great reformer; and, according to the method of the reforming kings of Judah, he first  purged out what was amiss (and that used to be passover-work too, as in Hezekiah's time, 2 Chron. xxx. 14, 15, and Josiah's, 2 Kings xxiii. 4, &c.), and then taught them to do well. First  purge out the old leaven, and then  keep the feast. Christ's design in coming into the world was to reform the world; and he expects that all who come to him should reform their hearts and lives, Gen. xxxv. 2. And this he has taught us by purging the temple. See here, [1.] What were the corruptions that were to be purged out. He found a market in one of the courts of the temple, that which was called the  court of the Gentiles, within the  mountain of that house. There,  First, They sold  oxen, and sheep, and doves, for sacrifice; we will suppose, not for common use, but for the convenience of those who came out of the country, and could not bring their sacrifices  in kind along with them; see Deut. xiv. 24-26. This  market perhaps had been kept by the pool of Bethesda (ch. v. 2), but was admitted into the temple by the chief priests, for filthy lucre; for, no doubt, the rents for standing there, and fees for searching the beasts sold there, and certifying that they were  without blemish, would be a considerable revenue to them. Great corruptions in the church owe their rise to the love of money, 1 Tim. vi. 5, 10.  Secondly, They  changed money, for the convenience of those that were to pay a half-shekel  in specie every year, by way of poll, for the service of the tabernacle (Exod. xxx. 12), and no doubt they got by it. [2.] What course our Lord took to purge out those corruptions. He had seen these in the temple formerly, when he was in a private station; but never went about to drive them out till now, when he had taken upon him the public character of a prophet. He did not complain to the chief priests, for he knew they countenanced those corruptions. But he himself,  First, Drove out the sheep and oxen, and those that  sold them, out of the temple. He never used  force to drive any  into the temple, but only to drive those out that profaned it. He did not seize the sheep and oxen for himself, did not  distrain and impound them, though he found them  damage faissant-actual trespassers upon his Father's ground; he only drove them out, and their owners with them. He made a scourge of  small cords, which probably they had led their sheep and oxen with, and thrown them away upon the ground, whence Christ gathered them. Sinners prepare the scourges with which they themselves will be driven out from the temple of the Lord. He did not make a scourge to chastise the offenders (his punishments are of another nature), but only to drive out the cattle; he aimed no further than at reformation. See Rom. xiii. 3, 4; 2 Cor. x. 8.  Secondly, He  poured out the changers' money,  to kerma— the small money—the  Nummorum Famulus. In  pouring out the money, he showed his contempt of it; he threw it to the ground, to the earth as it  was. In  overthrowing the tables, he showed his displeasure against those that make religion a matter of worldly gain. Money-changers in the temple are the scandal of it. Note, In reformation, it is good to make thorough work; he  drove them all out; and not only threw out the money, but, in overturning the tables, threw out the trade too.  Thirdly, He said to them that sold doves (sacrifices for the poor),  Take these things hence. The doves, though they took up less room, and were a less nuisance than the oxen and sheep, yet must not be allowed there. The sparrows and swallows were welcome, that were left to God's providence (Ps. lxxxiv. 3), but not the doves, that were appropriated to man's profit. God's temple must not be made a pigeon-house. But see Christ's prudence in his zeal. When he drove out the sheep and oxen, the owners might follow them; when he poured out the money, they might gather it up again; but, if he had turned the doves flying, perhaps they could not have been retrieved; therefore to them that sold doves he said,  Take these things hence. Note, Discretion must always guide and govern our zeal, that we do nothing unbecoming ourselves, or mischievous to others.  Fourthly, He gave them a good reason for what he did:  Make not my Father's house a house of merchandise. Reason for conviction should accompany force for correction.  a. Here is a reason why they should not profane the temple, because it was the  house of God, and not to be made a house of merchandise. Merchandise is a good thing in the exchange, but not in the temple. This was, ( a.) to  alienate that which was dedicated to the honour of God; it was  sacrilege; it was robbing God. ( b.) It was to debase that which was solemn and awful, and to make it mean. ( c.) It was to disturb and distract those services in which men ought to be most solemn, serious, and intent. It was particularly an affront to the  sons of the stranger in their worship to be forced to herd themselves with the sheep and oxen, and to be distracted in their worship by the noise of a market, for this market was kept in the court of the Gentiles. ( d.) It was to make the business of religion subservient to a secular interest; for the holiness of the place must advance the market, and promote the sale of their commodities. Those make God's house a house of merchandise, [ a.] Whose minds are filled with cares about worldly business when they are attending on religious exercises, as those, Amos viii. 5; Ezek. xxxiii. 31. [ b.] Who perform divine offices for filthy lucre, and sell the gifts of the Holy Ghost, Acts viii. 18.  b. Here is a reason why he was concerned to purge it, because it  was his Father's house. And, ( a.) Therefore he had authority to purge it, for he was faithful, as a Son  over his own house. Heb. iii. 5, 6. In calling God his Father, he intimates that he was the Messiah, of whom it was said,  He shall build a house for my name, and I will be his Father, 2 Sam. vii. 13, 14. ( b.) Therefore he had a zeal for the purging of it: "It is  my Father's house, and therefore I cannot bear to see it profaned, and  him dishonoured." Note, If God be our Father in heaven, and it be therefore our desire that his name may be sanctified, it cannot but be our grief to see it polluted. Christ's purging the temple thus may justly be reckoned among his '' wonderful works. Inter omnia signa qu&#230; fecit Dominus, hoc mihi videtur esse mirabilius—Of all Christ's wonderful works this appears to me the most wonderful.''—Hieron. Considering, [ a.] That he did it without the  assistance of any of his  friends; probably it had been no hard matter to have raised the  mob, who had a great veneration for the temple, against these profaners of it; but Christ never countenanced any thing that was tumultuous or disorderly. There was one to  uphold, but his own arm did it. [ b.] That he did it without the  resistance of any of his  enemies, either the market-people themselves, or the chief priests that gave them their licences, and had the  posse templi—temple force, at their command. But the corruption was too plain to be justified; sinners' own consciences are reformers' best friends; yet that was not all, there was a divine power put forth herein, a power over the spirits of men; and in this non-resistance of theirs that scripture was fulfilled (Mal. iii. 2, 3),  Who shall stand when he appeareth?  Fifthly, Here is the remark which his disciples made upon it (v. 17):  They remembered that it was written, The Zeal of thine house hath eaten me up. They were somewhat surprised at first to see him to whom they were directed as the  Lamb of God in such a heat, and him whom they believed to be the  King of Israel take so little state upon him as to do this himself; but one scripture came to their thoughts, which taught them to reconcile this action both with the meekness of the  Lamb of God and with the majesty of the  King of Israel; for David, speaking of the Messiah, takes notice of his  zeal for God's house, as so great that it even  ate him up, it made him forget himself, Ps. lxix. 9. Observe, 1. The disciples came to understand the meaning of what Christ did, by remembering the scriptures:  They remembered now  that it was written. Note, The word of God and the works of God do mutually explain and illustrate each other. Dark scriptures are expounded by their accomplishment in providence, and difficult providences are made easy by comparing them with the scriptures. See of what great use it is to the disciples of Christ to be  ready and  mighty in the scriptures, and to have their memories well stored with scripture truths, by which they will be  furnished for every good work, 2. The scripture they remembered was very apposite:  The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up. David was in this a type of Christ that he was  zealous for God's house, Ps. cxxxii. 2, 3. What he did for it was  with all his might; see 1 Chron. xxix. 2. The latter part of that verse (Ps. lxix. 9) is applied to Christ (Rom. xv. 3), as the former part of it here. All the graces that were to be found among the Old-Testament saints were eminently in Christ, and particularly this of zeal for the house of God, and in them, as they were patterns to us, so they were types of him. Observe, (1.) Jesus Christ was zealously affected to the house of God, his church: he loved it, and was always jealous for its honour and welfare. (2.) This zeal did even  eat him up; it made him  humble himself, and  spend himself, and  expose himself.  My zeal has consumed me, Ps. cxix. 139. Zeal for the house of God forbids us to consult our own credit, ease, and safety, when they come in competition with our duty and Christ's service, and sometimes carries on our souls in our duty so far and so fast that our bodies cannot keep pace with them, and makes us as deaf as our Master was to those who suggested,  Spare thyself. The grievances here redressed might seem but small, and such as should have been connived at; but such was Christ's zeal that he could not bear even  those that '' sold and bought in the temple. Si ibi ebrios inveniret quid faceret Dominus!'' (saith St. Austin.)  If he had found drunkards in the temple, how much more would he have been displeased! 2. Christ, having thus purged the temple, gave a sign to those who demanded it to prove his authority for so doing. Observe here, (1.) Their demand of a sign:  Then answered the Jews, that is the multitude of the people, with their leaders. Being Jews, they should rather have stood by him, and assisted him to vindicate the honour of their temple; but, instead of this, they objected against it. Note, Those who apply themselves in good earnest to the work of reformation must expect to meet with opposition. When they could object nothing against the thing itself, they questioned his authority to do it: " What sign showest thou unto us, to prove thyself authorized and commissioned to do these things?" It was indeed a good work to purge the temple; but what had he to do to undertake it, who was in no office there? They looked upon it as an act of jurisdiction, and that he must prove himself  a prophet, yea, more than a prophet. But was not the thing itself sign enough? His ability to drive so many from their posts, without opposition, was a proof of his authority; he that was armed with such a divine power was surely armed with a divine commission.  What ailed these buyers and sellers,  that they fled, that they were driven back? Surely it was  at the presence of the Lord (Ps. cxiv. 5, 7), no less a presence. (2.) Christ's answer to this demand, v. 19. He did not immediately work a miracle to convince them, but gave them a sign in something  to come, the truth of which must appear by the event, according to Deut. xviii. 21, 22. Now, [1.] The sign that he gives them is his own  death and  resurrection. He refers them to that which would be,  First, His  last sign. If they would not be convinced by what they saw and heard, let them '' wait. Secondly, The  great sign'' to prove him to be the Messiah; for concerning him it was foretold that he should be bruised (Isa. liii. 5),  cut off (Dan. ix. 26), and yet that he should not see corruption, Ps. xvi. 10. These things were fulfilled in the blessed Jesus, and therefore  truly he was the Son of God, and had authority in the temple, his Father's house. [2.] He foretels his death and resurrection, not in plain terms, as he often did to his disciples, but in figurative expressions; as afterwards, when he gave this for a sign, he called it the  sign of the prophet Jonas, so here,  Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. Thus he spoke in parables to those who were willingly ignorant, that  they might not perceive, Matt. xiii. 13, 14. Those that will not see shall not see. Nay, this figurative speech used here proved such a  stumbling-block to them that it was produced in evidence against him at his trial to prove him a blasphemer. Matt. xxvi. 60, 61. Had they humbly asked him the meaning of what he said, he would have told them, and it had been a savour of life unto life to them, but they were resolved to cavil, and it proved a savour of death unto death. They that would not be convinced were hardened, and the manner of expressing this prediction occasioned the accomplishment of the prediction itself.  First, He foretels his death by the Jews' malice, in these words,  Destroy you this temple; that is, "You will destroy it, I know you will. I will permit you to destroy it." Note, Christ, even at the beginning of his ministry, had a clear foresight of all his sufferings at the end of it, and yet went on cheerfully in it. It is good, at  setting out, to expect the '' worst. Secondly, He foretels his resurrection by his own power: In  three days I will raise it up. There were others that  were raised,'' but Christ raised himself, resumed his own life. [3.] He chose to express this by  destroying and  re-edifying the temple,  First, Because he was now to justify himself in purging the temple, which they had profaned; as if he had said, "You that defile one temple will destroy another; and I will prove my authority to  purge what you have  defiled by  raising what you will  destroy." The profaning of the temple is the  destroying of it, and its reformation its '' resurrection. Secondly,'' Because the death of Christ was indeed the destruction of the Jewish temple, the procuring cause of it; and his resurrection was the raising up of another temple, the gospel church, Zech. vi. 12. The ruins of their place and  nation (ch. xi. 48) were the riches of the world. See Amos ix. 11; Acts xv. 16. (3.) Their cavil at this answer: " Forty and six years was this temple in building, v. 20. Temple work was always slow work, and canst thou make such quick work of it?" Now here, [1.] They show  some knowledge; they could tell how long the temple was in building. Dr. Lightfoot computes that it was just forty-six years from the founding of Zerubbabel's temple, in the second year of Cyrus, to the complete settlement of the temple service, in the 32nd year of Artaxerxes; and the same from Herod's beginning to build this temple, in the 18th year of his reign, to this very time, when the Jews said that this as just forty-six years:  okodomethe— hath this temple been built. [2.] They show  more ignorance, First, Of the  meaning of Christ's words. Note, Men often run into gross mistakes by understanding that literally which the scripture speaks figuratively. What abundance of mischief has been done by interpreting,  This is my body, after a corporal and carnal manner!  Secondly, Of  the almighty power of Christ, as if he could do no more than another man. Had they known that this was he who  built all things in six days they would not have made it such an absurdity that he should build a temple in three days. (4.) A vindication of Christ's answer from their cavil. The difficulty is soon solved by explaining the terms:  He spoke of the temple of his body, v. 21. Though Christ had discovered a great respect for the temple, in  purging it, yet he will have us know that the holiness of it, which he was so jealous for, was but  typical, and leads us to the consideration of another temple of which that was but a shadow, the substance being Christ, Heb. ix. 9; Col. ii. 17. Some think that when he said, Destroy  this temple, he pointed to his own body, or laid his hand upon it; however, it is certain that he  spoke of the temple of his body. Note, The body of Christ is the true temple, of which that at Jerusalem was a type. [1.] Like the temple, it was built by immediate divine direction: " A body hast thou prepared me," 1 Chron. xxviii. 19. [2.] Like the temple, it was a  holy house; it is called  that holy thing. [3.] It was, like the temple, the habitation of God's glory; there the eternal Word dwelt, the true shechinah. He is  Emmanuel—God with us. [4.] The temple was the place and  medium of intercourse between God and Israel: there God revealed himself to them; there they presented themselves and their services to him. Thus by Christ God speaks to us, and we speak to him. Worshippers looked  towards that house, 1 Kings viii. 30, 35. So we must worship God with an eye to Christ. (5.) A reflection which the disciples made upon this, long after, inserted here, to illustrate the story (v. 22):  When he was risen from the dead, some years after,  his disciples remembered that he had said this. We found them, v. 17, remembering what had been  written before of him, and here we find them remembering what they had  heard from him. Note, The memories of Christ's disciples should be like the treasure of the good house-holder, furnished with things both  new and  old, Matt. xiii. 52. Now observe, [1.]  When they remembered that saying:  When he was risen from the dead. It seems, they did not at this time fully understand Christ's meaning, for they were as yet but babes in knowledge; but they laid up the saying in their hearts, and afterwards it became both intelligible and useful. Note, It is good to  hear for the time to come, Isa. xlii. 23. The juniors in years and profession should treasure up those truths of which at present they do not well understand either the meaning or the use, for they will be serviceable to them hereafter, when they come to greater proficiency. It was said of the scholars of Pythagoras that his precepts seemed to freeze in them till they were forty years old, and then they began to thaw; so this saying of Christ revived in the memories of his disciples  when he was risen from the dead; and why the?  First, Because  then the Spirit was poured out to bring things to their remembrance which Christ had said to them, and to make them both  easy and  ready to them, ch. xiv. 26. That very day that Christ rose form the dead he  opened their understandings, Luke xxiv. 45.  Secondly, Because then this saying of Christ was fulfilled. When the temple of his body had been  destroyed and was  raised again, and that upon the  third day, then they remembered this among other words which Christ had said to this purport. Note, It contributes much to the understanding of the scripture to observe the fulfilling of the scripture. The event will expound the prophecy. [2.] What use they made of it:  They believed the scripture, and the word that Jesus had said; their belief of these was confirmed and received fresh support and vigour. They were slow of heart to believe (Luke xxiv. 25), but they were  sure. The  scripture and the  word of Christ are here put together, not because they concur and exactly agree together, but because they mutually illustrate and strengthen each other. When the disciples saw both what they had read in the Old Testament, and what they had heard from Christ's own mouth, fulfilled in his death and resurrection, they were the more confirmed in their belief of both.

The Success of Christ's Ministry.
$23$ Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast  day, many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles which he did. $24$ But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all  men, $25$ And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man. We have here an account of the success, the poor success, of Christ's preaching and miracles at Jerusalem, while he kept the passover there. Observe, I. That our Lord Jesus, when he was at Jerusalem at the passover, did preach and work miracles. People's  believing on him implied that he preached; and it is expressly said,  They saw the miracles he did. He was now in Jerusalem, the holy city, whence the  word of the Lord was to go  froth. His residence was mostly in Galilee, and therefore when he was  in Jerusalem he was very busy. The time was holy time,  the feast-day, time appointed for the service of God; at the passover the  Levites taught the good knowledge of the Lord (2 Chron. xxx. 22), and Christ took that opportunity of preaching, when the concourse of people was great, and thus he would own and honour the divine institution of the passover. II. That hereby many were brought to  believe in his name, to acknowledge him a  teacher come from God, as Nicodemus did (ch. iii. 2), a great prophet; and, probably, some of those who  looked for redemption in Jerusalem believed him to be the Messiah promised, so ready were they to welcome the first appearance of that  bright and morning star. III. That yet  Jesus did not commit himself unto them (v. 24):  ouk episteuen heauton autois— He did not trust himself with them. It is the same word that is used for  believing in him. So that to believe in Christ is to  commit ourselves to him and to his guidance. Christ did not see cause to repose any confidence in these new converts at Jerusalem, where he had many enemies that sought to destroy him, either, 1. Because they were  false, at least some of them, and would betray him if they had an opportunity, or were strongly tempted to do so. He had more disciples that he could trust among the Galileans than among the dwellers at Jerusalem. In dangerous times and places, it is wisdom to take heed in whom you confide;  memneso apistein— learn to distrust. Or, 2. Because they were  weak, and I would hope that this was the worst of it; not that they were  treacherous and designed him a mischief, but, (1.) They were  timorous, and wanted zeal and courage, and might perhaps be frightened to do a wrong thing. In times of difficulty and danger, cowards are not fit to be trusted. Or, (2.) They were  tumultuous, and wanted discretion and management. These in Jerusalem perhaps had their expectations of the  temporal reign of the Messiah more raised than others, and, in that expectation, would be ready to give some bold strokes at the government if Christ would have  committed himself to them and put himself at the head of them; but he would not, for his kingdom is not of this world. We should be shy of turbulent unquiet people, as our Master here was, though they profess to  believe in Christ, as these did. IV. That the reason why he did not  commit himself to them was because he  knew them (v. 25), knew the wickedness of some and the weakness of others. The evangelist takes this occasion to assert Christ's omniscience. 1. He  knew all men, not only their names and faces, as it is possible for us to know many, but their nature, dispositions, affections, designs, as we do not know  any man, scarcely  ourselves. He knows  all men, for his powerful hand made them all, his piercing eye sees them all, sees into them. He knows his  subtle enemies, and all their secret projects; his  false friends, and their true characters; what they really are, whatever they pretend to be. He knows them that are truly his, knows their integrity, and knows their infirmity too. He  knows their frame. 2. He  needed not that any should testify of man. His knowledge was not by information from others, but by his own infallible intuition. It is the infelicity of earthly princes that they must see with other men's eyes, and hear with other men's ears, and take things as they are represented to them; but Christ goes purely upon his own knowledge. Angels are his messengers, but not his spies, for  his own eyes run to and fro through the earth, 2 Chron. xvi. 9. This may comfort us in reference to Satan's accusations, that Christ will not take men's characters from him. 3. He  knew what was in man; in particular persons, in the nature and race of man. We know what is done  by men; Christ knows what is  in them, tries the heart and the reins. This is the prerogative of that essential eternal Word, Heb. iv. 12, 13. We invade his prerogative if we presume to judge men's hearts. How fit is Christ to be the  Saviour of men, very fit to be the physician, who has such a perfect knowledge of the patient's state and case, temper and distemper; knows what is in him! How fit also to be the  Judge of all! For the judgment of him who knows  all men, all  in men, must needs be  according to truth. Now this is all the success of Christ's preaching and miracles at Jerusalem, in this journey. The Lord comes to his temple, and none come to him but a parcel of weak simple people, that he can neither have  credit from nor put  confidence in; yet he shall at length  see of the travail of his soul.

=CHAP. 3.= ''In this chapter we have, I. Christ's discourse with Nicodemus, a Pharisee, concerning the great mysteries of the gospel, in which he here privately instructs him, ver. 1-21. II. John Baptist's discourse with his disciples concerning Christ, upon occasion of his coming into the neighbourhood where John was (ver. 22-36), in which he fairly and faithfully resigns all his honour and interest to him.''

Christ's Interview with Nicodemus.
$1$ There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: $2$ The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. $3$ Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. $4$ Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? $5$ Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and  of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. $7$ Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. $8$ The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit. $9$ Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be? $10$ Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things? 11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. $12$ If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you  of heavenly things? $13$ And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven,  even the Son of man which is in heaven. $14$ And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: $15$ That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. $16$ For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. $17$ For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved. $18$ He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. 19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. $20$ For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. $21$ But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. We found, in the close of the foregoing chapter, that few were brought to Christ at Jerusalem; yet here was  one, a considerable one. It is worth while to go a great way for the salvation though but of  one soul. Observe, I. Who this Nicodemus was. Not many mighty and noble are called; yet some are, and here was one.  Not many of the  rulers, or of the Pharisees; yet. 1. This was a  man of the Pharisees, bred to learning, a scholar. Let it not be said that all Christ's followers are  unlearned and ignorant men. The principles of the Pharisees, and the peculiarities of their sect, were directly contrary to the spirit of Christianity; yet there were some in whom even those high thoughts were cast down and brought into obedience to Christ. The grace of Christ is able to subdue the greatest opposition. 2. He was a  ruler of the Jews, a member of the great sanhedrim, a senator, a privy-counsellor, a man of authority in Jerusalem. Bad as things were, there were some rulers  well inclined, who yet could do little good because the stream was so strong against them; they were over-ruled by the majority, and yoked with those that were corrupt, so that the good which they wished to do they could not do; yet Nicodemus continued in his place, and did what he  could, when he could not do what he  would. II. His solemn address to our Lord Jesus Christ, v. 2. See here, 1. When he came:  He came to Jesus by night. Observe, (1.) He made a private and particular address to Christ, and did not think it enough to hear his public discourses. He resolved to talk with him by himself, where he might be free with him. Personal converse with skilful faithful ministers about the affairs of our souls would be of great use to us, Mal. ii. 7. (2.) He made this address  by night, which may be considered, [1.] As an act of  prudence and  discretion. Christ was engaged all day in  public work, and he would not interrupt him then, nor expect his attendance then, but observed  Christ's hour, and waited on him when he was  at leisure. Note, Private advantages to ourselves and our own families must give way to those that are public. The greater good must be preferred before the less. Christ had many enemies, and therefore Nicodemus came to him  incognito, lest being known to the chief priests they should be the more enraged against Christ. [2.] As an act of  zeal and  forwardness. Nicodemus was a man of business, and could not spare time all day to make Christ a visit, and therefore he would rather take time from the diversions of the  evening, or the rest of the  night, than not converse with Christ. When others were sleeping, he was getting knowledge, as David by meditation, Ps. lxiii. 6, and cxix. 148. Probably it was the very next night after he saw Christ's miracles, and he would not neglect the first opportunity of pursuing his convictions. He knew not how soon Christ might leave the town, nor what might happen betwixt that and another feast, and therefore would lose no time. In the night his converse with Christ would be more free, and less liable to disturbance. These were  Noctes Christian&#230;—Christian nights, much more instructive than the  Noctes Attic&#230;—Attic nights. Or, [3.] As an act of  fear and  cowardice. He was afraid, or ashamed, to be  seen with Christ, and therefore came  in the night. When religion is out  of fashion, there are many Nicodemites, especially among the rulers, who have a better affection to Christ and his religion than they would be known to have. But observe,  First, Though he came by night, Christ bade him welcome, accepted his integrity, and pardoned his infirmity; he considered his  temper, which perhaps was  timorous, and the  temptation he was in from his place and office; and hereby taught his ministers to become all things to all men, and to encourage good beginnings, though weak.  Paul preached privately to those of reputation, Gal. ii. 2.  Secondly, Though now he came  by night, yet afterwards, when there was occasion, he owned Christ  publicly, ch. vii. 50; xix. 39. The grace which is at first but a grain of mustard-seed may grow to be a great tree. 2. What he said. He did not come to talk with Christ about politics and state-affairs (though he was a ruler), but about the concerns of his own soul and its salvation, and, without circumlocution, comes immediately to the business; he calls Christ  Rabbi, which signifies a  great man; see Isa. xix. 20.  He shall send them a Saviour, and a great one; a  Saviour and a rabbi, so the word is. There are hopes of those who have a respect for Christ, and think and speak honourably of him. He tells Christ how far  he had attained: We  know that thou art a teacher. Observe, (1.) His  assertion concerning Christ:  Thou art a teacher come from God; not educated nor ordained by men, as other teachers, but supported with divine inspiration and divine authority. He that was to be the sovereign Ruler came first to be a  teacher; for he would rule with reason, not with rigour, by the power of truth, not of the sword. The world lay in ignorance and mistake; the Jewish teachers were corrupt, and caused them to err:  It is time for the Lord to work. He came a  teacher from God, from God as the  Father of mercies, in pity to a dark deceived world; from God as the  Father of lights and  fountain of truth, all the light and truth upon which we may venture our souls. (2.) His  assurance of it:  We know, not only  I, but  others; so he took it for granted, the thing being so plain and self-evident. Perhaps he knew that there were divers of the Pharisees and rulers with whom he conversed that were under the same convictions, but had not the grace to own it. Or, we may suppose that he speaks in the plural number ( We know) because he brought with him one or more of his friends and pupils, to receive instructions from Christ, knowing them to be of common concern. "Master," saith he, "we come with a desire to be taught, to be thy scholars, for we are fully satisfied thou art a divine teacher." (3.) The ground of this assurance:  No man can do those miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. Here, [1.] We are assured of the truth of Christ's miracles, and that they were not counterfeit. Here was Nicodemus, a judicious, sensible, inquisitive man, one that had all the  reason and  opportunity imaginable to examine them, so fully satisfied that they were real miracles that he was wrought upon by them to go contrary to his interest, and to the stream of those of his own rank, who were prejudiced against Christ. [2.] We are directed what inference to draw from Christ's miracles: Therefore we are to receive him as a  teacher come from God. His miracles were his credentials. The course of nature could not be altered but by the power of the God of nature, who, we are sure, is the God of truth and goodness, and would never set his seal to a lie or a cheat. III. The discourse between Christ and Nicodemus hereupon, or, rather, the sermon Christ preached to him; the contents of it, and that perhaps an abstract of Christ's public preaching; see v. 11, 12. Four things our Saviour here discourses of:— 1. Concerning the  necessity and nature of regeneration or the  new birth, v. 3-8. Now we must consider this, (1.) As  pertinently answered to Nicodemus's address. Jesus  answered, v. 3. This answer was wither, [1.] A  rebuke of what he saw  defective in the address of Nicodemus. It was not enough for him to admire Christ's miracles, and acknowledge his mission, but he must be  born again. It is plain that he expected the  kingdom of heaven, the kingdom of the Messiah now shortly to appear. He is betimes aware of the dawning of that day; and, according to the common notion of the Jews, he expects it to appear in external pomp and power. He doubts not but this Jesus, who works these miracles, is either the Messiah or his prophet, and therefore makes his court to him, compliments him, and so hopes to secure a share to himself of the advantages of that kingdom. But Christ tells him that he can have no benefit by that  change of the state, unless there be a  change of the spirit, of the principles and dispositions, equivalent to a new birth. Nicodemus came  by night: "But this will not do," saith Christ. His religion must be owned before men; so Dr. Hammond. Or, [2.] A  reply to what he saw  designed in his address. When Nicodemus owned Christ a  teacher come from God, one entrusted with an extraordinary revelation from heaven, he plainly intimated a desire to know what this revelation was and a readiness to receive it; and Christ declares it. (2.) As  positively and  vehemently asserted by our Lord Jesus: '' Verily, verily, I say unto thee. I the Amen, the Amen, say it;'' so it may be read: "I the faithful and true witness." The matter is settled irreversibly that  except a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of God. "I say it to  thee, though a Pharisee, though a master in Israel." Observe, [1.] What it is that is required: to be  born again; that is,  First, We must  live a new life. Birth is the beginning of life; to be  born again is to begin anew, as those that have hitherto lived either much amiss or to little purpose. We must not think to patch up the old building, but begin from the foundation.  Secondly, We must  have a new nature, new principles, new affections, new aims. We must be born  anothen, which signifies both  denuo—again, and  desuper—from above. 1. We must be born  anew; so the word is taken, Gal. iv. 9, and  ab initio—from the beginning, Luke i. 3. By our  first birth we are corrupt, shapen in sin and iniquity; we must therefore undergo a second birth; our souls must be  fashioned and  enlivened anew. 2. We must be born  from above, so the word is used by the evangelist, ch. iii. 31; xix. 11, and I take this to be especially intended here, not excluding the other; for to be born  from above supposes being  born again. But this new birth has its rise  from heaven (ch. i. 13) and its tendency  to heaven: it is to be born to a  divine and  heavenly life, a life of communion with God and the upper world, and, in order to this, it is to partake of a  divine nature and bear the  image of the heavenly. [2.] The indispensable necessity of this: "Except  a man (Any one that partakes of the human nature, and consequently of its corruptions)  be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God, the kingdom of the Messiah begun in  grace and perfected in  glory." Except we be  born from above, we cannot  see this. That is,  First, We cannot  understand the  nature of it. Such is the nature of things pertaining to the kingdom of God (in which Nicodemus desired to be instructed) that the soul must be re-modelled and moulded, the natural man must become a spiritual man, before he is capable of receiving and understanding them, 1 Cor. ii. 14.  Secondly, We cannot  receive the comfort of it, cannot expect any benefit by Christ and his gospel, nor have any part or lot in the matter. Note, Regeneration is absolutely necessary to our happiness here and hereafter. Considering what we are by nature, how corrupt and sinful,—what  God is, in whom alone we can be happy,—and  what heaven is, to which the perfection of our happiness is reserved,—it will appear, in the nature of the thing, that we must be  born again, because it is impossible that we should be  happy if we be not  holy; see 1 Cor. vi. 11, 12. This great truth of the necessity of regeneration being thus solemnly laid down,  a. It is objected against by Nicodemus (v. 4):  How can a man be born when he is old, old as I am:  geron on—'' being an old man? Can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? Herein appears, ( a.) His weakness in knowledge; what Christ spoke spiritually he seems to have understood after a corporal and carnal manner, as if there were no other way of regenerating and new-moulding an immortal soul than by new-framing the body, and bringing that back to the  rock out of which it was hewn, as if there was such a connection between the soul and the body that there could be no fashioning the  heart anew but by forming the  bones anew. Nicodemus, as others of the Jews, valued himself, no doubt, very much on his  first birth and its dignities and privileges,—the  place of it, the Holy Land, perhaps the holy city,—his  parentage,'' such as that which Paul could have gloried in, Phil. iii. 5. And therefore it is a great surprise to him to hear of being  born again. Could he be better bred and born than bred and born an Israelite, or by any other birth stand fairer for a place in the kingdom of the Messiah? Indeed they looked upon a proselyted Gentile to be as one  born again or  born anew, but could not imagine how a Jew, a Pharisee, could ever  better himself by being  born again; he therefore thinks, if he must be  born again, it must be of  her that  bore him first. They that are proud of their  first birth are hardly brought to a  new birth. ( b.) His willingness to be taught. He does not turn his back upon Christ because of his hard saying, but ingenuously acknowledges his ignorance, which implies a desire to be better informed; and so I take this, rather than that he had such gross notions of the new birth Christ spoke of: "Lord, make me to understand this, for it is a riddle to me; I am such a fool as to know no other way for a man to be born than of his mother." When we meet with that in the things of God which is  dark, and  hard to be understood, we must with humility and industry continue our attendance upon the means of knowledge, till God  shall reveal even that unto us.  b. It is opened and further explained by our Lord Jesus, v. 5-8. From the objection he takes occasion, ( a.) To repeat and confirm what he had said (v. 5): " Verily, verily, I say unto thee, the very same that I said before." Note, The word of God is not yea and nay, but yea and amen; what he hath said he will abide by, whoever saith against it; nor will he retract any of his sayings for the ignorance and mistakes of men. Though Nicodemus understood not the mystery of regeneration, yet Christ asserts the necessity of it as positively as before. Note, It is folly to think of evading the obligation of evangelical precepts, by pleading that they are unintelligible, Rom. iii. 3, 4. ( b.) To expound and clear what he had said concerning regeneration; for the explication of which he further shows, [ a.] The  author of this blessed change, and who it is that works it. To be born again is to be  born of the Spirit, v. 5-8. The change is not wrought by any wisdom or power of our own, but by the power and influence of the blessed Spirit of grace. It is the  sanctification of the Spirit (1 Pet. i. 2) and  renewing of the Holy Ghost, Tit. iii. 5. The word he works by is his inspiration, and the heart to be wrought on he has access to. [ b.] The  nature of this change, and what that is which is wrought; it is  spirit, v. 6. Those that are regenerated are made  spiritual, and refined from the dross and dregs of sensuality. The dictates and interests of the rational and immortal soul have retrieved the dominion they ought to have over the flesh. The Pharisees placed their religion in external purity and external performances; and it would be a mighty change indeed with them, no less than a new birth, to become  spiritual. [ c.] The  necessity of this change.  First, Christ here shows that it is necessary in the  nature of the thing, for we are not fit to enter into the kingdom of God till we are born again:  That which is born of the flesh if flesh, v. 6. Here is our malady, with the causes of it, which are such that it is plain there is no remedy but we must be  born again. 1. We are here told  what we are: We are  flesh, not only  corporeal but  corrupt, Gen. vi. 3. The soul is still a spiritual substance, but so wedded to the flesh, so captivated by the will of the flesh, so in love with the delights of the flesh, so employed in making provision for the flesh, that it is mostly called  flesh; it is carnal. And what communion can there be between God, who is a  spirit, and a soul in this condition? 2. How we  came to be so; by being  born of the flesh. It is a corruption that is bred  in the bone with us, and therefore we cannot have a new nature, but we must be  born again. The corrupt nature, which is  flesh, takes rise from our  first birth; and therefore the new nature, which is  spirit, must take rise from a second birth. Nicodemus spoke of entering again into his mother's womb, and being born; but, if he could do so, to what purpose? If he were born of his mother a hundred times, that would not mend the matter, for still that  which is born of the flesh if flesh; a clean thing cannot be brought out of an unclean. He must seek for another original, must be born of the Spirit, or he cannot become spiritual. The case is, in short, this: though man is made to consist of body and soul, yet his spiritual part had then so much the dominion over his corporeal part that he was denominated a  living soul (Gen. ii. 7), but by indulging the appetite of the flesh, in eating forbidden fruit, he prostituted the just dominion of the soul to the tyranny of sensual lust, and became no longer a  living soul, but flesh:  Dust thou art. The living soul became dead and inactive; thus in  the day he sinned he  surely died, and so he became  earthly. In this degenerate state, he begat a son  in his own likeness; he transmitted the human nature, which had been entirely deposited in his hands, thus corrupted and depraved; and in the same plight it is still propagated. Corruption and sin are woven into our nature; we are  shapen in iniquity, which makes it necessary that the nature be changed. It is not enough to put on a new coat or a new face, but we must put on the  new man, we must be new creatures.  Secondly, Christ makes it further necessary, by his own word:  Marvel not that I said unto thee, You must be born again, v. 7. 1. Christ hath said it, and as he himself never did, nor ever will, unsay it, so all the world cannot gainsay it, that we  must be born again. He who is the great  Lawgiver, whose will is a law,—he who is the great Mediator of the new covenant, and has full power to settle the terms of our reconciliation to God and happiness in him,—he who is the great Physician of souls, knows their case, and what is necessary to their cure,—he hath said,  You must be born again. "I said unto  thee that which all are concerned in, You must, you all, one as well as another,  you must be born again: not only the common people, but the rulers, the  masters in Israel." 2. We are not to  marvel at it; for when we consider the holiness of the God with whom we have to do, the great design of our redemption, the depravity of our nature, and the constitution of the happiness set before us, we shall not think it strange that so much stress is laid upon this as the one thing needful, that  we must be born again. [ d.] This change is illustrated by two comparisons.  First, The regenerating work of the Spirit is compared to  water, v. 5. To be born again is to be  born of water and of the Spirit, that is, of the Spirit working like water, as (Matt. iii. 11)  with the Holy Ghost and with fire means with the Holy Ghost  as with fire. 1. That which is primarily intended here is to show that the Spirit, in sanctifying a soul, (1.)  Cleanses and purifies it as water, takes away its filth, by which it was unfit for the kingdom of God. It is the  washing of regeneration, Tit. iii. 5.  You are washed, 1 Cor. vi. 11. See Ezek. xxxvi. 25. (2.) Cools and refreshes it, as water does the hunted hart and the weary traveller. The Spirit is compared to water, ch. vii. 38, 39; Isa. xliv. 3. In the first creation, the fruits of heaven were  born of water (Gen. i. 20), in allusion to which, perhaps, they that are born from above are said to be born of water. 2. It is probable that Christ had an eye to the ordinance of baptism, which John had used and he himself had begun to use, "You must be born again of the Spirit," which regeneration by the Spirit should be signified by washing with water, as the visible sign of that spiritual grace: not that all they, and they only, that are baptized, are saved; but without that new birth which is wrought by the Spirit, and signified by baptism, none shall be looked upon as the  protected privileged subjects of the  kingdom of heaven. The Jews cannot partake of the benefits of the Messiah's kingdom, they have so long looked for, unless they quit all expectations of being justified by the works of the law, and submit to the  baptism of repentance, the great gospel duty,  for the remission of sins, the great gospel privilege.  Secondly, It is compared to  wind: The wind bloweth where it listeth, so is every one that is born of the Spirit, v. 8. The same word ( pneuma) signifies both the wind and the Spirit. The Spirit came upon the apostles in a  rushing mighty wind (Acts ii. 2), his  strong influences on the hearts of sinners are compared to the  breathing of the wind (Ezek. xxxvii. 9), and his  sweet influences on the souls of saints to the north and south wind, Cant. iv. 16. This comparison is here used to show, 1. That the Spirit, in regeneration, works  arbitrarily, and as a free agent. The  wind bloweth where it listeth for us, and does not attend our order, nor is subject to our command. God  directs it; it  fulfils his word, Ps. cxlviii. 8. The Spirit dispenses his influences where, and when, on whom, and in what measure and degree, he pleases,  dividing to every man severally as he will, 1 Cor. xii. 11. 2. That he works  powerfully, and with evident effects:  Thou hearest the sound thereof; though its causes are hidden, its effects are manifest. When the soul is brought to mourn for sin, to groan under the burden of corruption, to breathe after Christ, to cry  Abba—Father, then we  hear the sound of the Spirit, we find he is at work, as Acts ix. 11,  Behold he prayeth. 3. That he works  mysteriously, and in secret hidden ways:  Thou canst not tell whence it comes, nor whither it goes. How it gathers and how it spends its strength is a riddle to us; so the manner and methods of the Spirit's working are a mystery.  Which way went the Spirit? 1 Kings xxii. 24. See Eccl. xi. 5, and compare it with Ps. cxxxix. 14. 2. Here is a discourse concerning the  certainty and sublimity of gospel truths, which Christ takes occasion for from the weakness of Nicodemus. Here is, (1.) The objection which Nicodemus still made (v. 9):  How can these things be? Christ's explication of the doctrine of the necessity of regeneration, it should seem, made it never the clearer to him. The corruption of nature which makes it  necessary, and the way of the Spirit which makes it  practicable, are as much mysteries to him as the thing itself; though he had in general owned Christ a divine teacher, yet he was unwilling to receive his teachings when they did not agree with the notions he had imbibed. Thus many profess to admit the doctrine of Christ in general, and yet will neither believe the truths of Christianity nor submit to the laws of it further than  they please. Christ shall be their teacher, provided they may choose their lesson. Now here, [1.] Nicodemus owns himself ignorant of Christ's meaning, after all: " How can these things be? They are things I do not understand, my capacity will not reach them." Thus the  things of the Spirit of God are foolishness to the natural man. He is not only estranged from them, and therefore they are dark to him, but prejudiced against them, and therefore they are foolishness to him. [2.] Because this doctrine was  unintelligible to him (so he was pleased to make it), he questions the truth of it; as if, because it was a  paradox to him, it was a  chimera in itself. Many have such an opinion of their own capacity as to think that that cannot be  proved which they cannot  believe; by  wisdom they  knew not Christ. (2.) The reproof which Christ gave him for his dulness and ignorance: " Art thou a master in Israel,  Didaskalos— a teacher, a tutor, one who sits in Moses's chair, and yet not only unacquainted with the doctrine of regeneration, but incapable of understanding it?" This word is a reproof, [1.] To those who undertake to teach others and yet are ignorant and unskilful in the word of righteousness themselves. [2.] To those that spend their time in learning and teaching notions and ceremonies in religion, niceties and criticisms in the scripture, and neglect that which is practical and tends to reform the heart and life. Two words in the reproof are very emphatic:— First, The place where his lot was cast: in  Israel, where there was such great plenty of the means of knowledge, where divine revelation was. He might have learned this out of the Old Testament.  Secondly, The things he was thus ignorant in:  these things, these  necessary things, there  great things, these  divine things; had he never read Ps. l. 5, 10; Ezek. xviii. 31; xxxvi. 25, 26? (3.) Christ's discourse, hereupon, of the certainty and sublimity of gospel truths (v. 11-13), to show the folly of those who make strange of these things, and to recommend them to our search. Observe here, [1.] That the truths Christ taught were very  certain and what we may venture upon (v. 11): '' We speak that we do know. We;'' whom does he mean besides himself? Some understand it of those that bore witness to him and with him on earth, the prophets and John Baptist; they  spoke what they  knew, and had seen, and were themselves abundantly satisfied in: divine revelation carries its own proof along with it. Others of those that bore witness from heaven, the Father and the Holy Ghost; the Father was with him, the Spirit of the Lord was upon him; therefore he speaks in the plural number, as ch. xiv. 23:  We will come unto him. Observe,  First, That the truths of Christ are of undoubted certainty. We have all the reason in the world to be assured that the sayings of Christ are  faithful sayings, and such as we may venture our souls upon; for he is not only a  credible witness, who would not go about to deceive us, but a  competent witness, who could not himself be deceived:  We testify that we have seen. He spoke not upon hear-say, but upon the clearest evidence, and therefore with the greatest assurance. What he spoke of God, of the invisible world, of heaven and hell, of the divine will concerning us, and the counsels of peace, was what he  knew, and  had seen, for he was  by him as one brought up with him, Prov. viii. 30. Whatever Christ spoke, he spoke '' of his own knowledge. Secondly,'' That the unbelief of sinners is greatly aggravated by the infallible certainty of the truths of Christ. The things are thus sure, thus clear; and yet  you receive not our witness. Multitudes to be  unbelievers of that which yet (so cogent are the motives of credibility) they cannot  disbelieve! [2.] The truths Christ taught, though communicated in language and expressions borrowed from common and earthly things, yet in their own nature were most sublime and heavenly; this is intimated, v. 12: " If I have told them earthly things, that is, have told them the great things of God in similitudes taken from earthly things, to make them the more easy and intelligible, as that of the  new birth and the  wind,— if I have thus accommodated myself to your capacities, and lisped to you in your own language, and cannot make you to understand my doctrine,— what would you do if I should accommodate myself to the nature of the things, and speak with the tongue of angels, that language which mortals cannot utter? If such  familiar expressions be stumbling-blocks, what would  abstract ideas be, and spiritual things painted  proper?" Now we may learn hence,  First, To admire the height and depth of the doctrine of Christ; it is a great mystery of godliness. The things of the gospel are  heavenly things, out of the road of the enquiries of human reason, and much more out of the reach of its discoveries.  Secondly, To acknowledge with thankfulness the condescension of Christ, that he is pleased to suit the manner of the gospel revelation to our capacities,  to speak to us as to children. He considers our  frame, that we are  of the earth, and our  place, that we are  on the earth, and therefore speaks to us earthly things, and makes things sensible the vehicle of things spiritual, to make them the more easy and familiar to us. Thus he has done both in parables and in sacraments.  Thirdly, To lament the corruption of our nature, and our great unaptness to receive and entertain the truths of Christ. Earthly things are despised because they are  vulgar, and heavenly things because they are  abstruse; and so, whatever method is taken, still some fault or other is found with it (Matt. xi. 17), but Wisdom is, and will be,  justified of her children, notwithstanding. [3.] Our Lord Jesus, and he alone, was fit to reveal to us a doctrine thus certain, thus sublime:  No man hath ascended up into heaven but he, v. 13.  First, None but Christ was able to reveal to us the will of God for our salvation. Nicodemus addressed Christ as a prophet; but he must know that he is greater than all the Old-Testament prophets, for none of them  had ascended into heaven. They wrote by divine inspiration, and not of their own knowledge; see ch. i. 18. Moses ascended into the mount, but not into heaven. No man hath attained to the certain knowledge of God and heavenly things as Christ has; see Matt. xi. 27. It is not for us to send to heaven for instructions; we must wait to receive what instructions Heaven will send to us; see Prov. xxx. 4; Deut. xxx. 12.  Secondly, Jesus Christ is able, and fit, and every way qualified, to reveal the will of God to us; for it is  he that came down from heaven and  is in heaven. He had said (v. 12),  How shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? Now here, 1. He gives them an instance of those  heavenly things which he could tell them of, when he tells them of one that  came down from heaven, and yet is the  Son of man; is the  Son of man, and yet is  in heaven. If the regeneration of the  soul of man is such a mystery, what then is the incarnation of the  Son of God? These are divine and heavenly things indeed. We have here an intimation of Christ's two distinct natures in one person: his divine nature, in which he  came down from heaven; his human nature, in which he is the  Son of man; and that union of those two, in that while he is the Son of man yet he is  in heaven. 2. He gives them a proof of his ability to speak to them  heavenly things, and to lead them into the arcana of the kingdom of heaven, by telling them, (1.) That  he came down from heaven. The intercourse settled between God and man began  above; the first motion towards it did not arise from this earth, but  came down from heaven. We love him, and send to him, because he first loved us, and sent to us. Now this intimates, [1.] Christ's divine nature. He that came down from heaven is certainly more than a mere man; he is the  Lord from heaven, 1 Cor. xv. 47. [2.] His intimate acquaintance with the divine counsels; for, coming from the court of heaven, he had been from eternity conversant with them. [3.] The  manifestation of God. Under the Old Testament God's favours to his people are expressed by his  hearing from heaven (2 Chron. vii. 14),  looking from heaven (Ps. lxxx. 14),  speaking from heaven (Neh. ix. 13), sending from heaven, Ps. lvii. 3. But the New Testament shows us God  coming down from heaven, to teach and save us. That he thus  descended is an admirable  mystery, for the Godhead cannot change places, nor did he bring his body from heaven; but that he thus  condescended for our redemption is a more admirable  mercy; herein he commended his love. (2.) That  he is the Son of man, that Son of man spoken of by Daniel (vii. 13), by which the Jews always understand to be meant the Messiah. Christ, in calling himself the  Son of man, shows that he is the  second Adam, for the first Adam was the  father of man. And of all the Old-Testament titles of the Messiah he chose to make use of  this, because it was most expressive of his  humility, and most agreeable to his present state of  humiliation. (3.) That he  is in heaven. Now at this time, when he is talking with Nicodemus on earth, yet, as God, he is  in heaven. The  Son of man, as such, was not in heaven till his ascension; but he that was the Son of man was now, by his divine nature, every where present, and particularly in heaven. Thus the Lord of glory, as such, could not be crucified, nor could God, as such, shed his blood; yet that person who was the Lord of glory was crucified (1 Cor. ii. 8), and God purchased the church with  his own blood, Acts xx. 28. So close is the union of the two natures in one person that there is a communication of properties. He doth not say  hos esti. is the  ho on to ourano— he that is, and heaven is the habitation of  his holiness. 3. Christ here discourses of the  great design of his own coming into the world, and the happiness of those that believe in him, v. 14-18. Here we have the very marrow and quintessence of the whole gospel, that  faithful saying (1 Tim. i. 15), that Jesus Christ came to seek and to save the children of men from death, and recover them to life. Now sinners are  dead men upon a twofold account:— (1.) As one that is mortally wounded, or sick of an incurable disease, is said to be a  dead man, for he is dying; and so Christ came to save us, by  healing us, as the brazen serpent healed the Israelites, v. 14, 15. (2.) As one that is justly condemned to die for an unpardonable crime is a  dead man, he is  dead in law; and, in reference to this part of our danger, Christ came to save as a prince or judge, publishing an act of indemnity, or general pardon, under certain provisos; this saving here is opposed to condemning, v. 16-18. [1.] Jesus Christ came to save us by  healing us, as the children of Israel that were stung with fiery serpents were cured and  lived by looking up to the brazen serpent; we have the story of it, Num. xxi. 6-9. It was the  last miracle that passed through the hand of Moses before his death. Now in this type of Christ we may observe,  First, The  deadly and  destructive nature of  sin, which is implied here. The guilt of sin is like the  pain of the biting of a fiery serpent; the power of corruption is like the  venom diffused thereby. The devil is the old serpent, subtle at first (Gen. iii. 1), but ever since  fiery, and his temptations  fiery darts, his assaults terrifying, his victories destroying. Ask awakened consciences, ask damned sinners, and they will tell you, how charming soever the allurements of sin are,  at the last it bites like a serpent, Prov. xxiii. 30-32. God's wrath against us for sin is as those fiery serpents which God sent among the people, to punish them for their murmurings. The curses of the law are as fiery serpents, so are all the tokens of divine wrath.  Secondly, The powerful remedy provided against this fatal malady. The case of poor sinners is deplorable; but is it desperate? Thanks be to God, it is not; there is balm in Gilead. The  Son of man is lifted up, as the  serpent of brass was by Moses, which cured the stung Israelites. 1. It was a  serpent of brass that cured them. Brass is  bright; we read of Christ's feet  shining like brass, Rev. i. 15. It is  durable; Christ is the same. It was made in the shape of a  fiery serpent, and yet had no poison, no sting, fitly representing Christ, who was  made sin for us and yet knew no sin; was  made in the likeness of sinful flesh and yet not sinful; as harmless as a serpent of brass. The serpent was a cursed creature; Christ was made a  curse. That which cured them reminded them of their plague; so in Christ sin is set before us most fiery and formidable. 2. It was lifted up upon a pole, and so  must the Son of man be lifted up; thus it  behoved him, Luke xxiv. 26, 46. No remedy now. Christ is lifted up, (1.) In his  crucifixion. He was lifted up upon the cross. His death is called his being  lifted up, ch. xii. 32, 33. He was lifted up as a spectacle, as a mark, lifted up between heaven and earth, as if he had been unworthy of either and abandoned by both. (2.) In his  exaltation. He was lifted up to the Father's right hand, to give repentance and remission; he was lifted up to the cross, to be further lifted up to the crown. (3.) In the  publishing and  preaching of his everlasting gospel, Rev. xiv. 6. The serpent was lifted up that all the thousands of Israel might see it. Christ in the gospel is exhibited to us, evidently set forth; Christ is  lifted up as an  ensign, Isa. xi. 10. 3. It was lifted up by Moses. Christ was made under the law of Moses, and Moses testified of him. 4. Being thus lifted up, it was appointed for the cure of those that were bitten by fiery serpents. He that sent the plague provided the remedy. None could redeem and save us but he whose justice had condemned us. It was God himself that  found the ransom, and the efficacy of it depends upon his appointment. The  fiery serpents were sent to punish them for their  tempting Christ (so the apostle saith, 1 Cor. x. 9), and yet they were healed by virtue derived from him. He whom we have offended is  our peace.  Thirdly, The way of  applying this remedy, and that is by  believing, which plainly alludes to the Israelites'  looking up to the brazen serpent, in order to their being healed by it. If any stung Israelite was either so little sensible of his pain and peril, or had so little confidence in the word of Moses as not to look up to the brazen serpent, justly did he die of his wound; but every one that  looked up to it did well, Num. xxi. 9. If any so far slight either their disease by sin or the method of cure by Christ as not to embrace Christ upon his own terms, their blood is upon their own head. He hath said,  Look, and be saved (Isa. xlv. 22), look and live. We must take a complacency in and give consent to the methods which Infinite Wisdom has taken is saving a guilty world, by the mediation of Jesus Christ, as the great sacrifice and intercessor.  Fourthly, The great encouragements given us by faith to look up to him. 1. It was for this end that he was  lifted up, that his followers might be saved; and he will pursue his end. 2. The offer that is made of salvation by him is general, that  whosoever believes in him, without exception, might have benefit by him. 3. The salvation offered is complete. (1.) They  shall not perish, shall not die of their wounds; though they may be pained and ill frightened, iniquity shall not be their ruin. But that is not all. (2.) They shall  have eternal life. They shall not only not die of their wounds in the wilderness, but they shall reach Canaan (which they were then just ready to enter into); they shall enjoy the promised rest. [2.] Jesus Christ came to save us by  pardoning us, that we might not die by the sentence of the law, v. 16, 17. Here is  gospel indeed, good  news, the best that ever came from heaven to earth. Here is  much, here is  all in a little, the word of reconciliation in miniature.  First, Here is God's  love in  giving his Son for the world (v. 16), where we have three things:— 1. The great  gospel mystery revealed:  God so loved the world that he gave his only-begotten Son. The love of God the Father is the original of our regeneration by the Spirit and our reconciliation by the lifting up of the Son. Note, (1.) Jesus Christ is the  only-begotten Son of God. This magnifies his love in giving him for us, in giving him to us; now know we that he loves us, when he has given his  only-begotten Son for us, which expresses not only his dignity in himself, but his dearness to his Father; he was  always his delight. (2.) In order to the redemption and salvation of man, it pleased God to  give his only-begotten Son. He not only sent him into the world with full and ample power to negotiate a peace between heaven and earth, but he  gave him, that is, he gave him up to suffer and die for us, as the great propitiation or expiatory sacrifice. It comes in here as a reason why he  must be lifted up; for so it was determined and designed by the Father, who gave him for this purpose, and  prepared him a body in order to it. His enemies could not have  taken him if his Father had not  given him. Though he was not yet crucified, yet in the determinate counsel of God he was  given up, Acts ii. 23. Nay, further, God has  given him, that is, he has made an offer of him, to all, and given him to all true believers, to all the intents and purposes of the new covenant. He has given him to be our  prophet, a  witness to the people, the high priest of our profession, to be our peace, to be head of the church and head over all things to the church, to be to us all we need. (3.) Herein God has commended his  love to the world: God so  loved the world, so really, so richly. Now his creatures shall see that he loves them, and wishes them well. He so loved the world of fallen man as he did not love that of fallen angels; see Rom. v. 8; 1 John iv. 10. Behold, and wonder, that the  great God should love such a  worthless world! That the  holy God should love such a  wicked world with a love of good will, when he could not look upon it with any complacency. This was a  time of love indeed, Ezek. xvi. 6, 8. The Jews vainly conceited that the Messiah should be sent only in love to  their nation, and to advance them upon the ruins of their neighbours; but Christ tells them that he came in love to the  whole world, Gentiles as well as Jews, 1 John ii. 2. Though many of the world of mankind perish, yet God's giving his only-begotten Son was an instance of his love to the whole world, because through him there is a  general offer of life and salvation made to all. It is love to the revolted rebellious province to issue out a proclamation of pardon and indemnity to all that will come in, plead it upon their knees, and return to their allegiance. So  far God loved the apostate lapsed  world that he sent his Son with this fair proposal, that  whosoever believes in him, one or other, '' shall not perish. Salvation'' has been  of the Jews, but now Christ is  known as salvation to the ends of the earth, a  common salvation. 2. Here is the great  gospel duty, and that is to  believe in Jesus Christ (Whom God has thus given, given  for us, given  to us), to accept the gift, and answer the intention of the giver. We must yield an unfeigned assent and consent to the record God hath given in his word concerning his Son. God having given him to us to be our prophet, priest, and king, we must give up ourselves to be ruled, and taught, and saved by him. 3. Here is the great gospel benefit:  That whosoever believes in Christ shall not perish. This he had said before, and here repeats it. It is the unspeakable happiness of all true believers, for which they are eternally indebted to Christ, (1.) That they are saved from the miseries of hell, delivered from  going down to the pit; they  shall not perish. God has taken away their sin, they shall not die; a pardon is purchased, and so the attainder is reversed. (2.) They are entitled to the joys of heaven: they shall  have everlasting life. The convicted traitor is not only pardoned, but preferred, and made a favourite, and treated as one whom the King of kings '' delights to honour. Out of prison he comes to reign,'' Eccl. iv. 14. If believers, then children; and, if  children, then heirs.  Secondly, Here is God's design in sending hi Son into the world: it was  that the world through him might be saved. He came into the world with salvation in  his eye, with salvation  in his hand. Therefore the aforementioned offer of live and salvation is sincere, and shall be made good to all that by faith accept it (v. 17):  God sent his Son into the world, this guilty, rebellious, apostate world; sent him as his agent or ambassador, not as sometimes he had sent angels into the world as visitants, but as resident. Ever since man sinned, he has dreaded the approach and appearance of any special messenger from heaven, as being conscious of guilt and looking for judgment:  We shall surely die, for we have seen God. If therefore the Son of God himself come, we are concerned to enquire on what errand he comes:  Is it peace? Or, as they asked Samuel trembling,  Comest thou peaceably? And this scripture returns the answer,  Peaceably. 1. He did not come to  condemn the world. We had reason enough to expect that he should, for it is a guilty world; it is  convicted, and what cause can be shown why judgment should not be given, and execution awarded, according to law? That  one blood of which all  nations of men are made (Acts xvii. 26) is not only  tainted with an hereditary  disease, like Gehazi's leprosy, but it is  tainted with an hereditary  guilt, like that of the Amalekites, with whom God had war  from generation to generation; and justly may such a world as this be  condemned; and if God would have sent to condemn it he had angels at command, to pour out the vials of his wrath, a cherub with a flaming sword ready to do execution.  If the Lord had been pleased to kill us, he would not have sent his Son amongst us. He came with full powers indeed to  execute judgment (ch. v. 22, 27), but did not begin with a judgment of condemnation, did not proceed upon the outlawry, nor take advantage against us for the breach of the  covenant of innocency, but put us upon a new trial before a  throne of grace. 2. He came  that the world through him might be saved, that a door of salvation might be opened to the world, and whoever would might enter in by it. God was in Christ  reconciling the world to himself, and so  saving it. An act of indemnity is passed and published, through Christ a remedial law made, and the world of mankind dealt with, not according to the rigours of the first covenant, but according to the riches of the second;  that the world through him might be saved, for it could never be saved but  through him; there is not salvation in any other. This is good news to a convinced conscience, healing to broken bones and bleeding wounds, that Christ, our judge, came not to  condemn, but to  save. [3.] From all this is inferred the happiness of true believers:  He that believeth on him is not condemned, v. 18. Though he has been a sinner, a great sinner, and  stands convicted ( habes confilentem reum—by his own confession), yet, upon his believing, process is stayed, judgment is arrested, and he is  not condemned. This denotes more than a reprieve; he  is not condemned, that is, he is acquitted; he  stand upon his deliverance (as we say), and if he be not condemned he is discharged;  ou krinetai— he is not judged, not dealt with in strict justice, according to the desert of his sins. He is  accused, and he cannot plead  not guilty to the indictment, but he can plead  in bar, can plead a  noli prosequi upon the indictment, as blessed Paul does, '' Who is he that condemns? It is Christ that died. He is  afflicted, chastened of God, persecuted by the world; but he is not  condemned. The cross perhaps lies heavy upon him, but he is saved from the curse: condemned  by the world, it may be, but not  condemned with the world,'' Rom. viii. 1; 1 Cor. xi. 32. 4. Christ, in the close, discourses concerning the  deplorable condition of those that persist in unbelief and wilful ignorance, v. 18-21. (1.) Read here the doom of those that will not  believe in Christ: they  are condemned already. Observe, [1.] How great the  sin of unbelievers is; it is aggravated from the dignity of the person they slight; they  believe not in the name of the only-begotten Son of God, who is infinitely  true, and deserves to be believed,  infinitely good, and deserves to be embraced. God sent one to save us that was  dearest to himself; and shall not he be  dearest to us? Shall we not believe on his name who has a name above every name? [2.] How great the  misery of unbelievers is: they are  condemned already; which bespeaks,  First, A  certain condemnation. They are as sure to be condemned in the judgment of the great day as if they were condemned already.  Secondly, A  present condemnation. The curse has already taken hold of them; the wrath of God now fastens upon them. They are condemned already, for their own hearts condemn them.  Thirdly, A condemnation  grounded upon their former guilt: He is condemned  already, for he lies open to the law for all his sins; the obligation of the law is in full force, power, and virtue, against him, because he is not by faith interested in the gospel defeasance;  he is condemned already, because he has not believed. Unbelief may truly be called  the great damning sin, because it leaves us under the guilt of all our other sins; it is a sin against the  remedy, against our  appeal. (2.) Read also the doom of those that would not so much as  know him, v. 19. Many  inquisitive people had knowledge of Christ and his doctrine and miracles, but they were prejudiced against him, and would not believe in him, while the generality were sottishly careless and stupid, and would not  know him. And  this is the condemnation, the sin that ruined them,  that light is come into the world, and they loved darkness rather. Now here observe, [1.] That the gospel is light, and, when the gospel came,  light came into the world, Light is  self-evidencing, so is the gospel; it proves its own divine origin. Light is  discovering, and  truly the light is sweet, and rejoices the heart. It is a light shining in a dark place, and a dark place indeed the world would be without it. It is  come into all the world (Col. i. 6), and not confined to one corner of it, as the Old-Testament light was. [2.] It is the unspeakable folly of the most of men that they loved darkness rather than light, rather than  this light. The Jews loved the dark shadows of their law, and the instructions of their  blind guides, rather than the doctrine of Christ. The Gentiles loved their superstitious services of  an unknown God, whom they  ignorantly worshipped, rather than the  reasonable service which the gospel enjoins. Sinners that were wedded to their lusts loved their ignorance and mistakes, which supported them in their sins, rather than the truths of Christ, which would have parted them from their sins. Man's apostasy began in an affectation of forbidden knowledge, but is kept up by an affectation of forbidden ignorance. Wretched man is in love with his sickness, in love with his slavery, and will not be made  free, will not be  made whole. [3.] The true reason why men love darkness rather than light is  because their deeds are evil. They love darkness because they think it is an excuse for their evil deeds, and they hate the light because it robs them of the good opinion they had of themselves, by showing them their sinfulness and misery. Their case is sad, and, because they are resolved that they will not  mend it, they are resolved that they will not  see it. [4.] Wilful ignorance is so far from excusing sin that it will be found, at the great day, to aggravate the condemnation:  This is the condemnation, this is what ruins souls, that they shut their eyes against the light, and will not so much as admit a parley with Christ and his gospel; they set God so much at defiance that they desire not the knowledge of his ways, Job xxi. 14. We must account in the judgment, not only for the knowledge we  had, and  used not, but for the knowledge we  might have had, and  would not; not only for the knowledge we  sinned against, but for the knowledge we  sinned away. For the further illustration of this he shows (v. 20, 21) that according as men's hearts and lives are good or bad, so they stand affected to the light Christ has brought into the world.  First, It is not strange if those that do evil, and resolve to persist in it, hate the light of Christ's gospel; for it is a common observation that  every one that doeth evil hateth the light, v. 20. Evil-doers seek concealment, out of a sense of shame and fear of punishment; see Job xxiv. 13, &c. Sinful works are  works of darkness; sin from the first affected concealment, Job xxxi. 33. The  light shakes the wicked, Job xxxviii. 12, 13. Thus the gospel is a terror to the wicked world:  They come not to this light, but keep as far off it as they can,  lest their deeds should be reproved. Note, 1. The light of the gospel is sent into the world to  reprove the evil deeds of sinners; to make them manifest (Eph. v. 13), to  show people  their transgressions, to show that to be sin which was not thought to be so, and to show them the evil of their transgressions,  that sin by the new  commandment might appear  exceeding sinful. The gospel has its convictions, to make way for its consolations. 2. It is for this reason that evil-doers  hate the light of the gospel. There were those who  had done evil and were sorry for it, who bade this light welcome, as the  publicans and harlots. But he that  does evil, that does it and resolves to go on in it,  hateth the light, cannot bear to be told of his faults. All that opposition which the gospel of Christ has met with in the world comes from the  wicked heart, influenced by the  wicked one. Christ is hated because sin is loved. 3. They who do not  come to the light thereby evidence a secret  hatred of the light. If they had not an antipathy to  saving knowledge, they would not sit down so contentedly in  damning ignorance.  Secondly, On the other hand, upright hearts, that approve themselves to God in their integrity, bid this light welcome (v. 21):  He that doeth truth cometh to the light. It seems, then, that though the gospel had many enemies it had some friends. It is a common observation that  truth seeks no corners. Those who mean and act honestly dread not a scrutiny, but desire it rather. Now this is applicable to the gospel light; as it  convinces and  terrifies evil-doers, so it  confirms and  comforts those that walk in their integrity. Observe here, 1. The character of a  good man. (1.) He is one that  doeth truth; that is, he acts truly and sincerely in all he does. Though sometimes he comes short of  doing good, the good he would do, yet he  doeth truth, he aims honestly; he has his infirmities, but holds fast his integrity; as Gaius, that  did faithfully (3 John 5), as Paul (2 Cor. i. 12), as Nathanael (ch. i. 47), as Asa, 1 Kings xv. 14. (2.) He is one that  cometh to the light. He is ready to receive and entertain divine revelation as far as it appears to him to be so, what uneasiness soever it may create him. He that  doeth truth is willing to know the  truth by himself, and to  have his deeds made manifest. A good man is much employed in trying himself, and is desirous that God would try him, Ps. xxvi. 2. He is solicitous to  know what the will of God is, and resolves to  do it, though ever so contrary to his own will and interest. 2. Here is the character of a  good work: it is  wrought in God, in union with him by a covenanting faith, and in communion with him by devout affections. Our works are  then good, and will bear the test, when the will of God is the rule of them and the glory of God the end of them; when they are done in his strength, and for his sake, to him, and not to men; and if, by the light of the gospel, it be manifest to us that our works are thus wrought,  then shall we have rejoicing, Gal. vi. 4; 2 Cor. i. 12.

John's Testimony to Christ.
$22$ After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Jud&#230;a; and there he tarried with them, and baptized. $23$ And John also was baptizing in &#198;non near to Salim, because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized. $24$ For John was not yet cast into prison. $25$ Then there arose a question between  some of John's disciples and the Jews about purifying. $26$ And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same baptizeth, and all  men come to him. $27$ John answered and said, A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven. $28$ Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him. $29$ He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled. $30$ He must increase, but I  must decrease. $31$ He that cometh from above is above all: he that is of the earth is earthly, and speaketh of the earth: he that cometh from heaven is above all. 32 And what he hath seen and heard, that he testifieth; and no man receiveth his testimony. $33$ He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true. $34$ For he whom God hath sent speaketh the words of God: for God giveth not the Spirit by measure  unto him. $35$ The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his hand. $36$ He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him. In these verses we have, I. Christ's removal into the land of Judea (v. 22), and there he tarried with his disciples. Observe, 1. Our Lord Jesus, after he entered upon his public work, travelled much, and removed often, as the patriarchs in their sojournings. As it was a good part of his humiliation that he had no certain dwelling-place, but was, as Paul,  in journeyings often, so it was an instance of his unwearied industry, in the work for which he came into the world, that he went about in prosecution of it; many a weary step he took to do good to souls. The  Sun of righteousness took a large circuit to diffuse his light and heat, Ps. xix. 6. 2. He was not wont to stay long at Jerusalem. Though he went frequently thither, yet he soon returned into the country; as here.  After these things, after he had had this discourse with Nicodemus, he came into the land of Judea; not so much for  greater privacy (though mean and obscure places best suited the humble Jesus in his humble state) as for  greater usefulness. His preaching and miracles, perhaps, made  most noise at Jerusalem, the fountain-head of news, but did  least good there, where the most considerable men of the Jewish church had so much the ascendant. 3. When he came into the land of Judea his  disciples came with him; for these were  they that continued with him in his temptations. Many that flocked to him at Jerusalem could not follow his motions into the country, they had no business there; but his disciples attended him. If the ark remove, it is better to  remove and go after it (as those did, Josh. iii. 3) than sit still without it, though it be in Jerusalem itself. 4. There he  tarried with them,  dietribe— He conversed with them,  discoursed with them. He did not retire into the country for his ease and pleasure, but for more free conversation with his disciples and followers. See Cant. vii. 11, 12. Note, Those that are ready to  go with Christ shall find him as ready to  stay with them. It is supposed that he now staid five or six months in this country. 5. There  he baptized; he admitted disciples, such as believed in him, and had more honesty and courage than those had at Jerusalem, ch. ii. 24. John began to baptize in the land of Judea (Matt. iii. 1), therefore Christ began there, for John had said,  There comes one after me. He himself  baptized not, with his own hand, but his disciples by his orders and directions, as appears, ch. iv. 2. But his disciples' baptizing was his baptizing. Holy ordinances are Christ's, though administered by weak men. II. John's continuance in his work, as long as his opportunities lasted, v. 23, 24. Here we are told, 1. That  John was baptizing. Christ's baptism was, for substance, the same with John's, for John bore witness to Christ, and therefore they did not at all clash or interfere with one another. But, (1.) Christ began the work of preaching and baptizing before  John laid it down, that he might be ready to receive John's disciples when he should be taken off, and so the wheels might be kept going. It is a comfort to useful men, when they are going off the stage, to see those rising up who are likely to fill up their place. (2.) John continued the work of preaching and baptizing though Christ had  taken it up; for he would still, according to the  measure given to him, advance the interests of God's kingdom. There was still work for John to do, for Christ was not yet  generally known, nor were the minds of people  thoroughly prepared for him by repentance. From heaven John had received his  command, and he would go on in his work till he thence received his  countermand, and would have his dismission from the same hand that gave him his commission. He does not  come in to Christ, lest what had formerly passed should look like a combination between them; but  he goes on with his work, till Providence lays him aside. The greater gifts of some do not  render the labours of others, that come short of them,  needless and  useless; there is work enough for all hands. They are sullen that will sit down and do nothing when they see themselves out-shone. Though we have but one talent, we must account for that: and, when we see ourselves  going off, must yet  go on to the last. 2. That he baptized in Enon near Salim, places we find nowhere else mentioned, and therefore the learned are altogether at a loss where to find them. Wherever it was, it seems that John removed from  place to place; he did not think that there was any virtue in Jordan, because Jesus was baptized there, which should engage him to stay there, but as he saw cause he removed to other waters. Ministers must follow their opportunities. He chose a place where there was much water,  hydata polla— many waters, that is, many  streams of water; so that wherever he met with any that were willing to submit to his baptism water was at hand to baptize them with,  shallow perhaps, as is usual where there are  many brooks, but such as would serve his purpose. And in that country plenty of water was a valuable thing. 3. That thither people  came to him and  were baptized. Though they did not come in such vast crowds as they did when he first appeared, yet now he was not without encouragement, but there were still those that attended and owned him. Some refer this both to John and to Jesus:  They came and were baptized; that is, some came to John, and were baptized by him, some to Jesus, and were baptized by him, and, as their baptism was one, so were their hearts. 4. It is noted (v. 24) that  John was not yet cast into prison, to clear the order of the story, and to show that these passages are to come in before Matt. vi. 12. John never desisted from his work as long as he had his liberty; nay, he seems to have been the more industrious, because he foresaw his time was short; he was not  yet cast into prison, but he expected it ere long, ch. ix. 4. III. A contest between  John's disciples and the Jews about purifying, v. 25. See how the gospel of Christ came not to  send peace upon earth, but  division. Observe, 1. Who were the disputants:  some of John's disciples, and the Jews who had not submitted to his baptism of repentance. Penitents and impenitents divide this sinful world. In this contest, it should seem, John's disciples were the  aggressors, and gave the  challenge; and it is a sign that they were novices, who had more zeal than discretion. The truths of God have often suffered by the rashness of those that have undertaken to defend them before they were able to do it. 2. What was the matter in dispute:  about purifying, about  religious washing. (1.) We may suppose that John's disciples cried up his baptism, his purifying, as  instar omnium—superior to all others, and gave the preference to that as perfecting and superseding all the purifications of the Jews, and they were in the right; but  young converts are too apt to boast of their attainments, whereas he that finds the  treasure should  hide it till he is sure that he has it, and not talk of it too much at first. (2.) No doubt the Jews with as much assurance applauded the  purifyings that were in use among them, both those that were instituted by the law of Moses and those that were imposed by the tradition of the elders; for the former they had a divine warrant, and for the latter the usage of the church. Now it is very likely that the Jews in this dispute, when they could not  deny the excellent nature and design of John's baptism, raised an objection against it from Christ's baptism, which gave occasion for the complaint that follows here (v. 26): "Here is John baptizing in one place." say they, "and Jesus at the same time baptizing in another place; and therefore John's baptism, which his disciples so much applaud, is either," [1.] " Dangerous, and of  ill consequence to the peace of the church and state, for you see it opens a door to endless parties. Now that John has begun, we shall have every little teacher set up for a baptist presently. Or," [2.] "At the best it is  defective and  imperfect. If John's baptism, which you cry up thus, have any good in it, yonder the baptism of Jesus goes beyond it, so that for your parts you are shaded already by a greater light, and your baptism is soon gone out of request." Thus objections are made against the gospel from the advancement and improvement of gospel light, as if childhood and manhood were contrary to each other, and the superstructure were against the foundation. There was no reason to object Christ's baptism against John's, for they consisted very well together. IV. A complaint which John's disciples made to their master concerning Christ and his baptizing, v. 26. They, being  nonplussed by the fore-mentioned objection, and probably  ruffled and put into a heat by it, come to their master, and tell him, " Rabbi, he that was with thee, and was baptized of thee, is now set up for himself; he  baptizeth, and all men come to him; and wilt thou suffer it?" Their itch for disputing occasioned this. It is common for men, when they find themselves run aground in the heat of disputation, to fall foul upon those that do them no harm. If these disciples of John had not undertaken to dispute about  purifying, before they understood the  doctrine of baptism, they might have answered the objection without being put into a passion. In their complaint, they speak respectfully to their own master,  Rabbit; but speak very slightly of our Saviour, though they do not name him. 1. They suggest that Christ's setting up a baptism of his own was a piece of presumption, very unaccountable; as if John, having first set up this rite of baptizing, must have the monopoly of it, and, as it were, a patent for the invention: " He that was with thee beyond Jordan, as a disciple of thine,  behold, and wonder,  the same, the very same,  baptizes, and takes thy work out of thy hand." Thus the voluntary condescensions of the Lord Jesus, as that of his being baptized by John, are often unjustly and very unkindly turned to his reproach. 2. They suggest that it was a piece of ingratitude to John. He  to whom thou barest witness baptizes; as if Jesus owed all his reputation to the honourable character John gave of him, and yet had very unworthily improved it to the prejudice of John. But Christ needed not John's testimony, ch. v. 36. He reflected more honour upon John than he received from him, yet thus it is incident to us to think that others are more indebted to us than really they are. And besides, Christ's baptism was not in the least an  impeachment, but indeed the greatest  improvement, of John's baptism, which was but to lead the way to Christ's. John was  just to Christ, in bearing witness to him; and Christ's answering his testimony did rather enrich than impoverish John's ministry. 3. They conclude that it would be a total eclipse to John's baptism: " All men come to him; they that used to follow with us now flock after him, it is therefore time for us to look about us." It was not indeed strange that  all men came to him. As far as Christ is  manifested he will be  magnified; but why should John's disciples grieve at this? Note, Aiming at the monopoly of honour and respect has been in all ages the bane of the church, and the shame of its members and ministers; as also a vying of interests, and a jealousy of rivalship and competition. We mistake if we think that the excelling gifts and graces, and labours and usefulness, of one, are a diminution and disparagement to another that has obtained mercy to be faithful; for the Spirit is a free agent,  dispensing to every one severally as he will. Paul rejoiced in the usefulness even of those that  opposed him, Phil. i. 18. We must leave it to God to choose, employ, and honour his own instruments as he pleaseth, and not covet to be  placed alone. V. Here is John's answer to this complaint which his disciples made, v. 27, &c. His disciples expected that he would have resented this matter as they did; but Christ's  manifestation to Israel was no  surprise to John, but what he looked for; it was not  disturbance to him, but what he wished for. He therefore checked the complaint, as Moses,  Enviest thou for my sake? and took this occasion to confirm the testimonies he had formerly borne to Christ as superior to him, cheerfully consigning and turning over to him all the interest he had in Israel. In this discourse here, the first minister of the gospel (for so John was) is an excellent pattern to all ministers to  humble themselves and to  exalt the Lord Jesus. 1. John here  abases himself in comparison with Christ, v. 27-30. The more others magnify us, the more we must humble ourselves, and fortify ourselves against the temptation of flattery and applause, and the jealousy of our friends for our honour, by remembering our place, and what we are, 1 Cor. iii. 5. (1.)  John acquiesces in the divine disposal, and satisfies himself with that (v. 27):  A man can receive nothing except it be given him from heaven, whence  every good gift comes (James i. 17), a general truth very applicable in this case. Different employments are according to the direction of divine Providence, different endowments according to the distribution of the divine grace.  No man can take any true  honour to himself, Heb. v. 4. We have as necessary and constant a dependence upon the grace of God in all the motions and actions of the spiritual life as we have upon the providence of God in all the motions and actions of the natural life: now this comes in here as a reason, [1.] Why we should not  envy those that have a larger share of gifts than we have, or move in a larger sphere of usefulness. John reminds his disciples that Jesus would not have thus excelled him  except he had received it from heaven, for, as  man and  Mediator, he  received gifts; and, if God gave him  the Spirit without measure (v. 34), shall they grudge at it? The same reason will hold as to others. If God is  pleased to give to others more ability and success than to us, shall we be displeased at it, and reflect upon him as unjust, unwise, and partial? See Matt. xx. 15. [2.] Why we should not be  discontented, though we be inferior to others in gifts and usefulness, and be eclipsed by their excellencies. John was ready to own that it was the gift, the free gift, of heaven, that made him a preacher, a prophet, a baptist: it was God that gave him the interest he had in the love and esteem of the people; and, if now his interest decline, God's will be done! He that  gives may  take. What we  receive from heaven we must take as it is  given. Now John never received a commission for a standing  perpetual office, but only for a  temporary one, which must soon expire; and therefore, when he has fulfilled his ministry, he can contentedly see it go out of date. Some give quite another sense of these words: John had taken pains with his disciples, to teach them the reference which his baptism had to Christ, who should come after him, and yet be preferred before him, and do that for them which he could not do; and yet, after all, they dote upon John, and grudge this preference of Christ above him: Well saith John, I see  a man can receive (that is, perceive)  nothing, except it be given him from heaven. The labour of ministers if all lost labour, unless the grace of God make it effectual. Men do not understand that which is made most  plain, nor believe that which is made most  evident, unless it be given them from heaven to understand and believe it. (2.) John appeals to the testimony he had formerly given concerning Christ (v. 28): You can bear me witness that I said, again and again,  I am not the Christ, but I am sent before him. See how steady and constant John was in his testimony to Christ, and not as a  reed shaken with the wind; neither the frowns of the chief priests, nor the flatteries of his own disciples, could make him change his note. Now this serves here, [1.] As a  conviction to his disciples of the unreasonableness of their complaint. They had spoken of the witness which their master bore to Jesus (v. 26): "Now," saith John, "do you not remember what the testimony was that I did bear? Call that to mind, and you will see your own cavil answered. Did I not say,  I am not the Christ? Why then do you set me up as a rival with him that is? Did I not say,  I am sent before him? Why then does it seem strange to you that I should stand by and give way to him?" [2.] It is a  comfort to himself that he had never  given his disciples  any occasion thus to set him up in competition with Christ; but, on the contrary, had particularly  cautioned them against this mistake, though he might have made a hand of it for himself. It is a satisfaction to faithful ministers when they have done what they could in their places to prevent any extravagances that their people ran into. John had not only not encouraged them to hope that he was the Messiah, but had plainly told them the contrary, which was now a satisfaction to him. It is a common excuse for those who have undue honour paid them,  Si populus vult decipi, decipiatur—If the people will be deceived, let them; but that is an ill maxim for those to go by whose business it is to  undeceive people.  The lip of truth shall be established. (3.) John professes the great satisfaction he had in the advancement of Christ and his interest. He was so far from  regretting it, as his disciples did, that he  rejoiced in it. This he expresses (v. 29) by an elegant similitude. [1.] He compares our Saviour to the  bridegroom: "He that hath the bride is the bridegroom. Do  all men come to him? It is well, whither else should they go? Has he got the throne in men's affections? Who else should have it? It is his right; to whom should the bride be brought but to the bridegroom?" Christ was prophesied of in the Old Testament as a bridegroom, Ps. xlv.  The Word was made flesh, that the disparity of nature might not be a  bar to the match. Provision is made for the purifying of the church, that the defilement of sin might be no bar. Christ espouses his church to himself; he  has the bride, for he has her love, he has her promise;  the church is subject to Christ. As far as particular souls are devoted to him in faith and love, so far the bridegroom has the bride. [2.] He compares himself to the  friend of the bridegroom, who attends upon him, to do him honour and service, assists him in prosecuting the match, speaks a good word for him, uses his interest on his behalf, rejoices when the match goes on, and most of all when the point is gained, and he  has the bride. All that John had done in preaching and baptizing was to introduce him; and, now that he was come, he had what he wished for:  The friend of the bridegroom stands, and hears him; stands expecting him, and waiting for him;  rejoices with joy because of the bridegroom's voice, because he is come to the marriage after he had been long expected. Note,  First, Faithful ministers are friends of the bridegroom, to recommend him to the affections and choice of the children of men; to bring letters and messages from him, for he courts by proxy; and herein they must be faithful to him.  Secondly, The friends of the bridegroom must  stand, and hear the bridegroom's voice; must receive instructions from him, and attend his orders; must desire to have proofs of Christ speaking in them, and with them (2 Cor. xiii. 3); that is the '' bridegroom's voice. Thirdly,'' The espousing of souls to Jesus Christ, in faith and love, is the fulfilling of the joy of every good minister. If the day of Christ's espousals be the day of the gladness of his heart (Cant. iii. 11), it cannot but be of their too who love him and wish well to his honour and kingdom. Surely they have  no greater joy. (4.) He owns it highly fit and necessary that the reputation and interest of Christ should be advanced, and his own diminished (v. 30):  He must increase, but I must decrease. If they grieve at the growing greatness of the Lord Jesus, they will have more and more occasion to grieve, as those have that indulge themselves in envy and emulation. John speaks of Christ's increase and his own decrease, not only as  necessary and  unavoidable, which could not be  helped and therefore must be  borne, but as highly  just and  agreeable, and affording him entire satisfaction. [1.] He was  well pleased to see the kingdom of Christ getting ground: " He must increase. You think he has gained a great deal, but it is nothing to what he will gain." Note, The kingdom of Christ is, and will be, a growing kingdom, like the light of the morning, like the grain of mustard-seed. [2.] He was not at all  displeased that the effect of this was the diminishing of his own interest:  I must decrease. Created excellencies are under this law, they '' must decrease. I have seen an end of all perfection. Note,  First,'' The shining forth of the glory of Christ eclipses the lustre of all other glory. The glory that stands in  competition with Christ, that of the world and the flesh, decreases and loses ground in the soul as the knowledge and love of Christ increase and get ground; but it is here spoken of that which is  subservient to him. As the light of the morning increases, that of the morning star decreases.  Secondly, If our diminution or abasement may but in the least contribute to the advancement of Christ's name, we must cheerfully submit to it, and be content to be  any thing, to be  nothing, so that Christ may be  all. 2. John Baptist here  advances Christ, and instructs his disciples concerning him, that, instead of grieving that so many come to him, they might come to him themselves. (1.) He instructs them concerning the  dignity of Christ's person (v. 31):  He that cometh from above, that  cometh from heaven, is above all. Here, [1.] He supposes his divine origin, that he came  from above, from  heaven, which bespeaks not only his divine extraction, but his divine nature. He had a being before his conception, a heavenly being. None but he that came from heaven was fit to show us the will of heaven, or the way to heaven. When God would save man, he  sent from above. [2.] Hence he infers his sovereign authority: he is  above all, above all things and all persons,  God over all, blessed for evermore. It is daring presumption to dispute precedency with him. When we come to speak of the honours of the Lord Jesus, we find they transcend all conception and expression, and we can say but this,  He is above all. It was said of John Baptist,  There is not a greater among them that are born of women. But the descent of Christ from heaven put such a dignity upon him as he was not divested of by his being made flesh; still he was  above all. This he further illustrates by the meanness of those who stood in competition with him:  He that is of the earth, is earthly,  ho on ek tes ges, ek tes ges esti— He that is of the earth is of the earth; he that has his origin of the earth has his food out of the earth, has his converse with earthly things, and his concern is for them. Note,  First, Man has his rise out of the earth; not only Adam at first, but we also still are  formed out of the clay, Job xxxiii. 6. Look to the rock whence we were hewn.  Secondly, Man's constitution is therefore  earthly; not only his body frail and mortal, but his soul corrupt and carnal, and its bent and bias strong towards earthly things. The prophets and apostles were of the same mould with other men; they were but  earthen vessels, though they had a rich treasure lodged in them; and shall these be set up as rivals with Christ?  Let the potsherds strive with the potsherds of the earth; but let them not cope with him that  came from heaven. (2.) Concerning the  excellency and certainty of his doctrine. His disciples were displeased that Christ's preaching was admired, and attended upon, more than his; but he tells them that there was reason enough for it. For, [1.] He, for his part,  spoke of the earth, and so do all those that are  of the earth. The prophets were men and spoke like men;  of themselves they could not speak but  of the earth, 2 Cor. iii. 5. The preaching of the prophets and of John was but low and flat compared with Christ's preaching; as heaven is high above the earth, so were his thoughts above theirs. By them God spoke  on earth, but in Christ he speaketh  from heaven. [2.] But he that cometh from heaven is not only in his person, but in his doctrine, above all the prophets that ever lived on earth; none teacheth like him. The doctrine of Christ is here recommended to us,  First, As infallibly  sure and  certain, and to be entertained accordingly (v. 32):  What he hath seen and heard, that he testifieth. See here, 1. Christ's divine knowledge; he testified nothing but  what he had seen and heard, what he was perfectly apprized of and thoroughly acquainted with. What he discovered of the divine nature and of the invisible world was what he had  seen; what he revealed of the mind of God was what he had  heard immediately from him, and not at second hand. The prophets testified what was made known to them in creams and visions by the mediation of angels, but not what they had seen and heard. John was the crier's  voice, that said, " Make room for the witness, and  keep silence while the charge is given," but then leaves it to the witness to give in his testimony himself, and the judge to give the charge himself. The gospel of Christ is not a doubtful opinion, like an hypothesis or new notion in philosophy, which every one is at liberty to believe or not; but it is a revelation of the mind of God, which is of  eternal truth in itself, and of  infinite concern to us. 2. His divine grace and goodness: that which he had  seen and  heard he was pleased to make known to us, because he knew it nearly concerned us. What Paul had seen and heard in the third heavens he could not testify (2 Cor. xii. 4), but Christ knew how to utter what he had  seen and  heard. Christ's preaching is here called his  testifying, to denote, (1.) The  convincing evidence of it; it was not  reported as news by hearsay, but it was  testified as evidence given in court, with great caution and assurance. (2.) The affectionate earnestness of the delivery of it: it was testified with concern and importunity, as Acts xviii. 5. From the  certainty of Christ's doctrine, John takes occasion, [1.] To lament the infidelity of the most of men: though he testifies what is infallibly true, yet  no man receiveth his testimony, that is, very few, next to none, none in comparison with those that refuse it. They receive it not, they will not hear it, they do not heed it, or give credit to it. This he speaks of not only as a matter of  wonder, that such a testimony should not be received (Who hath believed our report? How stupid and foolish are the greatest part of mankind, what enemies to themselves!) but as matter of  grief; John's disciples grieved that  all men came to Christ (v. 26); they thought his followers too many. But John grieves that  no man came to him; he thought them too few. Note, The unbelief of sinners is the grief of saints. It was for this that St. Paul had  great heaviness, Rom. ix. 2. [2.] He takes occasion to commend the faith of the chosen remnant (v. 33):  He that hath received his testimony (and some such there were, though very few) hath  set to his seal that God is true. God is true, though we do not  set our seal to it; let God be true, and every man a liar; his truth needs not our faith to support it, but by faith we do ourselves the honour and justice to subscribe to his truth, and hereby God reckons himself honoured. God's promises are all  yea and amen; by faith we put our  amen to them, as Rev. xxii. 20. Observe, He that receives the testimony of Christ subscribes not only to the truth of Christ, but to the truth of  God, for his name is the  Word of God; the commandments of God and the testimony of Christ are put together, Rev. xii. 17. By believing in Christ we set to our seal,  First, That God is true to all the promises which he has made  concerning Christ, that which he spoke by the mouth of  all his holy prophets; what he  swore to our fathers is all accomplished, and not one iota or tittle of it fallen to the ground, Luke i. 70, &c. Acts xiii. 32, 33.  Secondly, That he is true to all the promises he has made  in Christ; we venture our souls upon God's veracity, being satisfied that he is  true; we are willing to deal with him  upon trust, and to quit all in this world for a happiness in reversion and out of sight. By this we greatly honour God's faithfulness. Whom we  give credit to we  give honour to.  Secondly, It is recommended to us as a  divine doctrine; not his own, but  his that sent him (v. 34):  For he whom God hath sent speaketh the word of God, which he was sent to speak, and enabled to speak;  for God giveth not the Spirit by measure unto him. The prophets were as messengers that brought letters from heaven; but Christ came under the character of an  ambassador, and treats with us as such; for, 1. He spoke the  words of God, and nothing he said savoured of human infirmity; both substance and language were divine. He proved himself  sent of God (ch. iii. 2), and therefore his words are to be received as the words of God. By this rule we may try the spirits: those that speak  as the oracles of God, and prophesy  according to the proportion of faith, are to be received as  sent of God. 2. He spoke as no other prophet did; for  God giveth not the Spirit by measure to him. None can speak the  words of God without the  Spirit of God, 1 Cor. ii. 10, 11. The Old-Testament prophets had the Spirit, and in different degrees, 2 Kings ii. 9, 10. But, whereas God gave them the Spirit by  measure (1 Cor. xii. 4), he gave him to Christ  without measure; all fulness dwelt in him, the fulness of the Godhead, an immeasurable fulness. The Spirit was not in Christ as in a vessel, but as in a fountain, as in a bottomless ocean. "The prophets that had the Spirit in a limited manner, only with respect to some particular revelation, sometimes spoke of  themselves; but he that had the Spirit always residing in him, without stint, always spoke  the words of God." So Dr. Whitby. (3.) Concerning  the power and authority he is invested with, which gives him the pre-eminence above all others, and a more excellent name than they. [1.] He is the  beloved Son of the Father (v. 35):  The Father loveth the Son. The prophets were faithful as servants, but Christ as a Son; they were employed as servants, but Christ  beloved as a son, always  his delight, Prov. viii. 30. The Father was well pleased in him; not only he  did love him, but he  doth love him; he continued his love to him even in his estate of humiliation, loved him never the less for his poverty and sufferings. [2.] He is  Lord of all. The Father, as an evidence of his love for him,  hath given all things into his hand. Love is generous. The Father took such a complacency and had such a confidence in him that he constituted him the great  feoffee in trust for mankind. Having given  him the Spirit without measure, he gave him  all things; for he was hereby qualified to be master and manager of all. Note, It is the honour of Christ, and the unspeakable comfort of all Christians, that the Father hath  given all things into the hands of the Mediator.  First, All  power; so it is explained, Matt. xxviii. 18. All the works of creation being put under his feet, all the affairs of redemption are put into his hand; he is Lord of all. Angels are his servants; devils are his captives. He has  power over all flesh, the  heathen given  him for his inheritance. The kingdom of providence is committed to his administration. He has power to settle the terms of the covenant of peace as the great  plenipotentiary, to govern his church as the great  lawgiver, to dispense divine favours as the great  almoner, and to call all to account as the great  Judge. Both the golden sceptre and the iron rod are given into his hand.  Secondly, All  grace is given into his hand as the channel of conveyance;  all things, all those good things which God intended to give to the children of men;  eternal life, and all its preliminaries. We are unworthy that the Father should give those things  into our hands, for we have made ourselves the  children of his wrath; he hath therefore appointed the  Son of his love to be trustee for us, and the things he intended for us he gives  into his hands, who is worthy, and has merited both honours for himself and favours for us. They are given  into his hands, by him to be given into ours. This is a great encouragement to faith, that the riches of the new covenant are deposited in so sure, so kind, so good a hand, the hand of him that purchased them for us, and us for himself, who is able to keep all that which both God and believers have agreed to  commit to him. [3.] He is the object of that faith which is made the great condition of eternal happiness, and herein he has the pre-eminence above all others:  He that believeth on the Son, hath life, v. 36. We have here the application of what he had said concerning Christ and his doctrine; and it is the  conclusion of the whole matter. If God has put this honour upon the Son, we must by faith give honour to him. As God offers and conveys good things to us by the  testimony of Jesus Christ, whose word is the vehicle of divine favours, so we receive and partake of those favours by  believing the testimony, and entertaining that word as  true and  good; this way of  receiving fitly answers that way of  giving. We have here the sum of that gospel which is to be preached to every creature, Mark xvi. 16. Here is,  First, The blessed state of all true Christians:  He that believes on the Son hath everlasting life. Note, 1. It is the character of every true Christian that he believes on  the Son of God; not only  believes him, that what he saith is true, but believes  on him, consents to him, and confides in him. The benefit of true Christianity is no less than  everlasting life; this is what Christ came to purchase for us and confer upon us; it can be no less than the happiness of an immortal soul  in an immortal God. 2. True believers, even now,  have everlasting life; not only they shall have it hereafter, but they have it now. For, (1.) They  have very good security for it. The deed by which it passeth is sealed and delivered to them, and so they  have it; it is put into the hands of their guardian for them, and so they have it, though the use be not yet transferred into possession. They have the Son of God, and in him  they have life; and the Spirit of God, the earnest of this life. (2.) They have the comfortable  foretastes of it, in present communion with God and the tokens of his love. Grace is glory begun.

=CHAP. 4.= ''It was, more than any thing else, the glory of the land of Israel, that it was Emmanuel's land (Isa. viii. 8), not only the place of his birth, but the scene of his preaching and miracles. This land in our Saviour's time was divided into three parts: Judea in the south, Galilee in the north, and Samaria lying between them. Now, in this chapter, we have Christ in each of these three parts of that land. I. Departing out of Judea, ver. 1-3. II. Passing through Samaria, which, though a visit in transitu, here takes up most room. 1. His coming into Samaria, ver. 4-6. 2. His discourse with the Samaritan woman at a well, ver. 7-26. 3. The notice which the woman gave of him to the city, ver. 27-30. 4. Christ's talk with his disciples in the meantime, ver. 31-38. 5. The good effect of this among the Samaritans,''

ver. 39-42. III. We find him residing for some time in Galilee (ver. 43-46), and his curing a nobleman's son there, that was at death's door, ver. 46-54.

Christ's Journey into Galilee.
$1$ When therefore the Lord knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, 2 (Though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) 3 He left Jud&#230;a, and departed again into Galilee. We read of Christ's coming into Judea (ch. iii. 22), after he had kept the feast at Jerusalem; and now he left Judea four months before harvest, as is said here (v. 35); so that it is computed that he staid in Judea about six months, to build upon the foundation John had laid there. We have no particular account of his sermons and miracles there, only in general, v. 1. I. That he  made disciples; he prevailed with many to embrace his doctrine, and to follow him as a teacher come from God. His ministry was successful, notwithstanding the opposition it met with (Ps. cx. 2, 3);  mathetas poiei—it signifies the same with  matheteuo— to disciples. Compare Gen. xii. 5.  The souls which they had gotten, which they had  made (so the word is), which they had  made proselytes. Note, It is Christ's prerogative to  make disciples, first to bring them to his foot, and then to form and fashion them to his will.  Fit, non nascitur, Christianus—The Christian is made such, not born such. Tertullian. II. That he  baptized those whom he  made disciples, admitted them by  washing them with water; not himself, but by the ministry of his disciples, v. 2. 1. Because he would put a difference between his baptism and that of John, who baptized all himself; for he baptized as a servant, Christ as a master. 2. He would apply himself more to preaching work, which was the more excellent, 1 Cor. i. 17. 3. He would put honour upon his disciples, by empowering and employing them to do it; and so train them up to further services. 4. If he had baptized some himself, they would have been apt to value themselves upon that, and despise others, which he would prevent, as Paul, 1 Cor. i. 13, 14. 5. He would reserve himself for the honour of baptizing with the Holy Ghost, Acts i. 5. 6. He would teach us that the efficacy of the sacraments depends not on any virtue in the hand that administers them, as also that what is done by his ministers, according to his direction, he owns as done by himself. III. That he made and baptized  more disciples than John; not only more than John did at this time, but more than he had done at any time. Christ's converse was more winning than John's. His miracles were convincing, and the cures he wrought  gratis very inviting. IV. That the Pharisees were informed of this; they heard what multitudes he baptized, for they had, from his first appearing, a jealous eye upon him, and wanted not spies to give them notice concerning him. Observe, 1. When the Pharisees thought they had got rid of John (for he was by this time imprisoned), and were pleasing themselves with that, Jesus appears, who was a greater vexation to them than ever John had been. The witnesses will rise again. 2. That which grieved them was that Christ made so many disciples. The success of the gospel exasperates its enemies, and it is a good sign that it is getting ground when the powers of darkness are enraged against it. V. That our Lord Jesus knew very well what informations were given in against him to the Pharisees. It is probable the informers were willing to have their names concealed, and the Pharisees loth to have their designs known; but none can dig so keep as to  hide their counsels from the Lord (Isa. xxix. 15), and Christ is here called  the Lord. He knew what was told the Pharisees, and how much, it is likely, it exceeded the truth; for it is not likely that Jesus had yet baptized  more than John; but so the thing was represented, to make him appear the more formidable; see 2 Kings vi. 12. VI. That hereupon our Lord Jesus  left Judea and  departed again to go to Galilee. 1. He  left Judea, because he was likely to be persecuted there even to the death; such was the rage of the Pharisees against him, and such their impious policy to devour the man-child in his infancy. To escape their designs, Christ quitted the country, and went where what he did would be less provoking than just under their eye. For, (1.) His hour was not yet come (ch. vii. 30), the time fixed in the counsels of God, and the Old-Testament prophecies, for Messiah's being cut off. He had not finished his testimony, and therefore would not surrender or expose himself. (2.) The disciples he had gathered in Judea were not able to bear hardships, and therefore he would not expose them. (3.) Hereby he gave an example to his own rule:  When they persecute you in one city, flee to another. We are not called to suffer, while we may avoid it without sin; and therefore, though we may not, for our own preservation, change our religion, yet we may change our place. Christ secured himself, not by a miracle, but in a way  common to men, for the direction and encouragement of his suffering people. 2. He departed into Galilee, because he had work to do there, and many friends and fewer enemies. He went to Galilee now, (1.) Because John's ministry had now  made way for him there; for Galilee, which was under Herod's jurisdiction, was the last scene of John's baptism. (2.) Because John's imprisonment had now  made room for him there. That light being now put under a bushel, the minds of people would not be divided between him and Christ. Thus both the liberties and restraints of good ministers are for the furtherance of the gospel, Phil. i. 12. But to what purpose does he go into Galilee for safety? Herod, the persecutor of John, will never be the protector of Jesus. Chemnitius here notes,  Pii in h&#225;c vit&#180; quos fugiant habent; ad quos vero fugiant ut in tuto sint non habent, nisi ad te, Deus, qui solus regugium nostrum es— The pious have those, in this life, to whom they can fly; but they have none to fly to, who can afford them refuge, except thee, O God.

Christ at the Well of Samaria.
$4$ And he must needs go through Samaria. $5$ Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. $6$ Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with  his journey, sat thus on the well:  and it was about the sixth hour. $7$ There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink. $8$ (For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) $9$ Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. $10$ Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. $11$ The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? $12$ Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? $13$ Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: $14$ But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. $15$ The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw. $16$ Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. 17 The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: $18$ For thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that saidst thou truly. $19$ The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. $20$ Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. $21$ Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. $22$ Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. $23$ But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. $24$ God  is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship  him in spirit and in truth. $25$ The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. $26$ Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am  he. We have here an account of the good Christ did in Samaria, when he  passed through that country in his way to Galilee. The Samaritans, both in  blood and  religion, were  mongrel Jews, the posterity of those colonies which the king of Assyria planted there after the captivity of the ten tribes, with whom the poor of the land that were left behind, and many other Jews afterwards, incorporated themselves. They worshipped the God of Israel only, to whom they erected a temple on mount Gerizim, in competition with that at Jerusalem. There was great enmity between them and the Jews; the Samaritans would not admit Christ, when they saw he was going to Jerusalem (Luke ix. 53); the Jews thought they could not give him a worse name than to say,  He is a Samaritan. When the Jews were in prosperity, the Samaritans claimed kindred to them (Ezra iv. 2), but, when the Jews were in distress, they were Medes and Persians; see Joseph.  Antiq. 11. 340-341; 12. 257. Now observe, I. Christ's coming into Samaria. He charged his disciples not to  enter into any city of the Samaritans (Matt. x. 5), that is, not to preach the gospel, or work miracles; nor did he here preach publicly, or work any miracle, his eye being to  the lost sheep of the house of Israel. What kindness he here did them was  accidental; it was only a  crumb of the children's bread that casually  fell from the master's table. 1. His  road from Judea to Galilee lay through the  country of Samaria (v. 4):  He must needs go through Samaria. There was no other way, unless he would have fetched a compass on the other side  Jordan, a great way about. The wicked and profane are at present so intermixed with God's Israel that, unless we will go  out of the world, we cannot avoid  going through the company of such, 1 Cor. v. 10. We have therefore need of the armour or righteousness on the right hand and on the left, that we may neither give  provocation to them nor contract  pollution by them. We should not go into places of temptation but when we  needs must; and then we should not reside in them, but  hasten through them. Some think that Christ  must needs go through Samaria because of the good work he had to do there; a poor woman to be converted, a lost sheep to be sought and saved. This was work his heart was upon, the  therefore he  must needs go this way. It was happy for Samaria that it lay  in Christ's way, which gave him an opportunity of calling on them.  When I passed by thee, I said unto thee, Live, Ezek. xvi. 6. 2. His baiting place happened to be at a  city of Samaria. Now observe, (1.) The place described. It was called  Sychar; probably the same with  Sichem, or  Shechem, a place which we read much of in the Old Testament. Thus are the names of places commonly corrupted by tract of time. Shechem yielded the first proselyte that ever came into the church of Israel (Gen. xxxiv. 24), and now it is the first place where the gospel is preached out of the commonwealth of Israel; so Dr. Lightfoot observes; as also that the  valley of Achor, which was given for a  door of hope, hope to the poor Gentiles, ran along by this city, Hos. ii. 15. Abimelech was made king here; it was Jeroboam's royal seat; but the evangelist, when he would give us the antiquities of the place, takes notice of Jacob's interest there, which was more its honour than its crowned heads. [1.] Here lay Jacob's ground, the  parcel of ground which Jacob gave to his son Joseph, whose bones were buried in it, Gen. xlviii. 22; Josh. xxiv. 32. Probably this is mentioned to intimate that Christ, when he reposed himself hard by here, took occasion from the ground which Jacob gave Joseph to meditate on the good report which the elders by faith obtained. Jerome chose to live in the land of Canaan, that the sight of the places might affect him the more with scripture stories. [2.] Here was Jacob's well which he digged, or at least used, for himself and his family. We find no mention of this well in the Old Testament; but the tradition was that it was Jacob's well. (2.) The posture of our Lord Jesus at this place:  Being wearied with his journey, he sat thus on the well. We have here our Lord Jesus, [1.] Labouring under the common fatigue of travellers. He was  wearied with his journey. Though it was yet but the sixth hour, and he had performed but half his day's journey, yet he was weary; or,  because it was the sixth hour, the time of the heat of the day, therefore he was weary. Here we see,  First, That he was a  true man, and subject to the common infirmities of the human nature. Toil came in with sin (Gen. iii. 19), and therefore Christ, having made himself a curse for us, submitted to it.  Secondly, That he was a  poor man, else he might have travelled on horseback or in a chariot. To this instance of meanness and mortification he humbled himself for us, that he went all his journeys on foot. When  servants were on  horses, princes walked as servants on the earth, Eccl. x. 7. When we are carried easily, let us think on the weariness of our Master.  Thirdly, It should seem that he was but a  tender man, and not of a robust constitution; it should seem, his disciples were not tired, for they went into the town without any difficulty, when their Master sat down, and could not go a step further. Bodies of the finest mould are most sensible of fatigue, and can worst bear it. [2.] We have him here betaking himself to the common relief of travellers; '' Being wearied, he sat thus on the well. First, He sat  on the well, an  uneasy place, cold and hard; he had no couch, no easy chair to repose himself in, but took to that which was  next hand, to teach us not to be nice and curious in the conveniences of this life, but content with  mean things. Secondly, He sat  thus, in an  uneasy posture; sat  carelessly—incuriose et neglectim; or he sat  so'' as people that are wearied with travelling are accustomed to sit. II. His discourse with a Samaritan woman, which is here recorded at large, while Christ's dispute with the doctors, and his discourse with Moses and Elias on the mount, are buried in silence. This discourse is reducible to four heads:— 1. They discourse  concerning the water, v. 7-15. (1.) Notice is taken of the  circumstances that gave occasion to this discourse. [1.] There comes a  woman of Samaria to  draw water. This intimates her poverty, she had no servant to be a  drawer of water; and her industry, she would do it herself. See here,  First, How God owns and approves of honest humble diligence in our places. Christ was made known to the shepherds when they were keeping their flock.  Secondly, How the divine Providence brings about glorious purposes by events which seem to us fortuitous and accidental. This woman's meeting with Christ at the well may remind us of the stories of Rebekah, Rachel, and Jethro's daughter, who all met with husbands, good husbands, no worse than Isaac, Jacob, and Moses, when they came to the wells for water.  Thirdly, How the preventing grace of God sometimes brings people unexpectedly under the means of conversion and salvation. He is found of them that sought him not. [2.] His disciples were  gone away into the city to buy meat. Hence learn a lesson,  First, Of justice and honesty. The meat Christ ate, he bought and paid for, as Paul, 2 Thess. iii. 8.  Secondly, Of daily dependence upon Providence:  Take no thought for the morrow. Christ did not go into the city to eat, but sent his disciples to fetch his meat thither; not because he scrupled eating in a Samaritan city, but, 1. Because he had a good work to do at that well, which might be done while they were catering. It is wisdom to fill up our vacant minutes with that which is good, that the  fragments of time may  not be lost. Peter, while his dinner was getting ready, fell into a trance, Acts x. 10. 2. Because it was more private and retired, more cheap and homely, to have his dinner brought him hither, than to go into the town for it. Perhaps his purse was low, and he would teach us  good husbandry, to  spend according to what we  have and not go beyond it. At least, he would teach us not to affect great things. Christ could eat his dinner as well upon a  draw well as in the best inn in the town. Let us  comport with our circumstances. Now this gave Christ an opportunity of discoursing with this woman about spiritual concerns, and he improved it; he often preached to multitudes that crowded after him for instruction, yet here he condescends to teach a single person, a woman, a poor woman, a stranger, a Samaritan, to teach his ministers to do likewise, as those that know what a glorious achievement it is to help to save, though but  one soul, from death. (2.) Let us observe the  particulars of this discourse. [1.] Jesus begins with a modest request for a draught of water:  Give me to drink. He that  for our sakes became poor here becomes a beggar, that those who are in want, and cannot dig, may not be ashamed to beg. Christ asked for it, not only because he needed it, and needed her help to come at it, but because he would draw on further discourse with her, and teach us to be willing to be beholden to the meanest when there is occasion. Christ is still begging in his poor members, and a  cup of cold water, like this here, given to them in his name, shall not lose its reward. [2.] The woman, though she does not deny his request, yet quarrels with him because he did not carry on the humour of his own nation (v. 9):  How is it? Observe,  First, What a mortal feud there was between the Jews and the Samaritans:  The Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. The Samaritans were the  adversaries of Judah (Ezra iv. 1), were upon all occasions mischievous to them. The Jews were extremely malicious against the Samaritans, "looked upon them as having no part in the resurrection, excommunicated and cursed them by the sacred name of God, by the glorious writing of the tables, and by the curse of the upper and lower house of judgment, with this law, That no Israelite eat of any thing that is a Samaritan's, for it is as if he should eat swine's flesh." So Dr. Lightfoot, out of  Rabbi Tanchum. Note, Quarrels about religion are usually the most implacable of all quarrels. Men were made to  have dealing one with another; but if men, because one worships at one temple and another at another, will deny the offices of humanity, and charity, and common civility, will be morose and unnatural, scornful and censorious, and this under colour of zeal for religion, they plainly show that however their religion may be  true they are not  truly religious; but, pretending to stickle for religion, subvert the design of it.  Secondly, How ready the woman was to upbraid Christ with the haughtiness and ill nature of the Jewish nation:  How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me? By his dress or dialect, or both, she knew him to be a Jew, and  thinks it strange that he runs not to the same excess of riot against the Samaritans with other Jews. Note, Moderate men of all sides are, like Joshua and his fellows (Zech. iii. 8),  men wondered at. Two things this woman wonders at, 1. That he should  ask this kindness; for it was the pride of the Jews that they would endure any hardship rather than be beholden to a Samaritan. It was part of Christ's humiliation that he was born of the Jewish nation, which was  now not only in an  ill state, subject to the Romans, but in an  ill name among the nations. With what disdain did Pilate ask,  Am I a Jew? Thus he  made himself not only  of no reputation, but of  ill reputation; but herein he has set us an example of swimming against the stream of common corruptions. We must, like our master, put on  goodness and  kindness, though it should be ever so much the genius of our country, or the humour of our party, to be morose and ill-natured. This woman expected that Christ should be as other Jews were; but it is unjust to charge upon every individual person even the common faults of the community: no rule but has some exceptions. 2. She wonders that he should  expect to receive this kindness from her that was a Samaritan: "You Jews could deny it to one of our nation, and why should we grant it to one of yours?" Thus quarrels are propagated endlessly by revenge and retaliation. [3.] Christ takes this occasion to instruct her in divine things:  If thou knewest the gift of God, thou wouldst have asked, v. 10. Observe,  First, He waives her objection of the feud between the Jews and Samaritans, and takes no notice of it. Some differences are best  healed by being  slighted, and by avoiding all occasions of  entering into dispute about them. Christ will convert this woman, not by showing her that the Samaritan worship was  schismatical (though really it was so), but by showing her her own ignorance and immoralities, and her need of a Saviour.  Secondly, He fills her with an apprehension that she had now an opportunity (a fairer opportunity than she was aware of) of gaining that which would be of unspeakable advantage to her. She had not the helps that the Jews had to discern the signs of the times, and therefore Christ tells her expressly that she had now a season of grace; this was  the day of her visitation.  a. He hints to her what she  should know, but was ignorant of:  If thou knewest the gift of God, that is, as the next words explain it,  who it is that saith, Give me to drink. If thou knewest  who I am. She saw him to be a Jew, a poor weary traveller; but he would have her know something more concerning him that did yet appear. Note, ( a.) Jesus Christ is the  gift of God, the richest token of God's love to us, and the richest treasure of all good for us;  a gift, not a debt which we could demand from God; not a  loan, which he will demand from us again, but a gift, a free gift, ch. iii. 16. ( b.) It is an unspeakable privilege to have this gift of God proposed and offered to us; to have an opportunity of embracing it: "He who is the gift of God is now set before thee, and addresses himself to  thee; it is he that saith,  Give me to drink; this gift comes a begging to thee." ( c.) Though Christ is set before us, and sues to us in and by his gospel, yet there are multitudes that  know him not. They know not who it is that speaks to them in the gospel, that saith,  Give me to drink; they perceive not that it is the Lord that calls them.  b. He hopes concerning her, what she would have done if she had known him; to be sure she would not have given him such a rude and uncivil answer; nay, she would have been so far from affronting him that she would have made her addresses to him:  Thou wouldest have asked. Note, ( a.) Those that would have any benefit by Christ must ask for it, must be earnest in prayer to God for it. ( b.) Those that have a right knowledge of Christ will seek to him, and if we do not seek unto him it is a sign that we do not know him, Ps. ix. 10. ( c.) Christ knows what they that want the means of knowledge would have done if they had had them, Matt. xi. 21.  c. He assures her what he would have done for her if she had applied to him: "He  would have given thee (and not have upbraided thee as thou doest me)  living water." By this living water is meant the  Spirit, who is not like the water in the bottom of the well, for some of which he asked, but like  living or  running water, which was much more valuable. Note, ( a.) The Spirit of grace is as  living water; see ch. vii. 38. Under this similitude the blessings of the Messiah had been promised in the Old Testament, Isa. xii. 3; xxxv. 7; xliv. 3; lv. 1; Zech. xiv. 8. The graces of the Spirit, and his comforts, satisfy the thirsting soul, that knows its own nature and necessity. ( b.) Jesus Christ  can and  will give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him; for he  received that he might  give. [4.] The woman objects against and cavils at the gracious intimation which Christ gave her (v. 11, 12):  Thou hast nothing to draw with; and besides,  Art thou greater than our father Jacob? What he spoke figuratively, she took literally; Nicodemus did so too. See what confused notions they have of spiritual things who are wholly taken up with the things that are sensible. Some respect she pays to this person, in calling him  Sir, or  Lord; but little respect to what he said, which she does but banter.  First, She does not think him capable of furnishing her with any water, no, not this in the well that is just at hand:  Thou has nothing to draw with, and  the well is deep. This she said, not knowing the power of Christ, for he who  causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth needs  nothing to draw. But there are those who will trust Christ no further than they can see him, and will not believe his promise, unless the means of the performance of it be  visible; as if he were tied to our methods, and could not draw water without our buckets. She asks scornfully, " Whence hast thou this living water? I see not whence thou canst have it." Note, The springs of that living water which Christ has for those that come to him are secret and undiscovered. The fountain of life is hid with Christ. Christ has enough for us, though we see not whence he has it.  Secondly, She does not think it possible that he should furnish her with any better water than this which she could come at, but he could not:  Art thou greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well?  a. We will suppose the tradition true, that Jacob  himself, and his children, and cattle, did drink of this well. And we may observe from it, ( a.) The power and providence of God, in the continuance of the fountains of water from generation to generation, by the constant circulation of the rivers, like the blood in the body (Eccl. i. 7), to which circulation perhaps the flux and reflux of the sea, like the pulses of the heart, contribute. ( b.) The plainness of the patriarch Jacob; his drink was water, and he and his children drank of the same well with his cattle.  b. Yet, allowing that to be true, she was out in several things; as, ( a.) In calling Jacob  father. What authority had the Samaritans to reckon themselves of the seed of Jacob? They were descended from that mixed multitude which the king of Assyria had placed in the cities of Samaria; what have they to do then with Jacob? Because they were the  invaders of Israel's rights, and the unjust possessors of Israel's lands, were they therefore the  inheritors of Israel's blood and honour? How absurd were those pretensions! ( b.) She is out in claiming this well as Jacob's gift, whereas he did no more give it than Moses gave the  manna, ch. vi. 32. But thus we are apt to call the  messengers of God's gifts the  donors of them, and to look so much at the hands they  pass through as to forget the hand they  come from. Jacob gave it to his sons, not to  them. Yet thus the church's enemies not only  usurp, but monopolize, the church's privileges. ( c.) She was out in speaking of Christ as not worthy to be compared with our father Jacob. An over-fond veneration for antiquity makes God's graces, in the good people of our own day, to be slighted. [5.] Christ answers this cavil, and makes it out that the  living water he had to give was far better than that of Jacob's well, v. 13, 14. Though she spoke perversely, Christ did not cast her off, but instructed and encouraged her. He shows her,  First, That the water of Jacob's well yielded but a  transient satisfaction and supply: " Whoso drinketh of this water shall thirst again. It is no better than other water; it will quench the present thirst, but the thirst will return, and in a few hours a man will have as much  need, and as much  desire, of water as ever he had." This intimates, 1. The  infirmities of our bodies in this present state; they are still  necessitous, and ever  craving. Life is a  fire, a  lamp, which will soon go out, without continual supplies of fuel and oil. The natural heat preys upon itself. 2. The  imperfections of all our comforts in this world; they are not lasting, nor our satisfaction in them remaining. Whatever waters of comfort we drink of, we shall  thirst again. Yesterday's meat and drink will not do to-day's work.  Secondly, That the living waters he would give should yield a lasting satisfaction and bliss, v. 14. Christ's gifts appear most valuable when they come to be compared with the things of this world; for there will appear no comparison between them. Whoever partakes of the Spirit of grace, and the comforts of the everlasting gospel,  a. He shall  never thirst, he shall never want that which will abundantly satisfy his soul's desires; they are  longing, but not  languishing. A  desiring thirst he has, nothing more  than God, still more and more  of God; but not a  despairing thirst.  b. Therefore he shall never thirst, because this water that Christ gives '' shall be in him a well of water. He can never be reduced to extremity that has in himself a  fountain'' of supply and satisfaction. ( a.)  Ever ready, for it shall be  in him. The principle of grace planted  in him is the spring of his comfort; see ch. vii. 38. A good man is  satisfied from himself, for Christ  dwells in his heart. The anointing abides in him; he needs not sneak to the world for comfort; the  work and the  witness of the Spirit in the heart furnish him with a firm foundation of hope and an overflowing fountain of joy. ( b.)  Never failing, for it shall be in him a  well of water. He that has at hand only a bucket of water needs not thirst as long as this lasts, but it will soon be  exhausted; but believers have in them a  well of water, overflowing, ever flowing. The  principles and  affections which Christ's holy religion  forms in the souls of those that are brought under the power of it are this  well of water. [ a.] It is  springing up, ever in motion, which bespeaks the actings of grace strong and vigorous. If good truths  stagnate in our souls, like standing water, they do not answer the end of our receiving them. If there be a good treasure in the heart, we must thence bring forth good things. [ b.] It is springing up  unto everlasting life; which intimates,  First, The  aims of gracious actings. A sanctified soul has its eye upon heaven, means this, designs this, does all for this, will take up with nothing short of this. Spiritual life springs up towards its own perfection in eternal life.  Secondly, The  constancy of those actings; it will continue springing up till it come to perfection.  Thirdly, The crown of them, eternal life at last. The living water rises  from heaven, and therefore rises  towards heaven; see Eccl. i. 7. And now is not this water better than that of Jacob's well? [6.] The woman (whether in jest or earnest is hard to say) begs of him to give her some of this water (v. 15): '' Give me this water, that I thirst not. First, Some think that she speaks  tauntingly, and ridicules what Christ had said as mere stuff; and, in derision of it, not  desires,'' but  challenges him to give her some of this water: "A rare invention; it will save me a great deal of  pains if I never  come hither to draw." But,  Secondly, Others think that it was a  well-meant but weak and ignorant desire. She apprehended that he meant something very good and useful, and therefore saith  Amen, at a venture.  Whatever it be, let me have it; '' who will show me any good? Ease,'' or saving of labour, is a valuable good to poor labouring people. Note, 1. Even those that are weak and ignorant may yet have some faint and fluctuating desires towards Christ and his gifts, and some good wishes of grace and glory. 2. Carnal hearts, in their best wishes, look no higher than carnal ends. "Give it to me," saith she, "not that I may have everlasting life" (which Christ proposed), "but that I  come not hither to draw." 2. The next subject of discourse with this woman in  concerning her husband, v. 16-18. It was not to let fall the discourse of the water of life that Christ started this, as many who will bring in any  impertinence in conversation that they may drop a serious subject; but it was with a gracious design that Christ mentioned it. What he had said concerning his grace and eternal life he found had made little impression upon her, because she had not been convinced of sin: therefore, waiving the discourse about the living water, he sets himself to awaken her conscience, to open the wound of guilt, and then she would more easily apprehend the remedy by grace. And this is the method of dealing with souls; they must first be made  weary and  heavy-laden under the burden of sin, and then brought to Christ for rest; first pricked to the heart, and then healed. This is the course of spiritual physic; and if we proceed not in this order we begin at the wrong end. Observe, (1.) How discreetly and decently Christ introduces this discourse (v. 16):  Go, call thy husband, and come hither. Now, [1.] The order Christ gave her had a  very good colour: "Call thy husband, that he may teach thee, and help thee to understand these things, which thou art so ignorant of" The wives that will learn must  ask their husbands (1 Cor. xiv. 35), who must dwell with them  as men of knowledge, 1 Pet. iii. 7. " Call thy husband, that he may learn with thee; that then you may be  heirs together of the grace of life. Call thy husband, that he may be witness to what passes between us." Christ would thus teach us to  provide things honest in the sight of all men, and to study that which is of good report. [2.] As it had a good colour, so it had a  good design; for hence he would take occasion to call her sin to remembrance. There is need of art and prudence in giving reproofs; to fetch a compass, as the woman of Tekoa, 2 Sam. xiv. 20. (2.) How industriously the woman seeks to evade the conviction, and yet insensibly convicts herself, and, ere she is aware, owns her fault; she said,  I have no husband. Her saying this intimated no more than that she did not care to have her husband spoken of, nor that matter mentioned any more. She would not have her husband come thither, lest, in further discourse, the truth of the matter should come out, to her shame; and therefore, "Pray go on to talk of something else,  I have no husband;" she would be thought a  maid or a  widow, whereas, though she had no husband, she was neither. The carnal mind is very ingenious to  shift off convictions, and to keep them from fastening, careful to  cover the sin. (3.) How closely our Lord Jesus brings home the conviction to her conscience. It is probable that he said more than is here recorded, for she thought that he told her all that ever she did (v. 29), but that which is here recorded is concerning her husbands. Here is, [1.] A  surprising narrative of her  past conversation:  Thou has had five husbands. Doubtless, it was not her  affliction (the burying of so many husbands), but her  sin, that Christ intended to upbraid her with; either she had  eloped (as the law speaks), had run away from her  husbands, and married others, or by her undutiful, unclean, disloyal conduct, had provoked them to  divorce her, or by indirect means had, contrary to law,  divorced them. Those who make light of such scandalous practices as these, as no more than  nine days' wonder, and as if the guilt were over as soon as the talk is over, should remember that Christ keeps account of all. [2.] A severe reproof of her present state of life:  He whom thou now hast is not thy husband. Either she was never married to him at all, or he had some other wife, or, which is most probable, her former husband or husbands were living: so that, in short,  she lived in adultery. Yet observe how mildly Christ tells her of it; he doth not call her  strumpet, but tells her,  He with whom thou livest is not thy husband: and then leaves it to her own conscience to say the rest. Note, Reproofs are ordinarily  most profitable when they are  least provoking. [3.] Yet in this he puts a better construction than it would well bear upon what she said by way of shuffle and evasion:  Thou has well said I have no husband; and again,  In that saidst thou truly. What she intended as a  denial of the fact (that she had none with whom she lived as a husband) he favourably interpreted, or at least turned upon her, as a  confession of the fault. Note, Those who would win souls should  make the best of them, whereby they may hope to  work upon their  good-nature; for, if they  make the worst of them, they certainly  exasperate their  ill-nature. 3. The next subject of discourse with this woman is concerning  the place of worship, v. 19-24. Observe, (1.) A case of conscience proposed to Christ by the woman, concerning the place of worship, v. 19, 20. [1.] The inducement she had to put this case:  Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. She does not deny the truth of what he had charged her with, but by her silence owns the justice of the reproof; nor is she put into a passion by it, as many are when they are touched in a sore place, does not impute his censure to the general disgust the Jews had to the Samaritans, but (which is a rare thing) can bear to be told of a fault. But this is not all; she goes further:  First, She speaks respectfully to him, calls him  Sir. Thus should we  honour those that deal faithfully with us. This was the effect of Christ's meekness in reproving her; he gave her no ill language, and then she gave him none.  Secondly, She acknowledges him to be a  prophet, one that had a correspondence with Heaven. Note, The power of the word of Christ in searching the heart, and convincing the conscience of secret sins, is a great proof of its divine authority, 1 Cor. xiv. 24, 25.  Thirdly, She desires some further instruction from him. Many that are not  angry at their reprovers, nor fly in their faces, yet are  afraid of them and keep out of their way; but this woman was willing to have some more discourse with him that told her of her faults. [2.] The case itself that she propounded concerning the  place of religious worship in public. Some think that she started this to shift off further discourse concerning her sin. Controversies in religion often prove great prejudices to serious godliness; but, it should seem, she proposed it with a good design; she knew she must worship God, and desired to do it aright; and therefore, meeting with a prophet, begs his direction. Note, It is our wisdom to improve all opportunities of getting knowledge in the things of God. When we are in company with those that are  fit to teach, let us be  forward to learn, and have a  good question ready to put to those who are able to give a  good answer. It was agreed between the Jews and the Samaritans that God is to be worshipped (even those who were such fools as to worship  false gods were not such brutes as to worship none), and that religious worship is an affair of great importance: men would not  contend about it if they were not  concerned about it. But the matter in variance was  where they should worship God. Observe how she states the case:—  First, As for the Samaritans:  Our fathers worshipped in this mountain, near to this city and this well; there the Samaritan temple was built by Sanballat, in favour of which she insinuates, 1. That whatever the temple was the place was holy; it was mount  Gerizim, the mount in which the blessings were pronounced; and some think the same on which Abraham built his altar (Gen. xii. 6, 7), and Jacob his, Gen. xxxiii. 18-20. 2. That it might plead prescription:  Our fathers worshipped here. She thinks they have antiquity, tradition, and succession, on their side. A  vain conversation often supports itself with this, that it was  received by tradition from our fathers. But she had little reason to boast of  their fathers; for, when Antiochus persecuted the Jews, the Samaritans, for fear of sharing with them in their sufferings, not only renounced all relation to the Jews, but surrendered their temple to Antiochus, with a request that it might be dedicated to Jupiter Olympius, and called by his name. Joseph.  Antiq. 12. 257-264.  Secondly, As to the Jews:  You say that  in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. The Samaritans governed themselves by the five books of Moses, and (some think) received  only them as canonical. Now, though they found frequent mention there of the place God would choose, yet they did not find it named there; and they saw the temple at Jerusalem stripped of many of its ancient glories, and therefore thought themselves at liberty to set up another place, altar against altar. (2.) Christ's answer to this case of conscience, v. 21, &c. Those that apply themselves to Christ for instruction shall find him  meek, to teach the meek his way. Now here, [1.] He puts  a slight upon the question, as she had proposed it, concerning the place of worship (v. 21): " Woman, believe me as a prophet, and mark what I say. Thou art expecting the  hour to come when either by some divine revelation, or some signal providence, this matter shall be decided in favour either of Jerusalem or of Mount Gerizim; but I tell thee the hour is at hand when it shall be no more a question; that which thou has been taught to lay so much weight on shall be set aside as a thing  indifferent." Note, It should cool us in our contests to think that those things which now fill us, and which we make such a noise about, shall shortly  vanish, and be  no more: the very things we are striving about are passing away: '' The hour comes when you shall neither in this mountain nor yet at Jerusalem worship the Father. First, The object of worship is supposed to continue still the same— God,'' as a Father; under this notion the very heathen worshipped God, the Jews did so, and probably the Samaritans.  Secondly, But a period shall be put to all niceness and all differences about the place of worship. The approaching dissolution of the Jewish economy, and the erecting of the evangelical state, shall set this matter  at large, and lay all  in common, so that it shall be a thing perfectly indifferent whether in either of these places or any other men worship God, for they shall not be tied to any place; neither  here nor  there, but  both, and  any where, and  every where. Note, The worship of God is not now, under the gospel, appropriated to any place, as it was under the law, but it is God's will that men pray every where. 1 Tim. ii. 8; Mal. i. 11. Our reason teaches us to consult  decency and  convenience in the places of our worship: but our religion gives no preference to one place above another, in respect to holiness and acceptableness to God. Those who prefer any worship merely for the sake of the house or building in which it is performed (though it were as magnificent and as  solemnly consecrated as ever Solomon's temple was) forget that the  hour is come when there shall be no difference put in God's account: no, not between Jerusalem, which  had been so famous for sanctity, and the mountain of Samaria, which  had been so infamous for impiety. [2.] He  lays a stress upon other things, in the matter of religious worship. When he made so light of the place of worship he did not intend to lessen our concern about the thing itself, of which therefore he takes occasion to discourse more fully.  First, As to the present state of the controversy, he  determines against the Samaritan worship, and in favour of the Jews, v. 22. He tells here, 1. That the Samaritans were certainly  in the wrong; not merely because they worshipped in this mountain, though, while Jerusalem's choice was in force, that was sinful, but because they were out in the object of their worship. If the worship itself had been as it should have been, its separation from Jerusalem might have been connived at, as the  high places were in the best reigns:  But you worship you know not what, or  that which you do not know. They worshipped the God of Israel, the true God (Ezra iv. 2; 2 Kings xvii. 32); but they were sunk into gross ignorance; they worshipped him as the  God of that land (2 Kings xvii. 27, 33), as a local deity, like the gods of the nations, whereas God must be served  as God, as the universal cause and Lord. Note, Ignorance is so far from being the  mother of devotion that it is the  murderer of it. Those that worship God  ignorantly offer the  blind for sacrifice, and it is the  sacrifice of fools. 2. That the Jews were certainly  in the right. For, (1.) " We know what we worship. We go upon sure grounds in our worship, for our people are catechised and trained up in the knowledge of God, as he has revealed himself in the scripture." Note, Those who by the scriptures have obtained some knowledge of God (a  certain though not a  perfect knowledge) may worship him  comfortably to themselves, and  acceptably to him, for they  know what they worship. Christ elsewhere condemns the corruptions of the Jews' worship (Matt. xv. 9), and yet here defends the worship itself; the worship may be  true where yet it is not  pure and  entire. Observe, Our Lord Jesus was pleased to reckon himself among the  worshippers of God: '' We worship. Though he was a Son'' (and then are the children free),  yet learned he this obedience, in the days of his humiliation. Let not the greatest of men think the worship of God below them, when the Son of God himself did not. (2.)  Salvation is of the Jews; and therefore they know what they worship, and what grounds they go upon in their worship. Not that all the Jews were saved, nor that it was not possible but that many of the Gentiles and Samaritans might be saved, for in  every nation he that fears God and works righteousness is  accepted of him; but, [1.] The author of eternal salvation comes of the Jews, appears among them (Rom. ix. 5), and is sent first to  bless them. [2.] The means of eternal salvation are afforded to them. The  word of salvation (Acts xiii. 26) was  of the Jews. It was delivered to them, and other nations derived it through them. This was a sure guide to them in their devotions, and they followed it, and therefore knew what they worshipped. To them were committed the  oracles of God (Rom. iii. 2), and the  service of God, (Rom. ix. 4). The Jews therefore being thus privileged and advanced, it was presumption for the Samaritans to vie with them.  Secondly, He describes the evangelical worship which alone God would accept and be well pleased with. Having shown that the place is  indifferent, he comes to show what is  necessary and  essential—that we worship God  in spirit and in truth, v. 23, 24. The stress is not to be laid upon the  place where we worship God, but upon the state of  mind in which we worship him. Note, The most effectual way to take up differences in the minor matters of religion is to be more zealous in the greater. Those who daily make it the matter of their care to worship  in the spirit, one would think, should not make it the matter of their strife whether he should be worshipped here or there. Christ had justly preferred the Jewish worship before the Samaritan, yet here he intimates the imperfection of that. The worship was  ceremonial, Heb. ix. 1, 10. The worshippers were generally  carnal, and strangers to the  inward part of divine worship. Note, It is possible that we may be better than our neighbours, and yet not so good as we should be. It concerns us to be right, not only in the  object of our worship, but in the  manner of it; and it is this which Christ here instructs us in. Observe,  a. The great and glorious revolution which should introduce this change:  The hour cometh, and now is—the fixed stated time, concerning which it was of old determined when it should come, and how long it should last. The time of its  appearance if  fixed to an hour, so punctual and exact are the divine counsels; the time of its  continuance is  limited to an hour, so close and pressing is the opportunity of divine grace, 2 Cor. vi. 2. This hour  cometh, it is coming in its full strength, lustre, and perfection, it  now is in the embryo and infancy. The  perfect day is coming, and now it  dawns.  b. The blessed change itself. In gospel times the  true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth. As creatures, we worship the Father of  all: as Christians, we worship  the Father of our Lord Jesus. Now the change shall be, ( a.) In the  nature of the worship. Christians shall worship God, not in the ceremonial observances of the Mosaic institution, but in  spiritual ordinances, consisting less in  bodily exercise, and animated and invigorated more with divine power and energy. The way of worship which Christ has instituted is rational and intellectual, and refined from those external rites and ceremonies with which the Old-Testament worship was both clouded and clogged. This is called true worship, in opposition to that which was typical. The legal services were  figures of the true, Heb. ix. 3, 24. Those that revolted from Christianity to Judaism are said to  begin in the spirit, and end in the flesh, Gal. iii. 3. Such was the difference between Old-Testament and New-Testament institutions. ( b.) In the  temper and  disposition of the worshippers; and so the true worshippers are good Christians, distinguished from hypocrites; all  should, and they will, worship God  in spirit and in truth. It is spoken of (v. 23) as their character, and (v. 24) as their duty. Note, It is required of all that worship God that they worship him  in spirit and in truth. We must worship God, [ a.]  In spirit, Phil. iii. 3. We must depend upon  God's Spirit for strength and assistance, laying our souls under his influences and operations; we must devote  our own spirits to, and employ them in, the service of God (Rom. i. 9), must worship him with fixedness of thought and a flame of affection, with  all that is within us. Spirit is sometimes put for the new nature, in opposition to the  flesh, which is the corrupt nature; and so to worship God  with our spirits is to worship him  with our graces, Heb. xii. 28. [ b.]  In truth, that is, in  sincerity. God requires not only the  inward part in our worship, but  truth in the inward part, Ps. li. 6. We must mind the power more than the form, must aim at God's glory, and not to be  seen of men; draw near with a  true heart, Heb. x. 22.  Thirdly, He intimates the reasons why God must be thus worshipped.  a. Because in gospel times they, and they only, are accounted the  true worshippers. The gospel erects a spiritual way of worship, so that the professors of the gospel are not true in their profession, do not live up to gospel light and laws, if they do not worship God  in spirit and in truth.  b. Because  the Father seeketh such worshippers of him. This intimates, ( a.) That such worshippers are very rare, and seldom met with, Jer. xxx. 21. The gate of spiritual worshipping is strait. ( b.) That such worship is necessary, and what the God of heaven insists upon. When God comes to  enquire for worshippers, the question will not be, "Who worshipped at Jerusalem?" but, "Who worshipped in spirit?" That will be the touchstone. ( c.) That God is greatly well pleased with and graciously accepts such worship and such worshippers.  I have desired it, Ps. cxxxii. 13, 14; Cant. ii. 14. ( d.) That there has been, and will be to the end, a remnant of such worshippers; his  seeking such worshippers implies his  making them such. God is in all ages gathering in to himself a generation of spiritual worshippers.  c. Because  God is a spirit. Christ came to  declare God to us (ch. i. 18), and this he has declared concerning him; he declared it to this poor Samaritan woman, for the meanest are concerned to know God; and with this design, to rectify her mistakes concerning religious worship, to which nothing would contribute more than the right knowledge of God. Note, ( a.)  God is a spirit, for he is an infinite and eternal mind, an intelligent being, incorporeal, immaterial, invisible, and incorruptible. It is easier to say what God is not than what he is; a spirit  has not flesh and bones, but  who knows the way of a spirit? If God were not  a spirit, he could not be  perfect, nor infinite, nor eternal, nor independent, nor the Father of spirits. ( b.) The spirituality of the divine nature is a very good reason for the spirituality of divine worship. If we do not worship God, who is  a spirit, in the spirit, we neither  give him the glory due to his name, and so do not perform the  act of worship, nor can we hope to obtain his favour and acceptance, and so we miss of the  end of worship, Matt. xv. 8, 9. 4. The last subject of discourse with this woman is concerning the Messiah, v. 25, 26. Observe here, (1.) The faith of the woman, by which she expected the Messiah:  I know that Messias cometh—and he will tell us all things. She had nothing to object against what Christ had said; his discourse was, for aught she knew, what might become the Messiah then expected; but  from him she would receive it, and in the mean time she thinks it best to suspend her belief. Thus many have no heart to the price  in their hand (Prov. xvii. 16), because they think they have a better  in their eye, and deceive themselves with a promise that they will learn that  hereafter which they neglect  now. Observe here, [1.] Whom she expects:  I know that Messias cometh. The Jews and Samaritans, though so much at variance, agreed in the expectation of the messiah and his kingdom. The Samaritans received the writings of Moses, and were no strangers to the prophets, nor to the hopes of the Jewish nation; those who knew least knew this, that Messias was to come; so general and uncontested was the expectation of him, and at this time more raised than ever (for the sceptre was departed from Judah, Daniel's weeks were near expiring), so that she concludes not only,  He will come, but  erchetai—" He comes, he is just at hand:"  Messias, who is called Christ. The evangelist, though he retains the Hebrew word  Messias (which the woman used) in honour to the holy language, and to the Jewish church, that used it familiarly, yet, writing for the use of the Gentiles, he takes care to render it by a Greek word of the same signification,  who is called Christ-Anointed, giving an example to the apostle's rule, that whatever is spoken in an unknown or less vulgar tongue should be  interpreted, 1 Cor. xiv. 27, 28. [2.] What she expects from him: " He will tell us all things relating to the service of God which it is needful for us to know, will tell us that which will supply our defects, rectify our mistakes, and put an end to all our disputes. He will tell us the mind of God fully and clearly, and keep back nothing." Now this implies an acknowledgement,  First, Of the deficiency and imperfection of the discovery they now had of the divine will, and the rule they had of the divine worship; it  could not make the comers thereunto perfect, and therefore they expected some great advance and improvement in matters of religion, a time of reformation.  Secondly, Of the sufficiency of the Messiah to make this change: " He will tell us all things which we want to know, and about which we wrangle in the dark. He will introduce  peace, by  leading us into all truth, and dispelling the mists of error." It seems, this was the comfort of good people in those dark times that light would arise; if they found themselves at a loss, and run aground, it was a satisfaction to them to say,  When Messias comes, he will tell us all things; as it may be to us now with reference to his second coming: now we see through a glass, but then  face to face.

Christ at the Well of Samaria.
$27$ And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest thou with her? $28$ The woman then left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men, $29$ Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ? $30$ Then they went out of the city, and came unto him. $31$ In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat. $32$ But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye know not of. $33$ Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought him  ought to eat? $34$ Jesus saith unto them, My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, and to finish his work. 35 Say not ye, There are yet four months, and  then cometh harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest. $36$ And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. $37$ And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. $38$ I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men laboured, and ye are entered into their labours. $39$ And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that ever I did. $40$ So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought him that he would tarry with them: and he abode there two days. $41$ And many more believed because of his own word; $42$ And said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard  him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world. We have here the remainder of the story of what happened when Christ was in Samaria, after the long conference he had with the woman. I. The  interruption given to this discourse by the disciples' coming. It is probable that much more was said than is recorded; but just when the discourse was brought to a head, when Christ had made himself known to her as the true Messiah,  then came the disciples. The  daughters of Jerusalem shall not  stir up nor awake my love till he please. 1. They wondered at Christ's converse with this woman, marvelled that he talked thus earnestly (as perhaps they observed at a distance) with a woman, a strange woman alone (he used to be more  reserved), especially with a Samaritan woman, that was not of the lost sheep of the house of Israel; they thought their Master should be as shy of the Samaritans as the other Jews were, at least that he should not preach the gospel to them. They wondered he should condescend to talk with such a poor contemptible woman, forgetting what despicable men they themselves were when Christ first called them into fellowship with himself. 2. Yet they acquiesced in it; they knew it was for some good reason, and some good end, of which he was not bound to give them an account, and therefore none of them asked,  What seekest thou? or,  Why talkest thou with her? Thus, when particular difficulties occur in the word and providence of God, it is good to satisfy ourselves with this in general, that all is well which Jesus Christ saith and doeth. Perhaps there was something  amiss in their  marveling that  Christ talked with the woman: it was something like the Pharisees being offended at his eating with publicans and sinners. But, whatever they  thought, they said '' nothing. If thou hast thought evil at any time,  lay thy hand upon thy mouth,'' to keep that evil thought from turning into an evil word, Prov. xxx. 32; Ps. xxxix. 1-3. The notice which the woman gave to her neighbours of the extraordinary person she had happily met with, v. 28, 29. Observe here, 1. How she  forgot her errand to the well, v. 28. Therefore, because the disciples were come, and broke up the discourse, and perhaps she observed they were not pleased with it, she  went her way. She withdrew, in civility to Christ, that he might have leisure to  eat his dinner. She delighted in his discourse, but would not be  rude; every thing is beautiful in its season. She supposed that Jesus, when he had dined, would go forward in his journey, and therefore hastened to tell her neighbours, that they might come quickly.  Yet a little while is the light with you. See how she improved time; when one good work was done, she applied herself to another. When opportunities of  getting good cease, or are interrupted, we should seek opportunities of  doing good; when we have done  hearing the word, then is a time to be  speaking of it. Notice is taken of her  leaving her water-pot or  pail. (1.) She left it in kindness to Christ, that he might have water to drink; he turned water into wine for others, but not for himself. Compare this with Rebecca's civility to Abraham's servant (Gen. xxiv. 18), and see that promise, Matt. x. 42. (2.) She left it that she might make the more haste into the city, to carry thither these good tidings. Those whose business it is to publish the name of Christ must not encumber or entangle themselves with any thing that will retard or hinder them therein. When the disciples are to be made fishers of men they must  forsake all. (3.) She left her water-pot, as one  careless of it, being wholly taken up with better things. Note, Those who are brought to the knowledge of Christ will show it by a holy contempt of this world and the things of it. And those who are  newly acquainted with the things of God must be  excused, if at first they be so taken up with the new world into which they are brought that the things of this world seem to be for a time wholly neglected. Mr. Hildersham, in one of his sermons on this verse, from this instance largely justifies those who leave their worldly business on week-days to go to hear sermons. 2. How she  minded her errand to the town, for her heart was upon it. She  went into the city, and said to  the men, probably the aldermen, the men in authority, whom, it may be, she found met together upon some public business; or to  the men, that is, to every man she met in the streets; she proclaimed it in the chief places of concourse: '' Come, see a man who told me all things that ever I did. Is not this the Christ?'' Observe, (1.) How  solicitous she was to  have her friends and neighbours acquainted with Christ. When she had found that treasure, she  called together her friends and neighbours (as Luke xv. 9), not only to  rejoice with her, but to share with her, knowing there was enough to enrich herself and all that would partake with her. Note, They that have been themselves with Jesus, and have found comfort in him, should do all they can to bring others to him. Has he done us the honour to make himself known to us? Let us do him the honour to make him known to others; nor can we do ourselves a greater honour. This woman becomes an apostle.  Qu&#230; scortum fuerat egressa, regreditur magistra evangelica—She who went forth a specimen of impurity returns a teacher of evangelical truth, saith  Aretius. Christ had told her to  call her husband, which she thought was warrant enough to  call every body. She went into  the city, the city where she dwelt, among her kinsfolks and acquaintance. Though every man is my neighbour that I have opportunity of doing good to, yet I have most  opportunity, and therefore lie under the greatest  obligations, to do good to those that live near me.  Where the tree falls, there let it be made useful. (2.) How fair and ingenuous she was in the notice she gave them concerning this stranger she had met with. [1.] She  tells them plainly what induced her to admire him:  He has told me all things that ever I did. No more is recorded than what he told her of her husbands; but it is not improbable that he had told her of more of her faults. Or, his telling her that which she knew he could not by any ordinary means come to the knowledge of convinced her that he could have told her all that she ever did. If he has a  divine knowledge, it must be omniscience. He told her that which none knew but God and her own conscience. Two things affected her:— First, the extent of his knowledge. We ourselves cannot tell  all things that ever we did (many things pass  unheeded, and more pass away and are forgotten); but Jesus Christ knows all the thoughts, words, and actions, of all the children of men; see Heb. iv. 13. He hath said, '' I know thy works. Secondly, The power of his word. This made a great impression upon her, that he told her her  secret sins with such an unaccountable power and energy that, being told of one, she is  convinced of all, and judged of all.'' She does not say, "Come, see a man that has told me strange things concerning religious worship, and the laws of it, that has decided the controversy between this mountain and Jerusalem, a man that calls himself the  Messias;" but, " Come see a man that has told me of my sins." She fastens upon that part of Christ's discourse which one would think she would have been most shy of repeating; but experimental proofs of the power of Christ's word and Spirit are of all others the most cogent and convincing; and that  knowledge of Christ into which we are led by the conviction of sin and humiliation is most likely to be  sound and  saving. [2.] She  invites them to  come and see him of whom she had conceived so high an opinion. Not barely, "Come and look upon him" (she does not invite them to him as a  show), but, "Come and converse with him; come and  hear his wisdom, as I have done, and you will be of my mind." She would not undertake to manage the arguments which had convinced her, in such a manner as to convince others; all that see the evidence of truth themselves are not able to make others see it; but, "Come, and talk with him, and you will find such a power in his word as far exceeds all other evidence." Note, Those who can do little else towards the conviction and conversion of others may and should bring them to those means of grace which they themselves have found effectual. Jesus was now at the town's end. "Now come see him." When opportunities of getting the knowledge of God are brought to our doors we are inexcusable if we neglect them; shall we not go over the threshold to see him whose day prophets and kings desired to see? [3.] She resolves to  appeal to themselves, and their own sentiments upon the trial.  Is not this the Christ? She does not peremptorily say, "He is the Messiah," how clear soever she was in her own mind, and yet she very prudently mentions the Messiah, of whom otherwise they would not have thought, and then refers it to themselves; she will not impose her faith upon them, but only propose it to them. By such fair but forcible appeals as these men's judgments and consciences are sometimes taken hold of ere they are aware. (3.) What success she had in this invitation:  They went out of the city, and came to him, v. 30. Though it might seem very improbable that a woman of so  small a figure, and so  ill a character, should have the honour of the first discovery of the Messiah among the Samaritans, yet it pleased God to incline their hearts to take notice of her report, and not to slight it as an idle tale. Time was when lepers were the first that brought tidings to Samaria of a great deliverance, 2 Kings vii. 3, &c. They  came unto him; did not send for him into the city to them, but in token of their respect to him, and the earnestness of their desire to see him, they  went out to him. Those that would know Christ must meet him where he records his name. III. Christ's discourse with his disciples while the woman was absent, v. 31-38. See how industrious our Lord Jesus was to  redeem time, to husband every minute of it, and to  fill up the vacancies of it. When the disciples were gone into the town, his discourse with the woman was  edifying, and suited to her case; when she was gone into the town, his discourse with them was no less edifying, and suited to their case; it were well if we could  thus gather up the fragments of time, that none of it may be lost. Two things are observable in this discourse:— 1. How Christ  expresses the delight which he himself had in his work. His work was to  seek and save that which was lost, to go about doing good. Now with this work we here find him wholly taken up. For, (1.)  He neglected his meat and drink for his work. When he sat down upon the well, he was  weary, and needed refreshment; but this opportunity of saving souls made him forget his weariness and hunger. And he minded  his food so little that, [1.] His disciples were forced to invite him to it:  They prayed him, they pressed him, saying,  Master, eat. It was an instance of their  love to him that they invited him, lest he should be faint and sick for want of some support; but it was a greater instance of his  love to souls that he needed invitation. Let us learn hence a holy indifference even to the needful supports of life, in comparison with spiritual things. [2.] He minded it so little that they suspected he had had meat brought him in their absence (v. 33):  Has any man brought him aught to eat? He had so little appetite for his dinner that they were ready to think he had dined already. Those that make religion their business will, when any of its affairs are to be attended, prefer them before their food; as Abraham's servant, that would not eat till he had told his errand (Gen. xxiv. 33), and Samuel, that would not sit down till David was anointed, 1 Sam. xvi. 11. (2.) He  made his work his meat and drink. The work he  had to do among the Samaritans, the prospect he now had of doing good to many, this was  meat and drink to him; it was the greatest pleasure and satisfaction imaginable. Never did a hungry man, or an epicure, expect a plentiful feast with so much desire, nor feed upon its dainties with so much delight, as our Lord Jesus expected and improved an opportunity of doing good to souls. Concerning this he saith, [1.] That it was such  meat as the disciples  knew not of. They did not imagine that he had any design or prospect of planting his gospel among the Samaritans; this was a piece of usefulness they never thought of. Note, Christ by his gospel and Spirit does more good to the souls of men than his own disciples  know of or  expect. This may be said of good Christians too, who live by faith, that they have meat to eat which others know not of, joy with which a stranger does not intermeddle. Now this word made them ask,  Has any man brought him aught to eat? so apt were even his own disciples to understand him after a corporal and carnal manner when he used similitudes. [2.] That the reason why his work was his meat and drink was because it was his Father's work, his Father's will:  My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, v. 34. Note,  First, The salvation of sinners is the  will of God, and the instruction of them in order thereunto is  his work. See 1 Tim. ii. 4. There is a chosen remnant whose salvation is in a particular manner his will.  Secondly, Christ was  sent into the world on this errand, to bring people to God, to know him and to be happy in him.  Thirdly, He made this work his business and delight. When his body needed food, his mind was so taken up with this that he forgot both hunger and thirst, both meat and drink. Nothing could be more grateful to him than doing good; when he was invited  to meat he went, that he might  do good, for that was his meat always.  Fourthly, He was not only ready upon all occasions to go to his work, but he was  earnest and in care to go  through it, and to  finish his work in all the parts of it. He resolved never to quit it, nor lay it down, till he could say,  It is finished. Many have zeal to carry them  out at first, but not zeal to carry them  on to the last; but our Lord Jesus was intent upon  finishing his work. Our Master has herein left us an example, that we may learn to do the will of God as he did; 1. With diligence and close application, as those that make a business of it. 2. With delight and pleasure in it, as in our element. 3. With constancy and perseverance; not only minding to  do, but aiming to  finish, our work. 2. See here how Christ, having expressed his delight in  his work, excites his disciples to diligence in  their work; they were workers  with him, and therefore should be workers  like him, and make their work their  meat, as he did. The work they had to do was to  preach the gospel, and to set up the kingdom of the Messiah. Now this work he here compares to  harvest work, the gathering in of the fruits of the earth; and this similitude he prosecutes throughout the discourse, v. 35-38. Note, gospel time is harvest time, and gospel work harvest work. The harvest is before  appointed and expected; so was the gospel. Harvest time is  busy time; all hands must be then at work: every one must work for  himself, that he may reap of the graces and comforts of the gospel: ministers must work  for God, to gather in souls to him. Harvest time is  opportunity, a short and limited time, which will not last always; and harvest work is work that must be done  then or not at all; so the time of the enjoyment of the gospel is a particular season, which must be improved for its proper purposes; for, once past, it cannot be recalled. The disciples were to gather in a harvest of souls for Christ. Now he here suggests three things to them to quicken them to diligence:— (1.) That it was  necessary work, and the  occasion for it very urgent and pressing (v. 35):  You say, It is four months to harvest; but I say,  The fields are already white. Here is, [1.] A saying of Christ's disciples concerning the  corn-harvest; there  are yet four months, and then comes harvest, which may be taken either  generally—"You say, for the encouragement of the sower at seed-time, that it will be but four months to the harvest." With us it is but about four months between the barley-sowing and the barley-harvest, probably it was so with them as to other grain; or, "Particularly, now at this time you reckon it will be four months to next harvest, according to the ordinary course of providence." The Jews' harvest began at the Passover, about Easter, much earlier in the year than ours, by which it appears that this journey of Christ from Judea to Galilee was in the winter, about the end of November, for he travelled  all weathers to do good. God has not only promised us a harvest every year, but has appointed the  weeks of harvest; so that we know  when to expect it, and take our measures accordingly. [2.] A saying of Christ's concerning the  gospel harvest; his heart was as much upon the fruits of his gospel as the hearts of others were upon the fruits of the earth; and to this he would lead the thoughts of his disciples: '' Look, the fields are already white unto the harvest. First, Here in  this place, where they  now were, there was harvest work for  him'' to do. They would have him to  eat, v. 31. "Eat!" saith he, "I have other work to do, that is more needful;  look what crowds of Samaritans are coming out of the town over the fields that are ready to receive the gospel;" probably there were many now in view. People's forwardness to hear the word is a great excitement to ministers' diligence and liveliness in preaching it.  Secondly, In  other places, all the country over, there was harvest work enough for them all to do. " Consider the regions, think of the state of the country, and you will find there are multitudes as ready to receive the gospel as a field of corn that is fully ripe is ready to be reaped." The fields were now made  white to the harvest, 1. By the  decree of God revealed in the prophecies of the Old Testament. Now was the time when the gathering of the people should be to Christ ( Gen. xlix. 10), when great accessions should be made to the church and the bounds of it should be enlarged, and therefore it was time for them to be busy. It is a great encouragement to us to engage in any work for God, if we understand by the signs of the times that this is the proper season for that work, for then it will prosper. 2. By the  disposition of men. John Baptist had  made ready a people prepared for the Lord, Luke i. 17. Since he began to preach the kingdom of God  every man pressed into it, Luke xvi. 16. This, therefore, was a time for the preachers of the gospel to apply themselves to their work with the utmost vigour, to  thrust in their sickle, when the harvest was ripe, Rev. xiv. 15. It was  necessary to work now, pity that such a season should be let slip. If the corn that is  ripe be not reaped, it will  shed and be lost, and the fowls will pick it up. If souls that are under convictions, and have some good inclinations, be not helped now, their hopeful beginnings will come to nothing, and they will be a prey to pretenders. It was also  easy to work now; when the people's hearts are  prepared the work will be done  suddenly, 2 Chron. xxix. 36. It cannot but quicken ministers to take  pains in preaching the word when they observe that people  take pleasure in hearing it. (2.) That it was  profitable and  advantageous work, which they themselves would be gainers by (v. 36): " He that reapeth receiveth wages, and so shall you." Christ has undertaken to pay those well whom he employs in his work; for he will never do as Jehoiakim did,  who used his neighbour's service without wages (Jer. xxii. 13), or those who  by fraud kept back the hire of those particularly  who reaped their corn-fields, Jam. v. 4. Christ's reapers, though they cry  to him day and night, shall never have cause to cry  against him, nor to say they served a hard Master. He that reapeth, not only  shall but  does receive wages. There is a present reward in the service of Christ, and his work is  its own wages. [1.] Christ's reapers have  fruit: He gathereth fruit unto life eternal; that is, he shall both save himself and those that hear him, 1 Tim. iv. 16. If the faithful reaper save his own soul, that is fruit abounding to his account, it is fruit gathered to  life eternal; and if, over and above this, he be instrumental to save the souls of others too, there is  fruit gathered. Souls gathered to Christ are fruit, good fruit, the fruit that Christ seeks for (Rom. i. 13); it is gathered for Christ (Cant. viii. 11, 12); it is gathered to  life eternal. This is the comfort of faithful ministers, that their work has a tendency to the eternal salvation of precious souls. [2.] They have  joy: That he that sows and they that reap may rejoice together. The minister who is the happy instrument of beginning a good work is  he that sows, as John Baptist; he that is employed to carry it on and perfect it is  he that reaps: and both shall rejoice together. Note,  First, Though God is to have all the glory of the success of the gospel, yet faithful ministers may themselves take the comfort of it. The reapers share in the  joy of harvest, though the profits belong to the master, 1 Thess. ii. 19.  Secondly, Those ministers who are variously gifted and employed should be so far from envying one another that they should rather mutually rejoice in each other's success and usefulness. Though all Christ's ministers are not alike  serviceable, nor alike  successful, yet, if they have obtained mercy of the Lord to be  faithful, they shall all enter  together into the joy of their Lord at last. (3.) That it was  easy work, and work that was half done to their hands by those that were gone before them:  One soweth, and another reapeth, v. 37, 38. This sometimes denotes a grievous judgment upon him that sows, Mic. vi. 15; Deut. xxviii. 30,  Thou shalt sow, and another shall reap; as Deut. vi. 11,  Houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not. So here. Moses, and the prophets, and John Baptist, had  paved the way to the gospel, had sown the good seed which the New-Testament ministers did in effect but gather the fruit of.  I send you to reap that whereon you bestowed, in comparison, no  labour. Isa. xl. 3-5. [1.] This intimates  two things concerning the Old-Testament ministry:— First, That it was very much  short of the New-Testament ministry. Moses and the  prophets sowed, but they could not be said to  reap, so little did they see of the fruit of their labours. Their writings have done much more good since they left us than ever their preaching did.  Secondly, That it was very  serviceable to the New-Testament ministry, and made way for it. The writings of the prophets, which were read in the synagogues every sabbath day, raised people's expectations of the Messiah, and so prepared them to bid him welcome. Had it not been for the seed sown by the prophets, this Samaritan woman could not have said,  We know that Messias cometh. The writings of the Old Testament are in some respects more useful to us than they could be to those to whom they were first written, because better understood by the accomplishment of them. See 1 Pet. i. 12; Heb. iv. 2; Rom. xvi. 25, 26. [2.] This also intimates  two things concerning the ministry of the '' apostles of Christ. First, That it was a  fruitful'' ministry: they were reapers that gathered in a great harvest of souls to Jesus Christ, and did more in seven years towards the setting up of the kingdom of God among men than the prophets of the Old Testament had done in twice so many ages.  Secondly, That it was much  facilitated, especially among the Jews, to whom they were first sent, by the writings of the prophets. The prophets  sowed in tears, crying out,  We have laboured in vain; the apostles  reaped in joy, saying,  Thanks be to God, who always causeth us to triumph. Note, From the labours of ministers that are dead and gone much good fruit may be reaped by the people that  survive them and the ministers that  succeed them. John Baptist, and those that assisted him, had  laboured, and the disciples of Christ entered into their labours, built upon their foundation, and reaped the fruit of what they sowed. See what reason we have to bless God for those that are  gone before us, for their preaching and their writing, for what they  did and  suffered in their day, for we are  entered into their labours; their studies and services have made our work the easier. And when the ancient and modern labourers, those that came into the vineyard at the third hour and those that came in at the eleventh, meet in the day of account, they will be so far from envying one another the honour of their respective services that both  they that sowed and they that  reaped shall rejoice together; and the great Lord of thee harvest shall have the glory of all. IV. The  good effect which this visit Christ made to the Samaritans ( en passant) had upon them, and the fruit which was now presently gathered among them, v. 39-42. See what impressions were made on them, 1. By the  woman's testimony concerning  Christ; though a single testimony, and of one of no good report, and the testimony no more than this,  He told me all that ever I did, yet it had a good influence upon many. One would have thought that his telling the woman of her secret sins would have made them afraid of coming to him, lest he should tell them also of their faults; but they will venture that rather than not be acquainted with one who they had reason to think was a prophet. And  two things they were brought to:— (1.) To  credit Christ's  word (v. 39):  Many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the saying of the woman. So far they  believed on him that they took him for a  prophet, and were desirous to know the mind of God from him; this is favourably interpreted as believing on him. Now observe, [1.] Who they were that believed:  Many of the Samaritans, who were not of the house of Israel. Their faith was not only an  aggravation of the  unbelief of the Jews, from whom better might have been expected, but an  earnest of the  faith of the Gentiles, who would welcome that which the Jews rejected. [2.] Upon what inducement they believed:  For the saying of the woman. See here,  First, How God is sometimes pleased to use very weak and unlikely instruments for the beginning and carrying on of a good work. A little maid directed a great prince to Elisha, 2 Kings v. 2.  Secondly, How great a matter a little fire kindles. Our Saviour, by instructing one poor woman, spread instruction to a whole town. Let not ministers be either  careless in their preaching, or  discouraged in it, because their hearers are  few and  mean; for, by doing good to  them, good may be conveyed to  more, and those that are more considerable. If they  teach every man his neighbour, and  every man his brother, a great number may learn at  second hand. Philip preached the gospel to a single gentleman in his chariot upon the road, and he not only received it himself, but carried it into his country, and propagated it there.  Thirdly, See how good it is to speak  experimentally of Christ and the things of God. This woman could say little of Christ, but what she did say she spoke feelingly:  He told me all that ever I did. Those are most likely to do good that can tell what God has done  for their souls, Ps. lxvi. 16. (2.) They were brought to  court his stay among them (v. 40): When they were come to him  they besought him that he would tarry with them. Upon the woman's report, they believed him to be a prophet, and  came to him; and, when they  saw him, the meanness of his appearance and the manifest poverty of his outward condition did not lessen their esteem of him and expectations from him, but still they respected him as a prophet. Note, There is hope of those who are got over the vulgar prejudices that men have against  true worth in a  low estate. Blessed are they that are not offended in Christ at the  first sight. So far were they from being offended in him that they begged he would tarry with them; [1.] That they might  testify their respect to him, and treat him with the honour and kindness due to his character. God's prophets and ministers are welcome guests to all those who sincerely embrace the gospel; as to Lydia, Acts xvi. 15. [2.] That they might receive instruction from him. Those that are taught of God are truly desirous to learn more, and to be better acquainted with Christ. Many would have flocked to one that would tell them  their fortune, but these flocked to one that would tell them  their faults, tell them of their sin and duty. The historian seems to lay an emphasis upon their being Samaritans; as Luke x. 33; xvii. 16. The Samaritans had not that reputation for religion which the Jews had; yet the Jews, who saw Christ's miracles, drove him from them: while the Samaritans, who saw not his miracles, nor shared in his favours, invited him to them. The  proof of the gospel's success is not always according to the  probability, nor what is  experienced according to what is  expected either way. The Samaritans were taught by the custom of their country to be shy of conversation with the Jews. There were Samaritans that refused to let Christ go through their town (Luke ix. 53), but these begged him to tarry with them. Note, It adds much to the praise of our love to Christ and his word if it conquers the prejudices of education and custom, and sets light by the censures of men. Now we are told that Christ granted their request.  First, He  abode there. Though it was a city of the Samaritans nearly adjoining to their temple, yet, when he was  invited, he  tarried there; though he was upon a journey, and had further to go, yet, when he had an opportunity of doing good, he  abode there. That is no real  hindrance which will  further our account. Yet he abode there but  two days, because he had other places to visit and other work to do, and those  two days were as many as came to the share of this city, out of the few days of our Saviour's sojourning upon earth.  Secondly, We are told what impressions were made upon them by Christ's own word, and his personal converse with them (v. 41, 42); what he  said and  did there is not related, whether he healed their sick or no; but it is intimated, in the effect, that he said and did that which convinced them that he was the Christ; and the labours of a minister are best told by the good fruit of them. Their hearing of  him had a good effect, but  now their eyes saw him; and the effect was, 1. That their number grew (v. 41):  Many more believed: many that would not be persuaded to go out of the town to him were yet wrought upon, when he came among them, to believe in him. Note, It is comfortable to see the number of believers; and sometimes the zeal and forwardness of some may be a means to provoke many, and to stir them up to a holy emulation, Rom. xi. 14. 2. That their faith grew. Those who had been wrought upon by the report of the woman now saw cause to say,  Now we believe, not because of thy saying, v. 42. Here are three things in which their  faith grew:—(1.) In the matter of it, or that which they did believe. Upon the testimony of the woman, they believed him to be  a prophet, or some extraordinary messenger from heaven; but now that they have conversed with him they believe that he is  the Christ, the  Anointed One, the very same that was promised to the fathers and expected by them, and that, being the  Christ, he is the  Saviour of the world; for the work to which he was anointed was to  save his people from their sins. They believed him to be the Saviour not only of the Jews, but  of the world, which they hoped would take them in, though Samaritans, for it was promised that he should be  Salvation to the ends of the earth, Isa. xlix. 6. (2.) In the  certainty of it; their faith now grew up to a full assurance:  We know that this is indeed the  Christ;  alethos— truly; not a pretended Christ, but a real one; not a  typical Saviour, as many under the Old Testament, but  truly one. Such an assurance as this of divine truths is what we should labour after; not only, We think it probable, and are willing to suppose that  Jesus may be the  Christ, but, We know that he is  indeed the Christ. (3.) In the  ground of it, which was a kind of spiritual sensation and experience:  Now we believe, not because of thy saying, for we have heard him ourselves. They had before  believed for her saying, and it was well, it was a good step; but now they find  further and much  firmer footing for their faith: " Now we believe because we have  heard him ourselves, and have heard such excellent and divine truths, accompanied with such commanding power and evidence, that we are abundantly satisfied and assured that  this is the Christ." This is like what the queen of Sheba said of Solomon (1 Kings x. 6, 7): The  one half was not told me. The Samaritans, who believed for the woman's saying, now gained further light; for  to him that hath shall be given; he that is faithful in a little shall be trusted with more. In this instance we may see how  faith comes by hearing. [1.] Faith comes  to the birth by hearing the  report of men. These Samaritans, for the sake of the woman's saying, believed so far as to  come and see, to come and make trial. Thus the instructions of parents and preachers, and the testimony of the church and our experienced neighbours,  recommend the doctrine of Christ  to our acquaintance, and incline us to entertain it as highly probable. But, [2.] Faith  comes to its growth, strength, and maturity, by hearing the testimony of Christ himself; and this goes further, and recommends his doctrine  to our acceptance, and obliges us to believe it as undoubtedly certain. We were induced to look into the scriptures  by the saying of those who told us that in them they had found eternal life; but when we ourselves have found it in them too, have experienced the enlightening, convincing, regenerating, sanctifying, comforting, power of the word, now we believe,  not for their saying, but because we have searched them ourselves: and our faith  stands not in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God, 1 Cor. ii. 5; 1 John v. 9, 10.

The Nobleman's Son Restored.
$43$ Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee. $44$ For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country. $45$ Then when he was come into Galilee, the Galil&#230;ans received him, having seen all the things that he did at Jerusalem at the feast: for they also went unto the feast. $46$ So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he made the water wine. And there was a certain nobleman, whose son was sick at Capernaum. $47$ When he heard that Jesus was come out of Jud&#230;a into Galilee, he went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, and heal his son: for he was at the point of death. $48$ Then said Jesus unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe. $49$ The nobleman saith unto him, Sir, come down ere my child die. $50$ Jesus saith unto him, Go thy way; thy son liveth. And the man believed the word that Jesus had spoken unto him, and he went his way. $51$ And as he was now going down, his servants met him, and told  him, saying, Thy son liveth. $52$ Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to amend. And they said unto him, Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him. $53$ So the father knew that  it was at the same hour, in the which Jesus said unto him, Thy son liveth: and himself believed, and his whole house. $54$ This  is again the second miracle  that Jesus did, when he was come out of Jud&#230;a into Galilee. In these verses we have, I. Christ's  coming into Galilee, v. 43. Though he was as welcome among the Samaritans as he could be any where, and had better success, yet  after two days he left them, not so much because they were Samaritans, and he would not confirm those in their prejudices against him who said,  He is a Samaritan (ch. viii. 48), but because  he must preach to other cities, Luke iv. 43.  He went into Galilee, for there he spent much of his time. Now see here, 1. Whither Christ went; into Galilee, into the country of Galilee, but not to Nazareth, which was strictly  his own country. He went among the villages, but declined going to Nazareth, the head city, for a reason here given, which  Jesus himself testified, who knew the temper of his countrymen, the hearts of all men, and the experiences of all prophets, and it is this, That  a prophet has no honour in his own country. Note, (1.) Prophets ought to have honour, because God has put honour upon them and we do or may receive benefit by them. (2.) The honour due to the Lord's prophets has very often been denied them, and contempt put upon them. (3.) This  due honour is more frequently denied them  in their own country; see Luke iv. 24; Matt. xiii. 57. Not that it is universally true (no rule but has some exceptions), but it holds for the most part. Joseph, when he began to be a prophet, was most hated by his brethren; David was disdained by his brother (1 Sam. xvii. 28); Jeremiah was maligned by the men of Anathoth (Jer. xi. 21), Paul by his countrymen the Jews; and Christ's near kinsmen spoke most slightly of him, ch. vii. 5. Men's pride and envy make them scorn to be instructed by those who once were their school-fellows and play-fellows. Desire of novelty, and of that which is far-fetched and dear-bought, and seems to drop out of the sky to them, makes them despise those persons and things which they have been long used to and know the rise of. (4.) It is a great discouragement to a minister to go among a people who have no value for him or his labours. Christ would not go to Nazareth, because he knew how little respect he should have there. (5.) It is just with God to deny his gospel to those that despise the ministers of it. They that mock the messengers forfeit the benefit of the message. Matt. xxi. 35, 41. 2. What entertainment he met with among the Galileans in the country (v. 45): They  received him, bade him welcome, and cheerfully attended on his doctrine. Christ and his gospel are not sent in vain; if they have not honour with  some, they shall have with  others. Now the reason given why these Galileans were so ready to receive Christ is because they had seen  the miracles he did at Jerusalem, v. 45. Observe, (1.) They went up to Jerusalem at the feast, the feast of the passover. The Galileans lay very remote from Jerusalem, and their way thither lay through the country of the Samaritans, which was troublesome for a Jew to pass through, worse than Baca's valley of old; yet, in obedience to God's command, they  went up to the feast, and there they became acquainted with Christ. Note, They that are diligent and constant in attending on public ordinances some time or other meet with more spiritual benefit than they expect. (2.) At Jerusalem they  saw Christ's miracles, which recommended him and his doctrine very much to their faith and affections. The miracles were wrought for the benefit of those at Jerusalem; yet the Galileans who were accidentally there got more advantage by them than they did for whom they were chiefly designed. Thus the word preached to a  mixed multitude may perhaps edify  occasional hearers more than the constant auditory. 3. What city he went to. When he would go to a city, he chose to go to Cana of Galilee,  where he had made the water wine (v. 46); thither he went, to see if there were any good fruits of that miracle remaining; and, if there were, to confirm their faith, and water what he had planted. The evangelist mentions this miracle here to teach us to keep in remembrance what we  have seen of the works of Christ. II. His  curing the  nobleman's son that was sick of a fever. This story is not recorded by any other of the evangelists; it comes in Matt. iv. 23. Observe, 1. Who the  petitioner was, and who the  patient: the petitioner was a  nobleman; the patient was his son: '' There was a certain nobleman. Regulus (so the Latin), a  little king;'' so called, either for the largeness of his estate, or the extent of his power, or the royalties that belonged to his manor. Some understand it as denoting his  preferment—he was a courtier in some office about the king; others as denoting his  party—he was an Herodian, a royalist, a prerogative-man, one that espoused the interests of the Herods, father and son; perhaps it was Chuza, Herod's steward (Luke viii. 3), or Man&#230;n, Herod's foster-brother, Acts xiii. 1. There were saints in C&#230;sar's household. The father a nobleman, and yet the son sick; for dignities and titles of honour will be no security to persons and families from the assaults of sickness and death. It was fifteen miles from Capernaum where this nobleman lived to Cana, where Christ now was; yet this affliction in his family sent him so far to Christ. 2. How the petitioner made  his application to the physician. Having heard that  Jesus was come out of Judea to Galilee, and finding that he did not come towards Capernaum, but turned off towards the other side of the country, he  went to him himself, and  besought him to come and heal his son, v. 47. See here, (1.) His  tender affection to his son, that when he was sick he would spare no pains to get help for him. (2.) His  great respect to our Lord Jesus, that he would come himself to wait upon him, when he might have sent a servant; and that he  besought him, when, as a man in authority, some would think he might have ordered his attendance. The greatest men, when they come to God, must become beggars, and sue  sub forma pauperis—as paupers. As to the errand he came upon, we may observe a mixture in  his faith. [1.] There was  sincerity in it; he did believe that Christ could heal his son, though his disease was dangerous. It is probable he had physicians to him, who had given him over; but he believed that Christ could cure him when the case seemed deplorable. [2.] Yet there was  infirmity in his faith; he believed that Christ could heal his son, but, as it should seem, he thought he could not heal him at a distance, and therefore he besought him that he would  come down and heal him, expecting, as Naaman did, that he would come and  strike his hand over the patient, as if he could not cure him but by a  physical contact. Thus we are apt to  limit the Holy One of Israel, and to stint him to our forms. The centurion, a Gentile, a soldier, was so strong in faith as to say,  Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof, Matt. viii. 8. This nobleman, a Jew, must have Christ to come down, though it was a good day's journey, and despairs of a cure unless he come down, as if he must teach Christ how to work. We are encouraged to  pray, but we are not allowed to prescribe: Lord, heal me; but, whether with a word or a touch,  thy will be done. 3. The gentle rebuke he met with in this address (v. 48):  Jesus said to him, "I see how it is;  except you see signs and wonders, you will not believe, as the Samaritans did, though they saw no signs and wonders, and therefore I must work miracles among you." Though he was a  nobleman, and now in  grief about his son, and had shown great respect to Christ in coming so far to him, yet Christ gives him a reproof. Men's dignity in the world shall not exempt them from the rebukes of the word or providence; for Christ reproves not  after the hearing of his ears, but  with equity, Isa. xi. 3, 4. Observe, Christ first shows him his sin and weakness, to prepare him for mercy, and then grants his request. Those whom Christ intends to honour with his  favours he first  humbles with his  frowns. The  Comforter shall first  convince. Herod longed to see some miracle (Luke xxiii. 8), and this courtier was of the same mind, and the generality of the people too. Now that which is blamed is, (1.) That, whereas they had heard by credible and incontestable report of the miracles he had wrought in other places, they would not believe except they saw them with their own eyes, Luke iv. 23. They must be  honoured, and they must be  humoured, or they will not be  convinced. Their country must be graced, and their curiosity gratified, with signs and wonders, or else, though the doctrine of Christ be sufficiently proved by miracles wrought elsewhere, they  will not believe. Like Thomas, they will yield to no method of conviction but what they shall prescribe. (2.) That, whereas they had seen divers miracles, the evidence of which they could not gainsay, but which sufficiently proved Christ to be a teacher come from God, and should now have applied themselves to him for instruction in his doctrine, which by its native excellency would have  gently led them on, in believing, to a spiritual perfection, instead of this they would go no further in believing than they were  driven by signs and wonders. The  spiritual power of the word did not  affect them, did not  attract them, but only the  sensible power of miracles, which were  for those who believe not, while  prophesying was for  those that believe, 1 Cor. xiv. 22. Those that admire  miracles only, and  despise prophesying, rank themselves with unbelievers. 4. His continued importunity in his address (v. 49):  Sir, come down ere my child die.  Kyrie— Lord; so it should be rendered. In this reply of his we have, (1.) Something that was commendable: he took the reproof patiently; he spoke to Christ respectfully. Though he was one of those that wore soft clothing, yet he could bear reproof. It is none of the privileges of peerage to be above the reproofs of the word of Christ; but it is a sign of a good temper and disposition in men, especially in great men, when they can be told of their faults and not be angry. And, as he did not take the reproof for an affront, so he did not take it for a denial, but still prosecuted his request, and continued to wrestle till he prevailed. Nay, he might argue thus: "If Christ heal  my soul, surely he will heal  my son; if he cure  my unbelief, he will cure  his fever." This is the method Christ takes, first to work  upon us, and then to work  for us; and there is hope if we find him entering upon this method. (2.) Something that was blameworthy, that was his infirmity; for, [1.] He seems to take no notice of the reproof Christ gave him, says nothing to it, by way either of confession or of excuse, for he is so wholly taken up with concern about his child that he can mind nothing else. Note, The sorrow of the world is a great prejudice to our profiting by the word of Christ. Inordinate care and grief are thorns that choke the good seed; see Exod. vi. 9. [2.] He still discovered the weakness of his faith in the power of Christ.  First, He must have Christ to come down, thinking that else he could do the child no kindness. It is hard to persuade ourselves that distance of time and place are no obstructions to the knowledge and power of our Lord Jesus; yet so it is: he sees afar off, for his word, the word of his power, '' runs very swiftly. Secondly, He believes that Christ could heal a  sick child, but not that he could raise a  dead child, and therefore, "O  come down, ere my child die,''" as if then it would be too late; whereas Christ has the same power over death that he has over bodily diseases. He forgot that Elijah and Elisha had raised dead children; and is Christ's power inferior to theirs? Observe what haste he is in:  Come down, ere my child die; as if there were danger of Christ's slipping his time.  He that believeth does not make haste, but refers himself to Christ. "Lord, what and when and how thou pleasest." 5. The answer of peace which Christ gave to his request at last (v. 50):  Go thy way, thy son liveth. Christ here gives us an instance, (1.) Of his  power, that he not only could heal, but could heal with so much ease, without the trouble of a visit. Here is nothing  said, nothing  done, nothing  ordered to be done, and yet the cure wrought:  Thy son liveth. The healing beams of the Sun of righteousness dispense benign influences from one end of heaven to another, and  there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Though Christ is now in heaven, and his church on earth, he can  send from above. This nobleman would have Christ  come down and heal his son; Christ will heal his son, and not  come down. And thus the cure is the sooner wrought, the nobleman's mistake rectified, and his faith confirmed; so that the thing was better done in Christ's way. When he denies what we ask, he gives what is much more to our advantage; we ask for ease, he gives patience. Observe, His power was exerted by his word. In saying,  Thy son lives, he showed that he has  life in himself, and power to  quicken whom he will. Christ's saying,  Thy soul lives, makes it alive. (2.) Of his  pity; he observed the nobleman to be  in pain about his son, and his natural affection discovered itself in that word,  Ere my child, my dear child, die; and therefore Christ dropped the reproof, and gave him assurance of the recovery of his child; for he knows how a father  pities his children. 6. The nobleman's belief of the word of Christ: He  believed, and  went away. Though Christ did not gratify him so far as to go down with him, he is satisfied with the method Christ took, and reckons he has gained his point. How quickly, how easily, is that which is lacking in our faith perfected by the word and power of Christ. Now he  sees no sign or wonder, and yet  believes the wonder done. (1.) Christ said,  Thy son liveth, and the man  believed him; not only believed the omniscience of Christ, that he  knew the child had recovered, but the omnipotence of Christ, that the cure was  effected by his word. He left him  dying; yet, when Christ said,  He lives, like the father of the faithful,  against hope he believed in hope, and  staggered not through unbelief. (2.) Christ said,  Go thy way; and, as an evidence of the sincerity of his faith, he  went his way, and gave neither Christ nor himself any further disturbance. He did not press Christ to come down, did not say, "If he do recover, yet a visit will be acceptable;" no, he seems no further solicitous, but, like Hannah, he goes his way, and his countenance is  no more sad. As one entirely satisfied, he made no great haste home; did not hurry home that night, but returned leisurely, as one that was perfectly easy in his own mind. 7. The further confirmation of his faith, by comparing notes with his servants at his return. (1.) His servants met him with the agreeable news of the child's recovery, v. 51. Probably they met him not far from his own house, and, knowing what their master's cares were, they were willing as soon as they could to make him easy. David's servants were loth to tell him when the child was dead. Christ said,  Thy son liveth; and now the servants say the same. Good news will meet those that hope in God's word. (2.) He enquired what hour the child began to recover (v. 52); not as if he doubted the influence of Christ's word upon the child's recovery, but he was desirous to have his faith confirmed, that he might be able to satisfy any to whom he should mention the miracle; for it was a material circumstance. Note, [1.] It is good to furnish ourselves with all the corroborating proofs and evidences that may be, to strengthen our faith in the word of Christ, that it may grow up to '' a full assurance. Show me a token for good.'' [2.] The diligent comparison of the works of Christ with his word will be of great use to us for the confirming of our faith. This was the course the nobleman took:  He enquired of the servants the hour when he began to amend; and they told him,  Yesterday at the seventh hour (at one o'clock in the afternoon, or, as some think this evangelist reckons, at seven o'clock at night) the  fever left him; not only he began to amend, but he was perfectly well on a sudden; so  the father knew that it was at the same hour when Jesus said to him,  Thy son liveth. As the word of God, well-studied, will help us to understand his providences, so the providence of God, well observed, will help us to understand his word; for God is every day  fulfilling the scripture. Two things would help to confirm his faith:— First, That the child's recovery was  sudden and not  gradual. They name the precise time to an hour:  Yesterday, not  about, but  at the seventh hour,  the fever left him; not it  abated, or began to  decrease, but it  left him in an instant. The word of Christ did not work like physic, which must have time to operate, and produce the effect, and perhaps  cures by expectation only; no, with Christ it was  dictum factum—he spoke and it was done; not, He spoke and it was '' set a doing. Secondly, That it was just at the same time that Christ spoke to him:  at that very hour.'' The synchronisms and coincidents of events add very much to the beauty and harmony of Providence. Observe the  time, and the  thing itself will be more illustrious, for every thing is beautiful  in its time; at the very time when it is  promised, as Israel's deliverance (Exod. xii. 41); at the very time when it is  prayed for, as Peter's deliverance, Acts xii. 12. In men's works, distance of place is the delay of time and the retarding of business; but it is not so in the works of Christ. The pardon, and peace, and comfort, and spiritual healing, which he speaks in heaven, are, if he pleases, at the same time effected and wrought in the souls of believers; and, when these two come to be  compared in the great day, Christ will be  glorified in his saints, and admired in all them that believe. 8. The  happy effect and issue of this. The bringing of the cure to the family brought salvation to it. (1.) The nobleman  himself believed. He had before  believed the word of Christ, with reference to this particular occasion; but now he  believed in Christ as the Messiah promised, and became one of his disciples. Thus the  particular experience of the power and efficacy of  one word of Christ may be a happy means to introduce and settle the whole authority of Christ's dominion in the soul. Christ has many ways of gaining the heart, and by the grant of a  temporal mercy may make way for  better things. (2.) His  whole house believed likewise. [1.] Because of the  interest they all had in the miracle, which preserved the  blossom and  hopes of the family; this affected them all, and endeared Christ to them, and recommended him to their best thoughts. [2.] Because of the  influence the master of the family had upon them  all. A master of a family cannot give faith to those under his charge, nor  force them to believe, but he may be instrumental to remove  external prejudices, which obstruct the operation of the evidence, and then the work is more than half done.  Abraham was famous for this (Gen. xviii. 19), and Joshua, ch. xxiv. 15. This was a  nobleman, and probably he had a  great household; but, when he comes into Christ's school, he brings them all along with him. What a blessed change was here in this house, occasioned by the sickness of the child! This should reconcile us to afflictions; we know not what good may follow from them. Probably, the conversion of this  nobleman and his family at Capernaum might induce Christ to come afterwards, and settle at Capernaum, as his head-quarters in Galilee. When great men receive the gospel, they may be instrumental to bring it to the places where they live. 9. Here is the evangelist's remark upon this cure (v. 54);  This is the second miracle, referring to ch. ii. 11, where the turning of water into wine is said to be the first; that was soon after his first return out of Judea, this soon after his second. In Judea he had wrought many miracles, ch. iii. 2; iv. 45. They had the first offer; but, being driven thence, he wrought miracles in Galilee. Somewhere or other Christ will find a welcome. People may, if they please, shut the sun out of  their own houses, but they cannot shut it  out of the world. This is noted to be the  second miracle, 1. To remind us of the first, wrought in the same place some months before.  Fresh mercies should revive the remembrance of former mercies, as former mercies should encourage our hopes of further mercies. Christ keeps account of his favours, whether we do or no. 2. To let us know that  this cure was  before those many cures which the other evangelists mention to be wrought in Galilee, Matt. iv. 23; Mark i. 34; Luke iv. 40. Probably, the patient being a person of quality, the cure was the more talked of and sent him crowds of patients; when this nobleman applied himself to Christ, multitudes followed. What abundance of good may great men do, if they be good men!

=CHAP. 5.= ''We have in the gospels a faithful record of all that Jesus began both to do and to teach, Acts i. 1. These two are interwoven, because what he taught explained what he did, and what he did confirmed what he taught. Accordingly, we have in this chapter a miracle and a sermon. I. The miracle was the cure of an impotent man that had been diseased thirty-eight years, with the circumstances of that cure, ver. 1-16. II. The sermon was Christ's vindication of himself before the sanhedrim, when he was prosecuted as a criminal for healing the man on the sabbath day, in which, 1. He asserts his authority as Messiah, and Mediator between God and man, ver. 17-29. 2. He proves it by the testimony of his Father, of John Baptist, of his miracles, and of the scriptures of the Old Testament, and condemns the Jews for their unbelief, ver. 30-47.''

The Cure at the Pool of Bethesda.
$1$ After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. $2$ Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep  market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches. $3$ In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. $4$ For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. $5$ And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and eight years. $6$ When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time  in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole? $7$ The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me. $8$ Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. $9$ And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath. $10$ The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry  thy bed. $11$ He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk. $12$ Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk? $13$ And he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in  that place. $14$ Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee. $15$ The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole. $16$ And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day. This miraculous cure is not recorded by any other of the evangelists, who confine themselves mostly to the miracles wrought in Galilee, but John relates those wrought at Jerusalem. Concerning this observe, I.  The time when this cure was wrought: it was at a  feast of the Jews, that is, the passover, for that was the most celebrated feast. Christ, though residing in Galilee, yet  went up to Jerusalem at the feast, v. 1. 1. Because it was an  ordinance of God, which, as a  subject, he would observe, being made under the law; though as a  Son he might have pleaded an exemption. Thus he would teach us to attend religious assemblies. Heb. x. 25. 2. Because it was an  opportunity of good; for, (1.) there were great numbers gathered together there at that time; it was a general rendezvous, at least of all serious thinking people, from all parts of the country, besides proselytes from other nations: and Wisdom must  cry in the places of concourse, Prov. i. 21. (2.) It was to be hoped that they were in a  good frame, for they came together to  worship God and to spend their time in religious exercises. Now a mind  inclined to devotion, and sequestering itself to the exercises of piety,  lies very open to the further discoveries of divine light and love, and to it Christ will be acceptable. II. The  place where this cure was wrought: at the  pool of Bethesda, which had a miraculous healing virtue in it, and is here particularly described, v. 2-4. 1. Where it was situated:  At Jerusalem, by the sheep-market;  epi te probatike. It might as well be rendered the  sheep-cote, where the sheep were kept, or the  sheep-gate, which we read of, Neh. iii. 1, through which the sheep were  brought, as the  sheep-market, where they were  sold. Some think it was near the temple, and, if so, it yielded a melancholy but profitable spectacle to those that went up to the temple to pray. 2. How it was called: It was a  pool (a pond or bath),  which is called in Hebrew, Bethesda—the house of mercy; for therein appeared much of the  mercy of God to the sick and diseased. In a world of so much misery as this is, it is well that there are some  Bethesdas—houses of mercy (remedies against those maladies), that the scene is not all melancholy. An  alms-house, so Dr. Hammond. Dr. Lightfoot's conjecture is that this was the  upper pool (Isa. vii. 3), and the  old pool, Isa. xxii. 11; that it had been used for  washing from ceremonial pollutions, for convenience of which the porches were built to dress and undress in, but it was lately become medicinal. 3. How it was fitted up: It had  five porches, cloisters, piazzas, or  roofed walks, in which the sick lay. Thus the charity of men concurred with the mercy of God for the relief of the distressed. Nature has provided  remedies, but men must provide  hospitals. 4. How it was frequented with sick and cripples (v. 3):  In these lay a great multitude of impotent folks. How many are the afflictions of the afflicted in this world! How full of complaints are all places, and what multitudes of impotent folks! It may do us good to visit the hospitals sometimes, that we may take occasion, from the calamities of others, to thank God for our comforts. The evangelist specifies three sorts of diseased people that lay here,  blind, halt, and  withered or  sinew—shrunk, either in one particular part, as the man with the  withered hand, or all over paralytic. These are mentioned because, being least able to help themselves into the water, they lay longest waiting in the  porches. Those that were sick of these bodily diseases took the pains to come  far and had the patience to wait  long for a cure; any of us would have done the same, and we ought to do so: but O that men were as wise for their souls, and as solicitous to get their spiritual diseases healed! We are all by nature  impotent folks in spiritual things,  blind, halt, and  withered; but effectual provision is made for our cure if we will but observe orders. 5. What virtue it had for the cure of these impotent folks (v. 4).  An angel went down, and  troubled the water; and  whoso first stepped in was made whole. That this strange virtue in the pool was  natural, or  artificial rather, and was the effect of the washing of the sacrifices, which impregnated the water with I know not what healing virtue even for  blind people, and that the angel was a  messenger, a common person, sent down to stir the water, is altogether groundless; there was a room in the temple on purpose to wash the sacrifices in. Expositors generally agree that the virtue this pool had was supernatural. It is true the Jewish writers, who are not sparing in recounting the praises of Jerusalem, do none of them make the least mention of this  healing pool, of which silence in this matter perhaps this is the reason, that it was taken for a presage of the near approach of the Messiah, and therefore those who denied him to be come industriously concealed such an indication of his coming; so that this is all the account we have of it. Observe, (1.) The  preparation of the medicine by an angel, who  went down into the pool, and  stirred the water. Angels are God's servants, and friends to mankind; and perhaps are more active in the removing of diseases (as evil angels in the inflicting of them) than we are aware of. Raphael, the apocryphal name of an angel, signifies  medicina Dei—God's physic, or  physician rather. See what mean offices the holy angels condescend to, for the good of men. If we would do the will of God as the angels do it, we must think nothing below us but sin. The  troubling of the water was the signal given of the descent of the angel, as the  going upon the tops of the mulberry trees was to David, and then they must  bestir themselves. The waters of the sanctuary are then  healing when they are put in  motion. Ministers must  stir up the gift that is in them. When they are cold and dull in their ministrations, the waters  settle, and are not apt to  heal. The angel descended, to  stir the water, not daily, perhaps not frequently, but  at a certain season; some think, at the three solemn feasts, to grace those solemnities; or,  now and then, as Infinite Wisdom saw fit. God is a free agent in dispensing his favours. (2.) The  operation of the medicine:  Whoever first stepped in was made whole. here is, [1.] miraculous extent of the virtue as to the  diseases cured; what disease soever it was, this water cured it. Natural and artificial baths are as  hurtful in some cases as they are useful in others, but this was a remedy for every malady, even for those that came from contrary causes. The power of miracles  succeeds where the power of nature  succumbs. [2.] A miraculous limitation of the virtue as to the  persons cured: He that first stepped in had the benefit; that is, he or they that stepped in immediately were cured, not those that lingered and came in afterwards. This teaches us to observe and improve our opportunities, and to  look about us, that we slip not a season which may never return. The angel  stirred the waters, but left the diseased to themselves to  get in. God has put virtue into the scriptures and ordinances, for he would have healed us; but, if we do not make a due improvement of them, it is our own fault, we  would not be healed. Now this is all the account we have of this  standing miracle; it is uncertain when it began and when it ceased. Some conjecture it began when Eliashib the high priest began the building of the wall about Jerusalem, and sanctified it with prayer; and that God testified his acceptance by putting this virtue into the adjoining pool. Some think it began now lately at Christ's birth; nay, others at his baptism. Dr. Lightfoot, finding in  Josephus, Antiq. 15. 121-122, mention of a great earthquake in the seventh year of Herod, thirty years before Christ's birth, supposed, since there used to be earthquakes at the descent of angels, that then the angel first descended to stir this water. Some think it ceased with this miracle, others at Christ's death; however, it is certain it had a gracious signification.  First, it was a  token of God's good will to that people, and an indication that, though they had been long without prophets and miracles, yet God had not  cast them off; though they were now an oppressed despised people, and many were ready to say,  Where are all the wonders that our fathers told us of? God did hereby let them know that he had still a kindness for the  city of their solemnities. We may hence take occasion to acknowledge with thankfulness God's power and goodness in the mineral waters, that contribute so much to the health of mankind; for God  made the fountains of water, Rev. xiv. 7.  Secondly, It was a type of the Messiah, who is the  fountain opened; and was intended to raise people's expectations of him who is the  Sun of righteousness, that arises  with healing under his wings. These waters had formerly been used for purifying, now for healing, to signify both the  cleansing and  curing virtue of the blood of Christ, that incomparable bath, which  heals all our diseases. The waters of Siloam, which filled this pool, signified the kingdom of David, and of Christ the Son of David (Isa. viii. 6); fitly therefore have they now this  sovereign virtue put into them. The laver of regeneration is to us as Bethesda's pool, healing our spiritual diseases; not at certain seasons, but at all times.  Whoever will, let him come. III. The patient on whom this cure was wrought (v. 5): one that  had been infirm thirty-eight years. 1. His  disease was  grievous: He had an  infirmity, a weakness; he had lost the use of his limbs, at least on one side, as is usual in palsies. It is sad to have the body so disabled that, instead of being the soul's instrument, it is become, even in the affairs of this life, its burden. What reason have we to thank God for bodily strength, to use it for him, and to pity those who are  his prisoners! 2. The duration of it was  tedious: Thirty-eight years. He was lame longer than most live. Many are so long disabled for the offices of life that, as the psalmist complains, they seem to be  made in vain; for suffering, not for service; born to be always dying. Shall we complain of one wearisome night, or one fit of illness, who perhaps for many years have scarcely known what it has been to be a day sick, when many others, better than we, have scarcely known what it has been to be a day well? Mr. Baxter's note on this passage is very affecting: "How great a mercy was it to live thirty-eight years under God's wholesome discipline! O my God," saith he, "I thank thee for the like discipline of fifty-eight years; how safe a life is this, in comparison of full prosperity and pleasure!" IV. The cure and the circumstances of it briefly related, v. 6-9. 1.  Jesus saw him lie. Observe, When Christ came up to Jerusalem he visited not the palaces, but the hospitals, which is an instance of his humility, and condescension, and tender compassion, and an  indication of his great design in coming into the world, which was to seek and save the sick and wounded. There was a great multitude of poor cripples here at Bethesda, but Christ fastened his eye upon this one, and singled him out from the rest, because he was  senior of the house, and in a more deplorable condition than any of the rest; and Christ delights to help the helpless, and hath mercy  on whom he will have mercy. Perhaps his companions in tribulation insulted over him, because he had often been disappointed of a cure; therefore Christ took him for his patient: it is his honour to side with the weakest, and bear up those whom he sees  run down. 2. He knew and considered  how long he had lain in this condition. Those that have been long in affliction may comfort themselves with this, that God keeps account  how long, and knows our frame. 3. He asked him,  Wilt thou be made whole? A strange question to be asked one that had been so long ill. Some indeed would not be made whole, because their sores serve them to beg by and serve them for an excuse for idleness; but this poor man was as unable to  go a begging as to  work, yet Christ put it to him, (1.) To  express his own pity and concern for him. Christ is tenderly inquisitive concerning the desires of those that are in affliction, and is willing to know  what is their petition: "What shall I do for you?" (2.) To try him whether he would be beholden for a cure to him against whom the great people were so prejudiced and sought to prejudice others. (3.) To teach him to value the mercy, and to excite in him desires after it. In spiritual cases, people are not willing to be cured of their sins, are loth to part with them. If this point therefore were but gained, if people were willing to be  made whole, the work were half done, for Christ is willing to heal, if we be but willing to be healed, Matt. viii. 3. 4. The poor impotent man takes this opportunity to renew his complaint, and to set forth the misery of his case, which makes his cure the more illustrious:  Sir, I have no man to put me into the pool, v. 7. He seems to take Christ's question as an imputation of carelessness and neglect: "If thou hadst had a mind to be healed, thou wouldest have looked better to thy hits, and have got into the healing waters long before now." "No, Master," saith the poor man, "It is not for want of a  good will, but of a  good friend, that I am unhealed. I have done what I could to help myself, but in vain, for no one else will help me." (1.) He does not think of any other way of being cured than by these waters, and desires no other friendship than to be helped into  them; therefore, when Christ cured him, his imagination or expectation could not contribute to it, for he thought of no such thing. (2.) He complains for want of friends to help him in: " I have no man, no friend to do me that kindness." One would think that some of those who had been themselves healed should have lent him a hand; but it is common for the poor to be destitute of friends;  no man careth for their soul. To the sick and impotent it is as true a piece of charity to work for them as to relieve them; and thus the poor are capable of being charitable to one another, and ought to be so, though we seldom find that they are so; I speak it to their shame. (3.) He bewails his infelicity, that very often when  he was coming  another stepped in before him. But a step between him and a cure, and yet he continues impotent. None had the charity to say, "Your case is worse than mine, do you go in now, and I will stay till the next time;" for there is no getting over the old maxim,  Every one for himself. Having been so often disappointed, he begins to despair, and now is Christ's time to come to his relief; he delights to help in desperate cases. Observe, How mildly this man speaks of the unkindness of those about him, without any peevish reflections. As we should be thankful for the least kindness, so we should be patient under the greatest contempts; and, let our resentments be ever so  just, yet our expressions should ever be  calm. And observe further, to his praise, that, though he had waited so long in vain, yet still he continued lying by the pool side, hoping that some time or other help would come, Hab. ii. 3. 5. Our Lord Jesus hereupon cures him with a word speaking, though he neither asked it nor thought of it. Here is, (1.) The word he said:  Rise, take up thy bed, v. 8. [1.] He is bidden to  rise and walk; a strange command to be given to an  impotent man, that had been long disabled; but this divine word was to be the vehicle of a divine power; it was a command to the disease to  be gone, to nature to  be strong, but it is expressed as a command to him to  bestir himself. He must  rise and walk, that is, attempt to do it, and in the  essay he should receive strength to do it. The conversion of a sinner is the cure of a chronic disease; this is ordinarily done by the word, a word of command: Arise, and walk;  turn, and live; make ye a new heart; which no more supposes a power in us to do it, without the grace of God,  distinguishing grace, than this supposed such a power in the impotent man. But, if he had not attempted to help himself, he had not been cured, and he must have  borne the blame; yet it does not therefore follow that, when he did rise and walk, it was by his own strength; no, it was by the power of Christ, and he must have all the glory. Observe, Christ did not bid him rise and go into the waters, but  rise and walk. Christ did that for us which the law could not do, and set that aside. [2.] He is bidden to '' take up his bed. First, To make it to appear that it was a  perfect cure, and purely miraculous; for he did not recover strength by degrees, but from the extremity of weakness and impotency he suddenly stepped into the highest degree of bodily strength; so that he was able to carry as great a load as any porter that had been as long  used'' to it as he had been  disused. He, who this minute was not able to turn himself in his bed, the next minute was able to carry his bed. The man sick of the palsy (Matt. ix. 6) was bidden to  go to his house, but probably this man had no house to go to, the hospital was his home; therefore he is bidden to '' rise and walk. Secondly, It was to  proclaim'' the cure, and make it public; for, being the sabbath day, whoever carried a burden through the streets made himself very remarkable, and every one would enquire what was the meaning of it; thereby notice of the miracle would spread, to the honour of God.  Thirdly, Christ would thus witness against the tradition of the elders, which had stretched the law of the sabbath beyond its intention; and would likewise show that he was  Lord of the sabbath, and had power to make what alterations he pleased about it, and to over-rule the law. Joshua, and the host of Israel, marched about Jericho on the sabbath day, when God commanded them, so did this man carry his bed, in obedience to a command. The case may be such that it may become a work of  necessity, or  mercy, to carry a bed on the sabbath day; but here it was more, it was a work of  piety, being designed purely for the glory of God.  Fourthly, He would hereby try the faith and obedience of his patient. By carrying his bed publicly, he exposed himself to the censure of the ecclesiastical court, and was liable, at least, to be  scourged in the synagogue. Now, will he run the hazard of this, in obedience to Christ? Yes, he will. Those that have been  healed by Christ's word should be  ruled by his word, whatever it cost them. (2.) The efficacy of this word (v. 9): a divine power went alone with it, and immediately he was  made whole, took up his bed, and walked. [1.] He felt the power of Christ's word healing him:  Immediately he was made whole. What a joyful surprise was this to the poor cripple, to find himself all of a sudden so easy, so strong, so able to help himself! What a new world was he in, in an instant! Nothing is too hard for Christ to do. [2.] He obeyed the power of Christ's word commanding him. He  took up his bed and walked, and did not care who blamed him or threatened him for it. The proof of our spiritual cure is our rising and walking. Hath Christ healed our spiritual diseases? Let us go whithersoever he sends us, and  take up whatever he is pleased to lay upon us, and  walk before him. V. What became of the poor man after he was cured. We are here told, 1. What passed between him and the Jews who saw him carry his bed on the sabbath day; for on that day this cure was wrought, and it was the sabbath that fell within the passover week, and therefore a  high day, ch. xix. 31. Christ's work was such that he needed not make any difference between sabbath days and other days, for he was always about his Father's business; but he wrought many remarkable cures on that day, perhaps to encourage his church to expect those spiritual favours from him, in their observance of the Christian sabbath, which were typified by his miraculous cures. Now here, (1.) The Jews quarrelled with the man for carrying his bed on the sabbath day, telling him that  it was not lawful, v. 10. It does not appear whether they were magistrates, who had power to  punish him, or common people, who could only  inform against him; but thus far was commendable, that, while they knew not by  what authority he did it, they were jealous for the honour of the sabbath, and could not unconcernedly see it  profaned; like Nehemiah. Neh. xiii. 17. (2.) The man justified himself in what he did by a warrant that would bear him out, v. 11. "I do not do it in contempt of the law and the sabbath, but in obedience to one who, by  making me whole, has given me an undeniable proof that he is greater than either. He that could work such a miracle as to  make me whole no doubt might give me such a command as to carry  my bed; he that could overrule the powers of nature no doubt might overrule a positive law, especially in an instance not of the essence of the law. He that was so kind as to make me whole would not be so unkind as to bid me do what is sinful." Christ, by curing another paralytic, proved his power to  forgive sin, here to  give law; if his pardons are valid, his edicts are so, and his miracles prove both. (3.) The Jews enquired further who it was that gave him this warrant (v. 12):  What man is that? Observe, How industriously they  overlooked that which might be a ground of their  faith in Christ. They enquire not, no, not for curiosity, "Who is it that  made thee whole?" While they industriously caught at that which might be a ground of reflection upon Christ ( What man is it who said unto thee,  Take up thy bed?) they would fain  subpoena the patient to be witness against his physician, and to be his betrayer. In their question, observe, [1.] They resolve to look upon Christ as a  mere man: What man is that? For, though he gave ever such convincing proofs of it, they were resolved that they would never own him to be the  Son of God. [2.] They resolve to look upon him as a bad  man, and take it for granted that he who bade this man carry his bed, whatever divine commission he might  produce, was certainly a delinquent, and as such they resolve to prosecute him.  What man is that who durst give such orders? (4.) The poor man was unable to give them any account of him:  He wist not who he was, v. 13. [1.] Christ was  unknown to him when he healed him. Probably he had heard of the name of Jesus, but had never seen him, and therefore could not tell that this was he. Note, Christ does many a good turn for those that know him not, Isa. xlv. 4, 5. He enlightens, strengthens, quickens, comforts us, and we  wist not who he is; nor are aware how much we receive daily by his mediation. This man, being unacquainted with Christ, could not actually believe in him for a cure; but Christ knew the dispositions of his soul, and suited his favours to them, as to the blind man in a like case, ch. ix. 36. Our covenant and communion with God take rise, not so much from our knowledge of him, as from his knowledge of us. We  know God, or, rather, are  known of him, Gal. iv. 9. [2.] For the present he  kept himself unknown; for as soon as he had wrought the cure he  conveyed himself away, he  made himself unknown (so some read it),  a multitude being in that place. This is mentioned to show, either,  First, How Christ conveyed himself away—by retiring into the crowd, so as not to be distinguished from a common person. He that was the chief of ten thousand often made himself one of the throng. It is sometimes the lot of those who have by their services signalized themselves to be levelled with the multitude, and overlooked. Or  Secondly, Why he conveyed himself away, because there was  a multitude there, and he industriously avoided both the  applause of those who would admire the miracle and  cry that up, and the censure of those who would censure him as a sabbath-breaker, and  run him down. Those that are active for God in their generation must expect to pass through  evil report and  good report; and it is wisdom as much as may be to keep out of the hearing of both; lest by the one we be  exalted, and by the other  depressed, above measure. Christ left the miracle to commend itself, and the man on whom it was wrought to justify it. 2. What passed between him and our Lord Jesus at their next interview, v. 14. Observe here, (1.) Where Christ found him:  in the temple, the place of public worship. In our attendance on public worship we may expect to meet with Christ, and improve our acquaintance with him. Observe, [1.] Christ  went to the temple. Though he had many enemies, yet he appeared in public, because there he bore his testimony to divine institutions, and had opportunity of doing good. [2.] The man that was cured  went to the temple. There Christ found him the same day, as it should seem, that he was healed; thither he straightway went,  First, Because he had,  by his infirmity, been so long  detained thence. Perhaps he had not been there for thirty-eight years, and therefore, as soon as ever the embargo is taken off, his first visit shall be to the temple, as Hezekiah intimates his shall be (Isa. xxxviii. 22): '' What is the sign that I shall go up to the house of the Lord? Secondly, Because he had  by his recovery'' a good errand thither; he went up to the temple to return thanks to God for his recovery. When God has at any time restored us our health we ought to attend him with solemn praises (Ps. cxvi. 18, 19), and the sooner the better, while the sense of the mercy is fresh.  Thirdly, Because he had, by  carrying his bed, seemed to put a contempt on the sabbath, he would thus show that he had an honour for it, and made conscience of sabbath-sanctification, in that on which the chief stress of it is laid, which is the  public worship of God. Works of necessity and mercy are allowed; but when they are over we must  go to the temple. (2.) What he said to him. When Christ has cured us, he has not done with us; he now applies himself to the healing of his soul, and this  by the word too. [1.] He gives him a  memento of his cure:  Behold thou art made whole. He found himself made whole, yet Christ calls his attention to it.  Behold, consider it seriously, how sudden, how strange, how cheap, how easy, the cure was:  admire it; behold, and wonder:  Remember it; let the impressions of it abide, and never be lost, Isa. xxxviii. 9. [2.] He gives him a caution against sin, in consideration hereof,  Being made whole, sin no more. This implies that his disease was the punishment of sin; whether of some remarkably flagrant sin, or only of sin in general, we cannot tell, but we know that sin is the procuring cause of sickness, Ps. cvii. 17, 18. Some observe that Christ did not make mention of sin to any of his patients, except to this  impotent man, and another who was in like manner diseased, Mark ii. 5. While those chronical diseases lasted, they prevented the outward acts of many sins, and therefore watchfulness was the more necessary when the disability was removed. Christ intimates that those who are  made whole, who are eased of the present sensible punishment of sin, are in danger of  returning to sin when the terror and restraint are over, unless divine grace dry up the fountain. When the trouble which only dammed up the current is over, the waters will return to their old course; and therefore there is great need of watchfulness, lest after healing mercy we return again to folly. The  misery we were  made whole from warns us to sin no more, having felt the smart of sin; the  mercy we were  made whole by is an engagement upon us not to offend him who healed us. This is the voice of every providence,  Go and sin no more. This man began his new life very hopefully  in the temple, yet Christ saw it necessary to give him this caution; for it is common for people, when they are sick, to  promise much, when newly recovered to  perform something, but after awhile to  forget all. [3.] He gives him warning of his danger, in case he should return to his former sinful course:  Lest a worse thing come to thee. Christ, who knows all men's hearts, knew that he was one of those that must be  frightened from sin. Thirty-eight years' lameness, one would think, was a thing bad enough; yet there is something  worse that will come to him if he relapse into sin after God has  given him such a deliverance as this, Ezra ix. 13, 14. The hospital where he lay was a melancholy place, but hell is much more so: the doom of apostates is a worse thing than thirty-eight years' lameness. VI. Now, after this interview between Christ and his patient, observe in the two following verses, 1. The notice which the poor simple man gave to the Jews concerning Christ, v. 15. He told them it was Jesus that had  made him whole. We have reason to think that he intended this for the honour of Christ and the benefit of the Jews, little thinking that he who had so much power and goodness could have  any enemies; but those who wish well to Christ's kingdom must have the  wisdom of the serpent, lest they do more hurt than good with their zeal, and must not cast pearls before swine. 2. The rage and enmity of the Jews against him:  Therefore did the rulers of the Jews  persecute Jesus. See, (1.) How absurd and unreasonable their enmity to Christ was.  Therefore, because he had made a poor sick man well, and so eased the public charge, upon which, it is likely, he had subsisted;  therefore they persecuted him, because he did good in Israel. (2.) How bloody and cruel it was:  They sought to slay him; nothing less than his blood, his life, would satisfy them. (3.) How it was varnished over with a colour of zeal for the honour of the sabbath; for this was the pretended crime,  Because he had done these things on the sabbath day, as if that circumstance were enough to vitiate the best and most divine actions, and to render  him obnoxious whose deeds were otherwise most meritorious. Thus hypocrites often cover their real enmity against the  power of godliness with a pretended zeal for the  form of it.

Christ's Discourse with the Jews; All Judgment Committed to Christ; The Christian Charter.
$17$ But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work. $18$ Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God. $19$ Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise. $20$ For the Father loveth the Son, and showeth him all things that himself doeth: and he will show him greater works than these, that ye may marvel. $21$ For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth  them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will. $22$ For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son: $23$ That all  men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him. $24$ Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. $25$ Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live. $26$ For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself; $27$ And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man. $28$ Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice, $29$ And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation. $30$ I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me. We have here Christ's discourse upon occasion of his being accused as a sabbath-breaker, and it seems to be his vindication of himself before the sanhedrim, when he was arraigned before them: whether on the same day, or two or three days after, does not appear; probably the same day. Observe, I. The doctrine laid down, by which he justified what he did on the sabbath day (v. 17):  He answered them. This supposes that he had something laid to his charge: or what they suggested one to another, when they sought to slay him (v. 16), he  knew, and gave this reply to,  My Father worketh hitherto, and I work. At other times, in answer to the like charge, he had pleaded the example of David's eating the show-bread, of the priests' slaying the sacrifices, and of the people's watering their cattle on the sabbath day; but here he goes higher and alleges the example of his Father and his divine authority; waiving all other pleas, he insists upon that which was  instar omnium—equivalent to the whole, and abides by it, which he had mentioned, Matt. xii. 8.  The Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day; but he here enlarges on it. 1. He pleads that he was the Son of God,  plainly intimated in his calling God his Father; and, if so, his holiness was  unquestionable and his sovereignty  incontestable; and he might make what alterations he pleased of the divine law.  Surely they will reverence the Son, the heir of all things. 2. That he was a worker together with God. (1.)  My Father worketh hitherto. The example of God's resting on the seventh day from all his work is, in the fourth commandment, made the ground of our observing it as a  sabbath or  day of rest. Now God rested only from such work as he had done the six days before; otherwise he  worketh hitherto, he is every day working, sabbath days and week-days, upholding and governing all the creatures, and concurring by his common providence to all the motions and operations of nature,  to his own glory; therefore, when we are appointed to rest on the sabbath day, yet we are not restrained from doing that which has a direct tendency  to the glory of God, as the man's carrying his bed had. (2.)  I work; not only therefore I  may work,  like him, in doing good on sabbath days as well as other days, but I also  work with him. As God created all things by Christ, so he supports and governs all by him, Heb. i. 3. This sets what he does above all exception; he that is so great a worker must needs be an uncontrollable governor; he that does all is Lord of all, and therefore  Lord of the sabbath, which particular branch of his authority he would now assert, because he was shortly to show it further, in the change of the day from the seventh to the first. II. The offence that was taken at his doctrine (v. 18):  The Jews sought the more to kill him. His defence was made his offence, as if by justifying himself he had made bad worse. Note, Those that will not be enlightened by the word of Christ will be enraged and exasperated by it, and nothing more vexes the enemies of Christ than his asserting his authority; see Ps. ii. 3-5. They sought to kill him, 1. Because he had broken the sabbath; for, let him say what he would in his own justification, they are resolved, right or wrong, to  find him guilty of sabbath breaking. When malice and envy sit upon the bench, reason and justice may even be silent at the bar, for whatever they can say will undoubtedly be over-ruled. 2. Not only so, but he had said also  that God was his Father. Now they pretend a jealousy for  God's honour, as before for the sabbath day, and charge Christ with it as a heinous crime that he made himself equal with God; and a heinous crime it had been if he had not really been so. It was the sin of Lucifer,  I will be like the Most High. Now, (1.) This was justly inferred from what he said, that he was the  Son of God, and that God was  his Father,  patera idion— his own Father; his, so as he was no one's else. He had said that he worked with his Father, by the same authority and power, and hereby he made himself equal with God.  Ecce intelligunt Jud&#230;i, quod non intelligunt Ariani—Behold, the Jews understand what the Arians do not. (2.) Yet it was unjustly imputed to him as an offence that he equalled himself with God, for he was and is God, equal with the Father (Phil. ii. 6); and therefore Christ, in answer to this charge, does not except against the innuendo as strained or forced, makes out his claim and proves that he is equal with God in power and glory. III. Christ's discourse upon this occasion, which continues without interruption to the end of the chapter. In these verses he explains, and afterwards confirms, his commission, as Mediator and plenipotentiary in the treaty between God and man. And, as the honours he is hereby  entitled to are such as it is not fit for any creature to receive, so the work he is hereby entrusted with is such as it is not possible for any creature to go through with, and therefore he is God, equal with the Father. 1.  In general. He is one with the Father in all he does as Mediator, and there was a perfectly good understanding between them in the whole matter. It is ushered in with a solemn preface (v. 19):  Verily, verily, I say unto you; I the Amen, the Amen, say it. This intimates that the things declared are, (1.) Very awful and great, and such as should command the most serious attention. (2.) Very sure, and such as should command an unfeigned assent. (3.) That they are matters purely of divine revelation; things which Christ has told us, and which we could not otherwise have come to the knowledge of. Two things he saith in general concerning the Son's oneness with the Father in working:— [1.] That the Son  conforms to the Father (v. 19):  The Son can do nothing of himself but what he sees the Father do; for  these things does the Son. The Lord Jesus, as Mediator, is  First, Obedient to his Father's will; so entirely obedient that he  can do nothing of himself, in the same sense as it is said,  God cannot lie,  cannot deny himself, which expresses the perfection of his truth, not any imperfection in his strength; so here, Christ was so entirely devoted to his Father's will that it was impossible for him in any thing to act separately.  Secondly, He is  observant of his Father's counsel; he can, he will, do nothing  but what he sees the Father do. No man can  find out the work of God, but the only-begotten Son, who lay in his bosom, sees what he does, is intimately acquainted with his purposes, and has the plan of them ever before him. What he did as Mediator, throughout his whole undertaking, was the exact transcript or counterpart of what the Father did; that is, what he designed, when he formed the plan of our redemption in his eternal counsels, and settled those measures in every thing which never could be  broken, nor ever needed to be  altered. It was the copy of that  great original; it was Christ's faithfulness, as it was Moses's, that he did all  according to the pattern shown him in the mount. This is expressed in the present tense, what he  sees the Father do, for the same reason that, when he was here upon earth, it was said, He  is in heaven (ch. iii. 13), and  is in the bosom of the Father (ch. i. 18); as he was even then by his divine nature present in heaven, so the things done in heaven were  present to his knowledge. What the Father did in his counsels, the Son had ever in his view, and still he had his eye upon it, as David in spirit spoke of him,  I have set the Lord always before me, Ps. xvi. 8.  Thirdly, Yet he is  equal with the Father in  working; for  what things soever the Father does  these also does the Son likewise; he did the  same things, not  such things, but  tauta, the  same things; and he did them in the  same manner,  homoios,  likewise, with the same authority, and liberty, and wisdom, the same energy and efficacy. Does the Father enact, repeal, and alter, positive laws? Does he over-rule the course of nature, know men's hearts? So does the Son. The power of the Mediator is a divine power. [2.] That the Father  communicates to the Son, v. 20. Observe,  First, The inducement to it:  The Father loveth the Son; he declared,  This is my beloved Son. He had not only a good will to the undertaking, but an infinite complacency in the undertaker. Christ was now hated of men, one whom the nation abhorred (Isa. xlix. 7); but he comforted himself with this, that his Father loved him.  Secondly, The instances of it. He shows it, 1. In what he  does communicate to him:  He shows him all things that himself doth. The Father's measures in making and ruling the world are shown to the Son, that he may take the same measures in framing and governing the church, which work was to be a duplicate of the work of creation and providence, and it is therefore called  the world to come. He shows him all things  ha autos poiei— which he does, that is, which the  Son does, so it might be construed; all that the Son does is by direction from the Father; he  shows him. 2. In what he  will communicate; he will  show him, that is, will appoint and direct him to do  greater works than these. (1.) Works of greater  power than the  curing of the impotent man; for he should raise the dead, and should himself rise from the dead. By the power of nature, with the use of means, a disease may possibly in time be cured; but nature can never, by the use of any means, in any time raise the dead. (2.) Works of greater  authority than warranting the man to  carry his bed on the sabbath day. They thought this a daring attempt; but what was this to his abrogating the whole ceremonial law, and instituting new ordinances, which he would shortly do, " that you may marvel!" Now they looked upon his works with contempt and indignation, but he will shortly do that which they will look upon with amazement, Luke vii. 16. Many are brought to marvel at Christ's works, whereby he has the honour of them, who are not brought to believe, by which they would have the benefit of them. 2.  In particular. He proves his equality with the Father, by specifying some of those works which he does that are the peculiar works of God. This is enlarged upon, v. 21-30. He does, and shall do, that which is the peculiar work of God's sovereign dominion and jurisdiction— judging and  executing judgment, v. 22-24, 27. These two are interwoven, as being nearly connected; and what is said once is repeated and inculcated; put both together, and they will prove that Christ said not amiss when he made himself  equal with God. (1.) Observe what is here said concerning the Mediator's power to  raise the dead and  give life. See [1.] His  authority to do it (v. 21):  As the Father raiseth up the dead, so '' the Son quickeneth whom he will. First, It is God's prerogative to raise the dead, and give life, even his who first  breathed into man the  breath of life, and so made him a  living soul;'' see Deut. xxxii. 30; 1 Sam. ii. 6; Ps. lxviii. 20; Rom. iv. 17. This God had done by the prophets Elijah and Elisha, and it was a confirmation of their mission. A  resurrection from the dead never lay in the common road of nature, nor ever fell within the thought of those that studied only the compass of nature's power, one of whose received axioms was point blank against it:  A privatione ad habitum non datur regressus—Existence, when once extinguished, cannot be rekindled. It was therefore ridiculed at Athens as an  absurd thing, Acts xvii. 32. It is purely the work of a divine power, and the knowledge of it purely by divine revelation. This the Jews would own.  Secondly, The Mediator is invested with this prerogative:  He quickens whom he will; raises to life whom he pleases, and when he pleases. He does not enliven things by natural necessity, as the sun does, whose beams revive of course; but he acts as a free agent, has the dispensing of his power in his own hand, and is never either  constrained, or  restrained, in the use of it. As he has the power, so he has the wisdom and sovereignty, of a God; has the  key of the grave and of death (Rev. i. 18), not as a servant, to open and shut as he is bidden, for he has it as the  key of David, which he is master of, Rev. iii. 7. An absolute prince is described by this (Dan. v. 19):  Whom he would he slew or kept alive; it is true of Christ without hyperbole. [2.] His  ability to do it.  Therefore he has power to quicken whom he will as the Father does, because  he has life in himself, as the Father has, v. 26.  First, It is certain that the Father  has life in himself. Not only he is a  self-existent Being, who does not derive from, or depend upon, any other (Exod. iii. 14), but he is a sovereign giver of life; he has the disposal of life in himself; and of all good (for so  life sometimes signifies); it is all derived from him, and dependent on him. He is to his creatures the fountain of life, and all good; author of their being and well-being; the living God, and the God of all living.  Secondly, It is as certain that he has  given to the Son to have life in himself. As the Father is the original of all natural life and good, being the great Creator, so the Son, as Redeemer, is the original of all spiritual life and good; is that to the church which the Father is to the world; see 1 Cor. viii. 6; Col. i. 19. The kingdom of grace, and all the life in that kingdom, are as fully and absolutely in the hand of the Redeemer as the kingdom of providence is in the hand of the Creator; and as God, who gives being to all things, has his being of himself, so Christ, who gives life, raised himself to life by his own power, ch. x. 18. [3.] His  acting according to this authority and ability. Having  life in himself, and being authorized to  quicken whom he will, by virtue hereof there are, accordingly, two resurrections performed by his powerful word, both which are here spoken of:—  First, A resurrection that  now is (v. 29), a resurrection from the death of sin to the life of righteousness, by the power of Christ's grace.  The hour is coming, and now is. It is a resurrection begun already, and further to be carried on,  when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God. This is plainly distinguished from that in v. 28, which speaks of the resurrection at the end of time. This says nothing, as that does, of the dead in their graces, and of all of them, and their coming forth. Now, 1. Some think this was fulfilled in those whom he miraculously raised to life, Jairus's daughter, the widow's son, and Lazarus; and it is observable that all whom Christ raised were  spoken to, as,  Damsel, arise; Young man, arise; Lazarus, come forth; whereas those raised under the Old Testament were raised, not by a word, but other applications, 1 Kings xvii. 21; 2 Kings iv. 34; xiii. 21. Some understand it of those saints that rose with Christ; but we do not read of the  voice of the Son of God calling them. But, 2. I rather understand it of the power of the doctrine of Christ, for the recovering and quickening of those that were  dead in trespasses and sins, Eph. ii. 1. The  hour was  coming when dead souls should be made alive by the  preaching of the gospel, and a spirit of life from God accompanying it: nay, it  then was, while Christ was upon earth. It may refer especially to the  calling of the Gentiles, which is said to be as life from the dead, and, some think, was prefigured by Ezekiel's vision (ch. xxxvii. 1), and foretold, Isa. xxvi. 19.  Thy dead men shall live. But it is to be applied to all the wonderful success of the gospel, among both Jews and Gentiles; an hour which still  is, and is still  coming, till all the elect be effectually called. Note, (1.) Sinners are spiritually  dead, destitute of spiritual life, sense, strength, and motion, dead to God, miserable, but neither sensible of their misery nor able to help themselves out of it. (2.) The conversion of a soul to God is its resurrection from death to life; then it begins to live when it begins to  live to God, to breathe after him, and move towards him. (3.) It is by the  voice of the Son of God that souls are raised to spiritual life; it is wrought by his power, and that power conveyed and communicated by his word:  The dead shall hear, shall be made to hear, to understand, receive, and believe, the  voice of the Son of God, to hear it as his voice; then the Spirit by it gives life, otherwise the  letter kills. (4.) The voice of Christ must be heard by us, that we may live by it. They that hear, and attend to what they hear, shall live.  Hear and your soul shall live, Isa. lv. 3.  Secondly, A resurrection yet  to come; this is spoken of, v. 28, 29, introduced with, " Marvel not at this, which I have said of the  first resurrection, do not reject it as incredible and absurd, for at the end of time you shall all see a more sensible and amazing proof of the power and authority of the Son of man." As  his own resurrection was reserved to be the final and concluding proof of his personal commission, so the resurrection of  all men is reserved to be a like proof of his commission to be executed by his spirit. Now observe here,  a. When this resurrection shall be:  The hour is coming; it is  fixed to an hour, so very punctual is this great appointment. The judgment is not adjourned  sine die—to some time not yet pitched upon; no, '' he hath appointed a day. The hour is coming. ( a.) It is  not yet come, it is not the hour spoken of at v. 25, that is coming, and  now is. Those erred dangerously who said that the  resurrection was past already, 2 Tim. ii. 18, But, ( b.) It  will certainly'' come, it is coming on, nearer every day than other; it is at the door. How far off it is we know not; but we know that it is infallibly designed and unalterably determined.  b. Who shall be raised:  All that are in the graves, all that have died from the beginning of time, and all that shall die to the end of time. It was said (Dan. xii. 2),  Many shall arise; Christ here tells us that those  many shall be  all; all must appear before the Judge, and therefore  all must be raised; every person, and the whole of every person; every soul shall return to its body, and every  bone to its bone. The grave is the prison of dead bodies, where they are  detained; their furnace, where they are  consumed (Job xxiv. 19); yet, in prospect of their resurrection, we may call it their  bed, where they sleep to be  awaked again; their treasury, where they are laid up to be used again. Even those that are not  put into graves shall arise; but, because most are put into graves, Christ uses this expression,  all that are in the graves. The Jews used the word  sheol for the  grave, which signifies  the state of the dead; all that are in that state  shall hear.  c. How they shall be raised. Two things are here told us:—( a.) The efficient of this resurrection:  They shall hear his voice; that is, he shall cause them to hear it, as Lazarus was made to hear that word,  Come forth; a divine power shall go along with the voice, to put life into them, and enable them to obey it. When Christ rose, there was no voice heard, not a word spoken, because he rose by his own power; but at the resurrection of the children of men we find three voices spoken of, 1 Thess. iv. 16. The Lord shall descend with a  shout, the shout of a king, with  the voice of the archangel; either Christ himself, the prince of the angels, or the commander-in-chief, under him, of the heavenly hosts; and with  the trumpet of God: the soldier's trumpet sounding the alarm of war, the judge's trumpet publishing the summons to the court. ( b.) The effect of it:  They shall come forth out of their graves, as prisoners out of their prison-house; they shall  arise out of the dust, and shake themselves from it; see Isa. lii. 1, 2, 11. But this is not all; they shall  appear before Christ's tribunal, shall  come forth as those that are to be tried,  come forth to the bar, publicly to receive their doom.  d. To what they shall be raised; to a different state of happiness or misery, according to their different character; to a state of retribution, according to what they did in the state of probation. ( a.)  They that have done good shall come forth to the resurrection of life; they shall live again, to live for ever. Note, [ a.] Whatever name men are called by, or whatever plausible profession they make, it will be well in the great day with those only that have  done good, have done that which is pleasing to God and profitable to others. [ b.] The resurrection of the body will be a resurrection of life to all those, and those only, that have been sincere and constant in  doing good. They shall not only be publicly  acquitted, as a pardoned criminal, we say, has  his life, but they shall be  admitted into the presence of God, and that is life, it is better than life; they shall be  attended with comforts in perfection. To live is to be  happy, and they shall be  advanced above the fear of death; that is  life indeed in which  mortality is for ever  swallowed up. ( b.)  They that have done evil to the resurrection of damnation; they shall live again, to be for ever dying. The Pharisees thought that the resurrection pertained only to the just, but Christ here rectifies that mistake. Note, [ a.]  Evil doers, whatever they pretend, will be treated in the day of judgment as  evil men. [ b.] The resurrection will be to evil doers, who did not by repentance undo what they had done amiss, a  resurrection of damnation. They shall come forth to be publicly convicted of rebellion against God, and publicly  condemned to everlasting punishment; to be  sentenced to it, and immediately  sent to it without reprieve. Such will the resurrection be. (2.) Observe what is here said concerning the Mediator's  authority to execute judgment, v. 22-24, 27. As he has an almighty power, so he has a sovereign jurisdiction; and who so fit to preside in the great affairs of the other life as he who is the Father and fountain of life? Here is, [1.] Christ's commission or delegation to the office of a judge, which is twice spoken of here (v. 22):  He hath committed all judgment to the Son; and again (v. 27):  he hath given him authority.  First, The  Father judges no man; not that the Father hath resigned the government, but he is pleased to govern by Jesus Christ; so that man is not under the terror of dealing with God immediately, but has the comfort of access to him by a Mediator. Having made us, he  may do what he  pleases with us, as the potter with the clay; yet he does not take advantage of this, but draws us  with the cords of a man. 2. He does not determine our everlasting condition by the  covenant of innocency, nor take the advantage he has against us for the violation of that covenant. The Mediator having undertaken to make a  vicarious satisfaction, the matter is referred to him, and God is willing to enter upon a new treaty;  not under the law of the Creator,  but the grace of the Redeemer.  Secondly, He has committed all judgment to the Son, has constituted him  Lord of all (Acts x. 36; Rom. xiv. 9), as Joseph in Egypt, Gen. xli. 40. This was prophesied of, Ps. lxxii. 1; Isa. xii. 3, 4; Jer. xxiii. 5; Mic. v. 1-4; Ps. lxvii. 4; xcvi. 13; xcviii. 9. All judgment is committed to our Lord Jesus; for 1. He is  entrusted with the administration of the  providential kingdom, is  head over all things (Eph. i. 11), head of every man, 1 Cor. xii. 3. All things consist by him, Col. i. 17. 2. He is empowered to make laws immediately to bind conscience.  I say unto you is now the form in which the statues of the kingdom of heaven run.  Be it enacted by the Lord Jesus, and by  his authority. All the acts now in force are touched with his sceptre. 3. He is authorized to appoint and settle the terms of the new covenant, and to draw up the articles of peace between God and man; it is God in Christ that reconciles the world, and to him he has given power to confer eternal life. The book of life is the Lamb's book; by his award we must stand or fall. 4. He is commissioned to carry on and complete the war with the powers of darkness; to cast out and  give judgment against the prince of this world, ch. xii. 31. He is commissioned not only to  judge, but to  make war, Rev. xix. 11. All that will fight  for God against Satan must enlist themselves under  his banner. 5. He is constituted sole manager of the judgment of the great day. The ancients generally understood these words of that  crowning act of his judicial power. The final and universal judgment is committed to the Son of man; the tribunal is  his, it is the judgment-seat of Christ; the retinue is his,  his mighty angels; he will try the causes, and pass the sentence. Acts xvii. 31.  Thirdly, He has  given him authority to execute judgment also, v. 27. Observe, 1. What the authority is which our Redeemer is invested with:  An authority to execute judgment; he has not only a legislative and judicial power, but an  executive power too. The phrase here is used particularly for the judgment of condemnation, Jude 15.  poiesai krisin— to execute judgment upon all; the same with his  taking vengeance, 2 Thess. i. 8. The ruin of impenitent sinners comes from the hand of Christ; he that  executes judgment upon them is the same that would have  wrought salvation for them, which makes the sentence unexceptionable; and there is no relief against the sentence of the Redeemer; salvation itself cannot save those whom the Saviour  condemns, which makes the ruin  remediless. 2. Whence he has that authority: the Father  gave it to him. Christ's authority as Mediator is delegated and derived; he acts as the Father's Viceregent, as the Lord's Anointed, the Lord's Christ. Now all this redounds very much to the honour of Christ, acquitting him from the guilt of blasphemy, in making himself  equal with God; and very much to the comfort of all believers, who may with the greatest assurance venture their all in such hands. [2.] Here are the reasons (reasons of state) for which this commission was given him. He has all judgment committed to him for two reasons:—  First, Because he is the  Son of man; which denotes these three things:—1. His humiliation and gracious condescension. Man is a worm, the son of man a worm; yet this was the nature, this the character, which the Redeemer assumed, in pursuance of the counsels of love; to this low estate he stooped, and submitted to all the mortifications attending it, because it was  his Father's will; in recompence therefore of this wonderful obedience, God did thus dignify him. Because he condescended to be the  Son of man, his Father made him  Lord of all, Phil. ii. 8, 9. 2. His affinity and alliance to us. The Father has committed the government of the children of men to him, because, being the  Son of man, he is of the same nature with those whom he is  set over, and therefore the more unexceptionable, and the more acceptable, as a Judge.  Their governor shall proceed from the midst of them, Jer. xxx. 21. Of this that law was typical;  One of thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee, Deut. xvii. 15. 3. His being the Messiah promised. In that famous vision of his kingdom and glory, Dan. vii. 13, 14, he is called the  Son of man; and Ps. viii. 4-6. Thou has made the Son of man have  dominion over the works of thy hands. He is the Messiah, and therefore is invested with all this power. The Jews usually called the Christ the  Son of David; but Christ usually called himself the  Son of man, which was the more humble title, and bespeaks him a prince and Saviour, not the Jewish nation only, but to the whole race of mankind.  Secondly, That all men should honour the Son, v. 23. The honouring of Jesus Christ is here spoken of as God's great design (the Son intended to glorify the Father, and therefore the Father intended to glorify the Son, ch. xii. 32); and as man's great duty, in compliance with that design. If God will have the Son honoured, it is the duty of all to whom he is made known to honour him. Observe here, 1. The  respect that is to be paid to our Lord Jesus: We must  honour the Son, must look upon him as one that is to be  honoured, both on account of his transcendent excellences and perfections in himself, and of the relations he stands in to us, and must study to give him honour accordingly; must  confess that he is Lord, and worship him; must honour him who was dishonoured for us. 2. The degree of it:  Even as they honour the Father. This  supposes it to be our duty to  honour the Father; for revealed religion is founded on natural religion, and  directs us to  honour the Son, to honour him with  divine honour; we must honour the Redeemer with the same honour with which we honour the Creator. So far was it from blasphemy for him to make himself  equal with God that it is the highest injury that can be for us to make him otherwise. The truths and laws of the Christian religion, so far as they are revealed, are as sacred and honourable as those of natural religion, and to be equally had in estimation; for we lie under the same obligations to Christ, the Author of our being; and have as necessary a dependence upon the Redeemer's grace as upon the Creator's providence, which is a sufficient ground for this law— to honour the Son as we honour the Father. To enforce this law, it is added,  He that honours not the Son honours not the Father who has sent him. Some pretend a reverence for the Creator, and speak  honourably of him, who make light of the Redeemer, and speak  contemptibly of him; but let such know that the honours and interests of the Father and Son are so inseparably twisted and interwoven that the Father never reckons himself  honoured by any that  dishonour the Son. Note, (1.) Indignities done to the Lord Jesus reflect upon God himself, and will so be construed and reckoned for in the court of heaven. The Son having so far espoused the Father's honour as to take  to himself the  reproaches cast on him (Rom. xv. 3), the Father does no less espouse the Son's honour, and counts himself struck at through him. (2.) The reason of this is because the Son is sent and commissioned by the Father; it is the  Father who hath sent him. Affronts to an ambassador are justly resented by the prince that sends him. And by this rule those who truly  honour the Son honour the Father also; see Phil. ii. 11. [3.] Here is the rule by which the Son goes in executing this commission, so those words seem to come in (v. 24):  He that heareth and believeth hath  everlasting life. Here we have the substance of the whole gospel; the preface commands  attention to a thing most weighty, and  assent to a thing most certain: " Verily, verily, I say unto you, I, to whom you hear  all judgment is committed, I, in whose lips is a divine sentence; take from  me the Christian's  character and  charter."  First, The  character of a Christian:  He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me. To be a Christian indeed is, 1. To  hear the word of Christ. It is not enough to be within hearing of it, but we must  attend on it, as scholars on the instructions of their teachers; and  attend to it, as servants to the commands of their masters; we must hear and obey it, must abide by the gospel of Christ as the fixed rule of our faith and practice. 2. To  believe on him that sent him; for Christ's design is to  bring us to God; and, as he is the first original of all grace, so is he the last object of all faith. Christ is our  way; God is our rest. We must believe on God as  having sent Jesus Christ, and recommended himself to our faith and love, by manifesting his glory in  the face of Jesus Christ (2 Cor. iv. 6), as  his Father and  our Father.  Secondly, The  charter of a Christian, in which all that are Christians indeed are interested. See what we get by Christ. 1. A charter of pardon:  He shall not come into condemnation. The grace of the gospel is a full discharge from the curse of the law. A believer shall not only not  lie under condemnation eternally, but shall not  come into condemnation now, not come into the danger of it (Rom. viii. 1), not  come into judgment, not be so much as arraigned. 2. A charter of privileges: He is  passed out of death to life, is invested in a present happiness in spiritual life and entitled to a future happiness in eternal life. The tenour of the first covenant was,  Do this and live; the man that doeth them shall live in them. Now this proves Christ equal with the Father that he has power to propose the  same benefit to the  hearers of his word that had been proposed to the  keepers of the old law, that is, life:  Hear and live, believe and live, is what we may venture our souls upon, when we are disabled to  do and live; see ch. xvii. 2. [4.] Here is the righteousness of his proceedings pursuant to this commission, v. 30. All judgment being committed to him, we cannot but ask  how he manages it. And here he answers,  My judgment is just. All Christ's acts of government, both  legislative and  judicial, are exactly agreeable to the rules of equity; see Prov. viii. 8. There can lie no exceptions against any of the determinations of the Redeemer; and therefore, as there shall be no repeal of any of his statutes, so there shall be no appeal from any of his sentences. His judgments are certainly just, for they are directed,  First, By the Father's  wisdom: I can of my ownself do nothing, nothing without the Father, but  as I hear I judge, as he had said before (v. 19), The Son  can do nothing but what he sees the Father do; so here, nothing but what he hears the Father  say: As I hear, 1. From the secret eternal counsels of the Father,  so I judge. Would we know what we may depend upon in our dealing with God?  Hear the word of Christ. We need not dive into the divine counsels, those  secret things which belong not to us, but attend to the revealed dictates of Christ's government and judgment, which will furnish us with an unerring guide; for what Christ has adjudged is an exact copy or counterpart of what the Father has decreed. 2. From the published records of the Old Testament. Christ, in all the execution of his undertaking, had an eye to the scripture, and made it his business to conform to this, and  fulfil it:  As it was written in the volume of the book. Thus he taught us to do  nothing of ourselves, but,  as we hear from the word of God,  so to judge of things, and act accordingly.  Secondly, By the Father's  will: My judgment is just, and cannot be otherwise,  because I seek not my own will, but  his who sent me. Not as if the will of Christ were contrary to the will of the Father, as the flesh is contrary to the spirit in us; but, 1. Christ had, as man, the natural and innocent affections of the human nature,  sense of pain and  pleasure, an inclination to life, an aversion to death: yet he  pleased not himself, did not confer with these, nor consult these, when he was to go on his undertaking, but acquiesced entirely in the will of his Father. 2. What he did as Mediator was not the result of any  peculiar or  particular purpose and design of his own; what he did  seek to do was not for his own mind's sake, but he was therein guided by his Father's will, and the purpose which he had  purposed to himself. This our Saviour did upon all occasions  refer himself to and govern himself by.

Christ Proves His Divine Mission; Infidelity of the Jews Reproved.
$31$ If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. $32$ There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true. 33 Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth. 34 But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved. $35$ He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. $36$ But I have greater witness than  that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me. $37$ And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape. $38$ And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not. $39$ Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me. $40$ And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life. $41$ I receive not honour from men. 42 But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you. 43 I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive. $44$ How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that  cometh from God only? $45$ Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is  one that accuseth you,  even Moses, in whom ye trust. $46$ For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me. $47$ But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words? In these verses our Lord Jesus proves and confirms the commission he had produced, and makes it out that he was sent of God to be the Messiah. I. He  sets aside his own testimony of himself (v. 31): " If I bear witness of myself, though it is infallibly true (ch. viii. 14), yet, according to the common rule of judgment among men, you will not admit it as  legal proof, nor allow it to be  given in evidence." Now, 1. This reflects reproach upon the sons of men, and their veracity and integrity. Surely we may say deliberately, what David said in haste,  All men are liars, else it would never have been such a received maxim that a man's testimony of himself is suspicious, and not to be relied on; it is a sign that self-love is stronger than the love of truth. And yet, 2. It reflects honour on the Son of God, and bespeaks his wonderful condescension, that, though he is the  faithful witness, the truth itself, who may challenge to be credited  upon his honour, and his own single testimony, yet he is pleased to  waive his privilege, and, for the confirmation of our faith, refers himself to his  vouchers, that we may have full satisfaction. II. He produces other witnesses that bear testimony to him that he was sent of God. 1. The Father himself bore testimony to him (v. 32):  There is another that beareth witness. I take this to be meant of God the Father, for Christ mentions  his testimony with his own (ch. viii. 18):  I bear witness of myself, and the Father beareth witness of me. Observe, (1.) The seal which the Father put to his commission: He  beareth witness of me, not only has done so by a voice from heaven, but still does so by the tokens of his presence with me. See who they are to whom God will bear witness. [1.] Those whom he  sends and  employs; where he gives commissions he give credentials. [2.] Those who  bear witness to him; so Christ did. God will own and honour those that own and honour him. [3.] Those who decline  bearing witness of themselves; so Christ did. God will take care that those who humble and abase themselves, and seek not their own glory, shall not  lose by it. (2.) The satisfaction Christ had in this testimony: " I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true. I am very well assured that I have a divine mission, and do not in the least hesitate concerning it; thus he had the  witness in himself." The devil tempted him to question his being the Son of God, but he never yielded. 2. John Baptist witnessed to Christ, v. 33, &c. John came to  bear witness of the light (ch. i. 7); his business was to prepare his way, and direct people to him:  Behold the Lamb of God. (1.) Now the testimony of John was, [1.] A  solemn and public testimony: "You sent an embassy of priests and Levites to John, which gave him an opportunity of publishing what he had to say; it was not a popular, but a judicial testimony." [2.] It was a  true testimony:  He bore witness to the truth, as a witness ought to do, the  whole truth, and  nothing but the truth. Christ does not say,  He bore witness to me (though every one knew he did), but, like an honest man,  He bore witness to the truth. Now John was confessedly such a holy, good man, so mortified to the world, and so conversant with divine things, that it could not be imagined he should be guilty of such a forgery and imposture as to say what he did concerning Christ if it had not been so, and if he had not been sure of it. (2.) Two things are added concerning John's testimony:— [1.] That it was a testimony  ex abundanti— more than he needed to vouch (v. 34):  I receive not testimony from man. Though Christ saw fit to quote John's testimony, it was with a protestation that it shall not be deemed or construed so as to prejudice the prerogative of his self-sufficiency. Christ needs no letters or commendation, no testimonials or certificates, but what his own worth and excellency bring with him; why then did Christ here urge the testimony of John? Why,  these things I say, that you may be saved. This he aimed at in all this discourse, to save not his own life, but the souls of others; he produced John's testimony because, being one  of themselves, it was to be hoped that they would hearken to it. Note,  First, Christ desires and designs the salvation even of his enemies and persecutors.  Secondly, The word of Christ is the ordinary means of salvation.  Thirdly, Christ in his word considers our infirmities and condescends to our capacities, consulting not so much what it befits so great a prince to say as what we can bear, and what will be most likely to do us good. [2.] That it was a testimony  ad hominem— to the man, because John Baptist was one whom  they had a respect for (v. 35):  He was a light among you.  First, The character of John Baptist:  He was a burning and a shining light. Christ often spoke honourably of John; he was now in prison under a cloud, yet Christ gives him his  due praise, which we must be ready to do to all that faithfully serve God. 1. He was a  light, not  phos— lux, light (so Christ was  the light), but  lyknos— lucerna, a luminary, a derived subordinate light. His office was to enlighten a dark world with notices of the Messiah's approach, to whom he was as the  morning star. 2. He was a  burning light, which denotes  sincerity; painted fire may be made to shine, but that which burns is true fire. It denotes also his  activity, zeal, and fervency, burning in love to God and the souls of men; fire is always working on itself or something else, so is a good minister. 3. He was a  shining light, which denotes either his  exemplary conversation, in which our light should shine (Matt. v. 16), or an  eminent diffusive influence. He was illustrious in the sight of others; though he affected obscurity and retirement, and was  in the deserts, yet such were his doctrine, his baptism, his life, that he became very  remarkable, and attracted the eyes of the nation.  Secondly, The affections of the people to him:  you were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. 1. It was a  transport that they were  in, upon the appearing of John: " You were willing—  ethelesate,  you delighted to rejoice in his light; you were very proud that you had such a man among you, who was the honour of your country; you were willing  agalliasthenai—willing to  dance, and make a noise about this light, as boys about a bonfire." 2. It was but  transient, and soon over: "You were fond of him,  pros horan— for an hour, for  a season, as little children are fond of a new thing, you were pleased with John awhile, but soon grew weary of him and his ministry, and said that  he had a devil, and now you have him in prison." Note, Many, that seem to be affected and pleased with the gospel at first, afterwards despise and reject it; it is common for forward and noisy professors to cool and fall off. These here rejoiced in John's light, but never walked in it, and therefore did not keep to it; they were like the stony ground. While Herod was a friend to John Baptist, the people caressed him; but when he fell under Herod's frowns he lost their favours: " You were willing to countenance John,  pros horan that is, for  temporal ends" (so some take it); "you were glad of him, in hopes to make a tool of him, by his interest and under the shelter of his name to have shaken off the Roman yoke, and recovered the civil liberty and honour of your country." Now, (1.) Christ mentions their respect to John, to  condemn them for their present opposition to himself, to whom John bore witness. If they had continued their veneration for John, as they ought to have done, they would have embraced Christ. (2.) He mentions the passing away of their respect, to justify God in depriving them, as he had now done, of John's ministry, and putting that light under a bushel. 3. Christ's own works witnessed to him (v. 36):  I have a testimony greater than that of John; for  if we believe the witness of men sent of God, as John was, the  witness of God immediately, and not by the ministry of men,  is greater, 1 John v. 9. Observe, Though the witness of John was a less  cogent and less  considerable witness, yet our Lord was pleased to make use of it. We must be glad of all the supports that offer themselves for the confirmation of our faith, though they may not amount to a demonstration, and we must not  invalidate any, under pretence that there are others more  conclusive; we have occasion for them all. Now this greater testimony was that of the  works which  his Father had given him to finish. That is, (1.) In general the whole course of his life and ministry—his revealing God and his will to us, setting up his kingdom among men, reforming the world, destroying Satan's kingdom, restoring fallen man to his primitive purity and felicity, and shedding abroad in men's hearts the love of God and of one another—all that work of which he said when he died,  It is finished, it was all, from first to last,  opus Deo dignum—a work worthy of God; all he said and did was  holy and  heavenly, and a divine purity, power, and grace shone in it, proving abundantly that he was  sent of God. (2.) In particular. The miracles he wrought for the proof of his divine mission witnessed of him. Now it is here said, [1.] That these works were  given him by the Father, that is, he was both  appointed and  empowered to work them; for, as Mediator, he  derived both commission and strength from his Father. [2.] They were given to him to  finish; he must do all those works of wonder which the counsel and foreknowledge of God had before determined to be done; and his finishing them proves a divine power; for as  for God his work is perfect. [3.] These works did  bear witness of him, did prove that he was sent of God, and that what he said concerning himself was true; see Heb. ii. 4; Acts ii. 22. That the Father had sent him as  a Father, not as a master sends his servant on an errand, but as a father sends his son to take possession for himself; if God had not sent him, he would not have  seconded him, would not have  sealed him, as he did by the works he gave him to do; for the world's Creator will never be its deceiver. 4. He produces, more fully than before, his Father's testimony concerning him (v. 37):  The Father that sent me hath borne witness of me. The prince is not accustomed to follow his ambassador himself, to confirm his commission  viva voce—by speaking; but God was pleased to bear witness of his Son himself by a voice from heaven at his baptism (Matt. iii. 17): This is my ambassador,  This is my beloved Son. The Jews reckoned  Bath-kol;—the daughter of a voice, a voice from heaven, one of the ways by which God made known his mind; and in that way he had owned Christ publicly and solemnly, and repeated it, Matt. xvii. 5. Note, (1.) Those whom God  sends he will  bear witness of; where he gives a commission, he will not fail to seal it; he that never  left himself without witness (Acts xiv. 17) will never leave any of his servants so, who go upon his errand. (2.) Where God demands belief, he will not fail to give sufficient  evidence, as he has done concerning Christ. That which was to be witnessed concerning Christ was chiefly this, that the God we had offended was willing to accept of him as a Mediator. Now concerning this he has  himself given us full satisfaction (and he was fittest to do it), declaring himself well-pleased in him; if we be so, the work is done. Now, it might be suggested, if God himself thus bore witness of Christ, how came it to pass that he was not universally received by the Jewish nation and their rulers? To this Christ here answers that it was not to be thought strange, nor could their infidelity weaken his credibility, for two reasons:—[1.] Because they were not acquainted with such extraordinary revelations of God and his will:  You have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape, or  appearance. They showed themselves to be as ignorant of God, though they professed relation to him, as we are of a man we never either saw or heard. "But why do I talk to you of God's bearing witness of me? He is one you know nothing of, nor have any acquaintance or communion with." Note, Ignorance of God is the true reason of men's rejecting the record he has given concerning his Son. A right understanding of  natural religion would discover to us such admirable congruities in the  Christian religion as would greatly dispose our minds to the entertainment of it. Some give this sense of it: "The Father bore witness of me by a  voice, and the  descent of a dove, which is such an extraordinary thing that you never saw or heard the like; and yet for my sake there was such a voice and appearance; yea, and you might have  heard that voice, you might have  seen that appearance, as others did, if you had closely attended the ministry of John, but by slighting it you missed of that testimony." [2.] Because they were not affected, no, not with the ordinary ways by which God had revealed himself to them:  You have not his word abiding in you, v. 38. They had the scriptures of the Old Testament; might they not by them be disposed to receive Christ? Yes, if they had had their due influence upon them. But,  First, The word of God was not in them; it was  among them, in their country, in their hands, but not  in them, in their hearts; not ruling in their souls, but only shining in their eyes and sounding in their ears. What did it avail them that they had the oracles of God  committed to them (Rom. iii. 2), when they had not these oracles  commanding in them? If they had, they would readily have embraced Christ.  Secondly, It did not  abide. Many have the word of God coming into them, and making some impressions for awhile, but it does not  abide with them; it is not constantly in them, as a man at home, but only now and then, as a  wayfaring man. If the word  abide in us, if we converse with it by frequent meditation, consult with it upon every occasion, and conform to it in our conversation, we shall then readily receive the witness of the Father concerning Christ; see ch. vii. 17. But how did it appear that they  had not the word of God abiding in them? It appeared by this,  Whom he hath sent, him ye believe not. There was so much said in the Old Testament concerning Christ, to direct people when and where to look for him, and so to facilitate the discovery of him, that, if they had duly considered these things, they could not have avoided the conviction of Christ's being sent of God; so that their not believing in Christ was a certain sign that the word of God did not abide in them. Note, The in-dwelling of the word, and Spirit, and grace of God in us, is best tried by its effects, particularly by our  receiving what he sends, the commands, the messengers, the providences he sends, especially Christ whom he hath sent. 5. The last witness he calls is the Old Testament, which witnessed of him, and to it he appeals (v. 39, &c.):  Search the scriptures,  ereunate. (1.) This may be read, either, [1.] " You search the scriptures, and you do well to do so; you read them daily in your synagogues, you have rabbies, and doctors, and scribes, that make it their business to study them, and criticize upon them." The Jews boasted of the flourishing of scripture-learning in the days of Hillel, who died about twelve years after Christ's birth, and reckoned some of those who were then members of the sanhedrim the  beauties of their wisdom and the  glories of their law; and Christ owns that they did indeed search the scriptures, but it was in search of their  own glory: "You search the scriptures, and therefore, if you were not  wilfully blind, you would  believe in me." Note, It is possible for men to be very studious in the letter of the scripture, and yet to be strangers to the power and influence of it. Or, [2.] As we read it:  Search the scriptures; and so,  First, It was spoken to  them in the nature of an  appeal: "You profess to receive and believe the scripture; here I will  join issue with you, let this be the judge, provided you will not  rest in the letter" (h&#230;rere in cortice), "but will  search into it." Note, when appeals are made to the scriptures, they must be searched. Search the whole book of scripture  throughout, compare one passage with another, and explain one by another. We must likewise search particular passages  to the bottom, and see not what they  seem to say  prima facie—at the first appearance, but what they say '' indeed. Secondly, It is spoken to  us in the nature of an  advice,'' or a command to all Christians to search the scriptures. Note, All those who would  find Christ must  search the scriptures; not only read them, and hear them, but search them, which denotes, 1.  Diligence in seeking, labour, and study, and close application of mind. 2.  Desire and  design of finding. We must aim at some spiritual benefit and advantage in reading and studying the scripture, and often ask, "What am I now searching for?" We must search as for  hidden treasures (Prov. ii. 4), as those that  sink for gold or silver, or that  dive for pearl, Job xxviii. 1-11. This ennobled the Bereans, Acts xvii. 11. (2.) Now there are two things which we are here directed to have in our eye, in our searching the scripture:  heaven our end, and  Christ our way. [1.] We must search the scriptures for  heaven as our  great end: For in them you think you have eternal life. The scripture assures us of an eternal state set before us, and offers to us an eternal life in that state: it contains the  chart that  describes it, the  charter that  conveys it, the  direction in the way that leads to it, and the  foundation upon which the hope of it is built; and this is worth searching for where we are sure to find it. But to the Jews Christ saith only,  You think you have  eternal life in the scriptures, because, though they did retain the belief and hope of eternal life, and grounded their expectations of it upon the scriptures, yet herein they missed it, that they looked for it by the bare reading and studying of the scripture. It was a common but corrupt saying among them,  He that has the words of the law has eternal life; they thought they were sure of heaven if they could say by  heart, or rather by  rote, such and such passages of scripture as they were directed to by the tradition of the elders; as they thought all the  vulgar cursed because they did not thus know the law (ch. vii. 49), so they concluded all the  learned undoubtedly  blessed. [2.] We must  search the scriptures for  Christ, as the new and living  way that leads to this  end. These are  they, the great and principal witnesses,  that testify of me. Note,  First, The scriptures, even those of the Old Testament,  testify of Christ, and by them God  bears witness to him. The Spirit of Christ in the prophets testified beforehand of him (1 Pet. i. 11), the purposes and promises of God concerning him, and the previous notices of him. The Jews knew very well that the Old Testament testified of the Messiah, and were critical in their remarks upon the passages that looked that way; and yet were careless, and wretchedly overseen, in the application of them.  Secondly, Therefore we must  search the scriptures, and may hope to find eternal life in that search, because they testify of Christ; for this is  life eternal, to know him; see 1 John v. 11. Christ is the treasure hid in the field of the scriptures, the water in those wells, the milk in those breasts. (3.) To this testimony he annexes a reproof of their infidelity and wickedness in four instances; particularly, [1.] Their  neglect of him and his doctrine: " You will not come tome, that you might have life, v. 40. You search the scriptures, you believe the prophets, who you cannot but see testify of me; and yet you will not  come to me, to whom they direct you." Their estrangement from Christ was the fault not so much of their  understandings as of their  wills. This is expressed as a complaint; Christ offered life, and it was not accepted. Note,  First, There is  life to be had with Jesus Christ for poor souls; we may have life, the life of  pardon and  grace, and  comfort and  glory: life is the perfection of our being, and inclusive of all happiness; and Christ is our life.  Secondly, Those that would have this life must  come to Jesus Christ for it; we may have it for the coming for. It  supposes an assent of the understanding to the doctrine of Christ and the record given concerning him; it  lies in the consent of the will to his government and grace, and it  produces an answerable compliance in the affections and actions.  Thirdly, The only reason why sinners die is because they  will not come to Christ for life and happiness; it is not because they  cannot, but because they  will not. They will neither  accept the life offered, because  spiritual and  divine, nor will they  agree to the terms on which it is offered, nor  apply themselves to the use of the appointed means: they will not be cured, for they will not observe the methods of cure.  Fourthly, The wilfulness and obstinacy of sinners in rejecting the tenders of grace are a great grief to the Lord Jesus, and what he complains of. Those words (v. 41),  I receive not honour from men, come in a parenthesis, to obviate an objection against him, as if he sought his own glory, and made himself the head of a party, in obliging all to come to  him, and applaud him. Note, 1. He did not  covet nor  court the applause of men, did not in the least affect that worldly pomp and splendour in which the carnal Jews expected their Messiah to appear. He charged those whom he cured not to make him known, and withdrew from those that would have made him king. 2. He  had not the applause of men. Instead of  receiving honour from men, he received a great deal of  dishonour and disgrace from men, for he made himself of no reputation. 3. He  needed not the applause of men; it was no addition to his glory whom all the angels of God worship, nor was he any otherwise pleased with it than as it was according to his Father's will, and for the happiness of those who, in giving honour  to him, received much greater honour  from him. [2.] Their  want of the love of God (v. 42): " I know you very well,  that you have not the love of God in you. Why should I wonder that you do not come to me, when you want even the first principle of  natural religion, which is the  love of God?" Note, The reason why people  slight Christ is because they do not  love God; for, if we did indeed love God, we should love him who is his express image, and hasten to him by whom only we may be restored to the favour of God. He charged them (v. 37) with  ignorance of God, and here with want of love to him;  therefore men have not the love of God because they desire not the knowledge of him. Observe,  First, The crime charged upon them:  You have not the love of God in you. They pretended a great love to God, and thought they proved it by their zeal for the law, the temple, and the sabbath; and yet they were really without the love of God. Note, There are many who make a great profession of religion who yet show they want the love of God by their neglect of Christ and their contempt of his commandments; they hate his holiness and undervalue his goodness. Observe, It is the love of God  in us, that love seated  in the heart, a living active principle there, that God will  accept; the love  shed abroad there, Rom. v. 5.  Secondly, The proof of this charge, by the personal knowledge of Christ, who  searches the heart (Rev. ii. 23) and knows what is  in man: I know you. Christ sees through all our disguises, and can say to each of us,  I know thee. 1. Christ knows men better than  their neighbours know them. The people thought that the scribes and Pharisees were very devout and good men, but Christ knew that they had not the love of God in them. 2. Christ knows men better than  they know themselves. These Jews had a very good opinion of themselves, but Christ knew how corrupt their inside was, notwithstanding the speciousness of their outside; we may deceive ourselves, but we cannot deceive him. 3. Christ knows men who do not, and will not, know him; he looks  on those who industriously look  off from him, and calls by their own name, their true name, those who have not known him. [3.] Another crime charged upon them is their readiness to entertain false Christs and false prophets, while they obstinately opposed him who was the true Messias (v. 43): '' I am come in my Father's name, and you receive me not. If another shall come in his own name, him you will receive. Be astonished, O heavens, at this (Jer. ii. 12, 13);  for my people have committed two evils,'' great evils indeed.  First, They have  forsaken the fountain of living waters, for they would not receive Christ, who came in his Father's name, had his commission from his Father, and did all for his glory.  Secondly, They have  hewn out broken cisterns, they hearken to every one that will set up in his own name. They forsake their own mercies, which is bad enough; and it is for  lying vanities, which is worse. Observe here, 1. Those are false prophets who come in their own name, who run without being sent, and set up for themselves only. 2. It is just with God to suffer those to be deceived with false prophets who receive not the truth in the love of it. 2 Thess. ii. 10, 11. The errors of antichrist are the just punishment of those who obey not the doctrine of Christ. They that shut their eyes against the true light are by the judgment of God given up to wander endlessly after  false lights, and to be led aside after every  ignis fatuus. 3. It is the gross folly of many that, while they  nauseate ancient truths, they are  fond of upstart errors; they loathe manna, and at the same time  feed upon ashes. After the Jews had rejected Christ and his gospel, they were continually haunted with spectres, with  false Christs and  false prophets (Matt. xxiv. 24), and their proneness to follow such occasioned those distractions and seditions that hastened their ruin. [4.] They are here charged with pride and vain-glory, and unbelief, the effect of them, v. 44. Having sharply reproved their unbelief, like a wise physician, he here searches into the cause, lays the axe to the root. They  therefore slighted and undervalued Christ because they  admired and  overvalued themselves. Here is,  First, Their ambition of worldly honour. Christ despised it, v. 41. They set their hearts upon it:  You receive honour one of another; that is, "You look for a Messiah in outward pomp, and promise yourselves worldly honour by him."  You receive honour:—1. "You desire to receive it, and aim at this in all you do." 2. "You give honour to others, and applaud them, only that they may return it, and may applaud you."  Petimus dabimusque vicissim—We ask and we bestow. It is the proud man's art to throw honour upon others only that it may rebound upon himself. 3. "You are very careful to keep all the honours to yourselves, and confine them to your own party, as if you had the monopoly of that which is honourable." 4. "What respect is shown to you you  receive yourselves, and do not transmit to God, as Herod." Idolizing men and their sentiments, and affecting to be idolized by them and their applauses, are pieces of idolatry as directly contrary to Christianity as any other.  Secondly, Their neglect of spiritual honour, called here  the honour that comes from God only; this they sought not, nor minded. Note, 1. True honour is that which  comes from God only, that is real and lasting honour; those are honourable indeed whom he takes into covenant and communion with himself. 2.  This honour have all the saints. All that believe in Christ, through him receive the honour that comes from God. He is not partial, but will give glory wherever he gives grace. 3. This honour that comes from God we must  seek, must aim at it, and act for it, and take up with nothing short of it (Rom. ii. 29); we must account it  our reward, as the Pharisees accounted the praise of men. 4. Those that will not come to Christ, and those that are ambitious of worldly honour, make it appear that they seek not the honour that comes from God, and it is their folly and ruin.  Thirdly, The influence this had upon their infidelity.  How can you believe who are thus affected? Observe here, 1. The difficulty of believing arises from ourselves and our own corruption; we make our work hard to ourselves, and then complain it is impracticable. 2. The ambition and affectation of worldly honour are a great hindrance to faith in Christ. How can they believe who make the praise and applause of men their idol? When the profession and practice of serious godliness are unfashionable, are  every where spoken against,—when Christ and his followers are men wondered at, and to be a Christian is to be like a  speckled bird (and this is the common case),—how can they believe the summit of whose ambition is to  make a fair show in the flesh? 6. The last witness here called is Moses, v. 45, &c. The Jews had a great veneration for Moses, and valued themselves upon their being the  disciples of Moses, and pretended to adhere to Moses, in their opposition to Christ; but Christ here shows them, (1.) That Moses was a witness against the unbelieving Jews,  and accused them to the Father: There is one that accuses you, even Moses. This may be understood either, [1.] As showing the difference between the law and the gospel. Moses, that is, the law,  accuses you, for by the law is the knowledge of sin; it  condemns you, it is to those that trust to it a ministration of death and condemnation. But it is not the design of Christ's gospel to  accuse us:  Think not that I will accuse you. Christ did not come into the world as a  Momus, to find fault and pick quarrels with every body, or as a  spy upon the actions of men, or a  promoter, to fish for crimes; no, he came to be an advocate, not an accuser; to reconcile God and man, and not to set them more at variance. What fools were they then that adhered to Moses against Christ, and  desired to be under the law! Gal. iv. 21. Or, [2.] As showing the manifest unreasonableness of their infidelity: "Think not that I will appeal from your bar to God's and challenge you to answer there for what you do against me, as injured innocency usually does; no, I do not need; you are already accused, and cast, in the court of heaven; Moses himself says enough to convict you of, and condemn you for, your unbelief." Let them not mistake  concerning Christ; though he was a prophet, he did not improve his interest in heaven against those that persecuted him, did not, as Elias,  make intercession against Israel (Rom. vi. 2), nor as Jeremiah desire to  see God's vengeance on them. Nor let them mistake concerning Moses, as if he would stand by them in rejecting Christ; no,  There is one that accuses you, even Moses in whom you trust. Note,  First, External privileges and advantages are commonly the vain confidence of those who reject Christ and his grace. The Jews  trusted in Moses, and thought their having his laws and ordinances would save them.  Secondly, Those that confide in their privileges, and do not improve them, will find not only that their confidence is disappointed, but that those very privileges will be witnesses against them. (2.) That Moses was a witness for Christ and to his doctrine (v. 46, 47):  He wrote of me. Moses did particularly prophesy of Christ, as the Seed of the woman, the Seed of Abraham, the Shiloh, the great Prophet; the ceremonies of the law of Moses were  figures of him that was to come. The Jews made Moses the patron of their opposition to Christ; but Christ here shows them their error, that Moses was so far from writing against Christ that he wrote  for him, and  of him. But, [1.] Christ here charges it on the Jews that they  did not believe Moses. He had said (v. 45) that they  trusted in Moses, and yet here he undertakes to make out that they did not believe Moses; they trusted to his name, but they did not receive his doctrine in its true sense and meaning; they did not rightly understand, nor give credit to, what there was in the writings of Moses concerning the Messiah. [2.] He proves this charge from their disbelief of him:  Had you believed Moses, you would have believed me. Note,  First, The surest trial of faith is by the effects it produces. Many say that they believe whose actions give their words the lie; for had they believed the scriptures they would have done otherwise than they did.  Secondly, Those who rightly believe one part of scripture will receive every part. The prophecies of the old Testament were so fully accomplished in Christ that those who rejected Christ did in effect deny those prophecies, and set them aside. [3.] From their disbelief of Moses he infers that it was not strange that they rejected him:  If you believe not his writings, how shall you believe my words? How can it be thought that you should?  First, "If you do not believe sacred  writings, those oracles which are in black and white, which is the most certain way of conveyance,  how shall you believe my words, words being usually less regarded?"  Secondly, "If you do not believe Moses, for whom you have such a profound veneration, how is it likely that you should believe me, whom you look upon with so much contempt?" See Exod. vi. 12.  Thirdly, "If you believe not what Moses spoke and wrote of me, which is a strong and cogent testimony for me, how shall you believe me and my mission?" If we admit not the premises, how shall we admit the conclusion? The truth of the Christian religion, it being a matter purely of divine revelation, depends upon the divine authority of the scripture; if therefore we believe not the divine inspiration of those writings, how shall be receive the doctrine of Christ?

=CHAP. 6.= ''In this chapter we have, I. The miracle of the loaves, ver. 1-14. II. Christ's walking upon the water, ver. 15-21. III. The people's flocking after him to Capernaum, ver. 22-25. IV. His conference with them, occasioned by the miracle of the loaves, in which he reproves them for seeking carnal food, and directs them to spiritual food (ver. 26, 27), showing them how they must labour for spiritual food (ver. 28, 29), and what that spiritual food is, ver. 30-59. V. Their discontent at what he said, and the reproof he gave them for it, ver. 60-65. VI. The apostasy of many from him, and his discourse with his disciples that adhered to him upon that occasion, ver. 66-71.''

The Five Thousand Fed.
$1$ After these things Jesus went over the sea of Galilee, which is  the sea of Tiberias. $2$ And a great multitude followed him, because they saw his miracles which he did on them that were diseased. $3$ And Jesus went up into a mountain, and there he sat with his disciples. $4$ And the passover, a feast of the Jews, was nigh. $5$ When Jesus then lifted up  his eyes, and saw a great company come unto him, he saith unto Philip, Whence shall we buy bread, that these may eat? $6$ And this he said to prove him: for he himself knew what he would do. $7$ Philip answered him, Two hundred pennyworth of bread is not sufficient for them, that every one of them may take a little. $8$ One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, saith unto him, $9$ There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two small fishes: but what are they among so many? $10$ And Jesus said, Make the men sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand. $11$ And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set down; and likewise of the fishes as much as they would. $12$ When they were filled, he said unto his disciples, Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. $13$ Therefore they gathered  them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and above unto them that had eaten. $14$ Then those men, when they had seen the miracle that Jesus did, said, This is of a truth that prophet that should come into the world. We have here an account of Christ's feeding five thousand men with five loaves and two fishes, which miracle is in  this respect remarkable, that it is the only passage of the actions of  Christ's life that is recorded by all the four evangelists. John, who does not usually relate what had been recorded by those who wrote before him, yet relates this, because of the reference the following discourse has to it. Observe, I. The  place and  time where and when this miracle was wrought, which are noted for the greater evidence of the truth of the story; it is not said that it was done once upon a time, nobody knows where, but the circumstances are specified, that the fact might be enquired into. 1. The country that Christ was in (v. 1):  He went over the sea of Galilee, called elsewhere  the lake of Gennesareth, here  the sea of Tiberias, from a city adjoining, which Herod had lately enlarged and beautified, and called so in honour of Tiberius the emperor, and probably had made his metropolis. Christ did not go directly over cross this inland sea, but made a  coasting voyage to another place on the same side. It is not tempting God to choose to go  by water, when there is convenience for it, even to those places whither we might go  by land; for Christ never  tempted the Lord his God, Matt. iv. 7. 2. The company that he was attended with:  A great multitude followed him, because they saw his miracles, v. 2. Note, (1.) Our Lord Jesus, while he went about  doing good, lived continually in  a crowd, which gave him more trouble than honour. Good and useful men must not complain of a  hurry of business, when they are serving God and their generation; it will be time enough to  enjoy ourselves when we come to that world where we shall  enjoy God. (2.) Christ's miracles drew many  after him that were not effectually drawn  to him. They had their curiosity gratified by the strangeness of them, who had not their consciences convinced by the power of them. 3. Christ's posting himself advantageously to entertain them (v. 3):  He went up into a mountain, and there he  sat with his disciples, that he might the more conveniently be seen and heard by the multitude that crowded after him; this was a  natural pulpit, and not, like Ezra's, made  for the purpose. Christ was now driven to be a  field preacher; but his word was never the worse, nor the less acceptable, for that, to those who knew how to value it, who followed him still, not only when he  went out to a desert place, but when he  went up to a mountain, though  up-hill be  against heart. He  sat there, as teachers do  in cathedra—in the chair of instruction. He did not sit at ease, not sit in state, yet he sat as one having authority, sat ready to receive addresses that were made to him; whoever would might come, and find him there. He sat  with his disciples; he condescended to take them to  sit with him, to put a reputation upon them before the people, and give them an earnest of the glory in which they should shortly sit with him. We are said to  sit with him, Eph. ii. 6. 4. The time when it was. The first words,  After those things, do not signify that this immediately followed what was related in the foregoing chapter, for it was a considerable time after, and they signify no more than in process of time; but we are told (v. 4) that it was  when the passover was nigh, which is here noted, (1.) Because, perhaps, that had brought in all the apostles from their respective expeditions, whither they were sent as itinerant preachers, that they might attend their Master to Jerusalem, to keep the feast. (2.) Because it was a custom with the Jews religiously to observe the approach of the passover  thirty days before, with some sort of solemnity; so long before they had it in their eye, repaired the roads, mended bridges, if there was occasion, and discoursed of the passover and the institution of it. (3.) Because, perhaps, the approach of the passover, when every one knew Christ would go up to Jerusalem, and be absent for some time, made the multitude flock the more after him and attend the more diligently on him. Note, The prospect of losing our opportunities should quicken us to improve them with double diligence; and, when solemn ordinances are approaching, it is good to prepare for them by conversing with the word of Christ. II. The miracle itself. And here observe, 1. The notice Christ took of the crowd that attended him (v. 5): He  lifted up his eyes, and  saw a great company come to him, poor, mean, ordinary people, no doubt, for such make up the multitudes, especially in such remote corners of the country; yet Christ showed himself pleased with their attendance, and concerned for their welfare, to teach us to  condescend to those of low estate, and not to  set those  with the dogs of our flock whom Christ hath set with the lambs of his. The souls of the poor are as precious to Christ, and should be so to us, as those of the rich. 2. The enquiry he made concerning the way of providing for them. He directed himself to Philip, who had been his disciple from the first, and had seen all his miracles, and particularly that of his turning water into wine, and therefore it might be expected that he should have said, "Lord, if thou wilt, it is easy to thee to feed them all." Those that, like Israel, have been witnesses of Christ's works, and have shared in the benefit of them, are inexcusable if they say,  Can he furnish a table in the wilderness? Philip was of Bethsaida, in the neighbourhood of which town Christ now was, and therefore he was most likely to help them to provision at the best hand; and probably much of the company was known to him, and he was concerned for them. Now Christ asked,  Whence shall we buy bread, that these may eat? (1.) He takes it for granted that they must all  eat with him. One would think that when he had taught and healed them he had done his part; and that now they should rather have been contriving how to treat him and his disciples, for some of the people were probably  rich, and we are sure that Christ and his disciples were  poor; yet he is solicitous to entertain them. Those that will accept Christ's spiritual gifts, instead of  paying for them, shall be  paid for their acceptance of them. Christ, having fed their souls with the bread of life, feeds their bodies also with  food convenient, to show that the Lord is for the body, and to encourage us to pray for our daily bread, and to set us an example of compassion to the poor, James ii. 15, 16. (2.) His enquiry is,  Whence shall we buy bread? One would think, considering his poverty, that he should rather have asked,  Where shall we have money to buy for them? But he will rather lay out all he has than they shall want. He will buy to give, and we must  labour, that we may give, Eph. iv. 28. 3. The design of this enquiry; it was only to try the faith of Philip,  for he himself knew what he would do, v. 6. Note, (1.) Our Lord Jesus is never at a loss in his counsels; but, how difficult soever the case is, he knows what he has to do and what course he will take, Acts xv. 18.  He knows the thoughts he has towards his people (Jer. xxix. 11) and is never at uncertainty; when we know not, he  himself knows what he will do. (2.) When Christ is pleased to  puzzle his people, it is only with a design to  prove them. The question put Philip to a nonplus, yet Christ proposed it, to try whether he would say, "Lord, if thou wilt exert thy power for them, we need not buy bread." 4. Philip's answer to this question: " Two hundred pennyworth of bread is not sufficient, v. 7. Master, it is to no purpose to talk of buying bread for them, for neither will the country afford so much bread, nor can we afford to lay out so much money; ask Judas, who carries the bag." Two hundred pence of  their money amount to about six pounds of  ours, and, if they lay out all that at once, it will exhaust their fund, and break them, and they must starve themselves. Grotius computes that  two hundred pennyworth of bread would scarcely reach to  two thousand, but Philip would go as near hand as he could, would have  every one to take a little; and nature, we say, is content with a little. See the weakness of Philip's faith, that in this strait, as if the Master of the family had been an  ordinary person, he looked for supply only in an  ordinary way. Christ might now have said to him, as he did afterwards, Have I  been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? Or, as God to Moses in a like case,  Is the Lord's hand waxen short? We are apt thus to distrust God's power when visible and ordinary means fail, that is, to trust him no further than we can see him. 5. The information which Christ received from another of his disciples concerning the provision they had. It was Andrew, here said to be  Simon Peter's brother; though he was senior to Peter in discipleship, and instrumental to bring Peter to Christ, yet Peter afterwards so far outshone him that he is described by his relation to Peter: he acquainted Christ with what they had at hand; and in this we may see, (1.) The  strength of his  love to those for whom he saw his Master concerned, in that he was willing to bring out all they had, though he knew not but they might want themselves, and any one would have said,  Charity begins at home. He did not go about to conceal it, under pretence of being a better husband of their provision than the master was, but honestly gives in an account of all they had. There is a lad here,  paidarion— a little lad, probably one that used to follow this company, as settlers do the camp, with provisions to sell, and the disciples had bespoken what he had for themselves; and it was  five barley-loaves, and two small fishes. Here, [1.] The provision was  coarse and  ordinary; they were  barley loaves. Canaan was a  land of wheat (Deut. viii. 8); its inhabitants were commonly fed with the finest wheat (Ps. lxxxi. 16), the kidneys of wheat (Deut. xxxii. 14); yet Christ and his disciples were glad of  barley-bread. It does not follow hence that we should tie ourselves to such coarse fare, and place religion in it (when God brings that which is finer to our hands, let us receive it, and be thankful); but it does follow that therefore we must not be  desirous of dainties (Ps. xxiii. 3); nor murmur if we be reduced to coarse fare, but be content and thankful, and well reconciled to it; barley-bread is what Christ  had, and better than we  deserve. Nor let us despise the mean provision of the poor, nor look upon it with contempt, remembering how Christ was provided for. [2.] It was but  short and  scanty; there were but  five loaves, and those so small that one little lad carried them all; and we find (2 Kings iv. 42, 43) that  twenty barley-loaves, with some other provision to help out, would not dine a hundred men without a miracle. There were but two fishes, and those  small ones ( dyo opsaria), so small that one of them was but a morsel,  pisciculi assati. I take the fish to have been  pickled, or  soused, for they had not fire to dress them with. The provision of  bread was  little, but that of  fish was  less in proportion to it, so that many a bit of dry bread they must eat before they could make a meal of this provision; but they were content with it.  Bread is meat for our hunger; but of those that murmured for flesh it is said,  They asked meat for their lust, Ps. lxxviii. 18. Well, Andrew was willing that the people should have this, as far as it would go. Note, A distrustful fear of wanting ourselves should not hinder us from needful charity to others. (2.) See here the  weakness of his  faith in that word, " But what are they among so many? To offer this to such a multitude is but to mock them." Philip and he had not that actual consideration of the power of Christ (of which they had had such large experience) which they should have had. Who fed the camp of Israel in the wilderness? He that could make  one man chase a thousand could make one loaf feed a thousand. 6. The directions Christ gave the disciples to seat the guests (v. 10): " Make the men sit down, though you have nothing to set before them, and trust me for that." This was like  sending providence to  market, and going to buy without money: Christ would thus try their obedience. Observe, (1.) The furniture of the dining-room:  there was much grass in that place, though a desert place; see how bountiful nature is, it  makes grass to grow upon the mountains, Ps. cxlvii. 8. This grass was uneaten; God gives not only enough, but more then enough. Here was this plenty of grass where Christ was preaching; the gospel brings other blessings along with it:  Then shall the earth yield her increase, Ps. lxvii. 6. This plenty of grass made the place the more commodious for those that must sit on the ground, and served them for cushions, or  beds (as they called what they sat on at meat, Esth. i. 6), and, considering what Christ says of the grass of the field (Matt. vi. 29, 30), these beds excelled those of Ahasuerus: nature's pomp is the most glorious. (2.) The number of the guests:  About five thousand: a great entertainment, representing that of the gospel, which is a  feast for all nations (Isa. xxv. 6), a feast for all  comers. 7. The distribution of the provision, v. 11. Observe, (1.) It was done with thanksgiving:  He gave thanks. Note, [1.] We ought to give thanks to God for our food, for it is a mercy to have it, and we have it from the hand of God, and must  receive it with thanksgiving, 1 Tim. iv. 4, 5. And this is the sweetness of our creature-comforts, that they will furnish us with  matter, and give us occasion, for that excellent duty of thanksgiving. [2.] Though our provision be coarse and scanty, though we have neither plenty nor dainty, yet we must give thanks to God for what we have. (2.) It was distributed from the hand of Christ by the hands of his disciples, v. 11. Note, [1.] All our comforts come to us  originally from the hand of Christ; whoever  brings them, it is he that  sends them, he distributes to those who distribute to us. [2.] In distributing the bread of life to those that follow him, he is pleased to make use of the ministration of his disciples; they are the servitors at Christ's table, or rather rulers in his household, to give to  every one his portion of meat in due season. (3.) It was done to universal satisfaction. They did not every one take a little, but all had  as much as they would; not a short allowance, but a full meal; and considering how long they had fasted, with what an appetite they sat down, how agreeable this miraculous food may be supposed to have been, above common food, it was not a little that served them when they ate as much as they would and on free cost. Those whom Christ feeds with the bread of life he does not stint, Ps. lxxxi. 10. There were but  two small fishes, and yet they had  of them too  as much as they would. He did not reserve them for the better sort of the guests, and put off the poor with dry bread, but treated them all alike, for they were all alike welcome. Those who call feeding upon fish  fasting reproach the entertainment Christ here made, which was a  full feast. 8. The care that was taken of the broken meat. (1.) The orders Christ gave concerning it (v. 12):  When they were filled, and every man had within him a sensible witness to the truth of the miracle, Christ  said to the disciples, the servants he employed,  Gather up the fragments. Note, We must always take care that we make no waste of any of God's good creatures; for the grant we have of them, though large and full, is with this proviso,  wilful waste only excepted. It is just with God to bring us to the want of that which we make waste of. The Jews were very careful not to lose any bread, nor let it fall to the ground, to be trodden upon.  Qui panem contemnit in gravem incidit paupertatem—He who despises bread falls into the depths of poverty, was a saying among them. Though Christ could command supplies whenever he pleased, yet he would have the fragments gathered up. When we are filled we must remember that others want, and we may want. Those that would have wherewith to be  charitable must be  provident. Had this broken meat been left upon the grass, the beasts and fowls would have gathered it up; but that which is fit to be meat for men is wasted and lost if it be thrown to the brute-creatures. Christ did not order the broken meat to be gathered up till all were filled; we must not begin to hoard and lay up till all is laid out that ought to be, for that is withholding more than is meet. Mr. Baxter notes here, "How much less should we lose God's word, or helps, or our time, or such greater mercies!" (2.) The observance of these orders (v. 13):  They filled twelve baskets with the fragments, which was an evidence not only of the  truth of the miracle, that they were fed, not with fancy, but with real food (witness those remains), but of the  greatness of it; they were not only filled, but there was all this over and above. See how large the divine bounty is; it not only  fills the cup, but makes it  run over; bread enough, and to spare, in our Father's house. The fragments filled twelve baskets, one for each disciple; they were thus repaid with interest for their willingness to part with what they had for public service; see 2 Chron. xxxi. 10. The Jews lay it as a law upon themselves, when they have eaten a meal, to be sure to leave a piece of bread upon the table, upon which the blessing after meat may rest; for it is a curse upon the wicked man (Job xx. 21) that  there shall none of his meat be left. III. Here is the influence which this miracle had upon the people who tasted of the benefit of it (v. 14):  They said, This is of a truth that prophet. Note, 1. Even the vulgar Jews with great assurance expected the Messiah to come into the world, and to be a  great prophet, They speak here with assurance of his coming. The Pharisees despised them as  not knowing the law; but, it should seem, they knew more of him that is the  end of the law than the Pharisees did. 2. The miracles which Christ wrought did clearly demonstrate that he was the Messiah promised, a teacher come from God, the great prophet, and could not but convince the amazed spectators that this was he that should come. There were many who were convinced he was that prophet that should come into the world who yet did not cordially receive his doctrine, for they did not continue in it. Such a wretched incoherence and inconsistency there is between the faculties of the corrupt unsanctified soul, that it is possible for men to acknowledge that Christ is that prophet, and yet to turn a deaf ear to him.

Christ Walks on the Water.
$15$ When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone. $16$ And when even was  now come, his disciples went down unto the sea, $17$ And entered into a ship, and went over the sea toward Capernaum. And it was now dark, and Jesus was not come to them. $18$ And the sea arose by reason of a great wind that blew. $19$ So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they see Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and they were afraid. $20$ But he saith unto them, It is I; be not afraid. $21$ Then they willingly received him into the ship: and immediately the ship was at the land whither they went. Here is, I. Christ's retirement from the multitude. 1. Observe what induced him to retire; because he perceived that those who acknowledged him to be that prophet that should come into the world would come, and  take him by force, to make him a king, v. 15. Now here we have an instance, (1.) Of the irregular zeal of some of Christ's followers; nothing would serve but they would make him  a king. Now, [1.] This was  an act of zeal for the honour of Christ, and against the contempt which the ruling part of the Jewish church put upon him. They were concerned to see so great a benefactor to the world so little esteemed in it; and therefore, since royal titles are counted the most illustrious, they would make him a king, knowing that the Messiah was to be a king; and if a prophet, like Moses, then a sovereign prince and lawgiver, like him; and, if they cannot set him up  upon the holy hill of Zion, a  mountain in Galilee shall serve for the present. Those whom Christ has feasted with the royal dainties of heaven should, in return for his favour, make him  their king, and set him upon the throne in their souls: let him that has  fed us  rule us. But, [2.] It was an  irregular zeal; for  First, It was grounded upon a mistake concerning the nature of Christ's kingdom, as if it were to be  of this world, and he must appear with outward pomp, a crown on his head, and an army at his foot; such a king as this they would make him, which was as great a disparagement to his glory as it would be to lacquer gold or paint a ruby. Right notions of Christ's kingdom would keep us to right methods for advancing it.  Secondly, It was excited by the love of the flesh; they would make  him their king who could feed them so plentifully without their toil, and save them from the curse of '' eating their bread in the sweat of their face. Thirdly, It was intended to carry on a  secular'' design; they hoped this might be a fair opportunity of shaking off the Roman yoke, of which they were weary. If they had one to head them who could victual an army cheaper than another could provide for a family, they were sure of the sinews of the war, and could not fail of success, and the recovery of their ancient liberties. Thus is religion often prostituted to a secular interest, and Christ is served only to  serve a turn, Rom. xvi. 18.  Vix qu&#230;ritur Jesus  propter Jesum,  sed propter aliud—Jesus is usually sought after for something else, not for his own sake.—Augustine. Nay,  Fourthly, It was a tumultuous, seditious attempt, and a disturbance of the public peace; it would make the country a seat of war, and expose it to the resentments of the Roman power.  Fifthly, It was contrary to the mind of our Lord Jesus himself; for they would take him  by force, whether he would or no. Note, Those who force honours upon Christ which he has not required at their hands displease him, and do him the greatest dishonour. Those that say  I am of Christ, in opposition to those that are of Apollos and Cephas (so making Christ the head of a party), take him by force, to make him a king, contrary to his own mind. (2.) Here is an instance of the humility and self-denial of the Lord Jesus, that, when they would have made him a king, he  departed; so far was he from countenancing the design that he effectually quashed it. Herein he has left a testimony, [1.] Against ambition and affectation of worldly honour, to which he was perfectly mortified, and has taught us to be so. Had they come to take him by force and make him a prisoner, he could not have been more industrious to abscond than he was when they would make him a king. Let us not then covet to be the  idols of the crowd, nor be  desirous of vainglory. [2.] Against faction and sedition, treason and rebellion, and whatever tends to disturb the peace of kings and provinces. By this it appears that he was no enemy to C&#230;sar, nor would have his followers be so, but the  quiet in the land; that he would have his ministers decline every thing that looks  like sedition, or looks  towards it, and improve their interest only for their work's sake. 2. Observe  whither he retired:  He departed again into a mountain,  eis to oros— into the mountain, the mountain where he had preached (v. 3), whence he came down into the plain, to feed the people, and then returned to it alone, to be private. Christ, though so useful in the places of concourse, yet chose sometimes to be alone, to teach us to sequester ourselves from the world now and then, for the more free converse with God and our own souls; and  never less alone, says the serious Christian,  than when alone. Public services must not jostle out private devotions. II. Here is the disciples' distress at sea.  They that go down to the sea in ships, these see the works of the Lord, for he raiseth the stormy wind, Ps. xvii. 23, 24. Apply this to these disciples. 1. Here is their  going down to the sea in a ship (v. 16, 17):  When even was come, and they had done their day's work, it was time to look homeward, and therefore they went aboard, and set sail for Capernaum. This they did by particular direction from their Master, with design (as it should seem) to get them out of the way of the temptation of countenancing those that would have made him a king. 2. Here is the  stormy wind arising and  fulfilling the word of God. They were Christ's disciples, and were now in the way of their duty, and Christ was now in the mount praying for them; and yet they were in this distress. The perils and afflictions of this present time may very well consist with our interest in Christ and his intercession. They had lately been feasted at Christ's table; but after the sun-shine of comfort expect a storm. (1.)  It was now dark; this made the storm the more dangerous and uncomfortable. Sometimes the people of God are in trouble, and cannot see their way out; in the dark concerning the cause of their trouble, concerning the design and tendency of it, and what the issue will be. (2.) Jesus  was not come to them. When they were in that storm (Matt. viii. 23, &c.)  Jesus was with them; but now their beloved had withdrawn himself, and was gone. The absence of Christ is the great aggravation of the troubles of Christians. (3.) The  sea arose by reason of a great wind. It was calm and fair when they put to sea (they were not so presumptuous as to launch out in a storm), but it arose when they were  at sea. In times of tranquillity we must prepare for trouble, for it may arise when we little think of it. Let it comfort good people, when they happen to be in storms at sea, that the disciples of Christ were so; and let the promises of a gracious God balance the threats of an angry sea. Though in a storm, and  in the dark, they are no worse off than Christ's disciples were. Clouds and darkness sometimes surround the children of the light, and of the day. 3. Here is Christ's seasonable approach to them when they were in this peril, v. 19.  They had rowed (being forced by the contrary winds to betake themselves to their oars)  about twenty-five or thirty furlongs. The Holy Spirit that indicted this could have ascertained the number of furlongs precisely, but this, being only circumstantial, is left to be expressed according to the conjecture of the penman. And, when they were got off a good way at sea, they  see Jesus walking on the sea. See here, (1.) The power Christ has over the laws and customs of nature, to control and dispense with them at his pleasure. It is natural for heavy bodies to sink in water, but Christ walked  upon the water as upon dry land, which was more than Moses's dividing the water and walking  through the water. (2.) The concern Christ has for his disciples in distress:  He drew nigh to the ship; for  therefore he walked upon the water, as he  rides upon the heavens, for the help of his people, Deut. xxxiii. 26. He will not leave them comfortless when they seem to be  tossed with tempests and  not comforted. When they are banished (as John) into remote places, or shut up (as Paul and Silas) in close places, he will find access to them, and will be nigh them. (3.) The relief Christ gives to his disciples in their fears. They  were afraid, more afraid of an apparition (for so they supposed him to be) than of the winds and waves. It is more terrible to wrestle with the rulers of the darkness of this world than with a tempestuous sea. When they thought a demon haunted them, and perhaps was instrumental to raise the storm, they were more terrified than they had been while they saw nothing in it but what was natural. Note, [1.] Our real distresses are often much increased by our imaginary ones, the creatures of our own fancy. [2.] Even the approaches of comfort and deliverance are often so misconstrued as to become the occasions of fear and perplexity. We are often not only  worse frightened than hurt, but  then most  frightened when we are ready to be  helped. But, when they were in this fright, how affectionately did Christ silence their fears with that compassionate word (v. 20),  It is I, be not afraid! Nothing is more powerful to convince sinners than that word,  I am Jesus whom thou persecutest; nothing more powerful to comfort saints than this, " I am Jesus whom thou lovest; it is I that love thee, and seek thy good; be not afraid of me, nor of the storm." When trouble is nigh Christ is nigh. 4. Here is their speedy arrival at the port they were bound for, v. 17. (1.) They  welcomed Christ into the ship; they  willingly received him. Note, Christ's absenting himself for a time is but so much the more to  endear himself, at his return, to his disciples, who value his presence above any thing; see Cant. iii. 4. (2.) Christ brought them safely to the shore:  Immediately the ship was at the land whither they went. Note, [1.] The ship of the church, in which the disciples of Christ have  embarked themselves and their all, may be much shattered and distressed, yet it shall come safe to the harbour at last;  tossed at sea, but not  lost; cast down, but not destroyed; the bush burning, but not consumed. [2.] The power and presence of the church's King shall expedite and facilitate her deliverance, and conquer the difficulties which have baffled the skill and industry of all her other friends. The disciples had rowed hard, but could not make their point till they had got Christ in the ship, and then the work was  done suddenly. If we have received Christ Jesus the Lord, have received him willingly, though the night be dark and the wind high, yet we may comfort ourselves with this, that we shall be at shore shortly, and are nearer to it than we think we are. Many a doubting soul is fetched to heaven by a pleasing surprise, or ever it is aware.

Christ's Discourse with the Multitude.
$22$ The day following, when the people which stood on the other side of the sea saw that there was none other boat there, save that one whereinto his disciples were entered, and that Jesus went not with his disciples into the boat, but  that his disciples were gone away alone; $23$ (Howbeit there came other boats from Tiberias nigh unto the place where they did eat bread, after that the Lord had given thanks:) $24$ When the people therefore saw that Jesus was not there, neither his disciples, they also took shipping, and came to Capernaum, seeking for Jesus. $25$ And when they had found him on the other side of the sea, they said unto him, Rabbi, when camest thou hither? 26 Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and were filled. $27$ Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed. In these verses we have, I. The careful enquiry which the people made after Christ, v. 23, 24. They saw the disciples go to sea; they saw Christ retire to the mountain, probably with an intimation that he desired to be private for some time; but, their hearts being set upon  making him a king, they way-laid his return, and  the day following, the hot fit of their zeal still continuing, 1. They were  much at a loss for him. He was gone, and they knew not what was become of him. They saw there was  no boat there but that in which the disciples went off, Providence so ordering it for the confirming of the miracle of his walking on the sea, for there was no boat for him to go in. They observed also that  Jesus did not go with his disciples, but that they went off alone, and left him among  them on  their side of the water. Note, Those that would find Christ must diligently observe all his motions, and learn to understand the tokens of his presence and absence, that they may steer accordingly. 2. They were very  industrious in seeking him. They searched the places thereabouts, and when  they saw that Jesus was not there, nor his disciples (neither he nor any one that could give tidings of him), they resolved to search elsewhere. Note, Those that would find Christ must accomplish a diligent search, must seek till they find, must go from sea to sea, to seek the word of God, rather than live without it; and those whom Christ has feasted with the bread of life should have their souls carried out in earnest desires towards him. Much would have more, in communion with Christ. Now, (1.) They resolved to go to Capernaum in quest of him. There were his head-quarters, where he usually resided. Thither his disciples were gone; and they knew he would not be long absent from  them. Those that would find Christ must go forth by the footsteps of the flock. (2.) Providence favoured them with an opportunity of going thither by sea, which was the speediest way; for there  came other boats from Tiberias, which lay further off upon the same shore,  nigh, though not so nigh to the place where they did  eat bread, in which they might soon make a trip to Capernaum, and probably the boats were bound for that port. Note, Those that in sincerity seek Christ, and seek opportunities of converse with him, are commonly owned and assisted by Providence in those pursuits. The evangelist, having occasion to mention their eating the  multiplied bread, adds,  After that the Lord had given thanks, v. 11. So much were the disciples affected with their Master's giving thanks that they could never forget the impressions made upon them by it, but took a pleasure in remembering the gracious words that then proceeded out of his mouth. This was the grace and beauty of that meal, and made it remarkable; their hearts burned within them. 3. They laid hold of the opportunity that offered itself, and  they also took shipping, and came to Capernaum, seeking for Jesus. They did not defer, in hopes to see him again  on this side the water; but their convictions being strong, and their desires warm, they followed him presently. Good motions are often crushed, and come to nothing, for want of being  prosecuted in  time. They came to Capernaum, and, for aught that appears, these unsound hypocritical followers of Christ had a  calm and  pleasant passage, while his sincere disciples had a  rough and  stormy one. It is not strange if it fare worst with the best men in this evil world. They  came, seeking Jesus. Note, Those that would find Christ, and find comfort in him, must be willing to take pains, and, as here, to  compass sea and land to seek and serve him who came from heaven to earth to seek and save us. II. The success of this enquiry:  They found him on the other side of the sea, v. 25. Note, Christ will be found of those that seek him, first or last; and it is worth while to cross a sea, nay, to go  from sea to sea, and from the river to the ends of the earth, to seek Christ, if we may but find him at last. These people appeared afterwards to be unsound, and not actuated by any good principle, and yet were thus zealous. Note, Hypocrites may be very forward in their attendance on God's ordinances. If men have  no more to show for their love to Christ than their running after sermons and prayers, and their pangs of affection to good preaching, they have reason to suspect themselves no better than this  eager crowd. But though these people were no better principled, and Christ knew it, yet he was willing to be found of them, and admitted them into fellowship with him. If we could know the hearts of hypocrites, yet, while their profession is plausible, we must not exclude them from our communion, much less when we do not know their hearts. III. The question they put to him when they found him:  Rabbi, when camest thou hither? It should seem by v. 59 that they found him  in the synagogue. They knew this was the likeliest place to seek Christ in, for it was  his custom to attend public assemblies for religious worship, Luke iv. 16. Note, Christ must be sought, and will be found, in the congregations of his people and in the administration of his ordinances; public worship is what Christ chooses to own and grace with his presence and the manifestations of himself. There they found him, and all they had to say to him was,  Rabbi, when camest thou hither? They saw he would not be made a king, and therefore say no more of this, but call him Rabbi, their teacher. Their enquiry refers not only to the  time, but to the  manner, of his conveying himself thither; not only  When, but, " How, camest thou thither?" for there was no boat for him to come in. They were curious in asking concerning Christ's motions, but not solicitous to observe their own. IV. The answer Christ gave them, not direct to their question (what was it to them  when and  how he came thither?) but such an answer as their case required. 1. He discovers the  corrupt principle they  acted from in following him (v. 26): " Verily, verily, I say unto you, I that search the heart, and know what is in man, I the Amen, the faithful witness, Rev. iii. 14, 15.  You seek me; that is well, but it is not from a good principle." Christ knows not only  what we do, but  why we do it. These followed Christ, (1.) Not for his doctrine's sake:  Not because you saw the miracles. The miracles were the great confirmation of his doctrine; Nicodemus sought for him for the sake of them (ch. iii. 2), and argued from the power of his works to the truth of his word; but these were so stupid and mindless that they never considered this. But, (2.) It was for their own bellies' sake:  Because you did eat of the loaves, and were filled; not because he taught them, but because he fed them. He had given them, [1.] A  full meal's meat:  They did eat, and were filled; and some of them perhaps were so poor that they had not known of a long time before now what it was to have enough, to eat and leave. [2.] A  dainty meal's meat; it is probable that, as the miraculous wine was the best wine, so was the miraculous food more than usually pleasant. [3.] A  cheap meal's meat, that cost them nothing; no reckoning was brought in. Note, Many follow Christ for  loaves, and not for  love. Thus those do who aim at secular advantage in their profession of religion, and follow it because by this craft they get their preferments.  Quantis profuit nobis h&#230;c fabula de Christo—This fable respecting Christ, what a gainful concern we have made of it! said one of the popes. These people  complimented Christ with Rabbi, and showed him great respect, yet he told them thus faithfully of their hypocrisy; his ministers must hence learn not to flatter those that flatter them, nor to be  bribed by fair words to cry  peace to all that cry  rabbi to them, but to give faithful reproofs where there is cause for them. 2. He directs them to better principles (v. 27):  Labour for that meat which endures to everlasting life. With the woman of Samaria he had discoursed of spiritual things under the similitude of  water; here he speaks of them under the similitude of  meat, taking occasion from the loaves they had eaten. His design is, (1.) To moderate our worldly pursuits:  Labour not for the meat that perishes. This does not forbid honest labour for food convenient, 2 Thess. iii. 12. But we must not make the things of this world our chief care and concern. Note, [1.] The things of the world are  meat that perishes. Worldly wealth, honour, and pleasure, are  meat; they  feed the fancy (and many times this is all) and  fill the belly. These are things which mean  hunger after as  meat, and glut themselves with, and which a carnal heart, as long as they last, may make a shift to live upon; but they  perish, are of a perishing nature, wither of themselves, and are exposed to a thousand accidents; those that have the largest share of them are not sure to have them while they live, but are sure to leave them and lose them when they die. [2.] It is therefore folly for us inordinately to labour after them.  First, We must not labour in religion, nor work the works thereof,  for this perishing meat, with an eye to this; we must not make our religion subservient to a worldly interest, nor aim at  secular advantages in '' sacred exercises. Secondly, We must not at all  labour for this meat; that is, we must not make these perishing things our  chief good, nor make our care and pains about them our  chief business; not seek those things  first and  most,'' Prov. xxiii. 4, 5. (2.) To quicken and excite our gracious pursuits: "Bestow your pains to better purpose, and  labour for that meat which belongs to the soul," of which he shows, [1.] That it is  unspeakably desirable: It is meat which  endures to everlasting life; it is a happiness which will last as long as we must, which not only itself endures eternally, but will nourish us up to everlasting life. The blessings of the new covenant are our preparative for eternal life, our preservative to it, and the pledge and earnest of it. [2.] It is  undoubtedly attainable. Shall all the treasures of the world be ransacked, and all the fruits of the earth gathered together, to furnish us with provisions that will last to eternity? No,  The sea saith, It is not in me, among all the treasures hidden in the sand.  It cannot be gotten for gold; but it is that  which the Son of man shall give;  hen dosei, either which  meat, or which  life, the Son of man shall give. Observe here,  First, Who gives this meat: the  Son of man, the great householder and master of the stores, who is entrusted with the administration of the kingdom of God among men, and the dispensation of the gifts, graces, and comforts of that kingdom, and has power to give eternal life, with all the means of it and preparatives for it. We are told to  labour for it, as if it were to be got by our own industry, and sold upon that valuable consideration, as the heathen said,  Dii laboribus omnia vendunt—The gods sell all advantages to the industrious. But when we have laboured ever so much for it, we have not merited it as our  hire, but the Son of man  gives it. And what more free than gift? It is an encouragement that he who has the giving of it is the  Son of man, for then we may hope the  sons of men that seek it, and labour for it, shall not fail to have it.  Secondly, What authority he has to give it; for  him has God the Father sealed,  touton gar ho Pater esphragisen, ho Theos— for him the Father has sealed (proved and evidenced)  to be God; so some read it; he has declared him to be the Son of God with power. He has  sealed him, that is, has given him full authority to deal between God and man, as God's  ambassador to man and man's  intercessor with God, and has proved his commission by miracles. Having given him  authority, he has given us  assurance of it; having entrusted him with  unlimited powers, he has satisfied us with  undoubted proofs of them; so that as he might go on with confidence in his undertaking for us, so may we in our resignations to him.  God the Father scaled him with the Spirit that rested on him, by the voice from heaven, by the testimony he bore to him in signs and wonders. Divine revelation is perfected in him, in him the  vision and  prophecy is  sealed up (Dan. ix. 24), to him all believers  seal that he is true (ch. iii. 33), and in him they are all  sealed, 2 Cor. i. 22.

Christ the True Bread from Heaven; Christ Welcomes All that Come to Him; Necessity of Feeding upon Christ.
$28$ Then said they unto him, What shall we do, that we might work the works of God? $29$ Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent. $30$ They said therefore unto him, What sign showest thou then, that we may see, and believe thee? what dost thou work? $31$ Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat. $32$ Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Moses gave you not that bread from heaven; but my Father giveth you the true bread from heaven. $33$ For the bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the world. $34$ Then said they unto him, Lord, evermore give us this bread. $35$ And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. $36$ But I said unto you, That ye also have seen me, and believe not. $37$ All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. $38$ For I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. $39$ And this is the Father's will which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me I should lose nothing, but should raise it up again at the last day. $40$ And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I will raise him up at the last day. $41$ The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread which came down from heaven. $42$ And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? $43$ Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. $44$ No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day. $45$ It is written in the prophets, And they shall be all taught of God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the Father, cometh unto me. 46 Not that any man hath seen the Father, save he which is of God, he hath seen the Father. $47$ Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. $48$ I am that bread of life. $49$ Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead. $50$ This is the bread which cometh down from heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not die. 51 I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever: and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world. 52 The Jews therefore strove among themselves, saying, How can this man give us  his flesh to eat? $53$ Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. $54$ Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. $55$ For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. $56$ He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him. $57$ As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the Father: so he that eateth me, even he shall live by me. 58 This is that bread which came down from heaven: not as your fathers did eat manna, and are dead: he that eateth of this bread shall live for ever. $59$ These things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum. Whether this conference was with the Capernaites, in whose synagogue Christ now was, or with those who came from the other side of the sea, is not certain nor material; however, it is an instance of Christ's condescension that he gave them leave to ask him questions, and did not resent the interruption as an affront, no, not from his common hearers, though not his immediate followers. Those that would be apt to teach must be swift to hear, and study to answer. It is the wisdom of teachers, when they are asked even impertinent unprofitable questions, thence to take occasion to answer in that which is profitable, that the question may be rejected, but not the request. Now, I. Christ having told them that  they must  work for the meat he spoke of, must  labour for it, they enquire what work they must do, and he answers them, v. 28, 29. 1. Their  enquiry was  pertinent enough (v. 28):  What shall we do, that we may work the works of God? Some understand it as a pert question: "What works of God can we do more and better than those we do in obedience to the law of Moses?" But I rather take it as a humble serious question, showing them to be, at least for the present, in a good mind, and willing to know and do their duty; and I imagine that those who asked this question, How and What (v. 30), and made the request (v. 34), were not the same persons with those that murmured (v. 41, 42), and strove (v. 52), for those are expressly called  the Jews, who came out of Judea (for those were strictly called Jews) to cavil, whereas these were of Galilee, and came to be taught. This question here intimates that they were convinced that those who would obtain this everlasting meat, (1.) Must aim to do something great. Those who  look high in their expectations, and hope to enjoy the  glory of God, must  aim high in those endeavours, and study to  do the works of God, works which he requires and will accept,  works of God, distinguished from the works of worldly men in their worldly pursuits. It is not enough to speak the words of God, but we must do the works of God. (2.) Must be willing to do any thing:  What shall we do? Lord, I am ready to do whatever thou shalt appoint, though ever so displeasing to flesh and blood, Acts ix. 6. 2. Christ's answer was plain enough (v. 29):  This is the work of God that ye believe. Note, (1.) The work of faith is the work of God. They enquire after the  works of God (in the plural number), being careful about  many things; but Christ directs them to one work, which includes all, the one thing needful: that  you believe, which supersedes all the works of the ceremonial law; the work which is necessary to the acceptance of all the other works, and which produces them, for without faith you cannot please God. It is  God's work, for it is of his  working in us, it subjects the soul to his working on us, and quickens the soul in working  for him, (2.) That faith is the work of God which closes with Christ, and relies upon him. It is to  believe on him as one whom God  hath sent, as God's commissioner in the great affair of peace between God and man, and as such to  rest upon him, and  resign ourselves to him. See ch. xiv. 1. II. Christ having told them that the  Son of man would  give them this meat, they enquire concerning him, and he answers their enquiry. 1. Their enquiry is after  a sign (v. 30):  What sign showest thou? Thus far they were right, that, since he required them to give him  credit, he should produce his  credentials, and make it out by miracle that he was  sent of God. Moses having confirmed his mission by  signs, it was requisite that Christ, who came to set aside the ceremonial law, should in like manner confirm his: " What dost thou work? What doest thou drive at? What lasting characters of a divine power does thou design to leave upon thy doctrine?" But  herein they missed it, (1.) That they overlooked the many miracles which they had seen wrought by him, and which amounted to an abundant proof of his divine mission. Is this a time of day to ask, "What sign showest thou?" especially at Capernaum, the  staple of miracles, where he had done so  many mighty works, signs so significant of his office and undertaking? Were not these very persons but the other day miraculously fed by him? None so blind as they that will not see; for they may be so blind as to question whether it be day or no, when the sun shines in their faces. (2.) That they preferred the miraculous feeding of Israel in the wilderness before all the miracles Christ wrought (v. 31):  Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; and, to strengthen the objection, they quote a scripture for it:  He gave them bread from heaven (taken from Ps. lxxviii. 24),  he gave them of the corn of heaven. What a good use might be made of this story to which they here refer! It was a memorable instance of God's power and goodness, often mentioned to the glory of God (Neh. xix. 20, 21), yet see how these people perverted it, and made an ill use of it. [1.] Christ reproved them for their fondness of the miraculous bread, and bade them not set their hearts upon  meat which perisheth; "Why," say they, " meat for the belly was the great good thing that God gave to our fathers in the desert; and why should not we then labour for that meat? If God made much of them, why should not we be for those that will make much of us?" [2.] Christ had fed five thousand men with five loaves, and had given them that as one sign to prove him  sent of God; but, under colour of  magnifying the miracles of Moses, they tacitly  undervalue this miracle of Christ, and  evade the evidence of it. "Christ fed his thousands; but Moses his hundreds of thousands; Christ fed them but once, and then reproved those who followed him in hope to be still fed, and put them off with a discourse of spiritual food; but Moses fed his followers forty years, and miracles were not their rarities, but their daily bread: Christ fed them with bread out of  the earth, barley-bread, and fishes out of  the sea; but Moses fed Israel with bread  from heaven, angel's food." Thus big did these Jews talk of the  manna which  their fathers did eat; but their fathers had slighted it as much as they did now the barley-loaves, and called  light bread, Num. xxi. 5. Thus apt are we to slight and overlook the appearances of God's power and grace in our own times, while we pretend to admire the wonders of which  our fathers told us. Suppose  this miracle of Christ was outdone by that of Moses, yet there were other instances in which Christ's miracles outshone his; and, besides, all true miracles prove a divine doctrine, though not equally illustrious in the circumstances, which were ever  diversified according as the occasion did require. As much as the manna excelled the barley-loaves, so much, and much more, did the doctrine of Christ excel the law of Moses, and his heavenly institutions the carnal ordinances of that dispensation. 2. Here is Christ's reply to this enquiry, wherein, (1.) He  rectifies their  mistake concerning the  typical manna. It was true that their fathers did eat  manna in the desert. But, [1.] It was not Moses that gave it to them, nor were they obliged to him for it; he was but the instrument, and therefore they must look beyond him to God. We do not find that Moses did so much as pray to God for the  manna; and he spoke unadvisedly when he said,  Must we fetch water out of the rock? Moses gave them not either  that bread or  that water. [2.] It was not given them, as they imagined,  from heaven, from the highest heavens, but only from  the clouds, and therefore not so much superior to that which had its rise from the earth as they thought. Because the scripture saith,  He gave them bread from heaven, it does not follow that it was  heavenly bread, or was intended to be the nourishment of souls. Misunderstanding scripture language occasions many mistakes in the things of God. (2.) He  informs them concerning the  true manna, of which that was a type:  But my Father giveth you the true bread from heaven; that which is truly and properly the  bread from heaven, of which the manna was but a shadow and figure, is  now given, not to  your fathers, who are dead and gone, but  to you of this present age, for whom the  better things were reserved: he is  now giving you that  bread from heaven, which is  truly so called. As much as the throne of God's glory is above the clouds of the air, so much does the  spiritual bread of the everlasting gospel excel the  manna. In calling God  his Father, he proclaims himself greater than Moses; for Moses was faithful but as a servant, Christ as a  Son, Heb. iii. 5, 6. III. Christ, having replied to their enquiries, takes further occasion from their objection concerning the  manna to discourse of  himself under the similitude of  bread, and of  believing under the similitude of  eating and drinking; to which, together with his putting both together in the  eating of  his flesh and  drinking of his  blood, and with the remarks made upon it by the hearers, the rest of this conference may be reduced. 1. Christ having spoken of  himself as the great  gift of God, and the  true bread (v. 32), largely  explains and  confirms this, that we may rightly know him. (1.) He here shows that he is the  true bread; this he repeats again and again, v. 33, 35, 48-51. Observe, [1.] That Christ is  bread is that to the soul which bread is to the body, nourishes and supports the spiritual life (is the staff of it) as bread does the bodily life;  it is the staff of life. The doctrines of the gospel concerning Christ—that he is the mediator between God and man, that he is our peace, our righteousness, our Redeemer;  by these things do men live. Our bodies could better live without food than our souls without Christ.  Bread-corn is  bruised (Isa. xxviii. 28), so was Christ; he was born at Bethlehem, the  house of bread, and typified by the  show-bread. [2.] That he is the  bread of God (v. 33), divine bread; it is he that is  of God (v. 46), bread which my Father gives (v. 32), which he has made to be the food of our souls; the bread of God's family, his  children's bread. The Levitical sacrifices are called the  bread of God (Lev. xxi. 21, 22), and Christ is the great sacrifice; Christ, in his word and ordinances, the  feast upon the sacrifice. [3.] That he is the  bread of life (v. 35, and again, v. 48),  that bread of life, alluding to the tree of life in the midst of the garden of Eden, which was to Adam the seal of that part of the covenant,  Do this and live, of which he might  eat and live. Christ is the bread of life, for he is the fruit of the '' tree of life. First, He is the  living bread (so he explains himself, v. 51):  I am the living bread. Bread is itself a dead thing, and nourishes not but by the help of the faculties of a living body; but Christ is himself  living bread,'' and nourishes by his own power. Manna was a dead thing; if kept but one night, it putrefied and bred worms; but Christ is ever living, everlasting bread, that never moulds, nor waxes old. The doctrine of Christ crucified is now as strengthening and comforting to a believer as ever it was, and his mediation still of as much value and efficacy as ever.  Secondly, He gives life unto the world (v. 33), spiritual and eternal life; the life of the soul in union and communion with God here, and in the vision and fruition of him hereafter; a life that includes in it all happiness. The  manna did only reserve and support life, did not preserve and perpetuate life, much less restore it; but Christ  gives life to those that were dead in sin. The manna was ordained only for the life of the Israelites, but Christ is given for the  life of the world; none are excluded from the benefit of this bread, but such as exclude themselves. Christ came to  put life into the minds of men, principles productive of acceptable performances. [4.] That he is the  bread which came down from heaven; this is often repeated here, v. 33, 50, 51, 58. This denotes,  First, The divinity of Christ's person. As God, he had a being in heaven, whence he came to take our nature upon him:  I came down from heaven, whence we may infer his  antiquity, he was in the beginning with God; his  ability, for heaven is the firmament of power; and his  authority, he came with a divine commission.  Secondly, The divine original of all that good which flows to us through him. He  comes, not only  katabas— that came down (v. 51), but  katabainoi— that comes down; he is descending, denoting a constant communication of light, life, and love, from God to believers through Christ, as the  manna descended daily; see Eph. i. 3.  Omnia desuper—All things from above. [5.] That he is  that bread of which the  manna was a type and figure (v. 58),  that bread, the true bread, v. 32. As the rock that they drank of was Christ, so was the manna they ate of  spiritual bread, 1 Cor. x. 3, 4.  Manna was given to Israel; so Christ to the spiritual Israel. There was  manna enough for them all; so in Christ a fulness of grace for all believers; he that  gathers much of this  manna will have none to spare when he comes to use it; and he that gathers little, when his grace comes to be perfected in glory, shall find that '' he has no lack. Manna was to be gathered in the morning; and those that would find Christ must  seek him early. Manna was sweet, and, as the author of the  Wisdom of Solomon tells us (Wisd. xvi. 20), was agreeable to every palate; and to those that believe Christ is  precious. Israel lived upon  manna'' till they came to Canaan; and Christ is our life. There was a memorial of the  manna preserved in the ark; so of Christ in the Lord's supper, as the food of souls. (2.) He here shows what his undertaking was, and what his errand into the world. Laying aside the metaphor, he speaks plainly, and speaks no proverb, giving us an account of his business among men, v. 38-40. [1.] He assures us, in general, that he came from heaven upon his Father's business (v. 38), not  do his own will, but the will of him that sent him. He  came from heaven, which bespeaks him an intelligent active being, who voluntarily descended to this lower world, a long journey, and a great step downward, considering the glories of the world he came from and the calamities of the world he came to; we may well ask with wonder, "What moved him to such an expedition?" Here he tells that he came to do, not  his own will, but the will of his Father; not that he had any will that stood in competition with the will of his Father, but those to whom he spoke suspected he might. "No," saith he, "my own will is not the spring I act from, nor the rule I go by, but I am come to  do the will of him that sent me." That is,  First, Christ did not come into the world as a  private person, that acts for himself only, but under a  public character, to act for others as an ambassador, or plenipotentiary, authorized by a public commission; he came into the world as God's great agent and the world's great physician. It was not any private business that brought him hither, but he came to settle affairs between parties no less considerable than the great Creator and the whole creation.  Secondly, Christ, when he was in the world, did not carry on any  private design, nor had any  separate interest at all, distinct from theirs for whom he acted. The scope of his whole life was to glorify God and do good to men. He therefore never consulted his own ease, safety, or quiet; but, when he was to lay down his life, though he had a human nature which startled at it, he set aside the consideration of that, and resolved his will as man into the will of God:  Not as I will, but as thou wilt. [2.] He acquaints us, in particular, with that will of the Father which he came to do; he here  declares the decree, the instructions he was to pursue.  First, The  private instructions given to Christ, that he should be sure to save all the chosen remnant; and this is the  covenant of redemption between the Father and the Son (v. 38): " This is the Father's will, who hath sent me; this is the charge I am entrusted with, that  of all whom he hath given me I should lose none." Note, 1. There is a certain number of the children of men  given by the Father to Jesus Christ, to be his care, and so to be to him for a name and a praise; given him for  an inheritance, for a possession. Let him do all that for them which their case requires; teach them, and heal them, pay their debt, and plead their cause, prepare them for, and preserve them to, eternal life, and then let him make his best of them. The Father might dispose of them as he pleased: as creatures, their lives and beings were  derived from him; as sinners, their lives and beings were  forfeited to him. He might have sold them for the satisfaction of his justice, and delivered them  to the tormentors; but he pitched upon them to be the monuments of his mercy, and delivered them to the Saviour. Those whom God chose to be the objects of his special love he lodged as a trust in the hands of Christ. 2. Jesus Christ has undertaken that he will  lose none of those that were thus  given him of the Father. The  many sons whom he was to  bring to glory shall all be forth-coming, and none of them missing, Matt. xviii. 14. None of them shall be lost, for want of a sufficient grace to sanctify them.  If I bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee, then let me bear the blame for ever, Gen. xliii. 9. 3. Christ's undertaking for those that are given him extends to the resurrection of their bodies.  I will raise it up again at the last day, which supposes all that goes before, but this is to crown and complete the undertaking. The body is a part of the man, and therefore a part of Christ's purchase and charge; it pertains to the promises, and therefore it shall not be  lost. The undertaking is not only that he shall  lose none, no  person, but that he shall  lose nothing, no part of the person, and therefore not the body. Christ's undertaking will never be accomplished till the resurrection, when the souls and bodies of the saints shall be re-united and gathered to Christ, that he may present them to the Father:  Behold I, and the children that thou has given me, Heb. ii. 13; 2 Tim. i. 12. 4. The spring and original of all this is the  sovereign will of God, the counsels of his will, according to which he works all this. This was the commandment he gave to his Son, when he sent him into the world, and to which the Son always had an eye.  Secondly, The  public instructions which were to be given to the children of men, in what way, and upon what terms, they might obtain salvation by Christ; and this is the  covenant of grace between God and man. Who the particular persons were that were given to Christ is a  secret: The Lord knows them that are his, we do not, nor is it fit we should; but, though their names are concealed, their characters are published. An offer is made of life and happiness upon gospel terms, that by it those that were given to Christ might be brought to him, and others left inexcusable (v. 40): " This is the will, the revealed will,  of him that sent me, the method agreed upon, upon which to proceed with the children of men, that  every one, Jew or Gentile, that  sees the Son, and believes on him, may have  everlasting life, and  I will raise him up." This is  gospel indeed, good news. Is it now reviving to hear this? 1. That  eternal life may be had, if it be not our own fault; that whereas, upon the sin of the first Adam, the  way of the tree of life was blocked up, by the grace of the second Adam it is laid upon again. The crown of glory is set before us as the prize of our high calling, which we may run for and obtain. 2. Every one may have it. This gospel is to be preached, this offer made, to all, and none can say, "It belongs not to me," Rev. xxii. 17. 3. This everlasting life is sure to all those who believe in Christ, and to them only. He that  sees the Son, and  believes on him, shall be saved. Some understand this  seeing as a  limitation of this condition of salvation to those only that have the revelation of Christ and his grace made to them. Every one that has the opportunity of being acquainted with Christ, and improves this so well as to  believe in him, shall have everlasting life, so that none shall be condemned for unbelief (however they maybe for other sins) but those who have had the gospel preached to them, who, like these Jews here (v. 36), have  seen, and yet have  not believed; have known Christ, and yet not trusted in him. But I rather understand  seeing here to mean the same thing with  believing, for it is  theoron, which signifies not so much the sight of the eye (as v. 36,  heorakate me— ye have seen me) as the  contemplation of the mind. Every one that  sees the Son, that is,  believes on him, sees him with an eye of faith, by which we come to be duly acquainted and affected with the doctrine of the gospel concerning him. It is to look upon him, as the stung Israelites upon the brazen serpent. It is not a  blind faith that Christ requires, that we should be willing to have our  eyes put out, and then follow him, but that we should  see him, and see what ground we go upon in our faith. It is  then right when it is not taken up upon  hearsay (believing as the church believes), but is the result of a due consideration of, and insight into, the motives of credibility: '' Now mine eye sees thee. We have heard him ourselves.'' 4. Those who believe in Jesus Christ, in order to their having everlasting life, shall be raised up by his power at the last day. He had it in charge as his Father's will (v. 39), and here he solemnly makes it his own undertaking: I  will raise him up, which signifies not only the return of the body to life, but the putting of the  whole man into a full possession of the eternal life promised. 2. Now Christ discoursing thus concerning himself, as the  bread of life that came down from heaven, let us see what remarks his hearers made upon it. (1.) When they heard of such a thing as the  bread of God, which  gives life, they heartily prayed for it (v. 34):  Lord, evermore give us this bread. I cannot think that this is spoken scoffingly, and in a way of derision, as most interpreters understand it: "Give us such bread as this, if thou canst; let us be fed with it, not for one meal, as with the five loaves, but  evermore;" as if this were no better a prayer than that of the impenitent thief:  If thou be the Christ, save thyself and us. But I take this request to be made, though ignorantly, yet honestly, and to be well meant; for they call him  Lord, and desire a share in what he  gives, whatever he means by it. General and confused notions of divine things produce in carnal hearts some kind of desires towards them, and wishes of them; like Balaam's wish, to die the  death of the righteous. Those who have an indistinct knowledge of the things of God, who see men as trees walking, make, as I may call them,  inarticulate prayers for spiritual blessings. They think the favour of God a  good thing, and heaven a  fine place, and cannot but wish them their own, while they have no value nor desire at all for that holiness which is necessary both to the one and to the other. Let this be the desire of our souls; have we tasted that the Lord is gracious, been feasted with the word of God, and Christ in the word? Let us say, " Lord, evermore give us this bread; let the bread of life be our daily bread, the heavenly manna our continual feast, and let us never know the want of it." (2.) But, when they understood that by this  bread of life Jesus meant  himself, then they  despised it. Whether they were the same persons that had prayed for it (v. 34), or some others of the company, does not appear; it seems to be some others, for they are called  Jews. Now it is said (v. 41),  They murmured at him. This comes in immediately after that solemn declaration which Christ had made of God's will and his own undertaking concerning man's salvation (v. 39, 40), which certainly were some of the most weighty and gracious words that ever proceeded out of the mouth of our Lord Jesus, the most faithful, and best worthy of all acceptation. One would think that, like Israel in Egypt, when they heard that God had thus  visited them, they should have  bowed their heads and worshipped; but on the contrary, instead of closing with the offer made them, they  murmured, quarrelled with what Christ said, and, though they did not openly oppose and contradict it, yet they privately whispered among themselves in contempt of it, and instilled into one another's minds prejudices against it. Many that will not professedly contradict the doctrine of Christ (their cavils are so weak and groundless that they are either ashamed to own them or afraid to have them silenced), yet say in their hearts that they  do not like it. Now, [1.] That which offended them was Christ's asserting his origin to be  from heaven, v. 41, 42. How is it that he saith,  I came down from heaven? They had heard of angels coming down  from heaven, but never of a man, overlooking the proofs he had given them of his being more than a man. [2.] That which they thought justified them herein was that they knew his extraction on earth:  Is not this Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? They took it amiss that he should say that he came down from heaven, when he was  one of them. They speak slightly of his blessed name,  Jesus: Is not this Jesus. They take it for granted that Joseph was really his father, though he was only  reputed to be so. Note, Mistakes concerning the person of Christ, as if he were a mere man, conceived and born by ordinary generation, occasion the offence that is taken at his doctrine and offices. Those who set him on a level with the other sons of men, whose father and mother we know, no wonder if they derogate from the honour of his satisfaction and the mysteries of his undertaking, and, like the Jews here, murmur at his promise to  raise us up at the last day. 3. Christ, having spoken of faith as the great  work of God (v. 29), discourses largely concerning this work, instructing and encouraging us in it. (1.) He shows what it is to  believe in Christ. [1.] To believe in Christ is to  come to Christ. He that  comes to me is the same with him that  believes in me (v. 35), and again (v. 37):  He that comes unto me; so v. 44, 45. Repentance towards God is  coming to him (Jer. iii. 22) as our chief good and highest end; and so faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ is coming to him as our prince and Saviour, and our way to the Father. It denotes the out-goings of our affection towards him, for these are the motions of the soul, and actions agreeable; it is to  come off from all those things that stand in opposition to him or competition with him, and to  come up to those terms upon which life and salvation are offered to us through him. When he was here on earth it was more that barely coming where he was; so it is now more than coming to his word and ordinances. [2.] It is to  feed upon Christ (v. 51):  If any man eat of this bread. The former denotes applying ourselves to Christ; this denotes applying Christ to ourselves, with appetite and delight, that we may receive life, and strength, and comfort from him. To feed on him as the Israelites on the manna, having quitted the  fleshpots of Egypt, and not depending on the  labour of their hands (to eat of that), but living purely on the bread given them from heaven. (2.) He shows what is to be got by believing in Christ. What will he give us if we  come to him? What shall we be the better of we '' feed upon him? Want'' and  death are the chief things we dread; may we but be assured of the comforts of our being, and the continuance of it in the midst of these comforts, we have enough; now these two are here secured to true believers. [1.] They shall never want,  never hunger, never thirst, v. 35. Desires they have, earnest desires, but these so suitably, so seasonably, so abundantly satisfied, that they cannot be called hunger and thirst, which are uneasy and painful. Those that did eat manna, and drink of the rock, hungered and thirsted afterwards. Manna surfeited them; water out of the rock failed them. But there is such an  over-flowing fulness in Christ as can never be  exhausted, and there are such  ever-flowing communications from him as can never be interrupted. [2.] They shall  never die, not die eternally; for,  First, He that believes on Christ  has everlasting life (v. 47); he has the assurance of it, the grant of it, the earnest of it; he has it in the promise and first-fruits. Union with Christ and communion with God in Christ are  everlasting life begun.  Secondly, Whereas they that did  eat manna died, Christ is such bread as a man may eat of and never die, v. 49, 50. Observe here, 1. The insufficiency of the typical manna:  Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead. There may be much good use made of the death of our fathers; their graves speak to us, and their monuments are our memorials, particularly of this, that the greatest  plenty of the most  dainty food will neither prolong the thread of life nor avert the stroke of death. Those that did eat manna, angel's food, died like other men. There could be nothing amiss in their diet, to shorten their days, nor could their deaths be hastened by the toils and fatigues of life (for they neither sowed nor reaped), and  yet they died. (1.) Many of them died by the immediate strokes of God's vengeance for their unbelief and murmurings; for,  though they did eat that spiritual meat, yet with many of them God  was not well-pleased, but they were overthrown in the wilderness, 1 Cor. x. 3-5. Their eating manna was no security to  them from the  wrath of God, as believing in Christ is to  us. (2.) The rest of them died in a course of nature, and their carcases fell, under a divine sentence, in that wilderness where they did  eat manna. In that very age when miracles were  daily bread was the life of man reduced to the stint it now stands at, as appears, Ps. xc. 10. Let them not then boast so much of  manna. 2. The all-sufficiency of the true  manna, of which the other was a type:  This is the bread that cometh down from heaven, that truly divine and heavenly food,  that a man may eat thereof and not die; that is, not fall under the wrath of God, which is killing to the soul;  not die the second death; no, nor the first death finally and irrecoverably.  Not die, that is, not perish, not come short of the heavenly Canaan, as the Israelites did of the earthly, for want of  faith, though they had  manna. This is further explained by that promise in the next words:  If any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever, v. 51. This is the meaning of this  never dying: though he go down  to death, he shall pass through it to that world where there shall be  no more death. To  live for ever is not to  be for ever (the damned in hell shall  be for ever, the soul of man was made for an endless state), but to be  happy for ever. And because the body must needs die, and be as water spilt upon the ground, Christ here undertakes for the gathering of that up too (as before, v. 44,  I will raise him up at the last day); and even that shall live for ever. (3.) He shows what encouragements we have to believe in Christ. Christ here speaks of some who  had seen him and yet believed not, v. 36. They saw his person and miracles, and heard him preach, and yet were not wrought upon to believe in him. Faith is not always the effect of sight; the soldiers were eye-witnesses of his resurrection, and yet, instead of  believing in him, they  belied him; so that it is a difficult thing to bring people to believe in Christ: and, by the operation of the Spirit of grace, those that  have not seen have yet believed. Two things we are here assured of, to encourage our faith:— [1.] That the Son will bid all those welcome that come to him (v. 37):  Him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. How welcome should this word be to our souls which bids us welcome to Christ!  Him that cometh; it is in the singular number, denoting favour, not only to the body of believers in general, but to every particular soul that applies itself to Christ. Here,  First, The duty required is a pure gospel duty: to  come to Christ, that we may come to God by him. His beauty and love, those great attractives, must  draw us to him; sense of need and fear of danger must  drive us to him; any thing to bring us to Christ.  Secondly, The promise is a pure gospel promise:  I will in no wise cast out— ou me ekbago exo. There are two negatives:  I will not, no, I will not. 1. Much favour is expressed here. We have reason to fear that he should  cast us out. Considering our meanness, our vileness, our unworthiness to come, our weakness in coming, we may justly expect that he should frown upon us, and shut his doors against us; but he obviates these fears with this assurance, he  will not do it; will not disdain us though we are mean, will not reject us though we are sinful. Do poor scholars come to him to be taught? Though they be dull and slow, he will not  cast them out. Do poor  patients come to him to be  cured, poor  clients come to him to be  advised? Though their case be bad, and though they come empty-handed, he will  in no wise cast them out. But, 2. More favour is implied than is expressed; when it is said that he will no cast them out the meaning is, He will receive them, and entertain them, and give them all that which they come to him for. As he will not refuse them at their first coming, so he will not afterwards, upon every displeasure, cast them out.  His gifts and callings are without repentance. [2.] That the Father will, without fail, bring all those to him in due time that were given him. In the federal transactions between the Father and the Son, relating to man's redemption, as the Son undertook for the justification, sanctification, and salvation, of all that should come to him ("Let me have them put into my hands, and then leave the management of them to me"), so the Father, the fountain and original of being, life, and grace, undertook to put into his hand all that were given him, and bring them to him. Now,  First, He here  assures us  that this shall be done:  All that the Father giveth me shall come to me, v. 37. Christ had complained (v. 36) of those who, though they had  seen him, yet would not believe on him; and then he adds this,  a. For  their conviction and awakening, plainly intimating that their not coming to him, and believing on him, if they persisted in it, would be a certain sign that they did not belong to the election of grace; for how can we think that God gave us to Christ if we give ourselves to the world and the flesh? 2 Pet. i. 10.  b. For  his own comfort and encouragement:  Though Israel be not gathered, yet shall I be glorious. The election  has obtained, and shall though multitudes be  blinded, Rom. xi. 7. Though he lose many of his  creatures, yet none of his  charge: All that the Father gives him shall come to him notwithstanding. Here we have, ( a.) The election described:  All that the father giveth me,  pan ho didosi— every thing which the Father  giveth to me; the persons of the elect, and all that belongs to them; all their services, all their interests. As all that he has is  theirs, so all that they have is  his, and he speaks of them as his all: they were given him in full recompense of his undertaking. Not only all persons, but all things, are gathered together in Christ (Eph. i. 10) and reconciled, Col. i. 20. The giving of the chosen remnant to Christ is spoken of (v. 39) as a thing  done; he  hath given them. Here it is spoken of as a thing  in the doing; he  giveth them; because,  when the first begotten was brought into the world, it should seem, there was a renewal of the grant; see Heb. x. 5, &c. God was now about to  give him the heathen for his inheritance (Ps. ii. 8), to put him in possession of  the desolate heritages (Isa. xlix. 8), to  divide him a portion with the great, Isa. liii. 12. And though the Jews, who  saw him,  believed not on him, yet these (saith he) shall  come to me; the other sheep, which are not of this fold, shall be  brought, ch. x. 15, 16. See Acts xiii. 45-48. ( b.) The effect of it secured:  They shall come to me. This is not in the nature of a  promise, but a  prediction, that as many as were in the counsel of God ordained to life shall be brought to life by being brought to Christ. They are  scattered, are mingled among the nations, yet none of them shall be forgotten; not a grain of God's corn shall be lost, as is promised, Amos ix. 9. They are by nature  alienated from Christ, and averse to him, and yet  they shall come. As God's omniscience is engaged for the finding of them all out, so is his omnipotence for the bringing of them all in. Not, They shall be  driven, to me, but, They shall come freely, shall be made  willing.  Secondly, He here  acquaints us  how it shall be done. How shall those who are given to Christ be brought to him? Two things are to be done in order to it:—  a. Their  understandings shall be  enlightened; this is promised, v. 45, 46. It is written in the prophets, who spoke of these things before,  And they shall be all taught of God; this we find, Isa. liv. 13, and Jer. xxxi. 34.  They shall all know me. Note, ( a.) In order to our  believing in Jesus Christ, it is necessary that we be  taught of God; that is, [ a.] That there be a  divine revelation made to us, discovering to us both what we are to believe concerning Christ and why we are to believe it. There are some things which  even nature teaches, but to bring us to Christ there is need of a higher light. [ b.] That there be a  divine work wrought in us, enabling us to understand and receive these revealed truths and the evidence of them. God, in giving us reason, teaches us more than the  beasts of the earth; but in giving us faith he teaches more than the  natural man. Thus all the church's children, all that are  genuine, are  taught of God; he hath undertaken their education. ( b.) It follows then, by way of inference from this, that  every man that has  heard and learned of the Father comes to Christ, v. 45. [ a.] It is here implied that none will come to Christ but those that have  heard and  learned of the Father. We shall never be brought to Christ but under a divine conduct; except God by his grace enlighten our minds, inform our judgments, and rectify our mistakes, and not only  tell us that we may  hear, but teach us, that we may  learn the truth as it is in Jesus, we shall never be brought to believe in Christ. [ b.] That this  divine teaching does so necessarily produce the  faith of God's elect that we may conclude that those who do not  come to Christ have never  heard nor  learned of the Father; for, if they had, doubtless they would have come to Christ. In vain do men pretend to be  taught of God if they believe not in Christ, for he teaches no other lesson, Gal. i. 8, 9. See how God deals with men as reasonable creatures, draws them with the  cords of a man, opens the understanding first, and then by that, in a regular way, influences the inferior faculties; thus he comes in by the door, but Satan, as a robber, climbs up another way. But lest any should dream of a visible appearance of God the Father to the children of men (to teach them these things), and entertain any gross conceptions about hearing and learning of the Father, he adds (v. 46):  Not that any man hath seen the Father; it is implied, nor  can see him, with bodily eyes, or may expect to learn of him as Moses did, to whom he spoke  face to face; but God, in enlightening men's eyes and teaching them, works in a spiritual way. The Father of spirits hath access to, and influence upon, men's spirits, undiscerned. The Father of spirits hath access to, and influence upon, men's spirits, undiscerned. Those that have not seen his face have felt his power. And yet there is one intimately acquainted with the Father, he  who is of God, Christ himself, he hath  seen the Father, ch. i. 18. Note,  First, Jesus Christ is of God in a peculiar manner, God of God, light of light; not only sent of God, but begotten of God before all worlds.  Secondly, It is the prerogative of Christ to have  seen the Father, perfectly to know him and his counsels.  Thirdly, Even that illumination which is preparative to faith is conveyed to us through Christ. Those that  learn of the Father, forasmuch as they cannot see him themselves, must learn of Christ, who alone hath seen him. As all divine discoveries are made through Christ, so through him all divine powers are exerted.  b. Their  wills shall be  bowed. If the soul of man had now its original rectitude there needed no more to influence the will than the illumination of the understanding; but in the depraved soul of fallen man there is a rebellion of the will against the right dictates of the understanding; a  carnal mind, which is  enmity itself to the divine light and law. It is therefore requisite that there be a work of grace wrought upon the will, which is here called  drawing, (v. 44):  No man can come to me except the Father, who hath sent me, draw him. The Jews murmured at the doctrine of Christ; not only would not receive it themselves, but were angry that others did. Christ overheard their secret whisperings, and said (v. 43), " Murmur not among yourselves; lay not the fault of your dislike of my doctrine one upon another, as if it were because you find it generally distasted; no, it is owing to yourselves, and your own corrupt dispositions, which are such as amount to a  moral impotency; your antipathies to the truths of God, and prejudices against them, are so strong that nothing less than a divine power can conquer them." And this is the case of all mankind: " No man can come to me, can persuade himself to come up to the terms of the gospel,  except the Father, who hath sent me, draw him," v. 44. Observe, ( a.) The nature of the work: It is  drawing, which denotes not a  force put upon the will, whereby of unwilling we are made willing, and a new bias is given to the soul, by which it inclines to God. This seems to be more than a  moral suasion, for by that it is in the power to  draw; yet it is not to be called a  physical impulse, for it lies out of the road of  nature; but he that  formed the spirit of man within him by his creating power, and  fashions the hearts of men by his providential influence, knows how to new-mould the soul, and to alter its bent and temper, and make it conformable to himself and his own will, without doing any wrong to its natural liberty. It is such a drawing as works not only a  compliance, but a cheerful compliance, a complacency:  Draw us, and we will run after thee. ( b.) The necessity of it:  No man, in this weak and helpless state, can come to Christ without it. As we  cannot do any natural action without the concurrence of  common providence, so we cannot do any action morally good without the influence of  special grace, in which the  new man lives, and moves, and has its being, as much as the  mere man has in the divine providence. ( c.) The author of it: The  Father who hath sent me. The Father, having sent Christ, will succeed him, for he would not send him on a fruitless errand. Christ having undertaken to bring souls to glory, God promised him, in order thereunto, to bring them to him, and so to give him possession of those to whom he had given him a right. God, having by promise given the kingdom of Israel to David, did at length  draw the hearts of the people to him; so, having sent Christ to save souls, he sends souls to him to be saved by him. ( d.) The crown and perfection of this work: And  I will raise him up at the last day. This is four times mentioned in this discourse, and doubtless it includes all the intermediate and preparatory workings of divine grace. When he  raises them up at the last day, he will put the  last hand to his undertaking, will  bring forth the topstone. If he undertakes this, surely he  can do any thing, and will do every thing that is necessary in order to do it. Let our expectations be carried out towards a happiness reserved for the  last day, when all the years of time shall be fully complete and ended. 4. Christ, having thus spoken of himself as the  bread of life, and of faith as  the work of God, comes more particularly to show  what of himself is this bread, namely, his flesh, and that to believe is to eat of that, v. 51-58, where he still prosecutes the metaphor of food. Observe, here, the  preparation of this food:  The bread that I will give is my flesh (v. 51),  the flesh of the Son of man and his blood, v. 53.  His flesh is meat indeed, and his blood is drink indeed, v. 55. Observe, also, the  participation of this food: We must  eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his blood (v. 53); and again (v. 54),  Whoso eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood; and the same words (v. 56, 57), he that  eateth me. This is certainly a parable or figurative discourse, wherein the actings of the soul upon things spiritual and divine are represented by bodily actions about things sensible, which made the truths of Christ more intelligible to some, and less so to others, Mark iv. 11-12. Now, (1.) Let us see how this discourse of Christ was liable to mistake and misconstruction, that  men might see, and not perceive. [1.] It was misconstrued by the carnal  Jews, to whom it was first delivered (v. 52):  They strove among themselves; they whispered in each other's ears their dissatisfaction:  How can this man give us his flesh to eat? Christ spoke (v. 51) of giving his flesh  for us, to suffer and die; but they, without due consideration, understood it of his giving it  to us, to be eaten, which gave occasion to Christ to tell them that, however what he said was otherwise intended, yet even that also of  eating of his flesh was no such absurd thing (if rightly understood) as  prima facie—in the first instance, they took it to be. [2.] It has been wretchedly misconstrued by the church of Rome for the support of their monstrous doctrine of transubstantiation, which gives the lie to our senses, contradicts the nature of a sacrament, and overthrows all convincing evidence. They, like these Jews here, understand it of a corporal and carnal eating of Christ's body, like Nicodemus, ch. iii. 4. The Lord's supper was not yet instituted, and therefore it could have no reference to that; it is a  spiritual eating and drinking that is here spoken of, not a  sacramental. [3.] It is misunderstood by many ignorant carnal people, who hence infer that, if they take the sacrament when they die, they shall certainly go to heaven, which, as it makes many that are weak causelessly uneasy if they want it, so it makes many that are wicked causelessly easy if they have it. Therefore, (2.) Let us see how this discourse of Christ is to be understood. [1.] What is meant by the  flesh and blood of Christ. It is called (v. 53),  The flesh of the Son of man, and his blood, his as Messiah and Mediator: the  flesh and blood which he  assumed in his incarnation (Heb. ii. 14), and which he  gave up in his  death and  suffering: my flesh which I will give to be crucified and slain. It is said to be  given for the life of the world, that is,  First, Instead of the  life of the world, which was  forfeited by sin, Christ gives his own flesh as a ransom or counterprice. Christ was our bail, bound  body for body (as we say), and therefore  his life must go for  ours, that ours may be spared. '' Here am I, let these go their way. Secondly, In order to'' the  life of the world, to purchase a  general offer of eternal life to all the world, and the  special assurances of it to all believers. So that the  flesh and blood of the Son of man denote the Redeemer  incarnate and  dying; Christ and  him crucified, and the redemption wrought out by him, with all the precious benefits of redemption: pardon of sin, acceptance with God, the adoption of sons, access to the throne of grace, the promises of the covenant, and eternal life; these are called  the flesh and blood of Christ, 1. Because they are purchased by his flesh and blood, by the breaking of his body, and shedding of his blood. Well may the purchased privileges be denominated from the price that was paid for them, for it puts a value upon them; write upon them  pretium sanguinis—the price of blood. 2. Because they are meat and drink to our souls.  Flesh with the blood was prohibited (Gen. ix. 4), but the privileges of the gospel are as flesh and blood to us, prepared for the nourishment of our souls. He had before compared himself to  bread, which is necessary food; here to  flesh, which is delicious. It is a  feast of fat things, Isa. xxv. 6. The soul is satisfied with Christ as  with marrow and fatness, Ps. lxiii. 5. It is  meat indeed, and  drink indeed; truly so, that is spiritually; so Dr. Whitby; as Christ is called the  true vine; or  truly meat, in opposition to the shows and shadows with which the world shams off those that feed upon it. In Christ and his gospel there is real supply, solid satisfaction; that is  meat indeed, and  drink indeed, which satiates and replenishes, Jer. xxxi. 25, 26. [2.] What is meant by  eating this flesh and  drinking this  blood, which is so necessary and beneficial; it is certain that is means neither more nor less than believing in Christ. As we partake of meat and drink by eating and drinking, so we partake of Christ and his benefits by faith: and  believing in Christ includes these four things, which  eating and drinking do:— First, It implies an  appetite to Christ. This spiritual eating and drinking begins with  hungering and  thirsting (Matt. v. 6), earnest and importunate desires after Christ, not willing to take up with any thing short of an interest in him: "Give me Christ or else I die."  Secondly, An  application of Christ to ourselves. Meat  looked upon will not nourish us, but meat  fed upon, and so made  our own, and as it were  one with us. We must so accept of Christ as to appropriate him to ourselves:  my Lord, and my God, ch. xx. 28.  Thirdly, A  delight in Christ and his salvation. The doctrine of Christ crucified must be  meat and drink to us, most pleasant and delightful. We must feast upon the dainties of the  New Testament in the blood of Christ, taking as great a complacency in the methods which Infinite Wisdom has taken to redeem and save us as ever we did in the most needful supplies or grateful delights of nature.  Fourthly, A  derivation of nourishment from him and a dependence upon him for the support and comfort of our spiritual life, and the strength, growth, and vigour of the new man. To  feed upon Christ is to do all  in his name, in union with him, and by virtue drawn from him; it is to live upon him as we do upon our meat. How our bodies are nourished by our food we cannot describe, but that they are so we know and find; so it is with this spiritual nourishment. Our Saviour was so well pleased with this metaphor (as very significant and expressive) that, when afterwards he would institute some outward sensible signs, by which to represent our  communicating of the benefits of his death, he chose those of  eating and  drinking, and made them  sacramental actions. (3.) Having thus explained the general meaning of this part of Christ's discourse, the particulars are reducible to two heads:— [1.] The  necessity of our  feeding upon Christ (v. 53):  Except you eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, you have no life in you. That is,  First, "It is a certain sign that you  have no spiritual  life in you if you have no  desire towards Christ, nor  delight in him." If the soul does not  hunger and  thirst, certainly it does not  live: it is a sign that we are dead indeed if we are dead to such meat and drink as this. When  artificial bees, that by curious springs were made to move to and fro, were to be  distinguished from  natural ones (they say), it was done by putting honey among them, which the natural bees only flocked to, but the artificial ones minded not, for '' they had no life in them. Secondly, "It is certain that you  can have'' no spiritual life, unless you derive it from Christ by faith; separated from him you can do nothing." Faith in Christ is the  primum vivens—the first living principle of grace; without it we have not the  truth of  spiritual life, nor any title to eternal life: our bodies may as well live without meat as our souls without Christ. [2.] The  benefit and  advantage of it, in two things:—  First, We shall be  one with Christ, as our bodies are with our food when it is digested (v. 56):  He that eats my flesh, and drinks my blood, that lives by faith in Christ crucified (it is spoken of as a continued act), he  dwelleth in me, and I in him. By faith we have a close and intimate union with Christ; he is  in us, and we  in him, ch. xvii. 21-23; 1 John iii. 24. Believers dwell in Christ as their stronghold or city of refuge; Christ dwells in them as the master of the house, to rule it and provide for it. Such is the union between Christ and believers that he shares in their griefs, and they share in his graces and joys; he  sups with them upon their bitter herbs, and  they with him upon his  rich dainties. It is an inseparable union, like that between the body and digested food, Rom. viii. 35; 1 John iv. 13.  Secondly, We shall  live, shall live eternally,  by him, as our bodies live by our food.  a. We shall  live by him (v. 57):  As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the Father, so he that eateth me, even he shall live by me. We have here the series and order of the divine life. ( a.) God is the  living Father, hath life in and of himself.  I am that I am is his name for ever. ( b.) Jesus Christ, as Mediator, lives  by the Father; he has life  in himself (ch. v. 26), but he has it of the Father. He that sent him, not only qualified him with that life which was necessary to so great an undertaking, but constituted him the treasury of divine life to us; he breathed into the second Adam the breath of spiritual lives, as into the first Adam the breath of natural lives. ( c.) True believers receive this divine life by virtue of their union with Christ, which is inferred from the union between the Father and the Son, as it is compared to it, ch. xvii. 21. For therefore  he that eateth me, or feeds on me,  even he shall live by me: those that live  upon Christ shall live  by him. The life of believers is  had from Christ (ch. i. 16); it is  hid with Christ (Col. iii. 4), we live by  him as the members by the head, the branches by the root; because he lives, we shall live also.  b. We shall live  eternally by him (v. 54):  Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, as prepared in the gospel to be the food of souls, he  hath eternal life, he hath it now, as v. 40. He has that in him which is eternal life begun; he has the earnest and foretaste of it, and the hope of it; he shall live  for ever, v. 58. His happiness shall run parallel with the longest line of eternity itself.

Christ's Discourse with His Disciples; The Effect of Christ's Discourse; The Character of Judas.
$60$ Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard  this, said, This is a hard saying; who can hear it? $61$ When Jesus knew in himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth this offend you? 62  What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before? $63$ It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you,  they are spirit, and  they are life. $64$ But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray him. $65$ And he said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it were given unto him of my Father. $66$ From that  time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him. $67$ Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? $68$ Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life. $69$ And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God. $70$ Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? $71$ He spake of Judas Iscariot  the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. We have here an account of the effects of Christ's discourse. Some were offended and others edified by it; some driven  from him and others brought nearer  to him. I. To some it was a  savour of death unto death; not only to the Jews, who were professed enemies to him and his doctrine, but even to many of  his disciples, such as were disciples  at large, who were his frequent hearers, and followed him  in public; a mixed multitude, like those among Israel, that began all the discontents. Now here we have, 1. Their murmurings at the doctrine they heard (v. 60):  This is a hard saying, who can hear it? (1.) They do not like it themselves: "What stuff is this?  Eat the flesh, and drink the blood, of the Son of man! If it is to be understood figuratively, it is not intelligible; if literally, not practicable. What! must we turn cannibals? Can we not be religious, but we must be barbarous?"  Si Christiani adorant quod comedunt (said Averroes),  sit anima mea cum philosophis—If Christians adore what they eat, my mind shall continue with the philosophers. Now, when they found it a hard saying, if they had humbly begged of Christ to have  declared unto them this parable, he would have opened it, and their understandings too; for  the meek will he teach his way. But they were not willing to have Christ's sayings explained to them, because they would not lose  this pretence for rejecting them—that they were  hard sayings. (2.) They think it impossible that any one else should like it: " Who can hear it? Surely none can." Thus the scoffers at religion are ready to undertake that all the intelligent part of mankind concur with them. They conclude with great assurance that no  man of sense will admit the doctrine of Christ, nor any  man of spirit submit to his laws. Because they cannot bear to be so  tutored, so  tied up, themselves, they think none else can:  Who can hear it? Thanks be to God, thousands have  heard these sayings of Christ, and have found them not only easy, but pleasant, as their  necessary food. 2. Christ's animadversions upon their murmurings. (1.) He well enough knew their murmurings, v. 61. Their cavils were secret in their own breasts, or whispered among themselves in a corner. But, [1.] Christ  knew them; he saw them, he heard them. Note, Christ takes notice not only of the bold and open  defiances that are done to his name and glory by  daring sinners, but of the secret slights that are put upon his doctrine by carnal professors; he knows that which the  fool saith in his heart, and cannot for shame  speak out; he observes how his doctrine is  resented by those to whom it is  preached; who  rejoice in it, and who  murmur at it; who are reconciled to it, and bow before it, and who quarrel with it, and rebel against it, though ever so secretly. [2.] He knew it  in himself, not by any information given him, nor any external indication of the thing, but by his own divine omniscience. He knew it not as the prophets, by a  divine revelation made to him (that which the prophets desired to know was sometimes hid from them, as 2 Kings iv. 27), but by a  divine knowledge in him. He is that essential Word that  discerns the thoughts of the heart, Heb. iv. 12, 13. Thoughts are words to Christ; we should therefore take heed not only what we say and do, but what we think. (2.) He well enough knew how to answer them: " Doth this offend you? Is this a stumbling-block to you?" See how people by their own wilful mistakes create offences to themselves: they take offence where there is none given, and even make it where there is nothing to make it of. Note, We may justly wonder that so much offence should be taken at the doctrine of Christ for so little cause. Christ speaks of it here with wonder: " Doth this offend you?" Now, in answer to those who condemned his doctrine as intricate and obscure ( Si non vis intelligi, debes negligi— If you are unwilling to be understood, you ought to be neglected), [1.] He gives them a hint of his ascension into heaven, as that which would give an irresistible evidence of the truth of his doctrine (v. 62):  What and if you shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before? And what then?  First, "If I should tell you of that, surely it would much more offend you, and you would think my pretensions too high indeed. If this be so hard a saying that you cannot hear it, how will you digest it when I tell you of my returning  to heaven, whence I came down?" See ch. iii. 12. Those who stumble at smaller difficulties should consider how they will get over greater.  Secondly, "When you see the Son of man ascend, this will much more offend you, for then my body will be less capable of being eaten by you in that gross sense wherein you now understand it;" so Dr. Whitby. Or,  Thirdly, "When you see that, or hear it from those that shall see it, surely then you will be satisfied. You think I take too much upon me when I say,  I came down from heaven, for it was with this that you quarrelled (v. 42); but will you think so when you see me return to heaven?" If he  ascended, certainly he  descended, Eph. iv. 9, 10. Christ did often refer himself thus to  subsequent proofs, as ch. i. 50, 51; ii. 14; Matt. xii. 40; xxvi. 64. Let us wait awhile, till the mystery of God shall be finished, and then we shall see that there was no reason to be offended at any of Christ's sayings. [2.] He gives them a general key to this and all such parabolical discourses, teaching them that they are to be understood spiritually, and not after a corporal and carnal manner:  It is the spirit that quickeneth, the flesh profiteth nothing, v. 63. As it is in the natural body, the animal spirits quicken and enliven it, and without these the most nourishing food would profit nothing (what would the body be the better for bread, if it were not quickened and animated by the spirit), so it is with the soul.  First, The bare participation of ordinances, unless the Spirit of God work with them, and quicken the soul by them,  profits nothing; the word and ordinances, if the Spirit works with them, are as food to a living man, if not, they are as food to a dead man. Even the flesh of Christ, the sacrifice for sin, will avail us nothing unless the blessed Spirit quicken our souls thereby, and enforce the powerful influences of his death upon us, till we by his grace are planted together in the likeness of it.  Secondly, The doctrine of eating Christ's flesh and drinking his blood, if it be understood literally,  profits nothing, but rather leads us into mistakes and prejudices; but the spiritual sense or meaning of it quickens the soul, makes it  alive and  lively; for so it follows: '' The words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. To eat the flesh of Christ! this is a hard saying, but to believe that Christ died for me, to derive from that doctrine strength and comfort in my approaches to God, my oppositions to sin and preparations for a future state, this is the  spirit and life'' of that saying, and, construing it thus, it is an excellent saying. The reason why men  dislike Christ's sayings if because they  mistake them. The literal sense of a parable does us no good, we are never the wiser for it, but the spiritual meaning is instructive.  Thirdly, The flesh profits nothing—those that  are in the flesh (so some understand it), that are under the power of a carnal mind,  profit not by Christ's discourses; but  the Spirit quickeneth—those that have the Spirit, that are spiritual, are quickened and enlivened by them; for they are received  ad modum recipientis—so as to correspond with the state of the receiver's mind. They found fault with Christ's sayings, whereas the fault was in themselves; it is only to  sensual minds that spiritual things are  senseless and  sapless, spiritual minds  relish them; see 1 Cor. ii. 14, 15. [3.] He gives them an intimation of his  knowledge of them, and that he had expected no better from them, though they called themselves his disciples, v. 64, 65. Now was fulfilled that of the prophet, speaking of Christ and his doctrine (Isa. liii. 1), '' Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?'' Both these Christ here takes notice of.  First, They did not  believe his report: "There are  some of you who said you would leave all to follow me who yet  believe not;" and this was the reason why the  word preached did not profit them, because it was  not mixed with faith, Heb. iv. 2. They did not believe him to be the Messiah, else they would have acquiesced in the doctrine he preached, and not have quarrelled with it, though there were some things in it '' dark, and hard to be understood. Oportet discentum credere—Young beginners in learning must take things upon their teacher's word.'' Note, 1. Among those who are  nominal Christians, there are many who are  real infidels. 2. The unbelief of hypocrites, before it discovers itself to the world, is naked and open before the eyes of Christ. He  knew from the beginning who they were of the multitudes that followed him that  believed, and who of the twelve should betray him; he knew  from the beginning of their acquaintance with him, and attendance on him, when they were in the hottest pang of their zeal, who were sincere, as Nathanael (ch. i. 47), and who were not. Before they distinguished themselves by an overt act, he could infallibly distinguish  who believed and who did not, whose love was  counterfeit and whose  cordial. We may gather hence, (1.) That the apostasy of those who have long made a plausible profession of religion is a certain proof of their constant hypocrisy, and that  from the beginning they believed not, but is not a proof of the possibility of the total and final apostasy of any true believers: such revolts are not to be called the fall of real saints, but the discovery of pretended ones; see 1 John ii. 19.  Stella cadens non stella fuit—The star that falls never was a star. (2.) That it is Christ's prerogative to  know the heart; he knows who they are that  believe not, but dissemble in their profession, and yet continues them room in his church, the use of his ordinances, and the credit of his name, and does not discover them in this world, unless they by their own wickedness discover themselves; because such is the constitution of his visible church, and the discovering day is yet to come. But, if we pretend to judge men's hearts, we step into Christ's throne, and anticipate his judgment. We are often deceived in men, and see cause to change our sentiments of them; but this we are sure of, that Christ knows all men, and  his judgment is according to truth.  Secondly, The reason why they did not believe his report was because the  arm of the Lord was not  revealed to them (v. 65):  Therefore said I unto you that no man can come to me, except it be given unto him of my Father; referring to v. 44. Christ therefore could not but know who believed and who did not, because faith is the gift and work of God, and all his Father's gifts and works could not but be known to him, for they all passed through his hands. There he had said that none could  come to him, except the Father draw him; here he saith,  except it be given him of my Father, which shows that God  draws souls by giving them grace and strength, and a heart to come, without which, such is the moral impotency of man, in his fallen state, that he  cannot come. 3. We have here their final apostasy from Christ hereupon:  From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him, v. 66. When we admit into our minds hard thoughts of the word and works of Christ, and conceive a secret dislike, and are willing to hear insinuations tending to their reproach, we are then  entering into temptation; it is as the letting forth of water; it is  looking back, which, if infinite mercy prevent not, will end in  drawing back; therefore  Obsta principiis—Take heed of the beginnings of apostasy. (1.) See here the  backsliding of these '' disciples. Many of them went back to their houses, and families, and callings, which they had left for a time to follow him;  went back, one to his farm and another to his merchandise;  went back,'' as Orpah did, to their people, and to their gods, Ruth i. 15. They had entered themselves in Christ's school, but they  went back, did not only play truant for once, but took leave of him and his doctrine for ever. Note, The apostasy of Christ's disciples from him, though really a strange thing, yet has been such a common thing that we need not be surprised at it. Here were  many that  went back. It is often so; when some backslide many backslide with them; the disease is infectious. (2.) The occasion of this backsliding:  From that time, from the time that Christ preached this comfortable doctrine, that he is the  bread of life, and that those who by faith feed  upon him shall live  by him (which, one would think, should have engaged them to cleave more closely to him)—from  that time they withdrew. Note, The corrupt and wicked heart of man often makes that an occasion of offence which is indeed matter of the greatest comfort. Christ foresaw that they would thus take offence at what he said, and yet he said it. That which is the undoubted word and truth of Christ must be faithfully delivered, whoever may be offended at it. Men's humours must be captivated to God's word, and not God's word accommodated to men's humours. (3.) The degree of their apostasy:  They walked no more with him, returned no more to him and attended no more upon his ministry. It is hard for those who have been  once enlightened, and have  tasted the good word of God, if they fall away, to renew them again to repentance, Heb. vi. 4-6. II. This discourse was to others a '' savour of life unto life. Many went back, but, thanks be to God, all did not; even then the  twelve'' stuck to him. Though the  faith of some be overthrown, yet the  foundation of God stands sure. Observe here, 1. The affectionate question which Christ put to the twelve (v. 67):  Will you also go away? He saith nothing to those who went back.  If the unbelieving depart, let them depart; it was no great  loss of those whom he never  had; lightly come, lightly go; but he takes this occasion to speak to the twelve, to confirm them, and by trying their stedfastness the more to fix them:  Will you also go away? (1.) "It is  at your choice whether you will or no; if you will forsake me, now is the time, when so many do: it is an hour of temptation; if you will go back, go now." Note, Christ will detain none with him against their wills; his soldiers are volunteers, not pressed men. The twelve had now had time enough to try how they liked Christ and his doctrine, and that none of them might afterwards say that they were trepanned into discipleship, and if it were to do again they would not do it, he here allows them a power of revocation, and leaves them at their liberty; as Josh. xxiv. 15; Ruth i. 15. (2.) "It is  at your peril if you do go away." If there was any secret inclination in the heart of any of them to depart from him, he stops it with this awakening question, " Wilt you also go away? Think not that you hang at as loose an end as they did, and may go away as easily as they could. They have not been so intimate with me as you have been, nor received so many favours from me; they are gone, but will  you also go? Remember your character, and say, Whatever others do, we will never go away.  Should such a man as I flee?" Neh. vi. 11. Note, The nearer we have been to Christ and the longer we have been with him, the more engagements we have laid ourselves under to him, the greater will be our sin if we desert him. (3.) "I have reason  to think you will not. Will you go away? No, I have faster hold of you than so;  I hope better things of you (Heb. vi. 9), for  you are they that have continued with me," Luke xxii. 28. When the apostasy of some is a grief to the Lord Jesus, the constancy of others is so much the more his honour, and he is pleased with it accordingly. Christ and believers know one another too well to part upon every displeasure. 2. The believing reply which Peter, in the name of the rest, made to this question, v. 68, 69. Christ put the question to them, as Joshua put Israel to their choice whom they would serve, with design to draw out from them a promise to adhere to him, and it had the like effect.  Nay, but we will serve the Lord, Peter was upon all occasions the  mouth of the rest, not so much because he had more of his Master's ear than they, but because he had more tongue of his own; and what he said was sometimes approved and sometimes reprimanded (Matt. xvi. 17, 23)—the common lot of those who are swift to speak. This here was well said, admirably well; and probably he said it by the direction, and with the express assent, of his fellow-disciples; at least he knew their mind, and spoke the sense of them all, and did not except Judas, for we must hope the best. (1.) Here is a good resolution to adhere to Christ, and so expressed as to intimate that they would not entertain the least thought of leaving him: " Lord, to whom shall we go? It were folly to go from thee, unless we knew where to better ourselves; no, Lord, we like our choice too well to change." Note, Those who leave Christ would do well to consider to whom they will go, and whether they can expect to find rest and peace any where but in him. See Ps. lxxiii. 27, 28; Hos. ii. 9. " Whither shall we go? Shall we make our court to the world? It will certainly  deceive us. Shall we return to sin? It will certainly  destroy us. Shall we leave the  fountain of living waters for  broken cisterns?" The disciples resolve to continue their pursuit of life and happiness, and will have a guide to it, and will adhere to Christ as their guide, for they can never have a better. "Shall we go to the heathen philosophers, and become their disciples? They are become vain in their imaginations, and, professing themselves to be wise in other things, are become fools in religion. Shall we go to the scribes and Pharisees, and sit at their feet? What good can they do us who have made void the commandments of God by their traditions? Shall we go to Moses? He will send us back again to thee. Therefore, if ever we find the way to happiness, it must be in following thee." Note, Christ's holy religion appears to great advantage when it is compared with other institutions, for then it will be seen how far it excels them all. Let those who find fault with this religion find a better before they quit it. A divine teacher we must have; can we find a better than Christ? A divine revelation we cannot be without; if the scripture be not such a one, where else may we look for it? (2.) Here is a good reason for this resolution. It was not the inconsiderate resolve of a blind affection, but the result of mature deliberation. The disciples were resolved never to go away from Christ, [1.] Because of the  advantage they promised themselves by him:  Thou hast the words of eternal life. They themselves did not fully understand Christ's discourse, for as yet the doctrine of the cross was a riddle to them; but in the general they were satisfied that  he had the words of eternal life, that is,  First, That the word of his doctrine showed the way to  eternal life, set it before us, and directed us what to do, that we might inherit it.  Secondly, That the word of his  determination must confer eternal life. His  having the words of eternal life is the same with his having  power to give eternal life to as many as were given him, ch. xvii. 2. He had in the foregoing discourse assured  eternal life to his followers; these disciples fastened upon this plain saying, and therefore resolved to stick to him, when the others overlooked this, and fastened upon the  hard sayings, and therefore forsook him. Though we cannot account for every mystery, every obscurity, in Christ's doctrine, yet we know, in the general, that it is the word of eternal life, and therefore must live and die by it; for if we forsake Christ  we forsake our own mercies. [2.] Because of the assurance they had concerning him (v. 69):  We believe, and are sure, that thou art that Christ. if he be the promised Messiah, he must  bring in an everlasting righteousness (Dan. ix. 24), and therefore has the  words of eternal life, for  righteousness reigns to eternal life, Rom. v. 21. observe,  First, The  doctrine they believed: that this Jesus was the Messiah promised to the fathers and expected by them, and that he was not a mere man, but the Son of the living God, the same to whom God had said,  Thou art my Son, Ps. ii. 7. In times of temptation to apostasy it is good to have recourse to our first principles, and stick to them; and, if we faithfully abide by that which is  past dispute, we shall be the better able both to  find and to  keep the truth in matters of doubtful disputation.  Secondly, The  degree of their faith: it rose up to a full assurance:  We are sure. We have known it  by experience; this is the best knowledge. We should take occasion from others' wavering to be so much the more established, especially in that which is the present truth. When we have so strong a faith in the gospel of Christ as boldly to venture our souls  upon it, knowing  whom we have believed, then, and not till then, we shall be willing to venture every thing else for it. 3. The melancholy remark which our Lord Jesus made upon this reply of Peter's (v. 70, 71):  Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? And the evangelist tells us whom he meant:  he spoke of Judas Iscariot. Peter had undertaken for them all that they would be faithful to their Master. Now Christ does not condemn his charity (it is always good to hope the best), but he tacitly corrects his confidence. We must not be too sure concerning any. God knows those that are his; we do not. Observe here, (1.) Hypocrites and betrayers of Christ are no better than devils. Judas not only  had a devil, but he  was a devil. One of you is a  false accuser; so  diabolos sometimes signifies (2 Tim. iii. 3); and it is probable that Judas, when he sold his Master to the chief priests, represented him to them as a bad man, to justify himself in what he did. But I rather take it as we read it:  He is a devil, a devil incarnate, a fallen apostle, as the devil a fallen angel. He is Satan, an adversary, an enemy to Christ. He is Abaddon, and Apollyon, a son of perdition. He was of his father the devil, did his lusts, was in his interests, as Cain, 1 John iii. 12. Those whose bodies were possessed by the devil are never called  devils ( demoniacs, but not  devils); but Judas, into whose  heart Satan entered, and filled it, is called a  devil. (2.) Many that are  seeming saints are  real devils. Judas had as fair an outside as many of the apostles; his venom was, like that of the serpent, covered with a fine skin. He  cast out devils, and appeared an enemy to the devil's kingdom, and yet was himself a devil all the while. Not only he  will be one shortly, but he  is one now. It is  strange, and to be wondered at; Christ speaks of it with wonder:  Have not I? It is  sad, and to be lamented, that ever Christianity should be made a cloak to diabolism. (3.) The disguises of hypocrites, however they may deceive men, and put a cheat upon them, cannot deceive Christ, for his piercing eye sees through them. He can call those  devils that call themselves  Christians, like the prophet's greeting to Jeroboam's wife, when she came to him in masquerade (1 Kings xiv. 6):  Come in, thou wife of Jeroboam. Christ's  divine sight, far better than any  double sight, can see spirits. (4.) There are those who are chosen by Christ to special services who yet prove false to him:  I have chosen you to the  apostleship, for it is expressly said that Judas was not chosen to eternal life (ch. xiii. 18), and yet one of  you is a devil. Note, Advancement to places of honour and trust in the church is no certain evidence of saving grace.  We have prophesied in thy name. (5.) In the most  select societies on this side heaven it is no new thing to meet with those that are corrupt. Of the twelve that were chosen to an intimate conversation with an  incarnate Deity, as great an honour and privilege as ever men were chosen to, one was an  incarnate devil. The historian lays an emphasis upon this, that Judas was  one of the twelve that were so dignified and distinguished. Let us not reject and unchurch the twelve because  one of them is a devil, nor say that they are all cheats and hypocrites because one of them was so; let those that are so bear the blame, and not those who, while they are undiscovered, incorporate with them. There is a society within the veil into which no unclean thing shall enter, a church of first-born, in which are no  false brethren.

=CHAP. 7.= ''In this chapter we have, I. Christ's declining for some time to appear publicly in Judea, ver. 1. II. His design to go up to Jerusalem at the feast of tabernacles, and his discourse with his kindred in Galilee concerning his going up to this feast, ver. 2-13. III. His preaching publicly in the temple at that feast. 1. In the midst of the feast, ver. 14, 15. We have his discourse with the Jews, (1.) Concerning his doctrine, ver. 16-18. (2.) Concerning the crime of sabbath-breaking laid to his charge, ver. 19-24. (3.) Concerning himself, both whence he came and whither he was going, ver. 25-36. 2. On the last day of he feast. (1.) His gracious invitation to poor souls to come to him,''

ver. 37-39. (2.) The reception that it met with. [1.] Many of the people disputed about it, ver. 40-44. [2.] The chief priests would have brought him into trouble for it, but were first disappointed by their officers (ver. 45-49) and then silenced by one of their own court, ver. 50-53.

Christ's Discourse with His Brethren; The Rumours Respecting Christ.
$1$ After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him. $2$ Now the Jews' feast of tabernacles was at hand. 3 His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into Jud&#230;a, that thy disciples also may see the works that thou doest. $4$ For  there is no man  that doeth any thing in secret, and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, show thyself to the world. $5$ For neither did his brethren believe in him. $6$ Then Jesus said unto them, My time is not yet come: but your time is alway ready. $7$ The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of it, that the works thereof are evil. $8$ Go ye up unto this feast: I go not up yet unto this feast; for my time is not yet full come. $9$ When he had said these words unto them, he abode  still in Galilee. $10$ But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto the feast, not openly, but as it were in secret. $11$ Then the Jews sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he? $12$ And there was much murmuring among the people concerning him: for some said, He is a good man: others said, Nay; but he deceiveth the people. $13$ Howbeit no man spake openly of him for fear of the Jews. We have here, I. The reason given why Christ spent more of his time in Galilee than in Judea (v. 1):  because the Jews, the people in Judea and Jerusalem, sought to  kill him, for curing the impotent man on the sabbath day, ch. v. 16. They thought to be the death of him, either by a popular tumult or by a legal prosecution, in consideration of which he kept at a distance in another part of the country, very much out of the lines of Jerusalem's communication. It is not said, He  durst not, but, He  would not, walk in Jewry; it was not through fear and cowardice that he declined it, but in  prudence, because his hour was not yet come. Note, 1. Gospel light is justly  taken away from those that endeavour to extinguish it. Christ will withdraw from those that drive him from them, will hide his face from those that spit in it, and justly shut up his bowels from those who spurn at them. 2. In times of imminent peril it is not only  allowable, but  advisable, to  withdraw and  abscond for our own safety and preservation, and to choose the service of those places which are least perilous, Matt. x. 23.  Then, and not till  then, we are called to expose and lay down our lives, when we cannot save them without sin. 3. If the providence of God casts persons of  merit into places of obscurity and little note, it must not be thought strange; it was the lot of our Master himself. He who was fit to have sat in the highest of Moses's seats willingly walked in Galilee among the ordinary sort of people. Observe, He did not sit still in Galilee, nor bury himself alive there, but  walked; he went about doing good. When we cannot do  what and  where we  would, we must do  what and  where we  can. II. The approach of the  feast of tabernacles (v. 2), one of the three solemnities which called for the personal attendance of all the males at Jerusalem; see the institution of it, Lev. xxiii. 34, &c., and the revival of it after a long disuse, Neh. viii. 14. It was intended to be both a  memorial of the tabernacle state of Israel in the wilderness, and a  figure of the tabernacle state of God's spiritual Israel in this world. This feast, which was instituted so many hundred years before, was still religiously observed. Note, Divine institutions are never antiquated, nor go out of date, by length of time: nor must wilderness mercies ever be forgotten. But it is called the  Jews' feast, because it was now shortly to be  abolished, as a mere Jewish thing, and left to them that  served the tabernacle. III. Christ's discourse with his  brethren, some of his kindred, whether by his mother or his supposed father is not certain; but they were such as pretended to have an interest in him, and therefore interposed to advise him in his conduct. And observe, 1. Their ambition and vain-glory in urging him to make a more public appearance than he did: " Depart hence," said they, " and go into Judea (v. 3), where thou wilt make a better figure than thou canst here." (1.) They give two reasons for this advice: [1.] That it would be an encouragement to those in and about Jerusalem who had a respect for him; for, expecting his temporal kingdom, the royal seat of which they concluded must be at Jerusalem, they would have had the disciples  there particularly countenanced, and thought the time he spent among his Galilean disciples wasted and thrown away, and his miracles turning to no account unless those at Jerusalem saw them. Or, "That  thy disciples, all of them in general, who will be gathered at Jerusalem to keep the feast, may  see thy works, and not, as here, a few at one time and a few at another." [2.] That it would be for the advancement of his name and honour:  There is no man that does any thing in secret if he himself  seeks to be known openly. They took it for granted that Christ sought to make himself known, and therefore thought it absurd for him to conceal his miracles: " If thou do these things, if thou be so well able to gain the applause of the people and the approbation of the rulers by thy miracles, venture abroad, and  show thyself to the world. Supported with these credentials, thou canst not fail of acceptance, and therefore it is high time to set up for an interest, and to think of being  great." (2.) One would not think there was any harm in this advice, and yet the evangelist noted it is an evidence of their infidelity:  For neither did his brethren believe in him (v. 5), if they had, they would not have said this. Observe, [1.] It was an honour to be of the kindred of Christ, but no  saving honour; they that hear his word and keep it are the kindred he values. Surely grace runs in no blood in the world, when not in that of Christ's family. [2.] It was a sign that Christ did not aim at any secular interest, for then his kindred would have struck in with him, and he would have secured them first. [3.] There were those who were akin to Christ according to the flesh who did believe in him (three of the twelve were  his brethren), and yet others, as nearly allied to him as they, did not believe in him. Many that have the same external privileges and advantages do not make the same use of them. But, (3.) What was there amiss in the advice which they gave him? I answer, [1.] It was a piece of presumption for them to prescribe to Christ, and to teach him what measures to take; it was a sign that they  did not believe him able to guide them, when they did not think him sufficient to guide himself. [2.] They discovered a great carelessness about his safety, when they would have him go to Judea, where they knew the Jews sought to kill him. Those that believed in him, and loved him, dissuaded him from Judea, ch. xi. 8. [3.] Some think they hoped that if his miracles were wrought at Jerusalem the Pharisees and rulers would try them, and discover some cheat in them, which would justify their unbelief. So. Dr. Whitby. [4.] Perhaps they were weary of his company in Galilee (for  are not all these that speak Galileans?) and this was, in effect, a desire that he would  depart out of their coasts. [5.] They causelessly insinuate that he neglected his disciples, and denied them such a  sight of his works as was necessary to the support of their faith. [6.] They tacitly reproach him as  mean-spirited, that he durst not enter the lists with the great men, nor trust himself upon the stage of public action, which, if he had any courage and  greatness of soul, he would do, and not sneak thus and skulk in a corner; thus Christ's humility, and his humiliation, and the small figure which his religion has usually made in the world, have been often turned to the reproach of both  him and  it. [7.] They seem to question the truth of the miracles he wrought, in saying, " If thou do these things, if they will bear the test of a public scrutiny in the courts above, produce them there." [8.] They think Christ altogether such a one as themselves, as subject as they to worldly policy, and as desirous as they to  make a fair show in the flesh; whereas he sought not honour from men. [9.] Self was at the bottom of all; they hoped, if he would make himself as great as he might, they, being his kinsmen, should share in his honour, and have respect paid them for his sake. Note,  First, Many carnal people go to public ordinances, to worship at the feast, only to  show themselves, and all their care is to make a  good appearance, to present themselves handsomely to the world.  Secondly, Many that seem to seek Christ's honour do really therein seek their own, and make it serve a turn for themselves. 2. The prudence and humility of our Lord Jesus, which appeared in his answer to the advice his brethren gave him, v. 6-8. Though there were so many base insinuations in it, he answered them mildly. Note, Even that which is said without  reason should be answered without  passion; we should learn of our Master to reply with meekness even to that which is most  impertinent and  imperious, and, where it is easy to find much amiss, to seem not to see it, and wink at the affront. They expected Christ's company with them to the feast, perhaps hoping he would bear their charges: but here, (1.) He shows the difference between himself and them, in two things:—[1.] His  time was  set, so was not  theirs: My time is not yet come, but your time is always ready. Understand it of the time of his going up to the feast. It was an indifferent thing to them when they went, for they had nothing of moment to do either where they were, to  detain them  there, or where they were going, to  hasten them  thither; but every minute of Christ's time was precious, and had its own particular business allotted to it. He had some work yet to do in Galilee before he left the country: in the harmony of the gospels betwixt this  motion made by his kindred and his  going up to this feast comes in the story of his sending forth the seventy disciples (Luke x. 1, &c.), which was an affair of very great consequence; his time is  not yet, for that must be done first. Those who live useless lives have  their time always ready; they can go and come when they please. But those whose  time is filled up with  duty will often find themselves  straitened, and they have  not yet time for that which others can do  at any time. Those who are made the servants of God, as all men are, and who have made themselves the servants of all, as all useful men have, must not expect not covet to be  masters of their own time. The confinement of business is a thousand times better than the liberty of idleness. Or, it may be meant of the  time of his appearing publicly at Jerusalem; Christ, who knows all men and all things, knew that the best and most proper time for it would be about the  middle of the feast. We, who are ignorant and short-sighted, are apt to prescribe to him, and to think he should deliver his people, and so show himself now. The present time is  our time, but he is fittest to judge, and, it may be,  his time is not yet come; his people are not yet ready for deliverance, nor his enemies ripe for ruin; let us therefore wait with patience for  his time, for all he does will be most glorious in its season. [2.] His  life was  sought, so was not  theirs, v. 7. They, in  showing themselves to the world, did not expose themselves: " The world cannot hate you, for you are  of the world, its children, its servants, and in with its interests; and no doubt the world will  love its own;" see ch. xv. 19. Unholy souls, whom the holy God  cannot love, the world that lies in wickedness  cannot hate; but Christ, in showing himself to the world, laid himself open to the greatest danger; for  me it hateth. Christ was not only  slighted, as inconsiderable in the world ( the world knew him not), but  hated, as if he had been hurtful to the world; thus ill was he requited for his love to the world: reigning sin is a rooted antipathy and enmity to Christ. But why did the world hate Christ? What evil had he done to it? Had he, like Alexander, under colour of conquering it, laid it waste? "No, but because" (saith he) " I testify of it, that the works of it are evil." Note,  First, The works of an evil world are  evil works; as the tree is, so are the fruits: it is a dark world, and an apostate world, and its works are works of darkness and rebellion.  Secondly, Our Lord Jesus, both by himself and by his ministers, did and will both discover and testify against the evil works of this wicked world.  Thirdly, It is a great uneasiness and provocation to the world to be convicted of the evil of its works. It is for the honour of virtue and piety that those who are impious and vicious do not care for hearing of it, for their own consciences make them  ashamed of the turpitude there is  in sin and  afraid of the punishment that follows  after sin.  Fourthly, Whatever is  pretended, the  real cause of the world's enmity to the gospel is the testimony it bears against sin and sinners. Christ's witnesses by their doctrine and conversation  torment those that dwell on the earth, and therefore are treated so barbarously, Rev. xi. 10. But it is better to incur the world's hatred, by testifying against its wickedness, than gain its good-will by going down the stream with it. (2.) He dismisses them, with a design to stay behind for some time in Galilee (v. 8):  Go you up to this feast, I go not up yet. [1.] He allows their going to the feast, though they were carnal and hypocritical in it. Note, Even those who go not to holy ordinances with right affections and sincere intentions must not be hindered nor discouraged from going; who knows but they may be wrought upon there? [2.] He denies them his company when they went to the feast, because they were carnal and hypocritical. Those who go to ordinances for ostentation, or to serve some secular purpose, go without Christ, and will speed accordingly. How sad is the condition of that man, though he reckon himself akin to Christ, to whom he saith, " Go up to such an ordinance, Go pray, Go hear the word, Go receive the sacrament, but  I go not up with thee?  Go thou and appear before God, but I will not appear  for thee," as Exod. xxxiii. 1-3. But, if the presence of Christ go not with us, to what purpose should we go up?  Go you up, I go not up. When we are going to, or coming from, solemn ordinances, it becomes us to be careful what company we  have and  choose, and to avoid that which is vain and carnal, lest the coal of good affections be quenched by corrupt communication.  I go not up yet to this feast; he does not say, I will not go up at all, but not yet. There may be reasons for deferring a particular duty, which yet must not be wholly omitted or laid aside; see Num. ix. 6-11. The reason he gives is,  My time is not yet fully come. Note, Our Lord Jesus is very exact and punctual in knowing and keeping his time, and, as it was the time  fixed, so it was the  best time. 3. Christ's continuance in Galilee till his  full time was come, v. 9. He, saying these things to them ( tauta de eipon)  abode still in Galilee; because of this discourse he continued there; for, (1.) He would not be influenced by those who advised him to seek honour from men, nor go along with those who put him upon making a figure; he would not seem to countenance the temptation. (2.) He would not depart from his own purpose. He had said, upon a clear foresight and mature deliberation, that he would not go up yet to this feast, and therefore he abode still in Galilee. It becomes the followers of Christ thus to be  steady, and not to  use lightness. 4. His going up to the feast when his time was come. Observe, (1.)  When he went:  When his brethren were gone up. He would not go up  with them, lest they should make a noise and disturbance, under pretence of  showing him to the world; whereas it agreed both with the prediction and with his spirit not to  strive nor cry, nor let his  voice be heard in the streets, Isa. xlii. 2. But he went up  after them. We may lawfully join in the same religious worship with those with whom we should yet decline an intimate acquaintance and converse; for the blessing of ordinances depends upon the grace of God, and not upon the grace of our fellow-worshippers. His carnal brethren went up  first, and then he went. Note, In the external performances of religion it is possible that formal hypocrites may  get the start of those that are sincere. Many come  first to the temple who are brought thither by vain-glory, and go thence unjustified, as he, Luke xviii. 11. It is not, Who comes  first? that will be the question, but, Who comes  fittest? If we bring our hearts  with us, it is no matter who gets  before us. (2.)  How he went,  os en krypto— a s if he were hiding himself: not openly, but as it were in secret, rather for fear of  giving offence than of  receiving injury. He went up to the feast, because it was an opportunity of honouring God and doing good; but he went up as it were in secret, because he would not provoke the government. Note, Provided the work of God be done effectually, it is best done when done with  least noise. The kingdom of God need not come  with observation, Luke xvii. 20. We may do the work of God  privately, and yet not do it  deceitfully. 5. The great expectation that there was of him among the Jews at Jerusalem, v. 11-14. Having formerly come up to the feasts, and signalized himself by the miracles he wrought, he had made himself the subject of much discourse and observation. (1.) They could not but think of him (v. 11):  The Jews sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he? [1.] The common people longed to see him there, that they might have their curiosity gratified with the sight of his person and miracles. They did not think it worth while to go to him into Galilee, though if they had they would not have lost their labour, but they hoped the feast would bring him to Jerusalem, and then they should see him. If an opportunity of acquaintance with Christ come to their door, they can like it well enough. They  sought him at the feast. When we attend upon God in his holy ordinances, we should seek Christ in them, seek him at the gospel feasts. Those who would  see Christ at a feast must  seek him there. Or, [2.] Perhaps it was his enemies that were thus waiting an opportunity to seize him, and, if possible, to put an effectual stop to his progress. They said,  Where is he?  pou esin ekeinos— where is that fellow? Thus scornfully and contemptibly do they speak of him. When they should have welcomed the feast as an opportunity of serving God, they were glad of it as an opportunity of persecuting Christ. Thus Saul hoped to slay David at the new moon, 1 Sam. xx. 27. Those who seek  opportunity to sin in solemn assemblies for religious worship profane God's ordinances to the last degree, and defy him upon his own ground; it is like striking  within the verge of the court. (2.) The people differed much in their sentiments concerning him (v. 12):  There was much murmuring, or  muttering rather,  among the people concerning him. The enmity of the rulers against Christ, and their enquiries after him, caused him to be so much the more talked of and observed among the people. This ground the gospel of Christ has got by the opposition made to it, that it has been the more enquired into, and, by being  every where spoken against, it has come to be every where  spoken of, and by this means has been spread the further, and the merits of his cause have been the more  searched into. This murmuring was not  against Christ, but  concerning him; some murmured at the rulers, because they did not countenance and encourage him: others murmured at them, because they did not silence and restrain him. Some murmured that he had so great an interest in Galilee; others, that he had so little interest in Jerusalem. Note, Christ and his religion have been, and will be, the subject of much controversy and debate, Luke xii. 51, 52. If all would agree to entertain Christ as they ought, there would be perfect peace; but, when some receive the light and others resolve against it, there will be murmuring. The  bones in the valley, while they were  dead and  dry, lay quiet; but when it was said unto them,  Live, there was  a noise and  a shaking, Ezek. xxxvii. 7. But the noise and rencounter of liberty and business are preferable, surely, to the silence and agreement of a prison. Now what were the sentiments of the people concerning him? [1.] Some said,  he is a good man. This was a truth, but it was far short of being the  whole truth. He was not only a  good man, but more than a man, he was the  Son of God. Many who have no  ill thoughts of Christ have yet  low thoughts of him, and scarcely honour him, even when they speak well of him, because they do not  say enough; yet indeed it was his honour, and the reproach of those who persecuted him, that even those who would not believe him to be the Messiah could not but own he was a  good man. [2.] Others said,  Nay, but he deceiveth the people; if this had been true, he had been a very bad man. The doctrine he preached was sound, and could not be contested; his miracles were real, and could not be disproved; his conversation was manifestly holy and good; and yet it must be taken for granted, notwithstanding, that there was some undiscovered cheat at the bottom, because it was the interest of the chief priests to oppose him and run him down. Such murmuring as there was among the Jews concerning Christ there is still among us: the Socinians say,  He is a good man, and further they say not; the  deists will not allow this, but say,  He deceived the people. Thus some depreciate him, others abuse him, but  great is the truth. [3.] They were frightened by their superiors from speaking much of him (v. 13):  No man spoke openly of him, for fear of the Jews. Either,  First, They durst not openly speak  well of him. While any one was at liberty to censure and reproach him, none durst vindicate him. Or,  Secondly, They durst not speak  at all of him openly. Because nothing could justly be said  against him, they would not suffer any thing to be said  of him. It was a crime to name him. Thus many have aimed to suppress truth, under colour of silencing disputes about it, and would have all talk of religion hushed, in hopes thereby to bury in oblivion religion itself.

Christ at the Feast of Tabernacles.
$14$ Now about the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the temple, and taught. $15$ And the Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man letters, having never learned? $16$ Jesus answered them, and said, My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. $17$ If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or  whether I speak of myself. $18$ He that speaketh of himself seeketh his own glory: but he that seeketh his glory that sent him, the same is true, and no unrighteousness is in him. $19$ Did not Moses give you the law, and  yet none of you keepeth the law? Why go ye about to kill me? $20$ The people answered and said, Thou hast a devil: who goeth about to kill thee? $21$ Jesus answered and said unto them, I have done one work, and ye all marvel. $22$ Moses therefore gave unto you circumcision; (not because it is of Moses, but of the fathers;) and ye on the sabbath day circumcise a man. $23$ If a man on the sabbath day receive circumcision, that the law of Moses should not be broken; are ye angry at me, because I have made a man every whit whole on the sabbath day? $24$ Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment. $25$ Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he, whom they seek to kill? $26$ But, lo, he speaketh boldly, and they say nothing unto him. Do the rulers know indeed that this is the very Christ? $27$ Howbeit we know this man whence he is: but when Christ cometh, no man knoweth whence he is. $28$ Then cried Jesus in the temple as he taught, saying, Ye both know me, and ye know whence I am: and I am not come of myself, but he that sent me is true, whom ye know not. $29$ But I know him: for I am from him, and he hath sent me. $30$ Then they sought to take him: but no man laid hands on him, because his hour was not yet come. $31$ And many of the people believed on him, and said, When Christ cometh, will he do more miracles than these which this  man hath done? $32$ The Pharisees heard that the people murmured such things concerning him; and the Pharisees and the chief priests sent officers to take him. $33$ Then said Jesus unto them, Yet a little while am I with you, and  then I go unto him that sent me. $34$ Ye shall seek me, and shall not find  me: and where I am,  thither ye cannot come. $35$ Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles? $36$ What  manner of saying is this that he said, Ye shall seek me, and shall not find  me: and where I am,  thither ye cannot come? Here is, I. Christ's public preaching in the temple (v. 14): He  went up into the temple, and taught, according to his custom when he was at Jerusalem. His business was to preach the gospel of the kingdom, and he did it in every place of concourse. His sermon is not recorded, because, probably, it was to the same purport with the sermons he had preached in Galilee, which were recorded by the other evangelists. For the gospel is the same to the  plain and to the  polite. But that which is observable here is that it was  about the midst of the feast; the fourth or fifth day of the eight. Whether he did not come up to Jerusalem till the middle of the feast, or whether he came up at the beginning, but kept private till now, is not certain. But,  Query, Why did he not go to the temple  sooner, to preach?  Answer, 1. Because the people would have more leisure to hear him, and, it might be hoped, would be better disposed to hear him, when they had spent some days in their booths, as they did at the feast of tabernacles. 2. Because he would choose to appear when both his friends and his enemies had done looking for him; and so give a specimen of the method he would observe in his appearances, which is to come at midnight, Matt. xxv. 6. But why did he appear thus publicly now? Surely it was to  shame his persecutors, the chief priests and elders. (1.) By showing that, though they were very bitter against him, yet he did not fear them, nor their power. See Isa. l. 7, 8. (2.) By taking their work out of their hands. Their office was to teach the people in the temple, and particularly at the  feast of tabernacles, Neh. viii. 17, 18. But they either did not teach them at all or taught for doctrines the commandments of men, and therefore he goes up to the temple and teaches the people. When the shepherds of Israel made a prey of the flock it was time for the chief Shepherd to appear, as was promised. Ezek. xxxiv. 22, 23; Mal. iii. 1. II. His discourse with the Jews hereupon; and the conference is reducible to four heads: 1. Concerning  his doctrine. See here, (1.) How the Jews  admired it (v. 15):  They marvelled, saying,  How knoweth this man letters, having never learned? Observe here, [1.] That our Lord Jesus was not educated in the schools of the prophets, or at the feet of the rabbin; not only did not travel for learning, as the philosophers did, but did not make any use of the schools and academies in his own country. Moses was taught the learning of the Egyptians, but Christ was not taught so much as the learning of the Jews; having received the Spirit  without measure, he needed not receive any knowledge  from man, or by man. At the time of Christ's appearing, learning flourished both in the Roman empire and in the Jewish church more than in any age before or since, and in such a time of enquiry Christ chose to establish his religion, not in an illiterate age, lest it should look like a design to impose upon the world; yet he himself studied not the learning then in vogue. [2.] That Christ  had letters, though he had never  learned them; was mighty in the scriptures, though he never had any doctor of the law for his tutor. It is necessary that Christ's ministers should have  learning, as he had; and since they cannot expect to have it as he had it, by inspiration, they must take pains to get it in an ordinary way. [3.] That Christ's having learning, though he had not been taught it, made him truly great and wonderful; the Jews speak of it here with wonder.  First, Some, it is likely, took notice of it to his honour: He that had no human learning, and yet so far excelled all that had, certainly must be endued with a divine knowledge.  Secondly, Others, probably, mentioned it in disparagement and contempt of him: Whatever he  seems to have, he cannot really have any true learning, for he was never at the university, nor took his degree.  Thirdly, Some perhaps suggested that he had got his learning by magic arts, or some unlawful means or other. Since they know not how he could be a scholar, they will think him a conjurer. (2.) What he  asserted concerning it; three things:— [1.] That his  doctrine is  divine (v. 16):  My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. They were offended because he undertook to  teach though he had never learned, in answer to which he tells them that his doctrine was such as was not to be  learned, for it was not the product of  human thought and natural powers enlarged and elevated by reading and conversation, but it was a  divine revelation. As God, equal with the Father, he might truly have said,  My doctrine is mine, and his that sent me; but being now in his estate of humiliation, and being, as Mediator, God's servant, it was more congruous to say, " My doctrine is not mine, not mine only, nor mine originally, as man and mediator, but  his that sent me; it does not centre in myself, nor lead ultimately to myself, but to him that sent me." God had promised concerning the great prophet that he would  put his words into his mouth (Deut. xviii. 18), to which Christ seems here to refer. Note, It is the comfort of those who embrace Christ's doctrine, and the condemnation of those who reject it, that it is a divine doctrine: it is  of God and not of man. [2.] That the most competent judges of the truth and divine authority of Christ's doctrine are those that with a sincere and upright heart desire and endeavour to do the will of God (v. 17):  If any man be willing to do the will of God, have his will melted into the  will of God, he shall know of the doctrine whether it be of God or whether I speak of myself. Observe here,  First, What the question is, concerning the doctrine of Christ,  whether it be of God or no; whether the gospel be a divine revelation or an imposture. Christ himself was willing to have his doctrine enquired into, whether it were of God or no, much more should his ministers; and we are concerned to examine what grounds we go upon, for, if we be deceived, we are miserably deceived.  Secondly, Who are likely to succeed in this search: those that  do the will of God, at least are desirous to do it. Now see, 1. Who they are that  will do the will of God. They are such as are  impartial in their enquiries concerning the will of God, and are not biassed by any lust or interest, and such as are resolved by the grace of God, when they find out what the will of God is, to conform to it. They are such as have an honest principle of regard to God, and are truly desirous to glorify and please him. 2. Whence it is that such a one shall know of the truth of Christ's doctrine. (1.) Christ has promised to  give knowledge to such; he hath said,  He shall know, and he can give an understanding. Those who improve the light they have, and carefully live up to it, shall be secured by divine grace from destructive mistakes. (2.) They are disposed and prepared to  receive that knowledge. He that is inclined to submit to the rules of the divine law is disposed to admit the rays of divine light.  To him that has shall be given; those have a  good understanding that  do his commandments, Ps. cxi. 10. Those who  resemble God are most likely to  understand him. [3.] That hereby it appeared that Christ, as a teacher, did not speak  of himself, because he did not seek himself, v. 18.  First, See here the character of a deceiver: he  seeketh his own glory, which is a sign that he  speaks of himself, as the false Christs and false prophets did. Here is the description of the  cheat: they  speak of themselves, and have no commission nor instructions from God; no warrant but their own will, no inspiration but their own imagination, their own policy and artifice. Ambassadors  speak not of themselves; those ministers disclaim that character who glory in this that they  speak of themselves. But see the discovery of the cheat; by this their pretensions are disproved, they consult purely  their own glory; self-seekers are self-speakers. Those who speak  from God will speak  for God, and for his glory; those who aim at their own preferment and interest make it to appear that they had no commission form God.  Secondly, See the contrary character Christ gives of himself and his doctrine:  He that seeks his glory that sent him, as I do, makes it to appear that  he is true. 1. He was  sent of God. Those teachers, and those only, who are sent of God, are to be received and entertained by us. Those who bring a divine message must prove a divine mission, either by special revelation or by regular institution. 2. He  sought the glory of God. It was both the tendency of his doctrine and the tenour of his whole conversation to  glorify God. 3. This was a proof that he was  true, and there was  no unrighteousness in him. False teachers are most  unrighteous; they are unjust to God whose name they abuse, and unjust to the souls of men whom they impose upon. There cannot be a greater piece of unrighteousness than this. But Christ made it appear that he was  true, that he was really what he said he was, that there was  no unrighteousness in him, no falsehood in his doctrine, no fallacy nor fraud in his dealings with us. 2. They discourse concerning the  crime that was laid to his charge for curing the impotent man, and bidding him carry his bed on the sabbath day, for which they had formerly prosecuted him, and which was still the pretence of their enmity to him. (1.) He argues against them by way of  recrimination, convicting them of far worse practices, v. 19. How could they for shame censure him for a breach of the law of Moses, when they themselves were such notorious breakers of it?  Did not Moses give you the law? And it was their privilege that they had the law, no nation had such a law; but it was their wickedness that  none of them kept the law, that they rebelled against it, and lived contrary to it. Many that have the law given them, when they have it do not keep it. Their neglect of the law was universal:  None of you keepeth it: neither those of them that were in  posts of honour, who should have been most  knowing, nor those who were in  posts of subjection, who should have been most  obedient. They boasted of the law, and pretended a zeal for it, and were enraged at Christ for seeming to transgress it, and yet none of them kept it; like those who say that they are for the church, and yet never go to church. It was an aggravation of their wickedness, in persecuting Christ for breaking the law, that they themselves did not keep it: " None of you keepeth the law, why then go ye about to kill me for not keeping it?" Note, Those are commonly most censorious of others who are most faulty themselves. Thus hypocrites, who are forward to pull a mote out of their brother's eye, are not aware of a beam in their own.  Why go ye about to kill me? Some take this as the evidence of their not keeping the law: " You keep not the law; if you did, you would understand yourselves better than to go about to kill me for doing a good work." Those that support themselves and their interest by persecution and violence, whatever they pretend (though they may call themselves  custodes utriusque tabul&#230;—the guardians of both tables), are not keepers of the law of God. Chemnitius understands this as a reason why it was time to supersede the law of Moses by the gospel, because the law was found insufficient to  restrain sin: "Moses gave you the law, but you do not keep it, nor are kept by it from the greatest wickedness; there is therefore need of a clearer light and better law to be brought in; why then do you aim to kill me for introducing it?" Here the  people rudely interrupted him in his discourse, and contradicted what he said (v. 20):  Thou has a devil; who goes about to kill thee? This intimates, [1.] The  good opinion they had of their rulers, who, they think, would never attempt so atrocious a thing as to kill him; no, such a veneration they had for their elders and chief priests that they would swear for them they would do no harm to an innocent man. Probably the rulers had their little emissaries among the people who suggested this to them; many deny that wickedness which at the same time they are contriving. [2.] The  ill opinion they had of our Lord Jesus: " Thou hast a devil, thou art possessed with a lying spirit, and art a  bad man for saying so;" so some: or rather, "Thou art melancholy, and art a  weak man; thou frightenest thyself with causeless fears, as hypochondriacal people are apt to do." Not only open frenzies, but silent melancholies, were then commonly imputed to the power of Satan. "Thou art crazed, has a distempered brain." Let us not think it strange if the best of men are put under the worst of characters. To this vile calumny our Saviour returns no direct answer, but seems as if he took no notice of it. Note, Those who would be like Christ must put up with affronts, and pass by the indignities and injuries done them; must not  regard them, much less  resent them, and least of all  revenge them.  I, as a deaf man, heard not. When Christ was  reviled, he  reviled not again, (2.) He argues by way of appeal and vindication. [1.] He appeals to  their own sentiments of this miracle: " I have done one work, and you all marvel, v. 21. You cannot choose but marvel at it as truly great, and altogether supernatural; you must all own it to be marvellous." Or, "Though I have done but  one work that you have any colour to find fault with, yet you marvel, you are offended and displeased as if I had been guilty of some heinous or enormous crime." [2.] He appeals to their own practice in other instances: " I have done one work on the sabbath, and it was done easily, with a word's speaking, and you all marvel, you make a mighty strange thing of it, that a religious man should dare do such a thing, whereas you yourselves  many a time do that which is a much more servile work on the sabbath day, in the case of circumcision; if it be lawful for you, nay, and your duty, to circumcise a child on the sabbath day, when it happens to be the eighth day, as no doubt it is, much more was it lawful and good for me to heal a diseased man on that day." Observe,  First, The rise and origin of circumcision:  Moses gave you circumcision, gave you the law concerning it. Here, 1. Circumcision is said to  be given, and (v. 23) they are said to  receive it; it was not imposed upon them as a yoke, but conferred upon them as a favour. Note, The ordinances of God, and particularly those which are seals of the covenant, are  gifts given to men, and are to be received as such. 2. Moses is said to give it, because it was a part of that law which was  given by Moses; yet, as Christ said of the manna (ch. vi. 32), Moses did not give it them, but God; nay, and it was not of Moses first, but  of the fathers, v. 22. Though it was incorporated into the Mosaic institution, yet it was ordained long before, for it was a seal of the righteousness of faith, and therefore commenced with the promise four hundred and thirty years before, Gal. iii. 17. The church membership of believers and their seed was not of Moses or his law, and therefore did not fall with it; but was  of the fathers, belonged to the patriarchal church, and was part of that blessing of Abraham which was to come upon the Gentiles, Gal. iii. 14.  Secondly, The respect paid to the law of circumcision above that of the sabbath, in the constant practice of the Jewish church. The Jewish casuists frequently take notice of it,  Circumcisio et ejus sanatio pellit sabbbatum—Circumcision and its cure drive away the sabbath; so that if a child was born one sabbath day it was without fail circumcised the next. If then, when the  sabbath rest was more strictly insisted on, yet those works were allowed which were  in ordine ad spiritualia—for the keeping up of religion, much more are they allowed now under the gospel, when the stress is laid more upon the  sabbath work.  Thirdly, The inference Christ draws hence in justification of himself, and of what he had done (v. 23):  A man-child on the sabbath day receives circumcision, that the law of circumcision might not be broken; or, as the margin reads it,  without breaking the law, namely, of the sabbath. Divine commands must be construed so as to agree with each other. "Now, if this be allowed by yourselves, how unreasonable are you, who are  angry with me because I have made a man every whit whole on the sabbath day!"  emoi cholate. The word is used only here, from  choge— fel, gall. They were angry at him with the greatest indignation; it was a spiteful anger, anger with gall in it. Note, It is very absurd and unreasonable for us to condemn others for that in which we justify ourselves. Observe the comparison Christ here makes between their  circumcising a child and his  healing a man on the sabbath day. 1. Circumcision was but a ceremonial institution; it was  of the fathers indeed, but not from the beginning; but what Christ did was a good work by the law of nature, a more excellent law than that which made circumcision a good work. 2. Circumcision was a  bloody ordinance, and  made sore; but what Christ did was healing, and made whole. The law works pain, and, if that work may be done on the sabbath day, much more a gospel work, which produces peace. 3. Especially considering that whereas, when they had circumcised a child, their care was only to heal up that part which was circumcised, which might be done and yet the child remain under other illnesses, Christ had made this man  every whit whole,  holon anthropon hygie— I have made the whole man healthful and sound. The  whole body was  healed, for the disease affected the whole body; and it was a perfect cure, such as left no relics of the disease behind; nay, Christ not only healed his body, but his soul too, by that admonition,  Go, and sin no more, and so indeed made the  whole man sound, for the soul is the man. Circumcision indeed was intended for the good of the soul, and to make the  whole man as it should be; but they had perverted it, and turned it into a mere carnal ordinance; but Christ accompanied his outward cures with inward grace, and so made them sacramental, and healed the  whole man. He concludes this argument with that rule (v. 24):  Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment. This may be applied, either,  First, In particular, to this work which they quarrelled with as a violation of the law. Be not partial in your judgment; judge not,  kat opsin— with respect of persons; knowing faces, as the Hebrew phrase is, Deut. i. 17. It is contrary to the law of justice, as well as charity, to censure those who differ in opinion from us as transgressors, in taking that liberty which yet in those of our own party, and way, and opinion, we allow of; as it is also to commend that in some as necessary strictness and severity which in others we condemn as imposition and persecution. Or,  Secondly, In general, to Christ's person and preaching, which they were offended at and prejudiced against. Those things that are false, and designed to impose upon men, commonly appear best when they are judged of  according to the outward appearance, they appear most plausible  prima facie—at the first glance. It was this that gained the Pharisees such an interest and reputation, that they  appeared right unto men (Matt. xxiii. 27, 28), and men judged of them by that appearance, and so were sadly mistaken in them. "But," saith Christ, "be not too confident that all are real saints who are seeming ones." With reference to himself, his  outward appearance was far short of his real dignity and excellency, for he took upon him the  form of a servant (Phil. ii. 7), was in the  likeness of sinful flesh (Rom. viii. 3), had  no form nor comeliness, Isa. liii. 2. So that those who undertook to judge whether he was the Son of God or no by his  outward appearance were not likely to  judge righteous judgment. The Jews expected the outward appearance of the Messiah to be pompous and magnificent, and attended with all the ceremonies of secular grandeur; and, judging of Christ by that rule, their judgment was from first to last a  continual mistake, for the kingdom of Christ was not to be  of this world, nor to  come with observation. If a divine power accompanied him, and God bore him witness, and the scriptures were fulfilled in him, though his appearance was ever so mean, they ought to receive him, and to judge by faith, and not by the sight of the eye. See Isa. xi. 3, and 1 Sam. xvi. 7. Christ and his doctrine and doings desire nothing but  righteous judgment; if truth and justice may but pass the sentence, Christ and his cause will carry the day. We must not judge concerning any by their  outward appearance, not by their titles, the figure they make in the world, and their fluttering show, but by their intrinsic worth, and the gifts and graces of God's Spirit in them. 3. Christ discourses with them here concerning  himself, whence he came, and whither he was going, v. 25-36. (1.)  Whence he came, v. 25-31. In the account of this observe, [1.] The objection concerning this stated by some of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, who seem to have been of all others most prejudiced against him, v. 25. One would think that those who lived at the fountain-head of knowledge and religion should have been most ready to receive the Messiah: but it proved quite contrary. Those that have plenty of the means of knowledge and grace, if they are not  made better by them, are commonly  made worse; and our Lord Jesus has often met with the least welcome from those that one would expect the best from. But it was not without some just cause that it came into a proverb,  The nearer the church the further from God. These people of Jerusalem showed their ill-will to Christ,  First, By their reflecting on the rulers, because they let him alone:  Is not this he whom they seek to kill? The multitude of the people that came up out of the country to the feast did not suspect there was any design on foot against him, and therefore they said,  Who goes about to kill thee? v. 20. But those of Jerusalem knew the plot, and irritated their rulers to put it into execution: " Is not this he whom they seek to kill? Why do they not do it then? Who hinders them? They say that they have a mind to get him out of the way, and yet, lo,  he speaketh boldly, and  they say nothing to him; do  the rulers know indeed that this is the very Christ?" v. 26. Here they slyly and maliciously insinuate two things, to exasperate the rulers against Christ, when indeed they needed to spur. 1. That by conniving at his preaching they  brought their authority into contempt. "Must a man that is condemned by the  sanhedrim as a deceiver be permitted to  speak boldly, without any check or contradiction? This makes their sentence to be but  brutem fulmen—a vain menace; if our rulers will suffer themselves to be thus trampled upon, they may thank themselves if none stand in awe of them and their laws." Note, The worst of persecutions have often been carried on under colour of the necessary support of authority and government. 2. That hereby they brought  their judgment into '' suspicion. Do they know that this is the Christ?'' It is spoken ironically, "How came they to change their mind? What new discovery have they lighted on? They give people occasion to think that they believe him to be the Christ, and it behoves them to act vigorously against him to clear themselves from the suspicion." Thus the rulers, who had made the people enemies to Christ, made them  seven times more the children of hell than themselves, Matt. xxiii. 15. When religion and the profession of Christ's name are  out of fashion, and consequently  out of repute, many are strongly tempted to persecute and oppose them, only that they may not be thought to favour them and incline to them. And for this reason apostates, and the degenerate offspring of good parents, have been sometimes worse than others, as it were to wipe off the stain of their profession. It was strange that the rulers, thus irritated, did not seize Christ; but his hour was not yet come; and God can tie men's hands to admiration, though he should not turn their hearts.  Secondly, By their exception against his being the Christ, in which appeared more malice than matter, v. 27. "If the rulers think him to be the Christ, we neither can nor will believe him to be so, for we have this argument against it, that  we know this man, whence he is; but when Christ comes no man knows whence he is." Here is a fallacy in the argument, for the propositions are not body  ad idem—adapted to the same view of the subject. 1. If they speak of his  divine nature, it is true that when Christ comes  no man knows whence he is, for he is a priest after the order of Melchizedek, who was  without descent, and  his goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting, Mic. v. 2. But then it is not true that as for this man they knew whence he was, for they knew not his divine nature, nor how  the Word was  made flesh. 2. If they speak of his  human nature, it is true that they knew whence he was, who was his mother, and where he was bred up; but then it is false that ever it was said of the Messiah that none should know whence he was, for it was known before  where he should be born, Matt. ii. 4, 5. Observe, (1.) How they  despised him, because they knew  whence he was. Familiarity breeds contempt, and we are apt to disdain the  use of those whom we know the  rise of. Christ's own received him not, because he was  their own, for which very reason they should the rather have loved him, and been thankful that their nation and their age were honoured with his appearance. (2.) How they endeavoured unjustly to fasten the ground of their prejudice upon the scriptures, as if they countenanced them, when there was no such thing.  Therefore people err concerning Christ, because they  know not the scripture. [2.] Christ's answer to this objection, v. 28, 29.  First, He spoke freely and boldly, he  cried in the temple, as he taught, he spoke this louder than the rest of his discourse, 1. To express his earnestness, being  grieved for the hardness of their hearts. There may be a vehemency in contending for the truth where yet there is no intemperate heat nor passion. We may instruct gainsayers with warmth, and yet with  meekness. 2. The priests and those that were prejudiced against him, did not come near enough to hear his preaching, and therefore he must speak louder than ordinary what he will have them to hear. Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear this.  Secondly, His answer to their cavil is, 1. By way of  concession, granting that they did or might know his origin as to the flesh: " You both know me, and you know whence I am. You know I am of your own nation, and one of yourselves." It is no disparagement to the doctrine of Christ that there is that in it which is level to the capacities of the meanest, plain truths, discovered even by nature's light, of which we may say, We know whence they are. " You know me, you think you know me; but you are mistaken; you take me to be the carpenter's son, and born at Nazareth, but it is not so." 2. By way of  negation, denying that that which they did see in him, and know of him, was all that was to be known; and therefore, if they looked no further, they judged by the outward appearance only. They knew  whence he came perhaps, and  where he had his birth, but he will tell them what they knew not,  from whom he came. (1.) That he did not  come of himself; that he did not run without sending, nor come as a private person, but with a public character. (2.) That he was sent of his Father; this is twice mentioned:  He hath sent me. And again, " He hath sent me, to say what I say, and do what I do." This he was himself well assured of, and therefore knew that his Father would bear him out; and it is well for us that we are assured of it too, that we may with holy confidence go to God by him. (3.) That he was  from his Father,  par autou eimi— I am from him; not only sent from him as a servant from his master, but from him by eternal generation, as a son from his father, by essential emanation, as the beams from the sun. (4.)  That the Father who sent him is true; he had promised to give the Messiah, and, though the Jews had forfeited the promise, yet he that made the promise is  true, and has performed it. He had promised that the Messiah should see his seed, and be successful in his undertaking; and, though the generality of the Jews reject him and his gospel, yet he  is true, and will fulfil the promise in the calling of the Gentiles. (5.) That these unbelieving Jews did  not know the Father: He that sent me, whom you know not. There is much ignorance of God even with many that have a  form of knowledge; and the true reason why people reject Christ is because they do not  know God; for there is such a harmony of the divine attributes in the work of redemption, and such an admirable agreement between natural and revealed religion, that the right knowledge of the former would not only admit, but introduce, the latter. (6.) Our Lord Jesus was intimately acquainted with the Father that  sent him: but I know him. He knew him so well that he was not at all  in doubt concerning his mission from him, but perfectly  assured of it; nor at all  in the dark concerning the work he had to do, but perfectly  apprized of it, Matt. xi. 27. [3.] The provocation which this gave to his enemies, who hated him because he  told them the truth, v. 30.  They sought therefore to take him, to lay violent hands on him, not only to do him a mischief, but some way or other to be the death of him; but by the restraint of an invisible power it was prevented; nobody touched him,  because his hour was not yet come; this was not their reason why they did it not, but God's reason why he hindered them from doing it. Note,  First, The faithful preachers of the truths of God, though they behave themselves with ever so much prudence and meekness, must expect to be hated and persecuted by those who think themselves tormented by their testimony, Rev. xi. 10.  Secondly, God has wicked men in a chain, and, whatever mischief they  would do, they  can do no more than God will suffer them to do. The malice of persecutors is  impotent even when it is most  impetuous, and, when Satan  fills their hearts, yet God '' ties their hands. Thirdly,'' God's servants are sometimes wonderfully protected by indiscernible unaccountable means. Their enemies do not do the mischief they designed, and yet neither they themselves nor any one else can tell why they do not.  Fourthly, Christ had  his hour set, which was to put a period to his day and work on earth; so have all his people and all his ministers, and, till that hour comes, the attempts of their enemies against them are ineffectual, and their day shall be lengthened as long as their Master has any work for them to do; nor can all the powers of hell and earth prevail against them, until they have  finished their testimony. [4.] The good effect which Christ's discourse had, notwithstanding this, upon some of his hearers (v. 31):  Many of the people believed on him. As he was set for the fall of some, so for the rising again of others. Even where the gospel meets with opposition there may yet be a great deal of good done, 1 Thess. ii. 2. Observe here,  First, Who they were that believed; not a few, but many, more than one would have expected when the stream ran so strongly the other way. But these  many were  of the people,  ek tou ochlou— of the multitude, the crowd, the inferior sort, the mob, the rabble, some would have called them. We must not measure the prosperity of the gospel by its success among the great ones; nor much ministers say that they labour in vain, though none but the  poor, and those of no  figure, receive the gospel, 1 Cor. i. 26.  Secondly, What  induced them to believe: the  miracles which he did, which were not only the accomplishment of the Old-Testament prophecies (Isa. xxxv. 5, 6), but an argument of a divine power. He that had an ability to do that which none but God  can do, to control and overrule the powers of nature, no doubt had authority to enact that which none but God can  enact, a law that shall  bind conscience, and a covenant that shall '' give life. Thirdly, How  weak their faith was: they do not positively assert, as the Samaritans did,  This is indeed the Christ, but they only argue,  When Christ comes will he do more miracles than these?'' They take it for granted that Christ will come, and, when he comes, will do many miracles. "Is not this he then? In him we see, though not all the worldly pomp we have fancied, yet all the divine power we have  believed the Messiah should appear in; and therefore why may not this be he?" They  believe it, but have not courage to own it. Note, Even weak faith may be true faith, and so  accounted, so  accepted, by the Lord Jesus, who  despises not the day of small things. (2.)  Whither he was going, v. 32-36. Here observe, [1.] The design of the Pharisees and chief priests against him, v. 32.  First, The provocation given them was that they had information brought them by their spies, who insinuated themselves into the conversation of the people, and gathered stories to carry to their jealous masters, that  the people murmured such things concerning him, that there were many who had a respect and value for him, notwithstanding all they had done to render him odious. Though the people did but whisper these things, and had not courage to speak out, yet the Pharisees were enraged at it. The equity of that government is justly  suspected by others which is so  suspicious of itself as to take notice of, or be influenced by, the secret, various, uncertain  mutterings of the common people. The Pharisees valued themselves very much upon the respect of the people, and were sensible that if Christ did thus  increase they must '' decrease. Secondly, The project they laid hereupon was to seize Jesus, and take him into custody:  They sent officers to take him, not to take up those who murmured concerning him and frighten them; no, the most effectual way to disperse the flock is to  smite the shepherd. The Pharisees seem to have been the ringleaders in this prosecution, but they,  as such, had no power, and therefore they god the  chief priests,'' the judges of the ecclesiastical court, to join with them, who were ready enough to do so. The Pharisees were the great pretenders to  learning, and the  chief priests to  sanctify. As  the world by wisdom knew not God, but the greatest philosophers were guilty of the greatest blunders in natural religion, so the Jewish church by their wisdom knew not Christ, but their greatest rabbin were the greatest fools concerning him, nay, they were the most inveterate enemies to him. Those wicked rulers had their officers, officers of their court, church-officers, whom they employed to take Christ, and who were ready to go on their errand, though it was an ill errand. If Saul's footmen will not  turn and fall upon the priests of the Lord, he has a herdsman that will, 1 Sam. xxii. 17, 18. [2.] The discourse of our Lord Jesus hereupon (v. 33, 34):  Yet a little while I am with you, and then I go to him that sent me; you shall seek me, and shall not find me; and where I am, thither you cannot come. These words, like the pillar of cloud and fire, have a  bright side and a  dark side.  First, They have a  bright side towards our Lord Jesus himself, and speak abundance of comfort to him and all his faithful followers that are exposed to difficulties and dangers for his sake. Three things Christ here comforted himself with:—1. That he had but  a little time to continue here in this troublesome world. He sees that he is never likely to have a quiet day among them; but the best of it is his warfare will shortly be accomplished, and then he shall be  no more in this world, ch. xvii. 11. Whomsoever we are  with in this world, friends or foes, it is but a  little while that we shall be with them; and it is a matter of comfort to those who are  in the world, but not  of it, and therefore are hated by it and sick of it, that they shall not be  in it always, they shall not be  in it long. We must be  awhile with those that are pricking briars and grieving thorns; but thanks be to God, it is but a little while, and we shall be out of their reach. Our days being  evil, it is well they are  few. 2. That, when he should quit this troublesome world, he should  go to him that sent him; I go. Not, "I am driven away by force," but, "I voluntarily  go; having finished my embassy, I return to him on whose errand I came. When I have done my work with you, then, and not till then, I go to him  that sent me, and will  receive me, will prefer me, as ambassadors are preferred when they return." Their rage against him would not only not hinder him from, but would hasten him to the glory and joy that were set before him. Let those who suffer for Christ comfort themselves with this, that they have a God to go to, and are going to him, going apace, to be for ever with him. 3. That, though they persecuted him here, wherever he went, yet none of their persecutions could follow him to heaven:  You shall seek me, and shall not find me. It appears, by their enmity to his followers when he was gone, that if they could have reached him they would have persecuted him: "But you cannot enter into that temple as you do into this."  Where I am, that is, where I then  shall be; but he expressed it thus because, even when he was on earth, by his divine nature and divine affections he was in heaven, ch. iii. 13. Or it denotes that he should be  so soon there that he was as good as there already. Note, It adds to the happiness of glorified saints that they are out of the reach of the devil and all his wicked instruments.  Secondly, These words have a  black and dark side towards those wicked Jews that hated and persecuted Christ. They now longed to be rid of him,  Away with him from the earth; but let them know, 1. That according to their choice so shall their doom be. They were industrious to  drive him from them, and their sin shall be their punishment; he will not trouble them long, yet a little while and he will  depart from them. It is just with God to forsake those that think his presence a burden. They that are weary of Christ need no more to make them miserable than to have  their wish. 2. That they would certainly repent their choice when it was too late. (1.) They should in vain seek the presence of the Messiah: " You shall seek me, and shall not find me. You shall expect the  Christ to come, but your eyes shall fail with looking for him, and you shall never find him." Those who rejected the true Messiah when he did come were justly abandoned to a miserable and endless expectation of one that should never come. Or, it may refer to the final rejection of sinners from the favours and grace of Christ at the great day: those who now seek Christ shall find him, but the day is coming when those who now refuse him  shall seek him, and shall not find him. See Prov. i. 28. They will in vain cry,  Lord, Lord, open to us. Or, perhaps, these words might be fulfilled in the despair of some of the Jews, who possibly might be convinced and not converted, who would wish in vain to see Christ, and to hear him preach again; but the day of grace is over (Luke xvii. 22); yet this is not all. (2.) They should in vain expect a place in heaven:  Where I am, and where all believers shall be with me,  thither ye cannot come. Not only because they are  excluded by the just and irreversible sentence of the judge, and the sword of the angel at every gate of the new Jerusalem, to keep  the way of the tree of life against those who have  no right to enter, but because they are disabled by their own iniquity and infidelity:  You cannot come, because you  will not. Those who hate to be where Christ is, in his word and ordinances on earth, are very unfit to be where he is in his glory in heaven; for indeed heaven would be no heaven to them, such are the antipathies of an unsanctified soul to the felicities of that state.

The Gospel Invitation.
$37$ In the last day, that great  day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. $38$ He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. $39$ (But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him should receive: for the Holy Ghost was not yet  given; because that Jesus was not yet glorified.) $40$ Many of the people therefore, when they heard this saying, said, Of a truth this is the Prophet. $41$ Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, Shall Christ come out of Galilee? $42$ Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was? $43$ So there was a division among the people because of him. $44$ And some of them would have taken him; but no man laid hands on him. In these verses we have, I. Christ's discourse, with the explication of it, v. 37-39. It is probable that these are only short hints of what he enlarged upon, but they have in them the substance of the whole gospel; here is a  gospel invitation to come to Christ, and a  gospel promise of comfort and happiness in him. Now observe, 1.  When he gave this invitation:  On the last day of the feast of tabernacles,  that great day. The  eighth day, which concluded that solemnity, was to be a  holy convocation, Lev. xxiii. 36. Now on this day Christ published this gospel-call, because (1.) Much people were gathered together, and, if the invitation were given to  many, it might be hoped that  some would accept of it, Prov. i. 20. Numerous assemblies give opportunity of doing the more good. (2.) The people were now returning to their homes, and he would give them this to carry away with them as his parting word. When a great congregation is to be dismissed, and is about to scatter, as here, it is affecting to think that in all probability they will never come all together again in this world, and therefore, if we can say or do any thing to help them to heaven, that must be the time. It is good to be lively at the close of an ordinance. Christ made this offer  on the last day of the feast. [1.] To those who had turned a deaf ear to his preaching on the foregoing days of this sacred week; he will try them once more, and, if they will yet hear his voice, they shall live. [2.] To those who perhaps might never have such another offer made them, and therefore were concerned to accept of this; it would be half a year before there would be another feast, and in that time they would many of them be in their graves.  Behold now is the accepted time. 2.  How he gave this invitation:  Jesus stood and cried, which denotes, (1.) His great earnestness and importunity. His heart was upon it, to bring poor souls in to himself. The erection of his body and the elevation of his voice were indications of the intenseness of his mind. Love to souls will make preachers lively. (2.) His desire that all might take notice, and take hold of this invitation. He  stood, and cried, that he might the better be heard; for this is what every one that hath ears is concerned to hear. Gospel truth seeks no corners, because it fears no trials. The heathen oracles were delivered privately by them that  peeped and muttered; but the oracles of the gospel were proclaimed by one that  stood, and cried. How sad is the case of man, that he must be  importuned to be happy, and how wonderful the grace of Christ, that he will  importune him!  Ho, every one, Isa. lv. 1. 3. The invitation itself is very general:  If any man thirst, whoever he be, he is invited to Christ, be he high or low, rich or poor, young or old, bond or free, Jew or Gentile. It is also very  gracious: "If any man thirst, let him come to me and drink. If any man desires to be truly and eternally happy, let him apply himself to me, and be ruled by me, and I will undertake to make him so." (1.) The persons invited are such as  thirst, which may be understood, either, [1.] Of the  indigence of their cases; either as to their  outward condition (if any man be destitute of the comforts of this life, or fatigued with the crosses of it, let his poverty and afflictions draw him to Christ for that peace which the world can neither give nor take away), or as to their  inward state: "If any man want spiritual blessings, he may be supplied by me." Or, [2.] Of the  inclination of their souls and their desires towards a spiritual happiness. If any man hunger and thirst after righteousness, that is, truly desire the good will of God towards him, and the good work of God in him. (2.) The invitation itself:  Let him come to me. Let him not go to the ceremonial law, which would neither  pacify the conscience nor  purify it, and therefore could not make the  comers thereunto perfect, Heb. x. 1. Nor let him go to the heathen philosophy, which does but beguile men, lead them into a wood, and leave them there; but let him  go to Christ, admit his doctrine, submit to his discipline, believe in him; come to him as the fountain of living waters, the giver of all comfort. (3.) The satisfaction promised: "Let him come  and drink, he shall have what he comes for, and abundantly more, shall have that which will not only  refresh, but  replenish, a soul that desires to be happy." 4. A gracious promise annexed to this gracious call (v. 38):  He that believeth on me, out of his belly shall flow—(1.) See here what it is to come to Christ: It is  to believe on him, as the scripture hath said; it is to receive and entertain him as he is offered to us in the gospel. We must not frame a Christ according to our fancy, but believe in a Christ according to the scripture. (2.) See how thirsty souls, that come to Christ, shall be made  to drink. Israel, that believed Moses, drank of the  rock that followed them, the streams followed; but believers drink of a rock  in them, Christ in them; he is in them a  well of living water, ch. iv. 14. Provision is made not only for their  present satisfaction, but for their  continual perpetual comfort. Here is, [1.]  Living water, running water, which the Hebrew language calls  living, because still in motion. The graces and comforts of the Spirit are compared to  living (meaning  running)  water, because they are the active quickening principles of spiritual life, and the earnests and beginnings of eternal life. See Jer. ii. 13. [2.]  Rivers of living water, denoting both plenty and constancy. The comfort flows in both  plentifully and  constantly as a river; strong as a stream to bear down the oppositions of doubts and fears. There is a fulness in Christ of grace for grace. [3.] These flow out  of his belly, that is, out of his heart or soul, which is the subject of the Spirit's working and the seat of his government. There  gracious principles are planted; and out of the heart, in which the Spirit dwells, flow the  issues of life, Prov. iv. 23. There divine comforts are lodged, and the  joy that a '' stranger doth not intermeddle with. He that believes has the witness in himself,'' 1 John v. 10.  Sat lucis intus—Light abounds within. Observe, further, where there are  springs of grace and comfort in the soul that will '' send forth streams: Out of his belly shall flow rivers. First,'' Grace and comfort will produce good actions, and a holy heart will be seen in a holy life; the tree is known by its fruits, and the fountain by its streams.  Secondly, They will  communicate themselves for the benefit of others; a good man is a common good. His  mouth is a  well of life, Prov. x. 11. It is not enough that we  drink waters out of our own cistern, that we ourselves take the comfort of the grace given us, but we must let our  fountains be  dispersed abroad, Prov. v. 15, 16. Those words,  as the scripture hath said, seem to refer to some promise in the Old Testament to this purport, and there are many; as that God would  pour out his Spirit, which is a metaphor borrowed from waters (Prov. i. 23; Joel ii. 28; Isa. xliv. 3; Zech. xii. 10); that the  dry land should become  springs of water (Isa. xli. 18); that there should be  rivers in the desert (Isa. xliii. 19); that gracious souls should be like a  spring of water (Isa. lviii. 11); and the church a  well of living water, Cant. iv. 15. And here may be an allusion to the waters issuing out of Ezekiel's temple, Ezek. xlvii. 1. Compare Rev. xxii. 1, and see Zech. xiv. 8. Dr. Lightfoot and others tell us it was a custom of the Jews, which they received by tradition,  the last day of the feast of tabernacles to have a solemnity, which they called  Libatio aqu&#230;—The pouring out of water. They fetched a golden vessel of water from the pool of Siloam, brought it into the temple with sound of trumpet and other ceremonies, and, upon the ascent to the altar, poured it out before the Lord with all possible expressions of joy. Some of their writers make the water to signify  the law, and refer to Isa. xii. 3; lv. 1. Others,  the Holy Spirit. And it is thought that our Saviour might here allude to this custom. Believers shall have the comfort, not of a vessel of water fetched from a pool, but of a river flowing from themselves. The joy of the law, and the pouring out of the water, which signified this, are not to be compared with the joy of the gospel in the wells of salvation. 5. Here is the evangelist's exposition of this promise (v. 39):  This spoke he of the Spirit: not of any outward advantages accruing to believers (as perhaps some misunderstood him), but of the gifts, graces, and comforts of the Spirit. See how scripture is the best interpreter of scripture. Observe, (1.) It is promised to  all that believe on Christ that they shall  receive the Holy Ghost. Some received his miraculous gifts (Mark xvi. 17, 18); all receive his sanctifying graces. The gift of the Holy Ghost is one of the great blessings promised in the new covenant (Acts ii. 39), and, if  promised, no doubt  performed to all that have an interest in that covenant. (2.) The Spirit dwelling and working in believers is as a  fountain of living running  water, out of which plentiful streams flow, cooling and cleansing as water, mollifying and moistening as water, making them fruitful, and others joyful; see ch. iii. 5. When the apostles spoke so  fluently of the things of God, as the Spirit gave them utterance (Acts ii. 4), and afterwards preached and wrote the gospel of Christ with such a  flood of divine eloquence, then this was fulfilled,  Out of his belly shall flow rivers. (3.) This plentiful effusion of the Spirit was yet the matter of a promise; for  the Holy Ghost was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. See here [1.] That  Jesus was not yet glorified. It was certain that he should be glorified, and he was ever worthy of all honour; but he was as yet in a state of humiliation and contempt. He had never forfeited the glory he had before all worlds, nay, he had  merited a further glory, and, besides his  hereditary honours, might claim the  achievement of a  mediatorial crown; and yet all this is in reversion. Jesus is now  upheld (Isa. xlii. 1), is now  satisfied (Isa. liii. 11), is now  justified (1 Tim. iii. 16), but he is  not yet glorified. And, if Christ must wait for his glory, let not us think it much to wait for ours. [2.] That  the Holy Ghost was not yet given.  oupo gar hen pneuma— for the Holy Ghost was not yet. The Spirit of God was from eternity, for in the beginning he  moved upon the face of the waters. He was in the Old-Testament prophets and saints, and Zacharias and Elisabeth were both  filled with the Holy Ghost. This therefore must be understood of the eminent, plentiful, and general effusion of the Spirit which was promised, Joel ii. 28, and accomplished, Acts ii. 1, &c.  The Holy Ghost was not yet given in that visible manner that was intended. If we compare the clear knowledge and strong grace of the disciples of Christ themselves, after the day of Pentecost, with their darkness and weakness before, we shall understand in what sense  the Holy Ghost was not yet given; the earnests and first-fruits of the Spirit were given, but the full harvest was not yet come. That which is most properly called the  dispensation of the Spirit did not yet commence. The  Holy Ghost was  not yet given in such rivers of living water as should issue forth to water the whole earth, even the Gentile world, not in the  gifts of tongues, to which perhaps this promise principally refers. [3.] That the reason why  the Holy Ghost was not given was because '' Jesus was not yet glorified. First,'' The death of Christ is sometimes called his glorification (ch. xiii. 31); for in his cross he conquered and triumphed. Now the gift of the Holy Ghost was purchased by the blood of Christ: this was the  valuable consideration upon which the  grant was grounded, and therefore till this  price was paid (though many other gifts were bestowed upon its being  secured to be paid) the Holy Ghost was not given.  Secondly, There was not so much need of the Spirit, while Christ himself was here upon earth, as there was when he was gone, to supply the want of him.  Thirdly, The giving of the Holy Ghost was to be both an  answer to Christ's  intercession (ch. xiv. 16), and an  act of his  dominion; and therefore till he is glorified, and enters upon both these, the Holy Ghost is not given.  Fourthly, The conversion of the Gentiles was the glorifying of Jesus. When certain Greeks began to enquire after Christ, he said,  Now is the Son of man glorified, ch. xii. 23. Now the time when the gospel should be propagated in the nations was not yet come, and therefore there was as yet no occasion for the  gift of tongues, that  river of living water. But observe, though the Holy Ghost was not yet given, yet he was  promised; it was now the great  promise of the Father, Acts i. 4. Though the gifts of Christ's grace are  long deferred, yet they are  well secured: and, while we are waiting for the good promise, we have the promise to live upon, which  shall speak and shall not lie. II. The consequents of this discourse, what entertainment it met with; in general, it occasioned differences:  There was a division among the people because of him, v. 43. There was a  schism, so the word is; there were diversities of opinions, and those managed with heat and contention; various sentiments, and those such as set them at  variance. Think we that Christ came to send peace, that all would unanimously embrace his gospel? No, the effect of the preaching of his gospel would be  division, for, while some are  gathered to it, others will be  gathered against it; and this will put things into a  ferment, as here; but this is no more the fault of the gospel than it is the fault of a wholesome medicine that it stirs up the  peccant humours in the body, in order to the discharge of them. Observe what the debate was:— 1. Some were  taken with him, and well affected to him:  Many of the people, when they heard this saying, heard him with such compassion and kindness invite poor sinners to him, and with such authority engage to make them happy, that they could not but think highly of him. (1.) Some of them said,  O, a truth this is the prophet, that prophet whom Moses spoke of to the fathers, who should be  like unto him; or, This is  the prophet who, according to the received notions of the Jewish church, is to be the harbinger and forerunner of the Messiah; or,  This is truly a prophet, one divinely inspired and sent of God. (2.) Others went further, and said,  This is the Christ (v. 41), not the  prophet of the Messiah, but the Messiah himself. The Jews had at this time a more than ordinary expectation of the Messiah, which made them ready to say upon every occasion,  Lo, here is Christ, or  Lo, he is there; and this seems to be only the effect of some such confused and floating notions which caught at the first appearance, for we do not find that these people became his disciples and followers; a good opinion of Christ is far short of a lively faith in Christ; many give Christ a good word that give him no more. These here said,  This is the prophet, and  this is the Christ, but could not persuade themselves to leave all and follow him; and so this their testimony to Christ was but a testimony  against themselves. 2. Others were  prejudiced against him. No sooner was this great truth started, that  Jesus is the Christ, than immediately it was contradicted and argued against: and this one thing, that his rise and origin were (as they took it for granted) out of Galilee, was thought enough to answer all the arguments for his being the Christ. For,  shall Christ come out of Galilee? Has not  the scripture said that Christ comes of the seed of David? See here, (1.) A laudable knowledge of the scripture. They were so far in the right, that the Messiah was to be a  rod out of the stem of Jesse (Isa. xi. 1), that out of Bethlehem should  arise the Governor, Mic. v. 2. This even the common people knew by the traditional expositions which their scribes gave them. Perhaps the people who had these scriptures so ready to object against Christ were not alike knowing in other parts of holy writ, but had had these put into their mouths by their leaders, to fortify their prejudices against Christ. Many that espouse some corrupt notions, and spend their zeal in defence of them, seem to be very ready in the scriptures, when indeed they know little more than those scriptures which they have been taught to  pervert. (2.) A culpable ignorance of our Lord Jesus. They speak of it as certain and past dispute that  Jesus was of Galilee, whereas by enquiring of himself, or his mother, or his disciples, or by consulting the genealogies of the family of David, or the register at Bethlehem, they might have known that he was the Son of David, and a native of Bethlehem; but  this they willingly are ignorant of. Thus gross falsehoods in matters of fact, concerning persons and things, are often taken up by prejudiced and partial men, and great resolves founded upon them, even in the same place and the same age wherein the persons live and the things are done, while the truth might easily be found out. 3. Others were  enraged against him, and they  would have taken him, v. 44. Though what he said was most sweet and gracious, yet they were exasperated against him for it. Thus did our Master suffer ill for saying and doing well.  They would have taken him; they hoped somebody or other would seize him, and, if they had thought no one else would, they would have done it themselves. They  would have taken him; but no man  laid hands on him, being restrained by an invisible power, because his hour was not come. As the malice of Christ's enemies is always  unreasonable, so sometimes the suspension of it is  unaccountable.

The Officers' Testimony of Christ.
$45$ Then came the officers to the chief priests and Pharisees; and they said unto them, Why have ye not brought him? $46$ The officers answered, Never man spake like this man. $47$ Then answered them the Pharisees, Are ye also deceived? $48$ Have any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed on him? $49$ But this people who knoweth not the law are cursed. $50$ Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them,) $51$ Doth our law judge  any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth? $52$ They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? Search, and look: for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet. $53$ And every man went unto his own house. The chief priests and Pharisees are here in a close cabal, contriving how to suppress Christ; though this was the  great day of the feast, they attended not the religious services of the day, but left them to the vulgar, to whom it was common for those great ecclesiastics to consign and turn over the business of devotion, while they thought themselves better employed in the affairs of church-policy. They sat in the council-chamber, expecting Christ to be brought a prisoner to them, as they had issued out warrants for apprehending him, v. 32. Now here we are told, I. What passed between them and their own officers, who returned without him,  re infecta— having done nothing. Observe, 1. The reproof they gave the officers for not executing the warrant they gave them:  Why have you not brought him? He appeared publicly; the people were many of them disgusted, and would have assisted them in taking him; this was  the last day of the feast, and they would not have such another opportunity; "why then did you neglect your duty?" It vexed them that those who were their own creatures, who depended on them, and on whom they depended, into whose minds they had instilled prejudices against Christ, should thus disappoint them. Note, Mischievous men fret that they cannot do the mischief they would, Ps. cxii. 10; Neh. vi. 16. 2. The reason which the officers gave for the non-execution of their warrant:  Never man spoke like this man, v. 46. Now, (1.) This was a very great truth, that  never any man spoke with that wisdom, and power, and grace, that convincing clearness, and that charming sweetness, wherewith Christ spoke; none of the prophets, no, not Moses himself. (2.) The very officers that were sent to take him were taken with him, and acknowledged this. Though they were probably men who had no quick sense of reason or eloquence, and certainly had no inclination to think well of Jesus, yet so much  self-evidence was there in what Christ said that they could not but prefer him before all those that sat in Moses's seat. Thus Christ was preserved by the power God has upon the consciences even of bad men. (3.) They said this to their lords and masters, who could not endure to hear any thing that tended to the honour of Christ and yet could not avoid hearing this. Providence ordered it so that this should be said to them, that it might be a vexation in their sin and an aggravation of their sin. Their own officers, who could not be suspected to be biassed in favour of Christ, are witnesses against them. This testimony of theirs should have made them reflect upon themselves, with this thought, "Do we know what we are doing, when we are hating and persecuting one that speaks so admirably well?" 3. The Pharisees endeavour to secure their officers to their interest, and to beget in them prejudices against Christ, to whom they saw them begin to be well affected. They suggest two things:— (1.) That if they embrace the gospel of Christ they will  deceive themselves (v. 47):  Are you also deceived? Christianity has, from its first rise, been represented to the world as a great cheat upon it, and they that embraced it as men  deceived, then when they began to be  undeceived. Those that looked for a Messiah in external pomp thought those deceived who believed in a Messiah that appeared in poverty and disgrace; but the event declares that none were ever more shamefully deceived, nor put a greater cheat upon themselves, than those who promised themselves worldly wealth and secular dominion with the Messiah. Observe what a  compliment the Pharisees paid to these officers: " Are you also deceived? What! men of your sense, and thought, and figure; men that know better than to be imposed upon by every pretender and upstart teacher?" They endeavour to prejudice them against Christ by persuading them to think well of themselves. (2.) That they will  disparage themselves. Most men, even in their religion, are willing to be governed by the example of those of the  first rank; these officers therefore, whose preferments, such as they were, gave them a  sense of honour, are desired to consider, [1.] That, if they become disciples of Christ, they go contrary to those who were persons of quality and reputation: " Have any of the rulers, or of the Pharisees, believed on him? You know they have not, and you ought to be bound up by their judgment, and to  believe and  do in religion according to the will of your superiors; will you be wiser than they?" Some of the rulers did embrace Christ (Matt. ix. 18; ch. iv. 53), and more believed in him, but wanted courage to confess him (ch. xii. 42); but, when the interest of Christ runs low in the world, it is common for its adversaries to represent it as lower than really it is. But it was too true that few, very few, of them did. Note,  First, The cause of Christ has seldom had rulers and Pharisees on its side. It needs not secular supports, nor proposes secular advantages, and therefore neither courts nor is courted by the great men of this world.  Self-denial and the  cross are hard lessons to  rulers and Pharisees.  Secondly, This has confirmed many in their prejudices against Christ and his gospel, that the rulers and Pharisees have been no friends to them. Shall  secular men pretend to be more concerned about  spiritual things than spiritual men themselves, or to see further into religion than those who make its study their profession? If  rulers and  Pharisees do not believe in Christ, they that do believe in him will be the most singular, unfashionable, ungenteel people in the world, and quite out of the way of preferment; thus are people foolishly swayed by  external motives in matters of  eternal moment, are willing to be damned for fashion-sake, and to go to hell in compliment to the  rulers and  Pharisees. [2.] That they will link themselves with the despicable vulgar sort of people (v. 43):  But this people, who know not the law, are cursed, meaning especially those that were well-affected to the doctrine of Christ. Observe,  First, How scornfully and disdainfully they speak of them:  This people. It is not  laos, this  lay-people, distinguished from them that were the clergy, but  ochlos outos, this  rabble-people, this pitiful, scandalous, scoundrel people, whom they disdained to  set with the dogs of their flock though God had set them with the lambs of his. If they meant the  commonalty of the Jewish nation, they were the seed of Abraham, and in covenant with God, and not to be spoken of with such contempt. The church's common interests are betrayed when any one part of it studies to render the other mean and despicable. If they meant the  followers of Christ, though they were generally persons of small figure and fortune, yet by owning Christ they discovered such a sagacity, integrity, and interest in the favours of Heaven, as made them truly great and considerable. Note, As the wisdom of God has often chosen base things, and things which are despised, so the folly of men has commonly debased and despised those whom God has chosen.  Secondly, How unjustly they reproach them as ignorant of the word of God:  They know not the law; as if none knew the law but those that knew it  from them, and no scripture-knowledge were current but what came out of their mint; and as if none knew the law but such as were observant of their canons and traditions. Perhaps many of those whom they thus despised  knew the law, and the prophets too, better than they did. Many a plain, honest, unlearned disciple of Christ, by meditation, experience, prayers, and especially obedience, attains to a more clear, sound, and useful knowledge of the word of God, than some great scholars with all their wit and learning. Thus David came to understand  more than the ancients and  all his teachers, Ps. cxix. 99, 100. If the common people did not  know the law, yet the chief priests and Pharisees, of all men, should not have upbraided them with this; for whose fault was it but theirs, who should have  taught them better, but, instead of that,  took away the key of knowledge? Luke xi. 52.  Thirdly, How magisterially they pronounce sentence upon them: they are  cursed, hateful to God, and all wise men;  epikatartoi— an execrable people. It is well that their saying they were cursed did not make them so, for the  curse causeless shall not come. It is a usurpation of God's prerogative, as well as great uncharitableness, to say of any particular persons, much more of any body of people, that they are reprobates. We are unable to  try, and therefore unfit to  condemn, and our rule is,  Bless, and curse not. Some think they meant no more than that the people were  apt to be deceived and  made fools of; but they use this odious word, They are  cursed, to express their own indignation, and to frighten their officers from having any thing to do with them; thus the language of hell, in our profane age, calls every thing that is displeasing  cursed, and  damned, and  confounded. Now, for aught that appears, these officers had their convictions baffled and stifled by these suggestions, and they never enquire further after Christ; one word from a  ruler or  Pharisee will sway more with many than the true reason of things, and the great interests of their souls. II. What passed between them and Nicodemus, a member of their own body, v. 50, &c. Observe, 1. The just and rational objection which Nicodemus made against their proceedings. Even in their corrupt and wicked sanhedrim God left not himself quite  without witness against their enmity; nor was the vote against Christ carried  nemine contradicente— unanimously.Observe, (1.) Who it was that appeared against them; it was Nicodemus,  he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them, v. 50. Observe, concerning him, [1.] That, though he had been with Jesus, and taken him for his teacher, yet he retained his place in the council, and his vote among them. Some impute this to his  weakness and cowardice, and think it was his fault that he did not quit his place, but Christ had never said to him,  Follow me, else he would have done as others that left all to follow him; therefore it seems rather to have been his  wisdom not immediately to throw up his place, because there he might have opportunity of serving Christ and his interest, and stemming the tide of the Jewish rage, which perhaps he did more than we are aware of. He might there be as Hushai among Absalom's counsellors, instrumental to  turn their counsels into foolishness. Though we must in no case deny our Master, yet we may wait for an opportunity of confessing him to the best advantage. God has his remnant among all sorts, and many times finds, or puts, or makes, some good in the worst places and societies. There was Daniel in Nebuchadnezzar's court, and Nehemiah in Artaxerxes's. [2.] That though at first he came to Jesus  by night, for fear of being known, and still continued in his post; yet, when there was occasion, he boldly appeared in defence of Christ, and opposed the whole council that were set against him. Thus many believers who at first were timorous, and ready to  flee at the shaking of a leaf, have at length, by divine grace, grown courageous, and able to  laugh at the shaking of a spear. Let none justify the disguising of their faith by the example of Nicodemus, unless, like him, they be ready upon the first occasion openly to appear in the cause of Christ, though they stand alone in it; for so Nicodemus did here, and ch. xix. 39. (2.) What he alleged against their proceedings (v. 51):  Doth our law judge any man before it hear him ( akouse par autou— hear from himself) and  know what he doeth? By no means, nor doth the law of any civilized nation allow it. Observe, [1.] He prudently argues from the principles of their own law, and an incontestable rule of justice, that no man is to be condemned  unheard. Had he urged the excellency of Christ's doctrine or the evidence of his miracles, or repeated to them his divine discourse with him (ch. iii.), it had been but to  cast pearls before swine, who would  trample them under their feet, and would  turn again and rend him; therefore he waives them. [2.] Whereas they had reproached the people, especially the followers of Christ, as  ignorant of the law, he here tacitly retorts the charge upon themselves, and shows how ignorant they were of some of the first principles of the law, so unfit were they to give law to others. [3.] The law is here said to  judge, and  hear, and  know, when magistrates that govern and are governed by it  judge, and  hear, and  know; for they are the  mouth of the law, and whatsoever they bind and loose according to the law is justly said to be bound and loosed by the law. [4.] It is highly fit that none should come under the  sentence of the law, till they have first by a fair trial undergone the  scrutiny of it. Judges, when they receive the complaints of the accuser, must always reserve in their minds room for the defence of the accused, for they have two ears, to remind them to hear both sides; this is said to be the manner of the Romans, Acts xxv. 18. The method of our law is  Oyer and  Terminer, first to  hear and then to  determine. [5.] Persons are to be judged, not by what is  said of them, but by what they '' do. Our law'' will not ask what men's opinions are of them, or out-cries against them, but, What have they done? What  overt-acts can they be convicted of? Sentence must be given,  secundum allegata et probata—according to what is alleged and proved. Facts, and not faces, must be known in judgment; and the  scale of justice must be used before the  sword of justice. Now we may suppose that the motion Nicodemus made in the house upon this was, That Jesus should be desired to come and give them an account of himself and his doctrine, and that they should favour him with an impartial and unprejudiced hearing; but, though none of them could gainsay his maxim, none of them would second his motion. 2. What was said to this objection. Here is no direct reply given to it; but, when they could not resist the force of his argument, they fell foul upon him, and what was to seek in  reason they made up in railing and reproach. Note, It is a sign of a bad cause when men cannot bear to  hear reason, and take it as an affront to be reminded of its maxims. Whoever are  against reason give cause to suspect that  reason is  against them. See how they taunt him:  Art thou also of Galilee? v. 52. Some think he was well enough served for continuing among those whom he knew to be enemies to Christ, and for his speaking no more on the behalf of Christ than what he might have said on behalf of the greatest criminal-that he should not be condemned unheard. Had he said, "As for this Jesus, I have heard him myself, and know he is a  teacher come from God, and you in opposing him fight against God," as he ought to have said, he could not have been more abused than he was for this feeble effort of his tenderness for Christ. As to what they said to Nicodemus, we may observe, (1.) How  false the grounds of their arguing were, for, [1.] They suppose that Christ was of Galilee, and this was false, and if they would have been at the pains of an impartial enquiry they would have found it so. [2.] They suppose that because most of his disciples were Galileans they were all such, whereas he had abundance of disciples in Judea. [3.] They suppose that out of Galilee no prophet had  risen, and for this appeal to Nicodemus's search; yet this was false too: Jonah was of Gath-hepher, Nahum an Elkoshite, both of Galilee. Thus do they  make lies their refuge. (2.) How  absurd their arguings were upon these grounds, such as were a shame to  rulers and  Pharisees. [1.] Is any man of worth and virtue ever the worse for the poverty and obscurity of his country? The Galileans were the seed of Abraham; barbarians and Scythians are the seed of Adam; and  have we not all one Father? [2.] Supposing no prophet had risen out of Galilee, yet it is not impossible that any should arise thence. If Elijah was the first prophet of Gilead (as perhaps he was), and if the Gileadites were called  fugitives, must it therefore be questioned whether he was a prophet or no? 3. The hasty adjournment of the court hereupon. They broke up the assembly in confusion, and with precipitation, and  every man went to his own house. They met to take  counsel together against the Lord and his Anointed, but they  imagined a vain think; and not only he that sits in heaven laughed at them, but we may sit on earth and laugh at them too, to see all the policy of the close cabal broken to pieces with one plain honest word. They were not willing to hear Nicodemus, because they could not answer him. As soon as they perceived they had one such among them, they saw it was to no purpose to go on with their design, and therefore put off the debate to a more convenient season, when he was absent. Thus the counsel of the Lord is made to stand, in spite of the devices in the hearts of men.

=CHAP. 8.= ''In this chapter we have, I. Christ's evading the snare which the Jews laid for him, in bringing to him a woman taken in adultery, ver. 1-11. II. Divers discourses or conferences of his with the Jews that cavilled at him, and sought occasion against him, and made every thing he said a matter of controversy. 1. Concerning his being the light of the world, ver. 12-20. 2. Concerning the ruin of the unbelieving Jews,''

ver. 21-30. 3. Concerning liberty and bondage, ver. 31-37. 4. Concerning his Father and their father, ver. 38-47. 5. Here is his discourse in answer to their blasphemous reproaches, ver. 48-50. 6. Concerning the immortality of believers, ver. 51-59. And in all this he endured the contradiction of sinners against himself.

The Woman Taken in Adultery.
$1$ Jesus went unto the mount of Olives. $2$ And early in the morning he came again into the temple, and all the people came unto him; and he sat down, and taught them. $3$ And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery; and when they had set her in the midst, $4$ They say unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. $5$ Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but what sayest thou? $6$ This they said, tempting him, that they might have to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with  his finger wrote on the ground,  as though he heard them not. $7$ So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. $8$ And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. $9$ And they which heard  it, being convicted by  their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest,  even unto the last: and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. $10$ When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, Woman, where are those thine accusers? hath no man condemned thee? $11$ She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more. Though Christ was basely abused in the foregoing chapter, both by the rulers and by the people, yet here we have him still at Jerusalem, still in the temple.  How often would he have gathered them! Observe, I. His retirement in the evening out of the town (v. 1):  He went unto the mount of olives; whether to some friend's house, or to some booth pitched there, now at the feast of tabernacles, is not certain; whether he rested there, or, as some think, continued all night in prayer to God, we are not told. But he went out of Jerusalem, perhaps because he had no friend there that had either kindness or courage enough to give him a night's lodging; while his persecutors had  houses of their own to go to (ch. vii. 53), he could not so much as borrow a place to lay his head on, but what he must go a mile or two out of town for. He retired (as some think) because he would not expose himself to the peril of a popular tumult in the night. It is prudent to go out of the way of danger whenever we can do it without going out of the way of duty. In the day-time, when he had work to do in the temple, he willingly exposed himself, and was under special protection, Isa. xlix. 2. But in the night, when he had not work to do, he withdrew into the country, and sheltered himself there. II. His return in the morning to the temple, and to his work there, v. 2. Observe, 1. What a diligent preacher Christ was:  Early in the morning he came again, and taught. Though he had been teaching the day before, he taught again to-day. Christ was a constant preacher, in season and out of season. Three things were taken notice of here concerning Christ's preaching. (1.) The time:  Early in the morning. Though he lodged out of town, and perhaps had spent much of the night in secret prayer, yet he came  early. When a day's work is to be done for God and souls it is good to begin betimes, and take the day before us. (2.) The place:  In the temple; not so much because it was a  consecrated place (for then he would have chosen it at other times) as because it was now a  place of concourse; and he would hereby countenance solemn assemblies for religious worship, and encourage people to come up to the temple, for he had not yet left it desolate. (3.) His posture:  He sat down, and taught, as one having authority, and as one that intended to abide by it for some time. 2. How diligently his preaching was attended upon:  All the people came unto him; and perhaps many of them were the country-people, who were this day to return home from the feast, and were desirous to hear one sermon more from the mouth of Christ before they returned. They came to him, though he came early. They that  seek him early shall find him. Though the rulers were displeased at those that came to hear him, yet they would come; and  he taught them, though they were angry at  him too. Though there were few or none among them that were persons of any figure, yet Christ bade them welcome, and taught them. III. His dealing with those that brought to him the  woman taken in adultery, tempting him. The scribes and Pharisees would not only not hear Christ patiently themselves, but they disturbed him when the people were attending on him. Observe here, 1. The case proposed to him by the scribes and Pharisees, who herein contrived to pick a quarrel with him, and bring him into a snare, v. 3-6. (1.) They set the prisoner to the bar (v. 3): they brought him  a woman taken in adultery, perhaps now lately taken, during the time of the feast of tabernacles, when, it may be, their dwelling in booths, and their feasting and joy, might, by wicked minds, which corrupt the best things, be made occasions of sin. Those that were  taken in adultery were by the Jewish law to be put to death, which the Roman powers allowed them the execution of, and therefore she was brought before the ecclesiastical court. Observe, She  was taken in her adultery. Though adultery is a work of darkness, which the criminals commonly take all the care they can to conceal, yet sometimes it is strangely brought to light. Those that promise themselves secrecy in sin deceive themselves. The scribes and Pharisees bring her to Christ, and set her in the midst of the assembly, as if they would leave her wholly to the judgment of Christ, he having  sat down, as a judge upon the bench. (2.) They prefer an indictment against her:  Master, this woman was taken in adultery, v. 4. Here they call him  Master whom but the day before they had called a  deceiver, in hopes with their flatteries to have ensnared him, as those, Luke xx. 20. But, though men may be imposed upon with compliments, he that searches the heart cannot. [1.] The crime for which the prisoner stands indicted is no less than adultery, which even in the patriarchal age, before the law of Moses, was looked upon as  an iniquity to be punished by the judges, Job xxxi. 9-11; Gen. xxxviii. 24. The Pharisees, by their vigorous prosecution of this offender, seemed to have a great zeal against the sin, when it appeared afterwards that they themselves were not free from it; nay, they were within  full of all uncleanness, Matt. xxiii. 27, 28. Note, It is common for those that are indulgent to their own sin to be severe against the sins of others. [2.] The proof of the crime was from the notorious evidence of the fact, an incontestable proof; she was  taken in the act, so that there was no room left to plead not guilty. Had she not been taken in this act, she might have gone on to another, till her heart had been perfectly hardened; but sometimes it proves a mercy to sinners to have their sin brought to light, that they may  do no more presumptuously. Better our sin should  shame us than  damn us, and be set in order before us for our conviction than for our condemnation. (3.) They produce the statute in this case made and provided, and upon which she was indicted, v. 5. Moses in the law commanded  that such should be stoned. Moses commanded that they should be  put to death (Lev. xx. 10; Deut. xxii. 22), but not that they should be stoned, unless the adulteress was espoused, not married, or was a priest's daughter, Deut. xxii. 21. Note, Adultery is an exceedingly sinful sin, for it is the rebellion of a vile lust, not only against the command, but against the covenant, of our God. It is the violation of a divine institution in innocency, by the indulgence of one of the basest lusts of man in his degeneracy. (4.) They pray his judgment in the case: " But what sayest thou, who pretendest to be a teacher come from God to repeal old laws and enact new ones? What hast thou to say in this case?" If they had asked this question in sincerity, with a humble desire to know his mind, it had been very commendable. Those that are entrusted with the administration of justice should look up to Christ for direction; but  this they said tempting him, that they might have to accuse him, v. 6. [1.] If he should confirm the sentence of the law, and let it take its course, they would censure him as inconsistent with himself (he having received publicans and harlots) and with the character of the Messiah, who should be meek, and have salvation, and proclaim a year of release; and perhaps they would accuse him to the Roman governor, for countenancing the Jews in the exercise of a judicial power. But, [2.] If he should acquit her, and give his opinion that the sentence should not be executed (as they expected he would), they would represent him,  First, As an enemy to the law of Moses, and as one that usurped an authority to correct and control it, and would confirm that prejudice against him which his enemies were so industrious to propagate, that he came to '' destroy the law and the prophets. Secondly,'' As a friend to sinners, and, consequently, a favourer of sin; if he should seem to connive at such wickedness, and let it go unpunished, they would represent him as countenancing it, and being a patron of offences, if he was a protector of offenders, than which no reflection could be more invidious upon one that professed the strictness, purity, and business of a prophet. 2. The method he took to resolve this case, and so to break this snare. (1.) He seemed to slight it, and turned a deaf ear to it: He  stooped down, and wrote on the ground. It is impossible to tell, and therefore needless to ask, what he wrote; but this is the only mention made in the gospels of Christ's writing. Eusebius indeed speaks of his writing to Abgarus, king of Edessa. Some think they have a liberty of conjecture as to what he wrote here. Grotius says, It was some grave weighty saying, and that it was usual for wise men, when they were very thoughtful concerning any thing, to do so. Jerome and Ambrose suppose he wrote,  Let the names of these wicked men be written in the dust. Others this,  The earth accuses the earth, but the judgment is mine. Christ by this teaches us to be slow to speak when difficult cases are proposed to us, not quickly to shoot our bolt; and when provocations are given us, or we are bantered, to pause and consider before we reply; think twice before we speak once:  The heart of the wise studies to answer. Our translation from some Greek copies, which add,  me prospoioumenos (though most copies have it not), give this account of the reason of his writing on the ground,  as though he heard them not. He did as it were look another way, to show that he was not willing to take notice of their address, saying, in effect,  Who made me a judge or a divider? It is safe in many cases to be deaf to that which it is not safe to answer, Ps. xxxviii. 13. Christ would not have his ministers to be entangled in secular affairs. Let them rather employ themselves in any lawful studies, and fill up their time in writing on the ground (which nobody will heed), than busy themselves in that which does not belong to them. But, when Christ seemed as though he heard them not, he made it appear that he not only heard their words, but knew their thoughts. (2.) When they importunately, or rather impertinently, pressed him for an answer, he turned the conviction of the prisoner upon the prosecutors, v. 7. [1.] They  continued asking him, and his seeming not to take notice of them made them the more vehement; for now they thought sure enough that they had run him aground, and that he could not avoid the imputation of contradicting either the law of Moses, if he should acquit the prisoner, or his own doctrine of mercy and pardon, if he should condemn her; and therefore they pushed on their appeal to him with vigour; whereas they should have construed his disregard of them as a check to their design, and an intimation to them to desist, as they tendered their own reputation. [2.] At last he put them all to shame and silence with one word:  He lifted up himself, awaking as one out of sleep (Ps. lxxviii. 65), and  said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.  First, Here Christ avoided the snare which they had laid for him, and effectually saved his own reputation. He neither reflected upon the law nor excused the prisoner's guilt, nor did he on the other hand encourage the prosecution or countenance their heat; see the good effect of consideration. When we cannot make our point by steering a direct course, it is good to fetch a compass.  Secondly, In the net which they spread is their own foot taken. They came with design to accuse him, but they were forced to accuse themselves. Christ owns it was fit the prisoner should be prosecuted, but appeals to their consciences whether they were fit to be the prosecutors.  a. He here refers to that rule which the law of Moses prescribed in the execution of criminals, that the  hand of the witnesses must be first upon them (Deut. xvii. 7), as in the stoning of Stephen, Acts vii. 58. The scribes and Pharisees were the witnesses against this woman. Now Christ puts it to them whether, according to their own law, they would dare to be the executioners. Durst they take away that life with their hands which they were now taking away with their tongues? would not their own consciences fly in their faces if they did?  b. He builds upon an uncontested maxim in morality, that it is very absurd for men to be zealous in punishing the offences of others, while they are every whit as guilty themselves, and they are not better than self-condemned who judge others, and yet themselves do the same thing: "If there be any of you who is  without sin, without sin of this nature, that has not some time or other been guilty of fornication or adultery, let him cast the first stone at her." Not that magistrates, who are conscious of guilt themselves, should therefore connive at others' guilt. But therefore, ( a.) Whenever we find fault with others, we ought to reflect upon ourselves, and to be more severe against sin in ourselves than in others. ( b.) We ought to be favourable, though not to the sins, yet to the persons, of those that offend, and to restore them with a  spirit of meekness, considering ourselves and our own corrupt nature.  Aut sumus, aut fuimus, vel possumus esse quod hic est—We either are, or have been, or may be, what he is. Let this restrain us from  throwing stones at our brethren, and proclaiming their faults.  Let him that is without sin begin such discourse as this, and then those that are truly humbled for their own sins will blush at it, and be glad to  let it drop. ( c.) Those that are any way obliged to animadvert upon the faults of others are concerned to look well to themselves, and keep themselves pure (Matt. vii. 5),  Qui alterum incusat probri, ipsum se intueri oportet. The snuffers of the tabernacle were of  pure gold.  c. Perhaps he refers to the trial of the suspected wife by the jealous husband with the waters of jealousy. The man was to bring her to the priest (Num. v. 15), as the scribes and Pharisees brought this woman to Christ. Now it was a received opinion among the Jews, and confirmed by experience, that if the husband who brought his wife to that trial had himself been at any time guilty of adultery,  Aqu&#230; non explorant ejus uxorem—The bitter water had no effect upon the wife. "Come then," saith Christ, "according to your own tradition will I judge you; if you are without sin, stand to the charge, and let the adulteress be executed; but if not, though she be guilty, while you that present her are equally so, according to your own rule she shall be free."  d. In this he attended to the great work which he came into the world about, and that was to bring sinners to repentance; not to destroy, but to save. He aimed to bring, not only the prisoner to repentance, by showing her his mercy, but the prosecutors too, by showing them their sins. They sought to ensnare him; he sought to convince and convert them. Thus  the blood-thirsty hate the upright, but the just seek his soul. [3.] Having given them this startling word, he left them to consider of it,  and again stooped down, and wrote on the ground, v. 8. As when they made their address he seemed to slight their question, so now that he had given them an answer he slighted their resentment of it, not caring what they said to it; nay, they needed not to make any reply; the matter was lodged in their own breasts, let them make the best of it there. Or, he would not seem to wait for an answer, lest they should on a sudden justify themselves, and then think themselves bound in honour to persist in it; but gives them time to pause, and to commune with their own hearts. God saith,  I hearkened and heard, Jer. viii. 6. Some Greek copies here read, He  wrote on the ground,  enos hekastou auton tas hamartias— the sins of every one of them; this he could do, for he  sets our iniquities before him; and this he will do, for he will  set them in order before us too; he  seals up our transgressions, Job xiv. 17. But he does not write men's sins  in the sand; no, they are written as with a  pen of iron and the  point of a diamond (Jer. xvii. 1), never to be forgotten till they are forgiven. [4.] The scribes and Pharisees were so strangely thunderstruck with the words of Christ that they let fall their persecution of Christ, whom they durst no further tempt, and their prosecution of the woman, whom they durst no longer accuse (v. 9):  They went out one by one.  First, Perhaps his writing on the ground frightened them, as the hand-writing on the wall frightened Belshazzar. They concluded he was writing bitter things against them, writing their doom. Happy they who have no reason to be afraid of Christ's writing!  Secondly, What he said frightened them by sending them to their own consciences; he had  shown them to themselves, and they were afraid if they should stay till he lifted up himself again his next word would show them to the world, and shame them before men, and therefore they thought it best to withdraw. They went out  one by one, that they might go out  softly, and not by a noisy flight disturb Christ; they went away by  stealth, as  people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle, 2 Sam. xix. 3. The order of their departure is taken notice of,  beginning at the eldest, either because they were most guilty, or first aware of the danger they were in of being put to the blush; and if the eldest quit the field, and retreat ingloriously, no marvel if the younger follow them. Now see here, 1. The  force of the word of Christ for the conviction of sinners:  They who heard it were convicted by their own consciences. Conscience is God's deputy in the soul, and one word from him will set it on work, Heb. iv. 12. Those that had been old in adulteries, and long fixed in a proud opinion of themselves, were here, even the oldest of them, startled by the word of Christ; even scribes and Pharisees, who were most conceited of themselves, are by the power of Christ's word made to retire with shame. 2. The  folly of sinners under these convictions, which appears in these scribes and Pharisees. (1.) It is folly for those that are under convictions to make it their principal care to  avoid shame, as Judah (Gen. xxxviii. 23),  lest we be shamed. Our care should be more to save our souls than to save our credit. Saul evidenced his hypocrisy when he said,  I have sinned, yet now honour me, I pray thee. There is no way to get the honour and comfort of penitents, but by taking the shame of penitents. (2.) It is folly for those that are under convictions to contrive how to  shift off their convictions, and to get rid of them. The scribes and Pharisees had the wound  opened, and now they should have been desirous to have it  searched, and then it might have been  healed, but this was the thing they  dreaded and  declined. (3.) It is folly for those that are under convictions to  get away from Jesus Christ, as these here did, for he is the only one that can heal the wounds of conscience, and speak peace to us. Those that are convicted by their consciences will be condemned by their Judge, if they be not justified by their Redeemer; and will they then go from him? To whom will they go? [5.] When the  self-conceited prosecutors quitted the field, and  fled for the same, the  self-condemned prisoner stood her ground, with a resolution to abide by the judgment of our Lord Jesus:  Jesus was left alone from the company of the scribes and Pharisees, free from their molestations,  and the woman standing in the midst of the assembly that were attending on Christ's preaching, where they set her, v. 3. She did not seek to make her escape, though she had opportunity for it; but her prosecutors had appealed unto Jesus, and to him she would go, on him she would wait for her doom. Note, Those whose cause is brought before our Lord Jesus will never have occasion to remove it into any other court, for he is the refuge of penitents. The law which accuses us, and calls for judgment against us, is by the gospel of Christ made to withdraw; its demands are answered, and its clamours silenced, by the blood of Jesus. Our cause is lodged in the gospel court; we are  left with Jesus alone, it is with him only that we have now to deal, for to him all judgment is committed; let us therefore secure our interest in him, and we are made for ever. Let his gospel  rule us, and it will infallibly  save us. [6.] Here is the conclusion of the trial, and the issue it was brought to:  Jesus lifted up himself, and he saw none but the woman, v. 10, 11. Though Christ may seem to take no notice of what is said and done, but leave it to the  contending sons of men to  deal it out among themselves, yet, when the hour of his judgment is come, he will no longer keep silence. When David had appealed to God, he prayed,  Lift up thyself, Ps. vii. 6, and xciv. 2. The woman, it is likely, stood trembling at the bar, as one doubtful of the issue. Christ was  without sin, and might cast the first stone; but though none more severe than he against sin, for he is infinitely just and holy, none more compassionate than he to sinners, for he is infinitely gracious and merciful, and this poor malefactor finds him so, now that she  stands upon her deliverance. Here is the method of courts of judicature observed.  First, The prosecutors are called: '' Where are those thine accusers? Hath no man condemned thee?'' Not but that Christ knew where they were; but he asked, that he might shame them, who declined his judgment, and encourage her who resolved to abide by it. St. Paul's challenge is like this,  Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? Where are those their accusers? The  accuser of the brethren shall be fairly  cast out, and all indictments legally and regularly quashed.  Secondly, They do not appear when the question is asked:  Hath no man condemned thee? She said,  No man, Lord. She speaks respectfully to Christ, calls him  Lord, but is silent concerning her prosecutors, says nothing in answer to that question which concerned them,  Where are those thine accusers? She does not triumph in their retreat nor insult over them as witnesses against themselves, not against her. If we hope to be forgiven by our Judge, we must forgive our accusers; and if their accusations, how invidious soever, were the happy occasion of awakening our consciences, we may easily  forgive them this wrong. But she answered the question which concerned herself,  Has no man condemned thee? True penitents find it enough to give an account of themselves to God, and will not undertake to give an account of other people.  Thirdly, The prisoner is therefore discharged:  Neither do I condemn thee; go, and sin no more. Consider this, ( a.) As her discharge from the temporal punishment: "If they do not condemn thee to be  stoned to death, neither  do I." Not that Christ came to disarm the magistrate of his sword of justice, nor that it is his will that capital punishments should not be inflicted on malefactors; so far from this, the administration of public justice is established by the gospel, and made subservient to Christ's kingdom:  By me kings reign. But Christ would not condemn this woman, ( a.) Because it was  none of his business; he was no judge nor divider, and therefore would not intermeddle in secular affairs. His  kingdom was '' not of this world. Tractent fabrilia fabri—Let every one act in his own province.'' ( b.) Because she was prosecuted by those that were more guilty than she and could not for shame insist upon their demand of justice against her. The law appointed the hands of the witnesses to be first upon the criminal, and afterwards the hands of all the people, so that if they fly off, and do not condemn her, the prosecution drops. The justice of God, in inflicting temporal judgments, sometimes takes notice of a  comparative righteousness, and spares those who are otherwise obnoxious when the punishing of them would gratify those that are worse than they, Deut. xxxii. 26, 27. But, when Christ dismissed her, it was with this caution,  Go, and sin no more. Impunity emboldens malefactors, and therefore those who are guilty, and yet have found means to escape the edge of the law, need to double their watch,  lest Satan get advantage; for the fairer the escape was, the fairer the warning was to go and sin no more. Those who help to save the life of a criminal should, as Christ here, help to save the soul with this caution. ( b.) As her discharge from the eternal punishment. For Christ to say,  I do not condemn thee is, in effect, to say,  I do forgive thee; and the  Son of man had power on earth to forgive sins, and could upon good grounds give this absolution; for as he knew the hardness and impenitent hearts of the prosecutors, and therefore said that which would confound them, so he knew the tenderness and sincere repentance of the prisoner, and therefore said that which would comfort her, as he did to that woman who was a sinner, such a sinner as this, who was likewise looked upon with disdain by a Pharisee (Luke vii. 48, 50):  Thy sins are forgiven thee, go in peace. So here,  Neither do I condemn thee. Note, ( a.) Those are truly happy whom Christ  doth not condemn, for his discharge is a sufficient answer to all other challenges; they are all  coram non judice—before an unauthorized judge. ( b.) Christ will not condemn those who, though they have sinned, will  go and sin no more, Ps. lxxxv. 8; Isa. lv. 7. He will not take the advantage he has against us for our former rebellions, if we will but lay down our arms and return to our allegiance. ( c.) Christ's favour to us in the remission of the sins that are past should be a prevailing argument with us to  go and sin no more, Rom. vi. 1, 2. Will not Christ condemn thee? Go then and sin no more.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees.
$12$ Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. $13$ The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou bearest record of thyself; thy record is not true. $14$ Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of myself,  yet my record is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I go; but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I go. $15$ Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. $16$ And yet if I judge, my judgment is true: for I am not alone, but I and the Father that sent me. $17$ It is also written in your law, that the testimony of two men is true. $18$ I am one that bear witness of myself, and the Father that sent me beareth witness of me. $19$ Then said they unto him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye neither know me, nor my Father: if ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also. $20$ These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come. The rest of the chapter is taken up with debates between Christ and contradicting sinners, who cavilled at the most gracious words that proceeded out of his mouth. It is not certain whether these disputes were the same day that the adulteress was discharged; it is probable they were, for the evangelist mentions no other day, and takes notice (v. 2) how early Christ began that day's work. Though those Pharisees that accused the woman had absconded, yet there were other Pharisees (v. 13) to confront Christ, who had brass enough in their foreheads to keep them in countenance, though some of their party were put to such a shameful retreat; nay perhaps that made them the more industrious to pick quarrels with him, to retrieve, if possible, the reputation of their baffled party. In these verses we have, I. A great doctrine laid down, with the application of it. 1. The doctrine is,  That Christ is the light of the world (v. 12):  Then spoke Jesus again unto them; though he had spoken a great deal to them to little purpose, and what he had said was opposed, yet he  spoke again, for he  speaketh once, yea, twice. They had turned a deaf ear to what he said, and yet he  spoke again to them, saying,  I am the light of the world. Note, Jesus Christ is the light of the world. One of the rabbies saith,  Light is the name of the Messiah, as it is written, Dan. ii. 22,  And light dwelleth with him. God is light, and Christ is  the image of the invisible God; God of gods, Light of lights. He was expected to be a  light to enlighten the Gentiles (Luke ii. 32), and so the  light of the world, and not of the Jewish church only. The visible light of the world is the sun, and Christ is the  Sun of righteousness. One sun enlightens the whole world, so does one Christ, and there needs no more. Christ in calling himself the light expresses, (1.) What he is in himself—most excellent and glorious. (2.) What he is to the world—the fountain of light, enlightening every man. What a dungeon would the world be without the sun! So would it be without Christ by whom  light came into the world, ch. iii. 19. 2. The inference from this doctrine is,  He that followeth me, as a traveller follows the light in a dark night,  shall not walk in darkness, but  shall have the light of life. If Christ be the light, then, (1.) It is our duty to  follow him, to submit ourselves to his guidance, and in every thing take directions from him, in the way that leads to happiness. Many follow  false lights—ignes fatui, that lead them to destruction; but Christ is the  true light. It is not enough to  look at this light, and to  gaze upon it, but we must follow it, believe in it, and walk in it, for it is a light to  our feet, not  our eyes only. (2.) It is the happiness of those who follow Christ that they  shall not walk in darkness. They shall not be left destitute of those instructions in the way of truth which are necessary to keep them from destroying error, and those directions in the way of duty which are necessary to keep them from damning sin. They shall have the  light of life, that knowledge and enjoyment of God which will be to them the light of spiritual life in this world and of everlasting life in the other world, where there will be no death nor darkness. Follow Christ, and we shall undoubtedly be happy in both worlds. Follow Christ, and we shall follow him to heaven. II. The objection which the Pharisees made against this doctrine, and it was very trifling and frivolous:  Thou bearest record of thyself; thy record is not true, v. 13. In this objection they went upon the suspicion which we commonly have of men's self-condemnation, which is concluded to be the native language of self-love, such as we are all ready to condemn in others, but few are willing to own in themselves. But in this case the objection was very unjust, for, 1. They made that his crime, and a diminution to the credibility of his doctrine, which in the case of one who introduced a divine revelation was necessary and unavoidable. Did not Moses and all the prophets bear witness of themselves when they avouched themselves to be God's messengers? Did not the Pharisees ask John Baptist,  What sayest thou of thyself? 2. They overlooked the testimony of all the other witnesses, which corroborated the testimony he bore of himself. Had he only borne record of himself, his testimony had indeed been  suspicious, and the belief of it might have been  suspended; but his doctrine was attested by more than  two or three credible  witnesses, enough to  establish every word of it. III. Christ's reply to this objection, v. 14. He does not retort upon them as he might ("You profess yourselves to be devout and good men, but your witness is not  true"), but plainly vindicates himself; and, though he had waived his own testimony (ch. v. 31), yet here he abides by it, that it did not derogate from the credibility of his other proofs, but was necessary to show the force of them. He is the light of the world, and it is the property of light to be self-evidencing. First principles prove themselves. He urges three things to prove that his testimony, though of himself, was true and cogent. 1. That he was conscious to himself of his own authority, and abundantly satisfied in himself concerning it. He did not speak as one at uncertainty, nor propose a disputable notion, about which he himself hesitated, but  declared a decree, and gave such an account of himself as he would  abide by: I know whence I came, and whither I go. He was fully apprised of his own undertaking from first to last; knew whose errand he went upon, and what his success would be. He knew what he  was before his manifestation to the world, and what he  should be after; that he came  from the Father, and was going  to him (ch. xvi. 28), came  from glory, and was going  to glory, (ch. xvii. 5). This is the satisfaction of all good Christians, that though the world know them not, as it knew him not, yet they know whence their spiritual life comes, and whither it tends, and go upon sure grounds. 2. That they are very incompetent judges of him, and of his doctrine, and not to be regarded. (1.) Because they were  ignorant, willingly and resolvedly  ignorant: You cannot tell whence I came, and whither I go. To what purpose is it to talk with those who know nothing of the matter, nor desire to know? He had told them of his coming from heaven and returning to heaven, but it was  foolishness to them, they  received it not; it was what the  brutish man knows not, Ps. xcii. 6. They took upon them to judge of that which they did not understand, which lay quite out of the road of their acquaintance. Those that despise Christ's dominions and dignities speak evil of what they  know not, Jude, v. 8, 10. (2.) Because they were  partial (v. 15):  You judge after the flesh. When fleshly wisdom gives the rule of judgment, and outward appearances only are given in evidence, and the case decided according to them, then men  judge after the flesh; and when the consideration of a secular interest turns the scale in judging of spiritual matters, when we judge in favour of that which pleases the carnal mind, and recommends us to a carnal world, we judge after the flesh; and the judgment cannot be right when the rule is wrong. The Jews judged of Christ and his gospel by outward appearances, and, because he appeared so mean, thought it impossible he should be the light of the world; as if the sun under a cloud were no sun. (3.) Because they were  unjust and  unfair towards him, intimated in this: " I judge no man; I neither make nor meddle with your political affairs, nor does my doctrine or practice at all intrench upon, or interfere with, your civil rights or secular powers." He thus  judged no man. Now, if he did not  war after the flesh, it was very unreasonable for them to  judge him after the flesh, and to treat him as an offender against the civil government. Or, " I judge no man," that is, "not now in my first coming, that is deferred till I come again," ch. iii. 17.  Prima dispensatio Christi medicinalis est, non judicialis—The first coming of Christ was for the purpose of administering, not justice, but medicine. 3. That his testimony of himself was sufficiently supported and corroborated by the testimony of his Father  with him and for him (v. 16):  And yet, if I judge, my judgment is true. He did in his doctrine judge (ch. ix. 39), though not  politically. Consider him then, (1.) As a judge, and his own judgment was valid: " If I judge, I who have authority to execute judgments, I to whom all things are delivered, I who am the Son of God, and have the Spirit of God, if I judge,  my judgment is true, of incontestable rectitude and uncontrollable authority, Rom. ii. 2.  If I  should judge, my judgment must be true, and then you would be condemned; but the judgment-day is not yet come, you are not yet to be condemned, but spared, and therefore now  I judge no man;" so Chrysostom. Now that which makes his judgment unexceptionable is, [1.] His Father's concurrence with him:  I am not alone, but I and the Father. He has the Father's concurring  counsels to  direct; as he was with the Father before the world in forming the counsels, so the Father was with him in the world in prosecuting and executing those counsels, and never left him  inops consilii—without advice, Isa. xi. 2. All the  counsels of peace (and of war too)  were between them both, Zech. vi. 13. He had also the Father's concurring power to authorize and confirm what he did; see Ps. lxxxix. 21, &c.; Isa. xlii. 1. He did not act  separately, but in his own name and his Father's, and  by the authority aforesaid, ch. v. 17, and xiv. 9, 10. [2.] His Father's commission to him: "It is the Father that  sent me." Note, God will go along with those that he sends; see Exod. iii. 10, 12:  Come, and I will send thee, and  certainly I will be with thee. Now, if Christ had a  commission from the Father, and the Father's  presence with him in all his administrations, no doubt his  judgment was  true and valid; no exception lay  against it, no appeal lay  from it. (2.) Look upon him as  a witness, and now he appeared no otherwise (having not as yet taken the throne of judgment), and as such his testimony was true and unexceptionable; this he shows, v. 17, 18, where, [1.] He quotes a maxim of the Jewish law, v. 17. That  the testimony of two men is true. Not as if it were always true  in itself, for many a time hand has been joined in hand to bear a  false testimony, 1 Kings xxi. 10. But it is allowed as sufficient evidence upon which to ground a verdict ( verum dictum), and if nothing appear to the contrary it is taken for granted to be  true. Reference is here had to that law (Deut. xvii. 6),  At the mouth of two witnesses shall he that is worthy of death be put to death. And see Deut. ix. 15; Num. xxxv. 30. It was in  favour of life that in capital cases two witnesses wee required, as with us in case of treason. See Heb. vi. 18. [2.] He applies this to the case in hand (v. 18):  I am one that bear witness of myself, and the Father that sent me bears witness of me. Behold two witnesses! Though in human courts, where two witnesses are required, the criminal or candidate is not admitted to be a witness for himself; yet in a matter purely divine, which can be proved only by a divine testimony, and God himself must be the witness, if the formality of two or three witnesses be insisted on, there can be no other than the eternal Father, the eternal Son of the Father, and the eternal Spirit. Now if the testimony of two distinct persons, that are  men, and therefore may deceive or be deceived, is conclusive, much more ought the testimony of the Son of God concerning himself, backed with the testimony of his Father concerning him, to command assent; see 1 John v. 7, 9-11. Now this proves not only that the Father and the Son are two distinct persons (for their respective testimonies are here spoken of as the testimonies of two several persons), but that these two are one, not only one in their testimony, but equal in power and glory, and therefore the same in substance. St. Austin here takes occasion to caution his hearers against Sabellianism on the one hand, which confounded the persons in the Godhead, and Arianism on the other, which denied the Godhead of the Son and Spirit.  Alius est filius, et alius pater, non tamed aliud, sed hoc ipsum est et pater, et filius, scilicet unus Deus est—The Son is one Person, and the Father is another; they do not, however, constitute two Beings, but the Father is the same Being that the Son is, that is, the only true God. Tract. 36,  in Joann. Christ here speaks of himself and the Father as witnesses to the world, giving in evidence to the reason and conscience of the children of men, whom he deals with as men. And these witnesses  to the world now will in the great day be witnesses  against those that persist in unbelief, and  their word will judge men. This was the sum of the first conference between Christ and these carnal Jews, in the conclusion of which we are told how their tongues were let loose, and their hands tied.  First, How their tongues were let loose (such was the malice of hell) to cavil at his discourse, v. 19. Though in what he said there appeared nothing of human policy or artifice, but a divine security, yet they set themselves to  cross questions with him. None so incurably  blind as those that resolve they  will not see. Observe,  a. How they evaded the  conviction with a  cavil: Then said they unto him, Where is thy Father? They might easily have understood, by the tenour of this and his other discourses, that when he spoke of his  Father he meant no other than God himself; yet they pretend to understand him of a common person, and, since he appeals to his testimony, they bid him  call his witness, and challenge him, if he can, to produce him:  Where is thy Father? Thus, as Christ said of them (v. 15), they  judge after the flesh. Perhaps they hereby intend a reflection upon the meanness and obscurity of his family:  Where is thy Father, that he should be fit to give evidence in such a case as this? Thus they turned it off with a taunt, when they  could not resist the wisdom and spirit with which he spoke.  b. How he evaded the  cavil with a further  conviction; he did not tell them where his Father was, but charged them with wilful ignorance: " You neither know me nor my Father. It is to no purpose to discourse to you about divine things, who talk of them as blind men do of colours. Poor creatures! you know nothing of the matter." ( a.) He charges them with ignorance of God: " You know not my Father." In Judah was God known (Ps. lxxvi. 1); they had some knowledge of him as the God that made the world, but their eyes were darkened that they could not see the light of his glory shining  in the face of Jesus Christ. The  little children of the Christian church  know the Father, know him as a Father (1 John ii. 13); but these rulers of the Jews did not, because they would not so know him. ( b.) He shows them the true cause of their ignorance of God:  If you had known me, you would have known my Father also. The reason why men are ignorant of God is because they are unacquainted with Jesus Christ. Did we know Christ, [ a.] In knowing him we should know the Father, of whose person he is the express image, ch. xiv. 9. Chrysostom proves hence the Godhead of Christ, and his equality with his Father. We cannot say, "He that knows a man knows an angel," or, "He that knows a creature knows the Creator;" but he that knows Christ knows the Father. [ b.] By him we should be instructed in the knowledge of God, and introduced into an acquaintance with him. If we  knew Christ better, we should  know the Father better; but, where the Christian religion is slighted and opposed, natural religion will soon be lost and laid aside. Deism makes way for atheism. Those become vain in their imaginations concerning God that will not learn of Christ.  Secondly, See how their hands were tied, though their tongues were thus let loose; such was the power of Heaven to restrain the malice of hell.  These words spoke Jesus, these bold words, these words of conviction and reproof,  in the treasury, an apartment of the temple, where, to be sure, the chief priests, whose gain was their godliness, were mostly resident, attending the business of the revenue. Christ  taught in the temple, sometimes in one part, sometimes in another, as he saw occasion. Now the priests who had so great a concern in the temple, and looked upon it as their  demesne, might easily, with the assistance of the janizaries that were at their beck, either have seized him and exposed him to the rage of the mob, and that punishment which they called the  beating of the rebels; or, at least, have  silenced him, and stopped his mouth there, as Amos, though tolerated in the land of Judah, was forbidden to prophesy in the king's chapel, Amos, vii. 12, 13. Yet even  in the temple, where they had him in their reach,  no man laid hands on him, for  his hour was not yet come. See here, 1. The restraint laid upon his persecutors by an invisible power; none of them durst meddle with him. God can set bounds to the wrath of men, as he does to the waves of the sea. Let us not therefore fear danger in the way of duty; for God hath Satan and all his instruments in a chain. 2. The reason of this restraint:  His hour was not yet come. The frequent mention of this intimates how much the time of our departure out of the world depends upon the fixed counsel and decree of God. It  will come, it is coming; not yet come, but it is at hand. Our enemies cannot hasten it any sooner, nor our friends delay it any longer, than the time appointed of the Father, which is very comfortable to every good man, who can look up and say with pleasure,  My times are in thy hands; and better there than in our own. His hour was not yet come, because his work was not done, nor his testimony finished. To all God's purposes  there is a time.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees.
$21$ Then said Jesus again unto them, I go my way, and ye shall seek me, and shall die in your sins: whither I go, ye cannot come. $22$ Then said the Jews, Will he kill himself? because he saith, Whither I go, ye cannot come. $23$ And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of this world; I am not of this world. $24$ I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if ye believe not that I am  he, ye shall die in your sins. $25$ Then said they unto him, Who art thou? And Jesus saith unto them, Even  the same that I said unto you from the beginning. $26$ I have many things to say and to judge of you: but he that sent me is true; and I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him. $27$ They understood not that he spake to them of the Father. $28$ Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that I am  he, and  that I do nothing of myself; but as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things. $29$ And he that sent me is with me: the Father hath not left me alone; for I do always those things that please him. $30$ As he spake these words, many believed on him. Christ here gives fair warning to the careless unbelieving Jews to consider what would be the consequence of their infidelity, that they might prevent it before it was too late; for he spoke words of terror as well as words of grace. Observe here, I. The wrath threatened (v. 21):  Jesus said again unto them that which might be likely to do them good. He continued to teach, in kindness to those few who received his doctrine, though there were many that resisted it, which is an example to ministers to go on with their work, notwithstanding opposition, because a remnant shall be saved. Here Christ changes his voice; he had  piped to them in the offers of his grace, and they  had not danced; now he mourns to them in the denunciations of his wrath, to try if they would lament. He said, '' I go my way, and you shall seek me, and shall die in your sins. Whither I go you cannot come.'' Every word is terrible, and bespeaks spiritual judgments, which are the sorest of all judgments; worse than war, pestilence, and captivity, which the Old-Testament prophets denounced. Four things are here threatened against the Jews. 1. Christ's departure from them:  I go my way, that is, "It shall not be long before I go; you need not take so much pains to drive me from you, I shall go of myself." They said to him,  Depart from us, we desire not the knowledge of thy ways; and he takes them at their word; but woe to those from whom Christ departs. Ichabod, the glory is gone, our defence is departed, when Christ goes. Christ frequently warned them of his departure before he left them: he  bade often farewell, as one  loth to depart, and willing to be invited, and that would have them  stir up themselves to take hold on him. 2. Their enmity to the true Messiah, and their fruitless and infatuated enquiries after another Messiah when he was gone away, which were both their sin and their punishment:  You shall seek me, which intimates either, (1.) Their  enmity to the  true Christ: "You shall seek to ruin my interest, by persecuting my doctrine and followers, with a fruitless design to root them out." This was a continual vexation and torment to themselves, made them incurably  ill-natured, and brought  wrath upon them (God's and their own)  to the uttermost. Or, (2.) Their  enquiries after  false Christs: "You shall continue your expectations of the Messiah, and be the self-perplexing seekers of a Christ to come, when he is already come;" like the Sodomites, who, being struck with blindness, wearied themselves to find the door. See Rom. ix. 31, 32. 3. Their final impenitency:  You shall die in your sins. Here is an error in all our English Bibles, even the old bishops' translation, and that of Geneva (the Rhemists only excepted), for all the Greek copies have it in the singular number,  en te hamartia hymon— in your sin, so all the Latin versions; and Calvin has a note upon the difference between this and v. 24, where it is plural,  tais hamartiais, that here it is meant especially of the sin of unbelief,  in hoc peccato vestro—in this sin of yours. Note, Those that live in unbelief are for ever undone if they die in unbelief. Or, it may be understood in general,  You shall die in your iniquity, as Ezek. iii. 19, and xxxiii. 9. Many that have long lived in sin are, through grace, saved by a timely repentance from  dying in sin; but for those who go out of this world of probation into that of retribution under the guilt of sin unpardoned, and the power of sin unbroken, there remaineth no relief: salvation itself cannot save them, Job xx. 11; Ezek. xxxii. 27. 4. Their eternal separation from Christ and all happiness in him:  Whither I go you cannot come. When Christ left the world, he went to a state of perfect happiness; he went to paradise. Thither he took the penitent thief with him, that did not die in his sins; but the impenitent not only  shall not come to him, but they  cannot; it is morally impossible, for heaven would not be heaven to those that die unsanctified and unmeet for it. You cannot come, because you have  no right to enter into that Jerusalem, Rev. xxii. 14.  Whither I go you cannot come, to fetch me thence, so Dr. Whitby; and the same is the comfort of all good Christians, that, when they get to heaven, they will be out of the reach of their enemies' malice. II. The jest they made of this threatening. Instead of trembling at this word, they bantered it, and turned it into ridicule (v. 22):  Will he kill himself? See here, 1. What slight thoughts they had of Christ's threatenings; they could make themselves and one another merry with them, as those that mocked the messengers of the Lord, and turned the  burden of the word of the Lord into a  by-word, and  precept upon precept, line upon line, into a merry song, Isa. xxviii. 13. But  be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong. 2. What ill thoughts they had of Christ's meaning, as if he had an inhuman design upon his own life, to avoid the indignities done him, like Saul. This is indeed (say they) to go whither we cannot follow him, for we will never  kill ourselves. Thus they make him not only such a one as themselves, but worse; yet in the calamities brought by the Romans upon the Jews many of them in discontent and despair did kill themselves. They had put a much more favourable construction upon this word of his (ch. vii. 34, 35):  Will he go to the dispersed among the Gentiles? But see how indulged malice grows more and more malicious. III. The confirmation of what he had said. 1. He had said,  Whither I go you cannot come, and here he gives the reason for this (v. 23):  You are from beneath, I am from above; you are of this world, I am not of this world. You are  ek ton kato— of those things which are beneath; noting, not so much their rise from beneath as their affection to these lower things: "You are  in with these things, as those that belong to them; how can you come where I go, when your spirit and disposition are so directly contrary to mine?" See here, (1.) What the  spirit of the Lord Jesus was—not of  this world, but from  above. He was perfectly dead to the wealth of the world, the ease of the body, and the praise of men, and was wholly taken up with divine and heavenly things; and none shall be with him but those who are  born from above and have their  conversation in heaven. (2.) How contrary to this  their spirit was: " You are from beneath, and of this world." The Pharisees were of a carnal worldly spirit; and what communion could Christ have with them? 2. He had said,  You shall die in your sins, and here he stand to it: "Therefore I said, You shall die in your sins, because  you are from beneath;" and he gives this further reason for it,  If you believe not that I am he, you shall die in your sins, v. 24. See here, (1.) What we are required to believe:  that I am he,  hoti ego eimi— that I am, which is one of God's names, Exod. iii. 14. It was the Son of God that there said,  Ehejeh asher Ehejeh—I will be what I will be; for the deliverance of Israel was but a figure of good things to come, but now he saith, " I am he; he that should come, he that you expect the Messias to be, that you would have me to be to you. I am more than the bare name of the Messiah; I do not only call myself so, but I  am he." True faith does not  amuse the soul with an empty sound of words, but  affects it with the doctrine of Christ's mediation, as a real thing that has real effects. (2.) How necessary it is that we believe this. If we have not this faith,  we shall die in our sins; for the matter is so settled that without this faith, [1.] We cannot be saved from the power of sin while we live, and therefore shall certainly continue in it to the last. Nothing but the  doctrine of Christ's grace will be an argument powerful enough, and none but the  Spirit of Christ's grace will be an agent powerful enough, to turn us from sin to God; and that Spirit is given, and that doctrine given, to be effectual to those only who believe in Christ: so that, if Satan be not by faith dispossessed, he has a lease of the soul for its life; if Christ do not cure us, our case is desperate, and we shall  die in our sins. [2.] Without faith we cannot be saved from the punishment of sin when we die, for the  wrath of God remains upon them that believe not, Mark xvi. 16. Unbelief is the damning sin; it is a sin against the remedy. Now this implies the great gospel promise:  If we believe that Christ is he, and receive him accordingly,  we shall not die in our sins. The law saith absolutely to all, as Christ said (v. 21),  You shall die in your sins, for we are all guilty before God; but the gospel is a defeasance of the obligation upon condition of believing. The curse of the law is vacated and annulled to all that submit to the grace of the gospel. Believers die in Christ, in his love, in his arms, and so are saved from dying  in their sins. IV. Here is a further discourse concerning  himself, occasioned by his requiring faith in himself as the condition of salvation, v. 25-29. Observe, 1. The question which the Jews put to him (v. 25):  Who art thou? This they asked tauntingly, and not with any desire to be instructed. He had said, You must believe that  I am he. By his not saying expressly who he was, he plainly intimated that in his person he was such a one as could not be  described by any, and in his office such a one as was  expected by all that looked for redemption in Israel; yet this awful manner of speaking, which had so much significancy in it, they turned to his reproach, as if he knew not what to say of himself: " Who art thou, that we must with an implicit faith believe in thee, that thou art some mighty HE, we know not  who or  what, nor are  worthy to know?" 2. His answer to this question, wherein he directs them three ways for information:— (1.) He refers them to  what he had said all along: "Do you ask who I am?  Even the same that I said unto you from the beginning." The original here is a little intricate,  ten archen ho ti kai lalo hymin which some read thus:  I am the beginning, which also I speak unto you. So Austin takes it. Christ is called  Arche— the beginning (Col. i. 18; Rev. i. 8; xxi. 6; iii. 14), and so it agrees with v. 24,  I am he. Compare Isa. xli. 4:  I am the first, I am he. Those who object that it is the accusative case, and therefore not properly answering to  tis ei, must undertake to construe by grammar rules that parallel expression, Rev. i. 8,  ho en. But most interpreters agree with our version, Do you ask  who I am? [1.] I am  the same that I said to you from the beginning of time in the scriptures of the Old-Testament, the same that from the beginning was said to be  the Seed of the woman, that should break the serpent's head, the same that in all the ages of the church was the Mediator of the covenant, and the faith of the patriarchs. [2.]  From the beginning of my public ministry. The account he had already given of himself he resolved to  abide by; he had declared himself to be the  Son of God (ch. v. 17), to be the Christ (ch. iv. 26), and the bread of life, and had proposed himself as the object of that faith which is necessary to salvation, and to this he refers them for an answer to their question. Christ is  one with himself; what he had said from the beginning, he saith still. His is an  everlasting gospel. (2.) He refers them to his Father's judgment, and the instructions he had from him (v. 26): " I have many things, more than you think of,  to say, and in them  to judge of you. But why should I trouble myself any further with you? I know very well that  he who sent me is true, and will stand by me, and bear me out, for  I speak to the world (to which I am sent as an ambassador)  those things, all those and those only,  which I have heard of him." Here, [1.] He suppresses his accusation of them. He had  many things to charge them with, and many evidences to produce against them; but for the present he had said enough. Note, Whatever discoveries of sin are made to us, he that searches the heart has still more to judge of us, 1 John iii. 20. How much soever God reckons with sinners in this world there is still a further reckoning yet behind, Deut. xxxii. 34. Let us learn hence not to be forward to say all we can say, even against the worst of men; we may have many things to say, by way of censure, which yet it is better to leave  unsaid, for what is it to us? [2.] He enters his appeal against them to his Father:  He that sent me. Here two things comfort him:— First, That he had been  true to his Father, and to the trust reposed in him:  I speak to the world (for his gospel was to be preached to every creature)  those things which I have heard of him. Being given for a  witness to the people (Isa. lv. 4), he was  Amen, a  faithful witness, Rev. iii. 14. He did not  conceal his doctrine, but spoke it  to the world (being of common concern, it was to be of common notice); nor did he change or alter it, nor vary from the instructions he received from him that sent him.  Secondly, That his Father would be  true to him; true to the promise that he would  make his mouth like a sharp sword; true to his purpose concerning him, which was a  decree (Ps. ii. 7); true to the threatenings of his wrath against those that should reject him. Though he should not  accuse them to his Father, yet the Father, who sent him, would undoubtedly reckon with them, and would be  true to what he had said (Deut. xviii. 19), that whosoever would not hearken to that prophet whom God would raise up  he would require it of him. Christ would not accuse them; "for," saith he, "he that sent me is true, and will pass judgment on them, though I should not demand judgment against them." Thus, when he  lets fall the present prosecution, he  binds them over to the judgment-day, when it will be too late to dispute what they will not now be persuaded to believe.  I, as a deaf man, heard not; for thou wilt hear, Ps. xxxviii. 13, 15. Upon this part of our Saviour's discourse the evangelist has a melancholy remark (v. 27):  They understood not that he spoke to them of the Father. See here, 1. The power of Satan to blind the minds of those who believe not. Though Christ spoke so plainly of God as his Father in heaven, yet they did not understand whom he meant, but thought he spoke of some father he had in Galilee. Thus the plainest things are riddles and parables to those who are resolved to hold fast their prejudices; day and night are alike to the blind. 2. The reason why the threatenings of the word make so little impression upon the minds of sinners; it is because they understand not whose the wrath is that is revealed in them. When Christ told them of the truth of him that sent him, as a warning to them to prepare for his judgment, which is  according to truth, they slighted the warning, because they understood not to whose judgment it was that they made themselves obnoxious. (3.) He refers them to  their own convictions hereafter, v. 28, 29. He finds they will not understand him, and therefore adjourns the trial till further evidence should come in; they that  will not see shall see, Isa. xxvi. 11. Now observe here, [1.]  What they should ere long be  convinced of: "You shall know that I am he, that Jesus is the true Messiah. Whether you will own it or no before men, you shall be made to know it in your own consciences, the convictions of which, though you may  stifle, yet you cannot  baffle: that I am he, not that you represent me to be, but he that I preach myself to be, he that should come!" Two things they should be convinced of, in order to this:— First, That he did nothing  of himself, not of himself as man, of himself alone, of himself without the Father, with whom he was  one. He does not hereby derogate from his own inherent power, but only denies their charge against him as a  false prophet; for of false prophets it is said that they prophesied  out of their own hearts, and followed '' their own spirits. Secondly, That as  his Father taught him so he  spoke these things, that he was not  autodidaktos— self-taught,'' but  Theodidaktos— taught of God. The doctrine he preached was the counterpart of the counsels of God, with which he was intimately acquainted;  kathos edidaxe, tauta lalo—I speak those things, not only  which he taught me, but  as he taught me, with the same divine power and authority. [2.]  When they should be convinced of this:  When you have lifted up the Son of man, lifted him up upon the cross, as the brazen serpent upon the pole (ch. iii. 14), as the sacrifices under the law (for Christ is the great sacrifice), which, when they were offered, were said to be  elevated, or  lifted up; hence the burnt-offerings, the most ancient and honourable of all, were called  elevations ( Gnoloth from  Gnolah, asendit—he ascended), and in many other offerings they used the significant ceremony of  heaving the sacrifice up, and  moving it before the Lord; thus was Christ  lifted up. Or the expression denotes that his death was his exaltation. They that put him to death thought thereby for ever to have  sunk him and his interest, but it proved to be the advancement of both, ch. xii. 24. When the Son of man was  crucified, the Son of man was  glorified. Christ had called his dying his  going away; here he calls it his being lifted  up; thus the death of the saints, as it is their departure out of this world, so it is their advancement to a better. Observe, He speaks of those he is now talking with as the  instruments of his death: when  you have lifted up the Son of man; not that they were to be the  priests to offer him up (no, that was his own act, he  offered up himself), but they would be his betrayers and murderers; see Acts ii. 23. They  lifted him up to the cross, but then he lifted up himself to his Father. Observe with what tenderness and mildness Christ here speaks to those who he certainly knew would put him to death, to teach us not to hate or seek the hurt of any, though we may have reason to think they hate us and seek our hurt. Now, Christ speaks of his death as that which would be a powerful conviction of the infidelity of the Jews.  When you have lifted up the Son of man, then shall you know this. And why then?  First, Because careless and unthinking people are often taught the worth of mercies by the want of them, Luke xvii. 22.  Secondly, The guilt of their sin in putting Christ to death would so awaken their consciences that they would be put upon serious enquiries after a Saviour, and then would know that Jesus was he who alone could save them. And so it proved, when, being told that with wicked hands they had  crucified and slain the Son of God, they cried out,  What shall we do? and were made to know assuredly that this Jesus was  Lord and Christ, Acts ii. 36.  Thirdly, There would be such signs and wonders attending his death, and the  lifting of him up from death in his resurrection, as would give a stronger proof of his being the Messiah than any that had been yet given: and multitudes were hereby brought to believe that Jesus is the Christ, who had before contradicted and opposed him.  Fourthly, By the death of Christ the pouring out of the Spirit was purchased, who would convince the world that  Jesus is he, ch. xvi. 7, 8.  Fifthly, The judgments which the Jews brought upon themselves, by putting Christ to death, which filled up the measure of their iniquity, were a sensible conviction to the most hardened among them that  Jesus was he. Christ had often foretold that desolation as the just punishment of their invincible unbelief, and  when it came to pass (lo, it did come) they could not but know that the great  prophet had been among them, Ezek. xxxiii. 33. [3.] What supported our Lord Jesus in the mean time (v. 29):  He that sent me is with me, in my whole undertaking;  for the Father (the fountain and first spring of this affair, from whom as its great cause and author it is derived)  hath not left me alone, to manage it myself, hath not deserted the business nor me in the prosecution of it, for  do I always those things that please him. Here is,  First, The assurance which Christ had of his Father's  presence with him, which includes both a divine  power going along with him to  enable him for his work, and a divine  favour manifested to him to  encourage him in it.  He that sent me is with me, Isa. xlii. 1; Ps. lxxxix. 21. This greatly  emboldens our faith in Christ and our reliance upon his word that he had, and knew he had, his Father with him, to  confirm the word of his servant, Isa. xliv. 26. The King of kings accompanied his own ambassador, to attest his mission and assist his management, and  never left him alone, either solitary or weak; it also  aggravated the wickedness of those that opposed him, and was an intimation to them of the  premunire they ran themselves into by resisting him, for thereby they were found  fighters against God. How easily soever they might think to crush him and run him down, let them know he had one to back him with whom it is the greatest madness that can be to  contend.  Secondly, The ground of this assurance:  For I do always those things that please him. That is, 1. That great affair in which our Lord Jesus was  continually engaged was an affair which the  Father that sent him was highly  well pleased with. His whole undertaking is called the  pleasure of the Lord (Isa. liii. 10), because of the counsels of the eternal mind about it, and the complacency of the eternal mind in it. 2. His management of that affair was in nothing  displeasing to his Father; in executing his commission he punctually observed all his instructions, and did in nothing vary from them. No mere man since the fall could say such a word as this (for  in many things we offend all) but our Lord Jesus never offended his Father in any thing, but, as became him, he  fulfilled all righteousness. This was necessary to the validity and value of the sacrifice he was to offer up; for if he had in any thing  displeased the Father himself, and so had had any sin of his own to answer for, the Father could not have been pleased with him as a propitiation for our sins; but such a priest and such a sacrifice became us as was perfectly pure and spotless. We may likewise learn hence that God's servants may  then expect God's presence with them when they  choose and do  those things that please him, Isa. lxvi. 4, 5. V. Here is the good effect which this discourse of Christ's had upon some of his hearers (v. 30):  As he spoke these words many believed on him. Note, 1. Though multitudes perish in their unbelief, yet there is a remnant according to the election of grace, who  believe to the saving of the soul. If Israel, the whole body of the people,  be not gathered, yet there are those of them in whom Christ will be  glorious, Isa. xlix. 5. This the apostle insists upon, to reconcile the Jews' rejection with the  promises made unto their fathers. There is a remnant, Rom. xi. 5. 2. The words of Christ, and particularly his  threatening words, are made effectual by the grace of God to bring in poor souls to believe in him. When Christ told them that if they  believed not they should  die in their sins, and never get to heaven, they thought it was time to look about them, Rom. i. 16, 18. 3. Sometimes there is a  wide door opened, and an  effectual one, even where they are  many adversaries. Christ will carry on his work, though  the heathen rage. The gospel sometimes gains great victories where it meets with great opposition. Let this encourage God's ministers to preach the gospel, though it be with  much contention, for they shall not  labour in vain. Many may be  secretly brought home to God by those endeavours which are openly contradicted and cavilled at by men of corrupt minds. Austin has an affectionate ejaculation in his lecture upon these words:  Utinam et, me loquenti, multi credant; non in me, sed mecum in eo—I wish that when I speak, many may believe, not on me, but with me on him.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees.
$31$ Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word,  then are ye my disciples indeed; $32$ And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. $33$ They answered him, We be Abraham's seed, and were never in bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? $34$ Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. $35$ And the servant abideth not in the house for ever:  but the Son abideth ever. $36$ If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed. $37$ I know that ye are Abraham's seed; but ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in you. We have in these verses, I. A comfortable doctrine laid down concerning the  spiritual liberty of Christ's disciples, intended for the encouragement of  those Jews  that believed. Christ, knowing that his doctrine began to work upon some of his hearers, and perceiving that virtue had gone out of him, turned his discourse from the proud Pharisees, and addressed himself to those  weak believers. When he had denounced wrath against those that were hardened in unbelief, then he spoke comfort to those few feeble  Jews that believed in him. See here, 1. How graciously the Lord Jesus looks to those that  tremble at his word, and are ready to receive it; he has something to say to those who have hearing ears, and will not pass by those who set themselves in his way, without speaking to them. 2. How carefully he cherishes the beginnings of grace, and meets those that are coming towards him. These  Jews that believed were yet but  weak; but Christ did not therefore cast them off, for he  gathers the lambs in his arms. When faith is in its infancy, he has  knees to  prevent it, breasts for it to  suck, that it may not  die from the womb. In what he said to them, we have two things, which he saith to all that should at any time believe:— (1.) The character of a true disciple of Christ:  If you continue in my word, then are you my disciples indeed. When they  believed on him, as the great prophet, they gave up themselves to be  his disciples. Now, at their entrance into his school, he lays down this for a settled rule, that he would own none for his disciples but those that  continued in his word. [1.] It is implied that there are many who profess themselves Christ's disciples who are not his  disciples indeed, but only in show and name. [2.] It highly concerns those that are not  strong in faith to see to it that they be  sound in the faith, that, though not disciples of the highest form, they are nevertheless  disciples indeed. [3.] Those who seem willing to be Christ's disciples ought to be told that they had as good never come to him, unless they come with a resolution by his grace to abide by him. Let those who have thoughts of covenanting with Christ have no thoughts of reserving a power of revocation. Children are sent to school, and bound apprentices, only for a  few years; but those only are Christ's who are willing to be bound to him  for the term of life. [4.] Those only that  continue in Christ's word shall be accepted as his  disciples indeed, that adhere to his word in every instance without partiality, and abide by it to the end without apostasy. It is  menein— to dwell in Christ's word, as a man does at home, which is his centre, and rest, and refuge. Our converse with the word and conformity to it must be constant. If we continue disciples to the last, then, and not otherwise, we approve ourselves  disciples indeed. (2.) The privilege of a true disciple of Christ. Here are two precious promises made to those who thus approve themselves disciples indeed, v. 32. [1.] " You shall know the truth, shall know all that truth which it is needful and profitable for you to know, and shall be more confirmed in the belief of it, shall know the certainty of it." Note,  First, Even those who are true believers, and disciples indeed, yet may be, and are, much in the dark concerning many things which they should know. God's children are but children, and understand and speak as children. Did we not need to be taught, we should not need to be disciples.  Secondly, It is a very great privilege to  know the truth, to know the particular truths which we are to believe, in their mutual dependences and connections, and the grounds and reasons of our belief,—to know what is truth and what proves it to be so.  Thirdly, It is a gracious promise of Christ, to all who continue in his word, that they shall know the truth as far as is needful and profitable for them. Christ's scholars are sure to be well taught. [2.]  The truth shall make you free; that is,  First, The truth which Christ teaches tends to make men free, Isa. lxi. 1. Justification makes us free from the guilt of sin, by which we were  bound over to the judgment of God, and  bound under amazing fears; sanctification makes us free from the bondage of corruption, by which we were  restrained from that service which is perfect freedom, and  constrained to that which is perfect slavery. Gospel truth frees us from the yoke of the ceremonial law, and the more grievous burdens of the traditions of the elders. It makes us  free from our spiritual enemies, free  in the service of God, free  to the privileges of sons, and free  of the Jerusalem which is from above, which is free.  Secondly, The knowing, entertaining, and believing, of this truth does actually  make us free, free from prejudices, mistakes, and false notions, than which nothing more  enslaves and  entangles the soul, free from the dominion of lust and passion; and restores the soul to the government of itself, by reducing it into obedience to its Creator. The mind, by admitting the truth of Christ in the light and power, is vastly enlarged, and has scope and compass given it, is greatly elevated and raised above things of sense, and never acts with so true a liberty as when it acts under a divine command, 2 Cor. iii. 17. The enemies of Christianity pretend to  free thinking, whereas really those are the freest reasonings that are guided by faith, and those are men of  free thought whose thoughts are captivated and brought into obedience to Christ. II. The offence which the carnal Jews took at this doctrine, and their objection against it. Though it was a doctrine that brought glad tidings of liberty to the captives, yet they cavilled at it, v. 33. The Pharisees grudged this comfortable word to those that believed, the standers by, who had  no part nor lot in this matter; they thought themselves reflected upon and affronted by the gracious charter of liberty granted to those that believed, and therefore with a great deal of pride and envy they answered him, " We Jews are Abraham's seed, and therefore are  free-born, and have not lost our birthright-freedom;  we were never in bondage to any man; how sayest thou then, to us  Jews, You shall be made free?" See here, 1. What it was that they were grieved at; it was an  innuendo in those words,  You shall be made free, as if the Jewish church and nation were in some sort of bondage, which reflected on the Jews in general, and as if all that did not believe in Christ continued in that bondage, which reflected on the Pharisees in particular. Note, The privileges of the faithful are the envy and vexation of unbelievers, Ps. cxii. 10. 2. What it was that they alleged against it; whereas Christ intimated that they needed to be made free, they urge, (1.) "We are Abraham's seed, and Abraham was a  prince and a great man; though we live in Canaan, we are not descended from Canaan, nor under his doom,  a servant of servants shall he be; we hold in  frank-almoign—free alms, and not in  villenage—by a servile tenure." It is common for a sinking decaying family to boast of the glory and dignity of its ancestors, and to borrow honour from that name to which they repay disgrace; so the Jews here did. But this was not all. Abraham was in covenant with God, and his children by his right, Rom. xi. 28. Now that covenant, no doubt, was a free charter, and invested them with privileges not consistent with a state of slavery, Rom. ix. 4. And therefore they thought they had no occasion with so  great a sum as they reckoned faith in Christ to be  to obtain this freedom, when they were thus free-born. Note, It is the common fault and folly of those that have pious parentage and education to trust to their privilege and boast of it, as if it would atone for the want of real holiness. They were Abraham's seed, but what would this avail them, when we find one in hell that could call Abraham father? Saving benefits are not, like common privileges, conveyed by  entail to us and our issue, nor can a title to heaven be made by  descent, nor may we claim as  heirs at law, by making out our pedigree; our title is purely by purchase, not our own but our Redeemer's for us, under certain provisos and limitations, which if we do not observe it will not avail us to be Abraham's seed. Thus many, when they are pressed with the necessity of regeneration, turn it off with this,  We are the church's children; but they are not all Israel that are of Israel. (2.)  We were never in bondage to any man. Now observe, [1.] How false this allegation was. I wonder how they could have the assurance to say a thing in the face of a congregation which was so notoriously  untrue. Were not the seed of Abraham in bondage to the Egyptians? Were they not often in bondage to the neighbouring nations in the time of the judges? Were they not seventy years captives in Babylon? Nay, were they not at this time tributaries to the Romans, and, though not in a  personal, yet in a  national bondage to them, and groaning to be made free? And yet, to confront Christ, they have the impudence to say,  We were never in bondage. Thus they would expose Christ to the ill-will both of the Jews, who were very jealous for the honour of their liberty, and of the Romans, who would not be thought to enslave the nations they conquered. [2.] How foolish the application was. Christ had spoken of a liberty wherewith the  truth would make them free, which must be meant of a  spiritual liberty, for truth as it is the  enriching, so it is the  enfranchising of the mind, and the  enlarging of that from the captivity of error and prejudice; and yet they plead against the offer of  spiritual liberty that they were never in  corporal thraldom, as if, because they were never in bondage to any  man, they were never in bondage to any  lust. Note, Carnal hearts are sensible of no other grievances than those that molest the body and injure their secular affairs. Talk to them of encroachments upon their civil liberty and property,—tell them of waste committed upon their lands, or damage done to their houses,—and they understand you very well, and can give you a sensible answer; the thing touches them and affects them. But discourse to them of the bondage of sin, a captivity to Satan, and a liberty by Christ,—tell them of wrong done to their precious souls, and the hazard of their eternal welfare,—and  you bring certain strange things to their ears; they say of it (as those did, Ezek. xx. 49),  Doth he not speak parables? This was much like the blunder Nicodemus made about being  born again. III. Our Saviour's vindication of his doctrine from these objections, and the further explication of it, v. 34-37, where he does these four things:— 1. He shows that, notwithstanding their civil liberties and their visible church-membership, yet it was possible that they might be in a state of bondage (v. 34):  Whosoever commits sin, though he be of Abraham's seed, and was never in bondage to any man, is the servant of sin. Observe, Christ does not upbraid them with the falsehood of their plea, or their present bondage, but further explains what he had said for their edification. Thus ministers should with meekness instruct those that oppose them, that they may  recover themselves, not with passion provoke them to entangle themselves yet more. Now here, (1.) The preface is very solemn:  Verily, verily, I say unto you; an awful asseveration, which our Saviour often used, to command a reverent attention and a ready assent. The style of the prophets was,  Thus saith the Lord, for they were  faithful as servants; but Christ, being a Son, speaks in his own name:  I say unto you, I the  Amen, the faithful witness; he pawns his veracity upon it. "I say it to you, who boast of your relation to Abraham, as if that would save you." (2.) The truth is of universal concern, though here delivered upon a particular occasion:  Whosoever commits sin is the servant of sin, and sadly needs to be made free. A state of sin is a state of bondage. [1.] See who it is on whom this brand is fastened—on him that  commits sin,  pas ho poion hamartian— every one that makes sin. There is not a  just man upon earth, that  lives, and sins not; yet every one that sins is not a servant of sin, for then God would have no servants; but he that  makes sin, that  makes choice of sin, prefers the way of wickedness before the way of holiness (Jer. xliv. 16, 17),—that  makes a covenant with sin, enters into league with it, and  makes a marriage with it,—that  makes contrivances of sin,  makes provision for the flesh, and devises iniquity,—and that  makes a custom of sin, who walks after the flesh, and  makes a trade of sin. [2.] See what the brand is which Christ fastens upon those that thus  commit sin. He stigmatizes them, gives them a mark of servitude. They are  servants of sin, imprisoned under the guilt of sin, under an arrest, in hold for it,  concluded under sin, and they are subject to the power of sin. He is a  servant of sin, that is, he makes himself so, and is so accounted; he has  sold himself to work wickedness; his lusts give law to him, he is at their beck, and is not his own master. He does the work of sin, supports its interest, and accepts its wages, Rom. vi. 16. 2. He shows them that, being in a state of bondage, their having a place in the house of God would not entitle them to the inheritance of sons; for (v. 35)  the servant, though he be in the house for awhile, yet, being but a  servant, abideth not in the house for ever. Services (we say) are no inheritances, they are but  temporary, and not for a  perpetuity; but the son of the family abideth ever. Now, (1.) This points primarily at the rejection of the Jewish church and nation. Israel had been  God's son, his  first-born; but they wretchedly degenerated into a  servile disposition, were enslaved to the world and the flesh, and therefore, though by virtue of their birthright they thought themselves secure of their church membership, Christ tells them that having thus made themselves servants they should not  abide in the house for ever. Jerusalem, by opposing the gospel of Christ, which proclaimed liberty, and adhering to the Sinai-covenant, which gendered to bondage, after its term was  expired came to be  in bondage with her children (Gal. iv. 24, 25), and therefore was unchurched and disfranchised, her charter seized and taken away, and she was cast out as the son of the bond-woman, Gen. xxi. 14. Chrysostom gives this sense of this place: "Think not to be made free from sin by the rites and ceremonies of the law of Moses, for Moses was but a servant, and had not that perpetual authority in the church which the Son had; but, if the Son make you free, it is well," v. 36. But, (2.) It looks further, to the rejection of all that are the  servants of sin, and receive not the  adoption of the  sons of God; though those unprofitable servants may be in God's house awhile, as retainers to his family, yet there is a day coming when the children of the  bond-woman and of the  free shall be distinguished. True believers only, who are the children of the promise and of the covenant, are accounted free, and shall abide for ever in the house, as Isaac: they shall have a  nail in the holy place on earth (Ezra ix. 8) and  mansions in the holy place in heaven, ch. xiv. 2. 3. He shows them the way of deliverance out of the state of bondage into the  glorious liberty of the children of God, Rom. viii. 21. The case of those that are the servants of sin is sad, but thanks be to God it is not helpless, it is not hopeless. As it is the privilege of all the sons of the family, and their dignity above the servants, that they abide in the house for ever; so he who is  the Son, the first-born among many brethren, and the heir of all things, has a power both of manumission and of adoption (v. 36):  If the Son shall make you free, you shall be free indeed. Note, (1.) Jesus Christ in the gospel offers us  our freedom; he has authority and power to  make free. [1.] To  discharge prisoners; this he does  in justification, by making satisfaction for  our guilt (on which the gospel offer is grounded, which is to all a conditional  act of indemnity, and to all true believers, upon their believing, an absolute  charter of pardon), and for  our debts, for which we were by the law arrested and in execution. Christ, as our surety, or rather our  bail (for he was not originally bound  with us, but upon our insolvency bound  for us), compounds with the creditor, answers the demands of injured justice with more than an  equivalent, takes the  bond and  judgment into his own hands, and gives them up  cancelled to all that by faith and repentance give him (if I may so say) a  counter-security to save his honour harmless, and so they are  made free; and from the debt, and every part thereof, they are for ever acquitted, exonerated, and discharged, and a general release is sealed of all actions and claims; while against those who refuse to come up to these terms the securities lie still in the Redeemer's hands, in full force. [2.] He has a power to rescue  bond-slaves, and this he does in  sanctification; by the powerful arguments of his gospel, and the powerful operations of his Spirit, he breaks the power of corruption in the soul, rallies the scattered forces of reason and virtue, and fortifies God's interest against sin and Satan, and so the soul is made free. [3.] He has a power to  naturalize strangers and foreigners, and this he does in  adoption. This is a further act of grace; we are not only forgiven and healed, but  preferred; there is a charter of privileges as well as pardon; and thus the Son makes us free  denizens of the kingdom of priests, the holy nation, the new Jerusalem. (2.) Those whom Christ makes free are  free indeed. It is not  alethos, the word used (v. 31) for disciples  indeed, but  ontos— really. It denotes, [1.] The truth and certainty of the promise, the liberty which the Jews boasted of was an  imaginary liberty; they boasted of a  false gift; but the liberty which Christ gives is a certain thing, it is real, and has real effects. The servants of sin promise themselves liberty, and fancy themselves free, when they have broken religion's bands asunder; but they cheat themselves. None are  free indeed but those whom Christ  makes free. [2.] It denotes the singular excellency of the freedom promised; it is a freedom that deserves the name, in comparison with which all other liberties are no better than slaveries, so much does it turn to the honour and advantage of those that are  made free by it. It is a  glorious liberty. It is that which  is (so  ontos signifies); it is  substance (Prov. viii. 21); while the things of the world are shadows, things that  are not. 4. He applies this to these unbelieving cavilling Jews, in answer to their boasts of relation to Abraham (v. 37): " I know very well  that you are Abraham's seed, but now you seek to kill me, and therefore have forfeited the honour of your relation to Abraham,  because my word hath no place in you." Observe here, (1.) The dignity of their extraction admitted: " I know that you are Abraham's seed, every one knows it, and it is your honour." He grants them what was true, and in what they said that was false (that they were  never in bondage to any) he does not  contradict them, for he studied to  profit them, and not to  provoke them, and therefore said that which would please them:  I know that you are Abraham's seed. They boasted of their descent from  Abraham, as that which  aggrandized their names, and made them exceedingly honourable; whereas really it did but  aggravate their crimes, and make them exceedingly sinful. Out of their own mouths will he judge vain-glorious hypocrites, who boast of their parentage and education: "Are you Abraham's seed? Why then did you not tread in the steps of his faith and obedience?" (2.) The inconsistency of their practice with this dignity:  But you seek to kill me. They had attempted it several times, and were now designing it, which quickly appeared (v. 59), when they  took up stones to cast at him. Christ knows all the wickedness, not only which men do, but which they seek, and design, and endeavour to do. To seek to kill any innocent man is a crime black enough, but to  compass and imagine the death of him that was King of kings was a crime the heinousness of which we want words to express. (3.) The reason of this inconsistency. Why were they that were Abraham's seed so very inveterate against Abraham's promised seed, in whom they and  all the families of the earth should be  blessed? Our Saviour here tells them, It is because  my word hath no place in you,  ou chorei en hymin,  Non capit in vobis, so the Vulgate. "My word  does not take with you, you have no inclination to it, no relish of it, other things are more taking, more pleasing." Or, "It does not  take hold of you, it has no power over you, makes no impression upon you." Some of the critics read it,  My word does not penetrate into you; it descended as the rain, but it came upon them as the rain upon the rock, which it runs off, and did not soak into their hearts, as the rain upon the ploughed ground. The Syriac reads it, " Because you do not acquiesce in my word; you are not persuaded of the truth of it, nor pleased with the goodness of it." Our translation is very significant:  It has no place in you. They  sought to kill him, and so effectually to  silence him, not because he had done they any harm, but because they could not bear the convincing, commanding power of his word. Note, [1.] The words of Christ ought to have a place in us, the innermost and uppermost place,—a  dwelling place, as a man at home, and not as a stranger or sojourner,—a  working place; it must have room to operate, to work sin out of us, and to work grace in us; it must have a  ruling place, its place must be  upon the throne, it must dwell in us richly. [2.] There are many that make a profession of religion in whom  the word of Christ has no place; they will not  allow it a place, for they do not like it; Satan does all he can to  displace it; and other things possess the place it should have in us. [3.] Where the word of God has no place no good is to be expected, for room is left there for all wickedness. If the unclean spirit find the heart empty of Christ's word, he  enters in, and dwells there.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees.
$38$ I speak that which I have seen with my Father: and ye do that which ye have seen with your father. $39$ They answered and said unto him, Abraham is our father. Jesus saith unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works of Abraham. $40$ But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth, which I have heard of God: this did not Abraham. $41$ Ye do the deeds of your father. Then said they to him, We be not born of fornication; we have one Father,  even God. $42$ Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. $43$ Why do ye not understand my speech?  even because ye cannot hear my word. 44 Ye are of  your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. $45$ And because I tell  you the truth, ye believe me not. $46$ Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? $47$ He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear  them not, because ye are not of God. Here Christ and the Jews are still at issue; he sets himself to convince and convert them, while they still set themselves to contradict and oppose him. I. He here traces the difference between his sentiments and theirs to a different rise and origin (v. 38):  I speak that which I have seen with my Father, and  you do  what you have seen with your father. Here are two fathers spoken of, according to the two families into which the sons of men are divided—God and the devil, and without controversy these are contrary the one to the other. 1. Christ's  doctrine was from  heaven; it was  copied out of the  counsels of infinite wisdom, and the kind intentions of eternal love. (1.)  I speak that which I have seen. The discoveries Christ has made to us of God and another world are not grounded upon guess and hearsay, but upon ocular inspection; so that he was thoroughly  apprized of the nature, and  assured of the truth, of all he said. He that is given to be a witness to the people is an eye-witness, and therefore unexceptionable. (2.) It is what I have seen  with my Father. The doctrine of Christ is not a plausible hypothesis, supported by probable arguments, but it is an exact counterpart of the incontestable truths lodged in the eternal mind. It was not only what he had  heard from his Father, but what he had  seen with him when  the counsel of peace was between them both. Moses spoke what he heard from God, but he might not see the face of God; Paul had been in the third heaven, but what he had seen there he could not, he must not, utter; for it was Christ's prerogative to have  seen what he  spoke, and to  speak what he had  seen. 2. Their  doings were from hell: " You do that which you have seen with your father. You do, by your own works, father yourselves, for it is evident whom you resemble, and therefore easy to find out your origin." As a child that is trained up with his father learns his father's words and fashions, and grows like him by an affected imitation as well as by a natural image, so these Jews, by their malicious opposition to Christ and the gospel, made themselves as like the devil as if they had industriously set him before them for their pattern. II. He takes off and answers their vain-glorious boasts of relation to Abraham and to God as their fathers, and shows the vanity and falsehood of their pretensions. 1. They pleaded relation to Abraham, and he replies to this plea.  They said, Abraham is our father, v. 39. In this they intended, (1.) To do honour to themselves, and to make themselves look great. They had forgotten the mortification given them by that acknowledgement prescribed them (Deut. xxvi. 5),  A Syrian ready to perish was my father; and the charge exhibited against their degenerate ancestors (whose steps they trod in, and not those of the first founder of the family),  Thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother a Hittite, Ezek. xvi. 3. As it is common for those families that are sinking and going to decay to boast most of their pedigree, so it is common for those churches that are corrupt and depraved to value themselves upon their antiquity and the eminence of their first planters.  Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium—We have been Trojans, and there once was Troy. (2.) They designed to cast an odium upon Christ as if he reflected upon the patriarch Abraham, in speaking of their father as one they had learned evil from. See how they sought an occasion to quarrel with him. Now Christ overthrows this plea, and exposes the vanity of it by a plain and cogent argument: "Abraham's children will do the works of Abraham, but you do not do Abraham's works, therefore you are not Abraham's children." [1.] The proposition is plain: " If you were Abraham's children, such children of Abraham as could claim an interest in the covenant made with him and his seed, which would indeed put an honour upon you, then you would  do the works of Abraham, for to those only of Abraham's house who  kept the way of the Lord, as Abraham did, would God  perform what he had spoken," Gen. xviii. 19. Those only are reckoned the seed of Abraham, to whom the promise belongs, who  tread in the steps of his faith and obedience, Rom. iv. 12. Though the Jews had their genealogies, and kept them exact, yet they could not by them make out their relation to Abraham, so as to take the benefit of the old entail ( performam doni—according to the form of the gift), unless they walked in the same spirit; good women's relation to Sarah is proved only by this— whose daughters you are as long as you do well, and no longer, 1 Pet. iii. 6. Note, Those who would approve themselves Abraham's seed must not only be of Abraham's faith, but do Abraham's works (James ii. 21, 22),—must come at God's call, as he did,—must resign their dearest comforts to him,—must be strangers and sojourners in this world,—must keep up the worship of God in their families, and always walk before God in their uprightness; for these were the works of Abraham. [2.] The assumption is evident likewise:  But you do not do the works of Abraham, for  you seek to kill me, a man that has told you the truth, which I have heard of God; this did not Abraham, v. 40.  First, He shows them what their work was, their present work, which they were now about; they  sought to kill him; and three things are intimated as an aggravation of their intention:—1. They were so  unnatural as to seek the life of  a man, a man like themselves, bone of their bone, and flesh of their flesh, who had done them no harm, nor given them any provocation. You  imagine mischief against a man, Ps. lxii. 3. 2. They were so  ungrateful as to seek the life of one who had  told them the truth, had not only done them no injury, but had done them the greatest kindness that could be; had not only not imposed upon them with a lie, but had instructed them in the most necessary and important truths;  was he therefore become their enemy? 3. They were so  ungodly as to seek the life of one who told them the truth  which he had heard from God, who was a messenger sent from God to them, so that their attempt against him was  quasi deicidium—an act of malice against God. This was their work, and they persisted in it.  Secondly, He shows them that this did not become the children of Abraham; for  this did not Abraham. 1. "He did nothing like this." He was famous for his humanity, witness his rescue of the captives; and for his piety, witness his obedience to the heavenly vision in many instances, and some tender ones. Abraham believed God; they were obstinate in unbelief: Abraham followed God; they fought against him; so that he would be  ignorant of them, and would not acknowledge them, they were so unlike him, Isa. lxiii. 16. See Jer. xxii. 15-17. 2. "He would not have done thus if he had lived now, or I had lived then."  Hoc Abraham non fecisset—He would not have done this; so some read it. We should thus reason ourselves out of any way of wickedness; would Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob have done so? We cannot expect to be  ever with them, if we be  never like them. [3.] The conclusion follows of course (v. 41): "Whatever your boasts and pretensions be, you are not Abraham's children, but father yourselves upon another family (v. 41); there is  a father whose deeds you do, whose spirit you are of, and whom you resemble." He does not  yet say plainly that he means the devil, till they by their continued cavils forced him so to explain himself, which teaches us to treat even bad men with civility and respect, and not to be forward to say that  of them, or  to them, which, though  true, sounds  harsh. He tried whether they would suffer their own consciences to infer from what he said that they were the devil's children; and it is better to hear it from them now that we are called to  repent, that is, to change our father and change our family, by changing our spirit and way, than to hear it from Christ in the great day. 2. So far were they from owning their unworthiness of relation to Abraham that they pleaded relation to God himself as their Father: "We are  not born of fornication, we are not bastards, but legitimate sons;  we have one Father, even God." (1.) Some understand this literally. They were not the sons of the bondwoman, as the Ishmaelites were; nor begotten in incest, as the Moabites and Ammonites were (Deut. xxiii. 3); nor were they a spurious brood in Abraham's family, but Hebrews of the Hebrews; and, being born in  lawful wedlock, they might call God  Father, who instituted that honourable estate in innocency; for a legitimate seed, not tainted with divorces nor the plurality of wives, is called a  seed of God, Mal. ii. 15. (2.) Others take it figuratively. They begin to be aware now that Christ spoke of a  spiritual not a  carnal father, of the father of their religion; and so, [1.] They deny themselves to be a generation of idolaters: "We are  not born of fornication, are not the children of idolatrous parents, nor have been bred up in idolatrous worships." Idolatry is often spoken of as spiritual  whoredom, and idolaters as  children of whoredoms, Hosea ii. 4; Isa. lvii. 3. Now, if they meant that they were not the posterity of idolaters, the allegation was false, for no nation was more addicted to idolatry than the Jews before the captivity; if they meant no more than that they themselves were not idolaters, what then? A man may be free from idolatry, and yet perish in another iniquity, and be shut out of Abraham's covenant.  If thou commit no idolatry (apply it to this spiritual fornication), yet if thou kill thou art become a  transgressor of the covenant. A rebellious prodigal son will be disinherited, though he be not  born of fornication. [2.] They boast themselves to be true worshippers of the true God. We have not many fathers, as the heathens had,  gods many and lords many, and yet were without God, as  filius populi—a son of the people, has many fathers and yet none certain; no,  the Lord our God is one Lord and  one Father, and therefore it is well with us. Note, Those flatter themselves, and put a damning cheat upon their own souls, who imagine that their professing the true religion and worshipping the true God will save them, though they worship not God in spirit and in truth, nor are true to their profession. Now our Saviour gives a full answer to this fallacious plea (v. 42, 43), and proves, by two arguments, that they had no right to call God Father.  First, They did not love Christ:  If God were your Father, you would love me. He had disproved their relation to Abraham by their going about to kill him (v. 40), but here he disproves their relation to God by their not loving and owning him. A man may pass for a  child of Abraham if he do not appear an enemy to Christ by gross sin; but he cannot approve himself a child of God unless he be a faithful friend and follower of Christ. Note, All that have God for their Father have a true love to Jesus Christ, and esteem of his person, a grateful sense of his love, a sincere affection to his cause and kingdom, a complacency in the salvation wrought out by him and in the method and terms of it, and a care to keep his commandments, which is the surest evidence of our love to him. We are here in a state of probation, upon our trial how we will conduct ourselves towards our Maker, and accordingly it will be with us in the state of retribution. God has taken various methods to prove us, and this was one: he sent his Son into the world, with sufficient proofs of his sonship and mission, concluding that all that called him Father would  kiss his Son, and bid  him welcome who was the first-born among many brethren; see 1 John v. 1. By this our adoption will be proved or disproved—Did we love Christ, or no?  If any man do not, he is so far from being a child of God that he is  anathema, accursed, 1 Cor. xvi. 22. Now our Saviour proves that if they were God's children they would  love him; for, saith he, I proceeded  forth and came from God. They will love him; for, 1. He was the  Son of God: I proceeded forth from God.  Exelthon this means his divine  exeleusis, or origin from the Father, by the communication of the divine essence, and also the union of the divine  logos to his human nature; so Dr. Whitby. Now this could not but recommend him to the affections of all that were  born of God. Christ is called the  beloved, because, being the beloved of the Father, he is certainly the beloved of all the saints, Eph. i. 6. 2. He was  sent of God, came from him as an ambassador to the world of mankind. He did not  come of himself, as the false prophets, who had not either their  mission or their  message from God, Jer. xxiii. 21. Observe the emphasis he lays upon this:  I came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. He had both his credentials and his instructions from God; he came to  gather together in one the children of God (ch. xi. 51), to bring  many sons to glory, Heb. ii. 10. And would not all God's children embrace with both arms a messenger sent from their Father on  such errands? But these Jews made it appear that they were nothing akin to God, by their want of affection to Jesus Christ.  Secondly, They did not understand him. It was a sign they did not belong to God's family that they did not understand the language and dialect of the family:  You do not understand my speech (v. 43),  ten lalian ten emen. Christ's speech was divine and heavenly, but intelligible enough to those that were acquainted with the voice of Christ in the Old Testament. Those that had made the word of the Creator familiar to them needed no other key to the dialect of the Redeemer; and yet these Jews make strange of the doctrine of Christ, and find knots in it, and I know not what stumbling stones. Could a Galilean be known by his speech? An Ephraimite by his  sibboleth? And would any have the confidence to call God Father to whom the Son of God was a barbarian, even when he spoke the will of God in the words of the Spirit of God? Note, Those who are not acquainted with the divine speech have reason to fear that they are strangers to the divine nature. Christ spoke the words of God (ch. iii. 34) in the dialect of the kingdom of God; and yet they, who pretended to belong to the kingdom, understood not the idioms and properties of it, but like strangers, and rude ones too, ridiculed it. And the reason why they did not understand Christ's speech made the matter much worse:  Even because you cannot hear my word, that is, "You cannot persuade yourselves to hear it attentively, impartially, and without prejudice, as it should be heard." The meaning of this  cannot is an obstinate  will not; as the Jews could not hear Stephen (Acts vii. 57) nor Paul, Acts xxiii. 22. Note, The rooted antipathy of men's corrupt hearts to the doctrine of Christ is the true reason of their ignorance of it, and of their errors and mistakes about it. They do not like it nor love it, and therefore they will not understand it; like Peter, who pretended he  knew not what the damsel said (Matt. xxvi. 70), when in truth he knew not what to say to it.  You cannot hear my words, for you have  stopped your ears (Ps. lviii. 4, 5), and God, in a way of righteous judgment,  has made your ears heavy, Isa. vi. 10. III. Having thus disproved their relation both to Abraham and to God, he comes next to tell them plainly whose children they were:  You are of your father the devil, v. 44. If they were not God's children, they were the devil's, for God and Satan divide the world of mankind; the devil is  therefore said to  work in the children of disobedience, Eph. ii. 2. All wicked people are the devil's children,  children of Belial (2 Cor. vi. 15), the serpent's seed (Gen. iii. 15), children of the wicked one, Matt. xiii. 38. They partake of his nature, bear his image, obey his commands, and follow his example. Idolaters  said to a stock, Thou art our father, Jer. ii. 27. This is a high charge, and sounds very harsh and horrid, that any of the children of men, especially the church's children, should be called  children of the devil, and therefore our Saviour fully proves it. 1. By a general argument:  The lusts of your father you will do,  thelete poiein. (1.) "You  do the devil's lusts, the lusts which he would have you to fulfil; you gratify and please him, and comply with his temptation, and are  led captive by him at his will: nay, you do those lusts which the devil himself fulfils." Fleshly lusts and worldly lusts the devil tempts men to; but, being a spirit, he cannot fulfil them himself. The peculiar lusts of the devil are  spiritual wickedness; the lusts of the intellectual powers, and their corrupt reasonings; pride and envy, and wrath and malice; enmity to that which is good, and enticing others to that which is evil; these are lusts which the devil fulfils, and those who are under the dominion of these lusts resemble the devil, as the child does the parent. The more there is of contemplation, and contrivance, and secret complacency, in sin, the more it resembles the  lusts of the devil. (2.) You  will do the devil's lusts. The more there is of the  will in these lusts, the more there is of the devil in them. When sin is committed  of choice and not by surprise, with  pleasure and not with reluctancy, when it is persisted in with a daring presumption and a desperate resolution, like theirs that said,  We have loved strangers and after them we will go, then the sinner  will do the devil's lusts. "The lusts of your father you  delight to do;" so Dr. Hammond; they are rolled under the tongue as a sweet morsel. 2. By two particular instances, wherein they manifestly resembled the devil— murder and  lying. The devil is an enemy to life, because God is the God of life and life is the happiness of man; and an enemy to truth, because God is the God of truth and truth is the bond of human society. (1.) He was  a murderer from the beginning, not from his own beginning, for he was created an angel of light, and had a first estate which was pure and good, but from the beginning of his apostasy, which was soon after the creation of man. He was  anthropoktonos— homicida, a man-slayer. [1.] He was a  hater of man, and so in affection an disposition a murderer of him. He has his name,  Satan, from  sitnah—hatred. He maligned God's image upon man, envied his happiness, and earnestly desired his ruin, was an avowed enemy to the whole race. [2.] He was man's tempter to  that sin which brought death into the world, and so he was effectually the murderer of all mankind, which in Adam had but  one neck. He was a murderer of souls,  deceived them into sin, and by it  slew them (Rom. vii. 11), poisoned man with the forbidden fruit, and, to aggravate the matter, made him his own murderer. Thus he was not only  at the beginning, but  from the beginning, which intimates that thus he  has been ever since; as he began, so he continues, the murderer of men by his temptations. The great tempter is the great destroyer. The Jews called the devil  the angel of death. [3.] He was the first wheel in the first murder that ever was committed by Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother, 1 John iii. 12. If the devil had not been very strong in Cain, he could not have done such an unnatural thing as to kill his own brother. Cain killing his brother by the instigation of the devil, the devil is called the  murderer, which does not speak Cain's personal guilt the less, but the devil's the more, whose torments, we have reason to think, will be the greater, when the time comes, for all that wickedness into which he has drawn men. See what reason we have to  stand upon our guard  against the wiles of the devil, and never to hearken to him (for he is a murderer, and certainly aims to do us mischief, even when he  speaks fair), and to wonder that he who is the murderer of the children of men should yet be, by their own consent, so much their master. Now herein these Jews were followers of him, and were murderers, like him; murderers of souls, which they led blindfold into the ditch, and made the  children of hell; sworn enemies of Christ, and now ready to be his betrayers and murderers, for the same reason that Cain killed Abel. These Jews were that  seed of the serpent that were to  bruise the heel of the  seed of the woman; Now you seek to kill me. (2.) He was  a liar. A lie is opposed to truth (1 John ii. 21), and accordingly the devil is here described to be, [1.] An enemy to truth, and therefore to Christ.  First, He is a  deserter, from the truth; he  abode not in the truth, did not continue in the purity and rectitude of his nature wherein he was created, but left his first state; when he degenerated from goodness, he departed from truth, for his apostasy was founded in a lie. The angels were the  hosts of the Lord; those that fell were not  true to their commander and sovereign, they were not to be  trusted, being charged with folly and defection, Job iv. 18. By  the truth here we may understand the revealed will of God concerning the salvation of man by Jesus Christ, the truth which Christ was now preaching, and which the Jews opposed; herein they did  like their father the devil, who,  seeing the honour put upon the human nature in the  first Adam, and  foreseeing the much greater honour intended in the  second Adam, would not be reconciled to that counsel of God, nor  stand in the truth concerning it, but, from a spirit of pride and envy, set himself to resist it, and to thwart the designs of it; and so did these Jews here, as his children and agents.  Secondly, He is  destitute of the truth:  There is no truth in him. His interest in the world is supported by lies and falsehoods, and there is no truth, nothing you can confide in, in him, nor in any thing he says or does. The notions he propagates concerning good and evil are false and erroneous, his proofs are lying wonders, his temptations are all cheats; he has great knowledge of the truth, but having no affection to it, but on the contrary being a sworn enemy to it, he is said to have  no truth in him. [2.] He is a friend and patron of lying:  When he speaketh a lie he speaketh of his own. Three things are here said of the devil with reference to the sin of lying:— First, That he is  a liar; his oracles were lying oracles, his prophets lying prophets, and the images in which he was worshipped  teachers of lies. He tempted our first parents with a downright lie. All his temptations are carried on by lies, calling  evil good and good evil, and promising impunity in sin; he knows them to be lies, and suggests them with an intention to deceive, and so to destroy. When he now  contradicted the gospel, in the scribes and Pharisees, it was by lies; and when afterwards he  corrupted it, in the  man of sin, it was by strong delusions, and a great complicated lie.  Secondly, That when he  speaks a lie he  speaks of his own,  ek ton idion. It is the proper  idiom of his language; of  his own, not of God; his Creator never put it into him. When men speak a lie they borrow it from the devil,  Satan fills their hearts to lie (Acts v. 3); but when the devil speaks a lie the  model of it is of his own framing, the motives to it are from himself, which bespeaks the desperate depth of wickedness into which those apostate spirits are sunk; as in their first defection they had no tempter, so their sinfulness is still their own.  Thirdly, That he is the  father of it,  autou. 1. He is the father of every  lie; not only of the lies which he himself suggests, but of those which others speak; he is the author and founder of all lies. When men speak lies, they speak from him, and as his mouth; they come originally from him, and bear his image. 2. He is the father of  every liar; so it may be understood. God made men with a disposition to truth. It is congruous to reason and natural light, to the order of our faculties and the laws of society, that we should speak truth; but the devil, the author of sin, the spirit that works in the children of disobedience, has so corrupted the nature of man that the wicked are said to be  estranged from the womb, speaking lies (Ps. lviii. 3); he has taught them  with their tongues to use deceit, Rom. iii. 13. He is the father of liars, who begat them, who trained them up in the  way of lying, whom they resemble and obey, and with whom all  liars shall have their portion for ever. IV. Christ, having thus proved all murderers and all liars to be the devil's children, leaves it to the consciences of his hearers to say,  Thou art the man. But he comes in the following verses to assist them in the application of it to themselves; he does not call them  liars, but shows them that they were  no friends to truth, and therein resembled him who  abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. Two things he charges upon them:— 1. That they would not  believe the word of truth (v. 45),  hoti ten aletheian lego, ou pisteuete moi. (1.) Two ways it may be taken;—[1.] "Though I tell you the truth, yet you will not believe me ( hoti),  that I do so." Though he gave abundant proof of his commission from God, and his affection to the children of men, yet they would not believe that he told them the truth. Now was  truth fallen in the street, Isa. lix. 14, 15. The greatest truths with some gained not the least credit; for they  rebelled against the light, Job xxiv. 13. Or, [2.]  Because I tell you the truth (so we read it) therefore  you believe me not. They would not receive him, nor entertain him as a prophet, because he told them some unpleasing truths which they did not care to hear, told them the truth concerning themselves and their own case, showed them their faces in a glass that would not flatter them; therefore they would not believe a word he said. Miserable is the case of those to whom the light of divine truth is become a torment. (2.) Now, to show them the unreasonableness of their infidelity, he condescends to put the matter to this fair issue, v. 46. He and they being contrary, either he was in an error or they were. Now take it either way. [1.] If  he were in an error, why did they not convince him? The falsehood of  pretended prophets was discovered either by the  ill tendency of their doctrines (Deut. xiii. 2), or by the  ill tenour of their conversation:  You shall know them by their fruits; but (saith Christ)  which of you, you of the sanhedrim, that take upon you to judge of prophets,  which of you convinceth me of sin? They accused him of some of the worst of crimes—gluttony, drunkenness, blasphemy, sabbath-breaking, confederacy with Satan, and what not. But their accusations were malicious groundless calumnies, and such as every one that knew him knew to be  utterly false. When they had done their utmost by trick and artifice, subornation and perjury, to prove some crime upon him, the very judge that condemned him owned he  found no fault in him. The  sin he here challenges them to convict him of is,  First, An inconsistent doctrine. They had heard his testimony; could they show any thing in it absurd or unworthy to be believed, any contradiction either of himself or of the scriptures, or any corruption of truth or manners insinuated by his doctrine? ch. xviii. 20. Or,  Secondly, An incongruous conversation: "Which of you can justly charge me with any thing, in word or deed, unbecoming a prophet?" See the wonderful condescension of our Lord Jesus, that he demanded not credit any further than the allowed motives of credibility supported his demands. See Jer. ii. 5, 31; Mic. vi. 3. Ministers may hence learn, 1. To  walk so  circumspectly as that it may not be in the power of their most strict observers to convince them of sin,  that the ministry be not blamed. The only way not to be convicted of sin is not to sin. 2. To be willing to  admit a scrutiny; though we are confident in many things that we are in the right, yet we should be willing to have it tried whether we be not in the wrong. See Job vi. 24. [2.] If  they were in an error, why were they not convinced by him? " If I say the truth, why do you not believe me? If you cannot convince me of error, you must own that I  say the truth, and why do you not then  give me credit? Why will you not deal with me upon trust?" Note, If men would but enquire into the reason of their infidelity, and examine why they do not believe that which they cannot gainsay, they would find themselves reduced to such absurdities as they could not but be ashamed of; for it will be found that the reason why we believe not in Jesus Christ is because we are not willing to part with our sins, and deny ourselves, and serve God faithfully; that we are not of the Christian religion, because we would not indeed be of any, and unbelief of our Redeemer resolves itself into a downright rebellion against our Creator. 2. Another thing charged upon them is that they would not hear the words of God (v. 47), which further shows how groundless their claim of relation to God was. Here is, (1.) A doctrine laid down:  He that is of God heareth God's words; that is, [1.] He is  willing and  ready to hear them, is sincerely desirous to know what the mind of God is, and cheerfully embraces whatever he knows to be so. God's words have such an authority over, and such an agreeableness with all that are born of God, that they meet them, as the child Samuel did, with,  Speak, Lord, for thy servant heareth. Let the word of the Lord come. [2.] He  apprehends and  discerns them, he so hears them as to perceive the  voice of God in them, which the natural man does not, 1 Cor. ii. 14. He that is of God is  soon aware of the discoveries he makes of himself of the  nearness of his name (Ps. lxxv. 1), as they of the family know the master's tread, and the master's knock, and  open to him immediately (Luke xii. 36), as the sheep know the voice of their shepherd from that of a stranger, ch. x. 4, 5; Cant. ii. 8. (2.) The application of this doctrine, for the conviction of these unbelieving Jews:  You therefore hear them not; that is, "You heed not, you understand not, you believe not, the words of God, nor care to hear them,  because you are not of God. Your being thus deaf and dead to the words of God is a plain evidence that you are  not of God." It is in his word that God manifests himself and is present among us; we are therefore reckoned to be well or ill affected to his word; see 2 Cor. iv. 4; 1 John iv. 6. Or, their not being of God was the reason why they did not profitably  hear the words of God, which Christ spoke; they did not understand and believe him, not because the things themselves were obscure or wanted evidence, but because the hearers were  not of God, were not born again. If the word of the kingdom do not bring forth fruit, the blame is to be laid upon the soil, not upon the seed, as appears by the parable of the sower, Matt. xiii. 3.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees.
$48$ Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? $49$ Jesus answered, I have not a devil; but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me. $50$ And I seek not mine own glory: there is one that seeketh and judgeth. Here is, I. The malice of hell breaking out in the base language which the unbelieving Jews gave to our Lord Jesus. Hitherto they had cavilled at his doctrine, and had made invidious remarks upon it; but, having shown themselves uneasy when he complained (v. 43, 47) that they would not hear him, now at length they fall to downright railing, v. 48. They were not the common people, but, as it should seem, the scribes and Pharisees, the men of consequence, who, when they saw themselves convicted of an obstinate infidelity, scornfully turned off the conviction with this:  Say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? See here, see it and wonder, see it and tremble, 1. What was the blasphemous character commonly given of our Lord Jesus among the wicked Jews, to which they refer. (1.) That he was a Samaritan, that is, that he was an enemy to their church and nation, one that they hated and could not endure. Thus they exposed him to the ill will of the people, with whom you could not put a man into a worse name than to call him  a Samaritan. If he had been a Samaritan, he had been punishable, by the  beating of the rebels (as they called it), for coming into the temple. They had often enough called him  a Galilean—a mean man; but as if that were not enough, though it contradicted the other, they will have him a  Samaritan—a bad man. The Jews to this day call the Christians, in reproach,  Cuth&#230;i-Samaritans. Note, Great endeavours have in all ages been used to make good people odious by putting them under black characters, and it is easy to run that down with a crowd and a cry which is once put into an ill name. Perhaps because Christ justly inveighed against the pride and tyranny of the priests and elders, they hereby suggest that he aimed at the ruin of their church, in aiming at its reformation, and was  falling away to the Samaritans. (2.) That  he had a devil. Either, [1.] That he was  in league with the devil. Having reproached his doctrine as tending to Samaritanism, here they reflect upon his miracles as done in combination with Beelzebub. Or, rather [2.] That he was possessed with a devil, that he was a melancholy man, whose brain was  clouded, or a mad man, whose brain was  heated, and that which he said was no more to be believed than the extravagant rambles of a distracted man, or one in a delirium. Thus the divine revelation of those things which are above the discovery of reason have been often branded with the charge of enthusiasm, and the prophet was called a  mad fellow, 2 Kings ix. 11; Hosea ix. 7. The inspiration of the Pagan oracles and prophets was indeed a frenzy, and those that had it were for the time beside themselves; but that which was truly  divine was not so.  Wisdom is justified of her children, as wisdom indeed. 2. How they undertook to justify this character, and applied it to the present occasion:  Say we not well that thou art so? One would think that his excellent discourses should have altered their opinion of him, and have made them recant; but, instead of this, their hearts were more hardened and their prejudices confirmed. They value themselves on their enmity to Christ, as if they had never spoken  better than when they spoke the worst they could of Jesus Christ. Those have arrived at the highest pitch of wickedness who avow their impiety, repeat what they should retract, and justify themselves in that for which they ought to condemn themselves. It is bad to say and do ill, but it is worse to  stand to it; I do  well to be angry. When Christ spoke with so much boldness against the sins of the great men, and thereby incensed them against him, those who were sensible of no interest but what is secular and sensual concluded him  beside himself, for they thought none but a madman would lose his preferment, and hazard his life, for his religion and conscience. II. The meekness and mercifulness of Heaven shining in Christ's reply to this vile calumny, v. 49, 50. 1. He denies their charge against him:  I have not a devil; as Paul (Acts xxvi. 25),  I am not mad. The imputation is unjust; "I am neither actuated by a devil, nor in compact with one;" and this he evidenced by what he did against the devil's kingdom. He takes no notice of their calling him a  Samaritan, because it was a calumny that disproved itself, it was a personal reflection, and not worth taking notice of: but saying he had a devil reflected on his commission, and therefore he answered that. St. Augustine gives this gloss upon his not saying any thing to their calling him a Samaritan—that he was indeed that good Samaritan spoken of in the parable, Luke x. 33. 2. He asserts the sincerity of his own intentions: But  I honour my Father. They suggested that he took undue honours to himself, and derogated from the honour due to God only, both which he  denies here, in saying that he made it his business to honour his Father, and him only. It also proves that he  had not a devil; for, if he had, he would not honour God. Note, Those who can truly way that they make it their constant care to honour God are sufficiently armed against the censures and reproaches of men. 3. He complains of the wrong they did him by their calumnies:  You do dishonour me. By this it appears that, as man, he had a tender sense of the disgrace and indignity done him; reproach was a sword in his bones, and yet he underwent it for our salvation. It is the will of God that  all men should honour the Son, yet there are many that  dishonour him; such a contradiction is there in the carnal mind to the will of God. Christ honoured his Father so as never man did, and yet was himself dishonoured so as never man was; for, though God has promised that those who honour him he will honour, he never promised that men should honour them. 4. He clears himself from the imputation of vain glory, in saying this concerning himself, v. 50. See here, (1.) His  contempt of worldly honour:  I seek not mine own glory. He did not aim at this in what he had said of himself or against his persecutors; he did not court the applause of men, nor covet preferment in the world, but industriously declined both. He did not  seek his own glory distinct from his Father's, nor had any separate interest of his own. For men to  search their own glory is  not glory indeed (Prov. xxv. 27), but rather their shame to be so much  out in their aim. This comes in here as a reason why Christ made so light of their reproaches: " You do dishonour me, but cannot disturb me, shall not disquiet me, for I  seek not my own glory." Note, Those who are dead to men's praise can safely bear their contempt. (2.) His  comfort under worldly dishonour:  There is one that seeketh and judgeth. In two things Christ made it appear that he  sought not his own glory; and here he tells us what satisfied him as to both. [1.] He did not  court men's respect, but was indifferent to it, and in reference to this he saith, " There is one that seeketh, that will secure and advance, my interest in the esteem and affections of the people, while I am in no care about it." Note, God will seek  their honour that do not seek  their own; for before honour is humility. [2.] He did not  revenge men's affronts, but was unconcerned at them, and in reference to this he saith, " There is one that judgeth, that will vindicate my honour, and severely reckon with those that trample upon it." Probably he refers here to the judgments that were coming upon the nation of the Jews for the indignities they did to the Lord Jesus. See Ps. xxxvii. 13-15.  I heard not, for thou wilt hear. If we undertake to judge for ourselves, whatever damage we sustain, our recompence is in our own hands; but if we be, as we ought to be, humble appellants and patient expectants, we shall find, to our comfort,  there is one that judgeth.

Christ's Discourse with the Pharisees
$51$ Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man keep my saying, he shall never see death. $52$ Then said the Jews unto him, Now we know that thou hast a devil. Abraham is dead, and the prophets; and thou sayest, If a man keep my saying, he shall never taste of death. $53$ Art thou greater than our father Abraham, which is dead? and the prophets are dead: whom makest thou thyself? $54$ Jesus answered, If I honour myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth me; of whom ye say, that he is your God: $55$ Yet ye have not known him; but I know him: and if I should say, I know him not, I shall be a liar like unto you: but I know him, and keep his saying. $56$ Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw  it, and was glad. 57 Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? $58$ Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am. $59$ Then took they up stones to cast at him: but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them, and so passed by. In these verses we have, I. The doctrine of the immortality of believers laid down, v. 51. It is ushered in with the usual solemn preface,  Verily, verily, I say unto you, which commands both attention and assent, and this is what he says,  If a man keep my sayings, he shall never see death. Here we have, 1. The  character of a believer: he is one that  keeps the sayings of the Lord Jesus,  ton logon ton emon— my word; that  word of mine which I have delivered to you; this we must not only  receive, but  keep; not only  have, but  hold. We must keep it in mind and memory, keep it in love and affection, so keep it as in nothing to violate it or go contrary to it, keep it  without spot (1 Tim. vi. 14), keep it as a trust committed to us, keep in it as our way, keep to it as our rule. 2. The  privilege of a believer:  He shall by no means see death for ever; so it is in the original. Not as if the bodies of believers were secured from the stroke of death. No, even the  children of the Most High must  die like men, and the followers of Christ have been, more than other men, in deaths often, and  killed all the day long; how then is this promise made good that they  shall not see death? Answer, (1.) The property of death is so altered to them that they do not see it as death, they do not see the terror of death, it is quite taken off; their sight does not  terminate in death, as theirs does who  live by sense; no, they look so clearly, so comfortably, through death, and beyond death, and are so taken up with their state on the other side death, that they overlook death, and  see it not. (2.) The power of death is so broken that though there is no remedy, but they must see  death, yet they shall not see death  for ever, shall not be always shut up under its arrests, the day will come when  death shall be swallowed up in victory. (3.) They are perfectly delivered from  eternal death, shall not be  hurt of the second death. That is the death especially meant here, that death which is  for ever, which is opposed to everlasting life; this they shall never see, for they shall  never come into condemnation; they shall have their everlasting lot where there will be  no more death, where they  cannot die any more, Luke xx. 36. Though now they cannot avoid seeing death, and tasting it too, yet they shall shortly be there where it will be  seen no more for ever, Exod. xiv. 13. II. The Jews cavil at this doctrine. Instead of laying hold of this precious promise of immortality, which the nature of man has an ambition of (who is there that does not love life, and dread the sight of death?) they lay hold of this occasion to reproach him that makes them so kind an offer:  Now we know that thou hast a devil. Abraham  is dead. Observe here, 1. Their  railing: "Now we know that thou hast a devil, that thou art a madman; thou ravest, and sayest thou knowest not what." See how these swine trample underfoot the precious pearls of gospel promises. If now at last they had evidence to prove him  mad, why did they say (v. 48), before they had that proof,  Thou hast a devil? But this is the method of malice, first to  fasten an invidious charge, and then to  fish for evidence of it:  Now we know that thou hast a devil. If he had not abundantly proved himself a  teacher come from God, his promises of immortality to his credulous followers might justly have been ridiculed, and charity itself would have imputed them to a crazed fancy; but his doctrine was evidently divine, his miracles confirmed it, and the Jews' religion taught them to expect such a prophet, and to believe in him; for them therefore thus to reject him was to abandon that promise to which their  twelve tribes hoped to come, Acts xxvi. 7. 2. Their  reasoning, and the colour they had to  run him down thus. In short, they look upon him as guilty of an insufferable piece of arrogance, in making himself greater than  Abraham and the prophets: Abraham is dead, and  the prophets, they are dead too; very true, by the same token that these Jews were the genuine offspring of those that killed them. Now, (1.) It is true that Abraham and the prophets were great men, great in the favour of God, and great in the esteem of all good men. (2.) It is true that they  kept God's sayings, and were obedient to them; and yet, (3.) It is true that they  died; they never pretended to  have, much less to  give, immortality, but every one in his own order was  gathered to his people. It was their honour that they  died in faith, but die they must. Why should a good man be afraid to die, when Abraham is dead, and the prophets are dead? They have  tracked the way through that darksome valley, which should reconcile us to death and help to take off the terror of it. Now they think Christ talks madly, when he saith, '' If a man keep my sayings, he shall never taste death. Tasting death means the same thing with  seeing it; and well may death be represented as grievous to  several of the senses, which is the destruction of them  all.'' Now their arguing goes upon two mistakes:—[1.] They understood Christ of an immortality in this world, and this was a mistake. In the sense that Christ spoke, it was not true that  Abraham and the prophets were dead, for God is still the  God of Abraham and the  God of the holy prophets (Rev. xxii. 6); now God is not the God of the dead, but of the living; therefore Abraham and the prophets are still alive, and, as Christ meant it, they had not  seen nor  tasted death. [2.] They thought none could be greater than Abraham and the prophets, whereas they could not but know that the Messiah would be greater than Abraham or any of the prophets; they did virtuously, but he excelled them all; nay, they borrowed their greatness from him. It was the honour of Abraham that he was the Father of the Messiah, and the honour of the prophets that they testified beforehand concerning him: so that he certainly  obtained a far  more excellent name than they. Therefore, instead of inferring from Christ's making himself greater than Abraham that he had a  devil, they should have inferred from his proving himself so (by doing the works which neither Abraham nor the prophets ever did) that he was the Christ; but their eyes were blinded. They scornfully asked,  Whom makest thou thyself? As if he had been guilty of pride and vain-glory; whereas he was so far from making himself greater than he was that he now drew a veil over his own glory, emptied himself, and made himself less than he was, and was the greatest example of humility that ever was. III. Christ's reply to this cavil; still he vouchsafes to reason with them, that every mouth may be stopped. No doubt he could have struck them dumb or dead upon the spot, but this was the  day of his patience. 1. In his answer he insists not upon his own testimony concerning himself, but waives it as not sufficient nor conclusive (v. 54):  If I honour myself, my honour is nothing,  ean ego doxazo— if I glorify myself. Note, Self-honour is no honour; and the affectation of glory is both the forfeiture and the defeasance of it: it is  not glory (Prov. xxv. 27), but so great a reproach that there is no sin which men are more industrious to hide than this; even he that most affects praise would not be thought to do it. Honour of our own creating is a mere chimera, has nothing in it, and therefore is called  vain-glory. Self-admirers are self- deceivers. Our Lord Jesus was not one that  honoured himself, as they represented him; he was  crowned by him who is the fountain of honour, and glorified not himself to be made a high priest, Heb. v. 4, 5. 2. He refers himself to  his Father, God; and to  their father, Abraham. (1.) To his Father,  God: It is my Father that honoureth me. By this he means, [1.] That he  derived from his Father all the honour he now claimed; he had commanded them to believe in him, to follow him, and to keep his word, all which put an honour upon him; but it was the Father that  laid help upon him, that  lodged all  fulness in him, that sanctified him, and sealed him, and sent him into the world to receive all the honours due to the Messiah, and this justified him in all these demands of respect. [2.] That he  depended upon his Father for all the honour he further  looked for. He courted not the applauses of the age, but despised them; for his eye and heart were upon the glory which the Father had promised him, and  which he had with the Father before the world was. He aimed at an advancement with which the Father was to  exalt him, a name he was to  give him, Phil. ii. 8, 9. Note, Christ and all that are his depend upon God for their honour; and he that is sure of honour where he is known cares not though he be slighted where he is in disguise. Appealing thus often to his Father, and his Father's testimony of him, which yet the Jews did not admit nor give credit to,  First, He here takes occasion to show the reason of  their incredulity, notwithstanding  this testimony—and this was their  unacquaintedness with God; as if he had said, "But why should I talk to you of my Father's honouring me, when he is one you know nothing of? You  say of him that he is your God, yet you have not known him." Here observe,  a. The profession they made of relation to God: " You say that he is your God, the God you have chosen, and are in covenant with; you say that you are Israel; but all are not so indeed that are of Israel," Rom. ix. 6. Note, Many pretend to have an interest in God, and say that he is  theirs, who yet have no just cause to say so. Those who called themselves the  temple of the Lord, having  profaned the excellency of Jacob, did but trust in lying words. What will it avail us to say, He is  our God, if we be not in sincerity  his people, nor such as he will own? Christ mentions here their profession of relation to God, as that which was an aggravation of their unbelief. All people will honour those whom their God honours; but these Jews, who said that the Lord was their God, studied how to put the utmost disgrace upon one upon whom their God put honour. Note, The Profession we make of a covenant relation to God, and an interest in him, if it be not improved  by us will be improved  against us.  b. Their ignorance of him, and estrangement from him, notwithstanding this profession:  Yet you have not known him. ( a.)  You know him not at all. These Pharisees were so taken up with the study of their traditions concerning things foreign and trifling that they never minded the most needful and useful knowledge; like the false prophets of old, who  caused people to forget God's name by their dreams, Jer. xxiii. 27. Or, ( b.)  You know him not aright, but mistake concerning him; and this is as bad as not knowing him at all, or worse. Men may be able to dispute subtly concerning God, and yet may think him such a one as themselves, and  not know him. You say that he is  yours, and it is natural to us to desire to know  our own, yet you  know him not. Note, There are many who  claim-kindred to God who yet have no acquaintance with him. It is only the name of God which they have learned to talk of, and to hector with; but for the nature of God, his attributes and perfections, and relations to his creatures, they know nothing of the matter; we  speak this to their shame, 1 Cor. xv. 34. Multitudes satisfy themselves, but deceive themselves, with a titular relation to an  unknown God. This Christ charges upon the Jews here, [ a.] To show how vain and groundless their pretensions of relation to God were. "You say that he is yours, but you give yourselves the lie, for it is plain that you do not know him;" and we reckon that a cheat is effectually convicted if it be found that he is ignorant of the persons he pretends alliance to. [ b.] To show the true reason why they were not wrought upon by Christ's doctrine and miracles. They knew not God; and therefore perceived not the image of God, nor the voice of God in Christ. Note, The reason why men receive not the  gospel of Christ is because they have not the  knowledge of God. Men  submit not to the righteousness of Christ because they are  ignorant of God's righteousness, Rom. x. 3. They that know not God, and obey not the gospel of Christ, are put together, 2 Thess. i. 8.  Secondly, He gives them the reason of  his assurance that his Father would  honour him and  own him: But I know him; and again,  I know him; which bespeaks, not only his  acquaintance with him, having lain in his bosom, but his  confidence in him, to stand by him, and bear him out in his whole undertaking; as was prophesied concerning him (Isa. l. 7, 8),  I know that I shall not be ashamed, for he is near that justifies; and as Paul, " I know whom I have believed (2 Tim. i. 12), I know him to be faithful, and powerful, and heartily engaged in the cause which I know to be his  own." Observe, 1. How he  professes his knowledge of his Father, with the greatest certainty, as one that was neither afraid nor ashamed to own it:  If I should say I know him not, I should be a liar like unto you. He would not deny his relation to God, to humour the Jews, and to avoid their reproaches, and prevent further trouble; nor would he retract what he had said, nor confess himself either deceived or a deceiver; if he should, he would be found a false witness against God and himself. Note, Those who disown their religion and relation to God, as Peter, are liars, as much as hypocrites are, who pretend to know him, when they do not. See 1 Tim. vi. 13, 14. Mr. Clark observes well, upon this, that it is a great sin to deny God's grace in us. 2. How he  proves his knowledge of his Father:  I know him and keep his sayings, or  his word. Christ, as man, was obedient to the moral law, and, as Redeemer, to the mediatorial law; and in both he kept  his Father's word, and  his own word with the Father. Christ requires of us (v. 51) that we  keep his sayings; and he has set before us a copy of obedience, a copy without a blot: he  kept his Father's sayings; well might he who  learned obedience teach it; see Heb. v. 8, 9. Christ by this evinced that he knew the Father. Note, The best proof of our acquaintance with God is our obedience to him. Those only know God aright that keep his word; it is a ruled case, 1 John ii. 3.  Hereby we know that we know him (and do not only fancy it),  if we keep his commandments. (2.) Christ refers them to  their father, whom they boasted so much of a relation to, and that was Abraham, and this closes the discourse. [1.] Christ asserts Abraham's prospect of him, and respect to him:  Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day, and he saw it, and was glad, v. 56. And by this he proves that he was not at all out of the way when he  made himself greater than Abraham. Two things he here speaks of as instances of that patriarch's respect to the promised Messiah:—  First, The ambition he had to  see his day: He rejoiced,  egalliasto— he leaped at it. The word, though it commonly signifies  rejoicing, must here signify a transport of  desire rather than of  joy, for otherwise the latter part of the verse would be a tautology; he  saw it, and was glad. He  reached out, or  stretched himself forth, that he might  see my day; as Zaccheus, that ran before, and climbed the tree,  to see Jesus. The notices he had received of the Messiah to come had raised in him an expectation of something  great, which he earnestly longed to know more of. The dark intimation of that which is considerable puts men upon enquiry, and makes them earnestly ask  Who? and  What? and  Where? and  When? and  How? And thus the prophets of the Old Testament, having a general idea of a grace that should  come, searched diligently (1 Pet. i. 10), and Abraham was as industrious herein as any of them. God told him of a land that he would give his posterity, and of the wealth and honour he designed them (Gen. xv. 14); but he never  leaped thus to see that day, as he did to see the day of the Son of man. He could not look with so much indifferency upon the promised  seed as he did upon the promised land;  in that he was, but  to the other he could not be, contentedly a stranger. Note, Those who rightly know any thing of Christ cannot but be earnestly desirous to know more of him. Those who discern the dawning of the light of the Sun of righteousness cannot but wish to see his rising. The mystery of redemption is that which  angels desire to look into, much more should we, who are more immediately concerned in it. Abraham desired to see Christ's day, though it was at a great distance; but this degenerate seed of his discerned not his day, nor bade it welcome when it came. The appearing of Christ, which gracious souls love and long for, carnal hearts dread and loathe.  Secondly, The satisfaction he had in what he did see of it:  He saw it, and was glad. Observe here,  a. How God gratified the pious desire of Abraham; he longed to see Christ's day, and he  saw it. Though he saw it not so plainly, and fully, and distinctly as we now see it under the gospel, yet he saw something of it, more  afterwards than he did at first. Note, To him that has, and to him that asks, shall be given; to him that uses and improves what he has, and that desires and prays for more of the knowledge of Christ, God will give more. But how did Abraham see Christ's day? ( a.) Some understand it of the sight he had of it in the other world. The separate soul of Abraham, when the veil of flesh was rent, saw the mysteries of the kingdom of God in heaven. Calvin mentions this sense of it, and does not much disallow it. Note, The longings of gracious souls after Jesus Christ will be fully satisfied when they come to heaven, and not till then. But, ( b.) It is more commonly understood of some sight he had of  Christ's day in this world. They that  received not the promises, yet  saw them afar off, Heb. xi. 13. Balaam saw Christ, but not  now, not  nigh. There is room to conjecture that Abraham had some vision of Christ and his day, for his own private satisfaction, which is not, nor must be, recorded in his story, like that of Daniel's, which must be  shut up, and sealed unto the time of the end, Dan. xii. 4. Christ knew what Abraham saw better than Moses did. But there are divers things recorded in which Abraham saw more of that which he longed to see than he did when the promise was first made to him. He saw in Melchizedek one  made like unto the Son of God, and a priest for ever; he saw an appearance of Jehovah, attended with two angels, in the plains of Mamre. In the prevalency of his intercession for Sodom he saw a specimen of Christ's intercession; in the casting out of Ishmael, and the establishment of the covenant with Isaac, he saw a figure of the gospel day, which is Christ's day; for these things were an allegory. In offering Isaac, and the ram instead of Isaac, he saw a double type of the great sacrifice; and his calling the place  Jehovah-jireh—It shall be seen, intimates that he saw something more in it than others did, which time would produce; and in making his servant  put his hand under his thigh, when he swore, he had a regard to the Messiah.  b. How  Abraham entertained these discoveries of Christ's day, and bade them welcome:  He saw, and was glad. He was glad of what he  saw of God's favour to himself, and glad of what he  foresaw of the mercy God had in store for the world. Perhaps this refers to Abraham's laughing when God assured him of a son by Sarah (Gen. xvii. 16, 17), for that was not a laughter of distrust as Sarah's but of joy; in that promise he saw Christ's day, and it  filled him with joy unspeakable. Thus he embraced the promises. Note, A believing sight of Christ and his day will put gladness into the heart. No joy like the joy of faith; we are never acquainted with true pleasure till we are acquainted with Christ. [2.] The Jews cavil at this, and reproach him for it (v. 57):  Thou art not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? Here,  First, They suppose that if Abraham saw him and his day he also had seen Abraham, which yet was not a necessary  innuendo, but this turn of his words would best serve to expose him; yet it was true that Christ had seen Abraham, and had talked with him as a man talks with his friend.  Secondly, They suppose it a very absurd thing for him to pretend to have seen Abraham, who was  dead so many ages before he was born. The state of the dead is an  invisible state; but here they ran upon the old mistake, understanding that corporally which Christ spoke spiritually. Now this gave them occasion to  despise his youth, and to upbraid him with it, as if he were  but of yesterday, and knew nothing:  Thou art not yet fifty years old. They might as well have said,  Thou art not forty; for he was now but thirty-two or thirty-three years old. As to this, Iren&#230;us, one of the first fathers, with this passage supports the tradition which he says he had from some that had conversed with St. John, that our Saviour lived to be fifty years old, which he contends for, '' Advers. H&#230;res.'' lib. 2, cap. 39, 40. See what little credit is to be given to tradition; and, as to this here, the Jews spoke  at random; some year they would mention, and therefore pitched upon one that they thought he was far enough short of; he did not look to be forty, but they were sure he could not be fifty, much less contemporary with Abraham. Old age is reckoned to begin at fifty (Num. iv. 47), so that they meant no more than this, "Thou art not to be reckoned an old man; many of us are much thy seniors, and yet pretend not to have seen Abraham." Some think that his countenance was so altered, with grief and watching, that, together with the gravity of his aspect, it made him look like a man of fifty years old:  his visage was so marred, Isa. lii. 14. [3.] Our Saviour gives an effectual answer to this cavil, by a solemn assertion of his own seniority even to Abraham himself (v. 58): " Verily, verily, I say unto you; I do not only say it in private to my own disciples, who will be sure to say as I say, but  to you my enemies and persecutors; I say it to your faces, take it how you will:  Before Abraham was, I am;"  prin Abraam genesthai, ego eimi,  Before Abraham was made or born, I am. The change of the word is observable, and bespeaks Abraham a creature, and himself the Creator; well therefore might he make himself  greater than Abraham.  Before Abraham he was, First, As God.  I am, is the name of God (Exod. iii. 14); it denotes his self-existence; he does not say,  I was, but  I am, for he is the first and the last, immutably the same (Rev. i. 8); thus he was not only before Abraham, but before  all worlds, ch. i. 1; Prov. viii. 23.  Secondly, As Mediator. He was the appointed Messiah, long before Abraham; the  Lamb slain from the foundation of the world (Rev. xiii. 8), the channel of conveyance of light, life, and love from God to man. This supposes his divine nature, that he is the same in himself from eternity (Heb. xiii. 8), and that he is the same to man ever since the fall; he was made of God wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption, to Adam, and Abel, and Enoch, and Noah, and Shem, and all the patriarchs that lived and died by faith in him before Abraham was born. Abraham was the root of the Jewish nation, the rock out of which they were hewn. If Christ was before Abraham, his doctrine and religion were no novelty, but were, in the substance of them, prior to Judaism, and ought to take place of it. [4.] This great word ended the dispute  abruptly, and put a period to it: they could bear to hear no more from him, and he needed to say no more to them, having witnessed this good confession, which was sufficient to support all his claims. One would think that Christ's discourse, in which shone so much both of grace and glory, should have captivated them all; but their inveterate prejudice against the holy spiritual doctrine and law of Christ, which were so contrary to their pride and worldliness, baffled all the methods of conviction. Now was fulfilled that prophecy (Mal. iii. 1, 2), that when the messenger of the covenant should  come to his temple they  would not abide the day of his coming, because he would be  like a refiner's fire. Observe here,  First, How they were  enraged at Christ for what he said:  They took up stones to cast at him, v. 59. Perhaps they looked upon him as a blasphemer, and such were indeed to be stoned (Lev. xxiv. 16); but they must be first legally tried and convicted. Farewell justice and order if every man pretend to execute a law at his pleasure. Besides, they had said but just now that he was a distracted crack-brained man, and if so it was against all reason and equity to punish him as a malefactor for what he said.  They took up stones. Dr. Lightfoot will tell you how they came to have stones so ready in the temple; they had workmen at this time repairing the temple, or making some additions, and the pieces of stone which they hewed off served for this purpose. See here the desperate power of sin and Satan in and over the children of disobedience. Who would think that ever there should be such wickedness as this in men, such an open and daring rebellion against one that undeniably proved himself to be the Son of God? Thus every one has a stone to throw at his holy religion, Acts xxviii. 22.  Secondly, How he made his  escape out of their hands. 1. He  absconded; Jesus  hid himself;  ekrybe— he was hid, either by the crowd of those that wished well to him, to shelter him (he that ought to have been upon a throne, high and lifted up, is content to be  lost in a crowd); or perhaps he concealed himself behind some of the walls or pillars of the temple ( in the secret of his tabernacle he shall hide me, Ps. xxvii. 5); or by a divine power, casting a mist before their eyes, he made himself invisible to them.  When the wicked rise a man is hidden, a wise and good man, Prov. xxviii. 12, 28. Not that Christ was afraid or ashamed to stand by what he had said, but his  hour was not yet come, and he would countenance the flight of his ministers and people in times of persecution, when they are called to it. The Lord hid Jeremiah and Baruch, Jer. xxxvi. 26. 2. He  departed, he  went out of the temple, going  through the midst of them, undiscovered, and  so passed by. This was not a cowardly inglorious flight, nor such as argued either guilt or fear. It was foretold concerning him that he should not fail nor be discouraged, Isa. xlii. 4. But, (1.) It was an instance of his power over his enemies, and that they could do no more against him than he gave them leave to do; by which it appears that when afterwards he was taken in their pits he  offered himself, ch. x. 18. They now thought they had made sure of him and yet he  passed through the midst of them, either their eyes being blinded or their hands tied, and thus he left them to fume, like a lion  disappointed of his prey. (2.) It was an instance of his prudent provision for his own safety, when he knew that his work was not done, nor his testimony finished; thus he gave an example to his own rule,  When they persecute you in one city flee to another; nay, if occasion be, to a  wilderness, for so Elijah did (1 Kings xix. 3, 4), and the woman, the church, Rev. xii. 6. When they took up loose stones to throw at Christ, he could have commanded the fixed stones, which did  cry out of the wall against them, to avenge his cause, or the earth to open and swallow them up; but he chose to accommodate himself to the state he was in, to make the example imitable by the prudence of his followers, without a miracle. (3.) It was a righteous deserting of those who (worse than the Gadarenes, who  prayed him to depart) stoned him from among them. Christ will not long stay with those who bid him be gone. Christ did again visit the temple after this; as one  loth to depart, he  bade oft farewell; but at last he abandoned it for ever, and left it  desolate. Christ now  went through the midst of the Jews, and none of them courted his stay, nor stirred up himself to take hold of him, but were even content to let him go. Note, God never forsakes any till they have first provoked him to withdraw, and will have none of him. Calvin observes that these chief priests, when they had driven Christ out of the temple, valued themselves on the possession they kept of it: "But," says he, "those deceive themselves who are proud of a church or temple which Christ has forsaken."  Longe falluntur, cum templum se habere putant Deo vacuum. When Christ left them it is said that he passed by silently and unobserved;  paregen houtos, so that they were not aware of him. Note, Christ's departures from a church, or a particular soul, are often  secret, and not soon taken notice of. As  the kingdom of God comes not, so it  goes not, with observation. See Judg. xvi. 20.  Samson wist not that the Lord was departed from him. Thus it was with these forsaken Jews, God left them, and they never missed him.

=CHAP. 9.= ''After Christ's departure out of the temple, in the close of the foregoing chapter, and before this happened which is recorded in this chapter, he had been for some time abroad in the country, it is supposed about two or three months; in which interval of time Dr. Lightfoot and other harmonists place all the passages that occur from Luke x. 17 to xiii. 17. What is recorded in ch. vii. and viii. was at the feast of tabernacles, in September; what is recorded in this and the following chapter was at the feast of dedication in December,''

ch. x. 22. Mr. Clark and others place this immediately after the foregoing chapter. In this chapter we have, I. The miraculous cure of a man that was born blind, ver. 1-7. II. The discourses which were occasioned by it. 1. A discourse of the neighbours among themselves, and with the man, ver. 8-12. 2. Between the Pharisees and the man, ver. 13-34. 3. Between Christ and the poor man, ver. 35-38. 4. Between Christ and the Pharisees, ver. 39 to the end.

Sight Given to One Born Blind.
$1$ And as  Jesus passed by, he saw a man which was blind from  his birth. $2$ And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born blind? $3$ Jesus answered, Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents: but that the works of God should be made manifest in him. $4$ I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work. 5 As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world. 6 When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay, $7$ And said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam, (which is by interpretation, Sent.) He went his way therefore, and washed, and came seeing. We have here sight given to a poor beggar that had been blind from his birth. Observe, I. The notice which our Lord Jesus took of the piteous case of this poor blind man (v. 1):  As Jesus passed by he saw a man which was blind from his birth. The first words seem to refer to the last of the foregoing chapter, and countenance the opinion of those who in the harmony place this story immediately after that. There it was said,  paregen— he passed by, and here, without so much as repeating him name (though our translators supply it)  kai parago— and as he passed by. 1. Though the Jews had so basely abused him, both by word and deed gave him the highest provocation imaginable, yet he did not miss any opportunity of doing good among them, nor take up a resolution, as justly he might have done, never to have favoured them with any good offices. The cure of this blind man was a kindness to  the public, enabling him to work for his living who before was a charge and burden to the neighbourhood. It is noble, and generous, and Christ-like, to be willing to  serve the public, even when we are slighted and disobliged by them, or think ourselves so. Though he was in his flight from a threatening danger, and escaping for his life, yet he willingly halted and staid awhile to show mercy to this poor man. We make more haste than good speed when we out-run opportunities of doing good. 3. When the Pharisees drove Christ from them, he went to this poor blind beggar. Some of the ancients make this a figure of the bringing of the gospel to the Gentiles,  who sat in darkness, when the Jews had rejected it, and driven it from them. 4. Christ took this poor blind man in his way, and cured him  in transitu—as he passed by. Thus should we take occasions of doing good, even as we  pass by, wherever we are. Now, (1.) The condition of this poor man was very sad. He was  blind, and had been so  from his birth. If the light is sweet, how melancholy must it needs be for a man, all his days,  to eat in darkness! He that is  blind has no  enjoyment of the light, but he that is  born blind has no  idea of it. Methinks such a one would give a great deal to have his curiosity satisfied with but one day's sight of light and colours, shapes and figures, though he were never to see them more.  Why is the  light of life  given to one that is in this misery, that is deprived of the light of the sun,  whose way is thus  hid, and whom God hath thus  hedged in? Job iii. 20-23. Let us bless God that it was not our case. The eye is one of the most curious parts of the body, its structure exceedingly nice and fine. In the formation of animals, it is said to be the first part that appears distinctly discernible. What a mercy is it that there was no miscarriage in the making of ours! Christ cured many that were blind by disease or accident, but here he cured one that was  born blind. [1.] That he might give an instance of his power to help in the most desperate cases, and to relieve when none else can. [2.] That he might give a  specimen of the work of his grace upon the souls of sinners, which gives sight to those that were by nature blind. (2.) The compassions of our Lord Jesus towards him were very tender. He  saw him; that is, he took cognizance of his case, and looked upon him with concern. When God is about to work deliverance, he is said to see  the affliction; so Christ saw this poor man. Others saw him, but not as he did. This poor man could not see Christ, but Christ saw him, and anticipated both his prayers and expectations with a surprising cure. Christ is often found of those that seek him not, nor see him, Isa. lxv. 1. And, if we know or apprehend any thing of Christ, it is because we were first  known of him (Gal. iv. 9) and  apprehended by him, Phil. iii. 12. II. The discourse between Christ and his disciples concerning this man. When he  departed out of the temple they went along with him: for these were they that  continued with him in his temptations, and followed him whithersoever he went; and they lost nothing by their adherence to him, but gained experience abundantly. Observe, 1. The question which the disciples put to their Master upon this blind man's case, v. 2. When Christ looked upon him, they had an eye to him too; Christ's compassion should kindle ours. It is probable that Christ told them this poor man was born blind, or they knew it by common fame; but they did not move Christ to heal him. Instead of this, they started a very odd question concerning him:  Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind? Now this question of theirs was, (1.)  Uncharitably censorious. They take it for granted that this extraordinary calamity was the punishment of some uncommon wickedness, and that this man was a sinner above all men that dwelt at Jerusalem, Luke xiii. 4. For the  barbarous people to infer,  Surely this man is a murderer, was not so strange; but it was  inexcusable in them, who knew the scriptures, who had read that  all things come alike to all, and knew that it was adjudged in Job's case that the greatest sufferers are not  therefore to be looked upon as the greatest sinners. The grace of repentance calls our own afflictions  punishments, but the grace of charity calls the afflictions of others  trials, unless the contrary is very evident. (2.) It was  unnecessarily curious. Concluding this calamity to be inflicted for some very heinous crime, they ask,  Who were the criminals, this man or his parents? And what was this to them? Or what good would it do them to know it? We are apt to be more inquisitive concerning other people's sins than concerning our own; whereas, it is more our concern to know wherefore God contends with us than wherefore he contends with others; for to judge ourselves is our sin. They enquire, [1.] Whether this man was punished thus for some sin of his own, either committed or foreseen before his birth. Some think that the disciples were tainted with the Pythagorean notion of the  pre-existence of souls, and their  transmigration from one body to another. Was this man's soul condemned to the dungeon of this blind body to punish it for some great sin committed in another body which it had before animated? The Pharisees seem to have had the same opinion of his case when they said,  Thou wast altogether born in sin (v. 34), as if all those, and those only, were born in sin whom nature had  stigmatized. Or, [2.] Whether he was punished for the wickedness of his parents, which God sometimes  visits upon the children. It is a good reason why parents should take heed of sin, lest their children smart for it when they are gone. Let not us thus be cruel to our own, as the  ostrich in the wilderness. Perhaps the disciples asked this, not as believing that this was the punishment of some actual sin of his own or his parents, but Christ having intimated to another patient that his sin was the cause of this impotency (ch. v. 14), "Master," say they, "whose sin is the cause of this impotency?" Being at a loss what construction to put upon this providence, they desire to be informed. The equity of God's dispensations is always certain, for  his righteousness is as the great mountains, but not always to be accounted for, for his  judgments are a great deep. 2. Christ's answer to this question. He was always  apt to teach, and to rectify his disciples' mistakes. (1.) He gives the reason of this poor man's blindness: " Neither has this man sinned nor his parents, but he was born blind, and has continued so to this day, that now at last  the works of God should be made manifest in him," v. 3. Here Christ, who perfectly knew the secret springs of the divine counsels, told them two things concerning such uncommon calamities:—[1.] That they are not always inflicted as punishments of sin. The sinfulness of the whole race of mankind does indeed justify God in all the miseries of human life; so that those who have the least share of them must say that God is  kind, and those who have the largest share must not say that he is  unjust; but many are made much more  miserable than others in this life who are not at all more  sinful. Not but that this man was a sinner, and his parents sinners, but is was not any uncommon guilt that God had an eye to in inflicting this upon him. Note, We must take heed of judging any to be great sinners merely because they are great sufferers, lest we be found, not only  persecuting those whom God has smitten (Ps. lxix. 26), but accusing those whom he has justified, and  condemning those for whom  Christ died, which is daring and dangerous, Rom. viii. 33, 34. [2.] That they are sometimes intended purely  for the glory of God, and the  manifesting of his works. God has a sovereignty over all his creatures and an exclusive right in them, and may make them serviceable to his glory in such a way as he thinks fit, in doing or suffering; and if God be glorified, either by us or in us, we were not made  in vain. This man was  born blind, and it was worth while for him to be so, and to continue thus long dark,  that the works of God might be manifest in him. That is,  First, That the  attributes of God might be made manifest in him: his justice in making sinful man liable to such grievous calamities; his ordinary power and goodness in supporting a poor man under such a grievous and tedious affliction, especially that his extraordinary power and goodness might be manifested in curing him. Note, The difficulties of providence, otherwise unaccountable, may be resolved into this—God intends in them to  show himself, to declare his glory, to make himself to be taken notice of. Those who regard him not in the ordinary course of things are sometimes alarmed by things extraordinary. How contentedly then may a good man be a  loser in his comforts, while he is sure that thereby God will be one way or other a '' gainer in his glory! Secondly,'' That the counsels of God concerning the Redeemer might be manifested in him. He was  born blind that our Lord Jesus might have the honour of  curing him, and might therein prove himself sent of God to be the true light to the world. Thus the fall of man was permitted, and the  blindness that followed it, that the works of God might be manifest in  opening the eyes of the blind. It was now a great while since this man was born blind, and yet it never appeared till now  why he was so. Note, The intentions of Providence commonly do not appear till a great while after the event, perhaps  many years after. The sentences in the book of providence are sometimes  long, and you must read a great way before you can apprehend the sense of them. (2.) He gives the reason of his own forwardness and readiness to help and heal him, v. 4, 5. It was not for ostentation, but in pursuance of his undertaking:  I must work the works of him that sent me (of which this is one),  while it is day, and working time;  the night cometh, the period of that day,  when no man can work. This is not only a reason why Christ was constant in doing good to the souls and bodies of men, but why particularly he did this, though it was the sabbath day, on which works of necessity might be done, and he proves this to be a work of necessity. [1.] It was his Father's will:  I must work the works of him that sent me. Note,  First, The Father, when he sent his Son into the world, gave him  work to do; he did not come into the world to take state, but to do business; whom God sends he employs, for he sends none to be idle.  Secondly, The works Christ had to do were the  works of him that sent him, not only appointed  by him, but done  for him; he was a worker together with God.  Thirdly, He was pleased to lay himself under the strongest obligations to do the business he was sent about: I  must work. He  engaged his heart, in the covenant of redemption, to  draw near, and  approach to God as Mediator, Jer. xxx. 21. Shall we be willing to be  loose, when Christ was willing to be '' bound? Fourthly,'' Christ, having laid himself under obligations to do his work, laid out himself with the utmost vigour and industry in his work. He  worked the works he had to do; did  ergazesthai ta erga— made a business of that which was his business. It is not enough to look at our work, and talk over it, but we must work it. [2.] Now was his opportunity: I must work  while it is day, while the time lasts which is appointed to work in, and while the light lasts which is given to work by. Christ himself had '' his day. First,'' All the business of the  mediatorial kingdom was to be done within the limits of time, and in this world; for at the end of the world, when time shall be no more, the  kingdom shall be delivered up to God, even the Father, and the '' mystery of God finished. Secondly, all the work he had to do  in his own person here on earth was to be done  before his death; the time of his living in this world is  the day'' here spoken of. Note, The time of our life is our day, in which it concerns us to do the  work of the day. Day-time is the proper season for work (Ps. civ. 22, 23); during the day of life we must be busy, not waste  day-time, nor play by  day-light; it will be time enough to rest when our day is done, for it is  but a day. [3.] The period of his opportunity was at hand, and therefore he would be busy;  The night comes when no man can work. Note, The consideration of our death approaching should quicken us to improve all the opportunities of life, both for doing and getting good.  The night comes, it will come certainly, may come suddenly, is coming nearer and nearer. We cannot compute how nigh our sun is, it may go down at noon; nor can we promise ourselves a twilight between the day of life and the night of death. When the night comes we  cannot work, because the light afforded us to work by is  extinguished; the grave is a land of darkness, and our work cannot be done  in the dark. And, besides, our time allotted us for our work will then have  expired; when our Master tied us to duty he tied us to time too; when night comes,  call the labourers; we must then  show our work, and receive according to the things done. In the world of retribution we are no longer probationers; it is too late to  bid when the inch of candle is  dropped. Christ uses this as an argument with himself to be diligent, though he had no opposition from within to struggle with; much more need have we to work upon our hearts these and the like considerations to quicken us. [4.] His business in the world was to enlighten it (v. 5):  As long as I am in the world, and that will not be long,  I am the light of the world. He had said this before, ch. viii. 12. He is the  Sun of righteousness, that has not only light in his wings for those that can see, but healing in his wings, or beams, for those that are blind and cannot see, therein far exceeding in virtue that great light which rules  by day. Christ would cure this blind man, the representative of a blind world, because he came to be  the light of the world, not only to give  light, but to give  sight. Now this gives us,  First, A great  encouragement to come to him, as a guiding, quickening, refreshing light. To whom should we look but to him? Which way should we turn our eyes, but to the light? We partake of the sun's light, and so we may of Christ's grace, without money and without price.  Secondly, A good  example of usefulness in the world. What Christ saith of himself, he saith of his disciples:  You are lights in the world, and, if so,  Let your light shine. What were candles made for but to burn? III. The manner of the cure of the blind man, v. 6, 7. The circumstances of the miracle are singular, and no doubt significant.  When he had thus spoken for the instruction of his disciples, and the opening of their understandings, he addressed himself to the opening of the blind man's eyes. He did not defer it till he could do it either more privately, for his greater safety, or more publicly, for his greater honour, or till the sabbath was past, when it would give less offence. What good we have opportunity of doing we should do quickly; he that will never do a good work till there is nothing to be objected against it will leave many a good work for ever undone, Eccl. xi. 4. In the cure observe, 1. The preparation of the eye-salve. Christ  spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle. He could have cured him with a word, as he did others, but he chose to do it in this way to show that he is not  tied to any method. He made clay of his own spittle, because there was no water near; and he would teach us not to be nice or curious, but, when we have at any time occasion, to be willing to take up with that which is  next hand, if it will but serve the turn. Why should we  go about for that which may as well be had and done a  nearer way? Christ's making use of his own spittle intimates that there is healing virtue in every thing that belongs to Christ; clay made of Christ's spittle was much more precious than the balm of Gilead. 2. The application of it to the place:  He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay. Or, as the margin reads it,  He spread ( epechrise),  he daubed the clay upon the eyes of the blind man, like a tender physician; he did it himself with his own hand, though the patient was a beggar. Now Christ did this, (1.) To magnify his power in making a blind man to see by that method which one would think more likely to make a seeing man blind. Daubing clay on the eyes would  close them up, but never  open them. Note, The power of God often works by contraries; and he makes men feel their own blindness before he gives them sight. (2.) To give an intimation that it was his mighty hand, the very same that at first made man out of  the clay; for by him God  made the worlds, both the great world, and man the little world. Man was  formed out of the clay, and moulded like the clay, and here Christ used the same materials to give sight to the body that at first he used to give being to it. (3.) To represent and typify the healing and opening of the eyes of the mind by the grace of Jesus Christ. The design of the gospel is to  open men's eyes, Acts xxvi. 18. Now the eye-salve that does the work is of Christ's preparing; it is made up, not as this, of his spittle, but of his blood, the blood and water that came out of his pierced side; we must come to Christ for  the eye-salve, Rev. iii. 18. He only is  able, and he only is  appointed, to make it up, Luke iv. 18. The means used in this work are very weak and unlikely, and are made effectual only by the power of Christ; when a dark world was to be enlightened, and nations of blind souls were to have their eyes opened, God chose the  foolish things, and weak, and despised, for the doing of it. And the method Christ takes is first to make men feel themselves blind, as this poor man did whose eyes were daubed with clay, and then to give them sight. Paul in his conversion was  struck blind for three days, and then the  scales fell from his eyes. The way prescribed for getting spiritual wisdom is,  Let a man become a fool, that he may be wise, 1 Cor. iii. 18. We must be made uneasy with our blindness, as this man here, and then healed. 3. The directions given to the patient, v. 7. His physician said to him,  Go, wash in the pool of Siloam. Not that this washing was needful to effect the cure; but, (1.) Christ would hereby try his obedience, and whether he would with an implicit faith obey the orders of one he was so much a stranger to. (2.) He would likewise try how he stood affected to the tradition of the elders, which taught, and perhaps had taught him (for many that are  blind are very knowing), that it was not lawful to wash the eyes, no not with spittle medicinally, on the sabbath day, much less to go to a pool of water to wash them. (3.) He would hereby represent the method of spiritual healing, in which, though the effect is owing purely to his power and grace, there is duty to be done by us. Go, search the scriptures, attend upon the ministry, converse with the wise; this is like washing in the pool of Siloam. Promised graces must be expected in the way of instituted ordinances. The waters of baptism were to those who had been trained up in darkness like the pool of Siloam, in which they might not only wash and be clean, but  wash, and have their eyes opened. Hence they that were baptized are said to be  photisthentes— enlightened; and the ancients called baptism  photismos— illumination. Concerning the pool of Siloam observe, [1.] That it was supplied with water from mount Zion, so that these were the  waters of the sanctuary (Ps. xlvi. 4), living waters, which were  healing, Ezek. xlvii. 9. [2.] That the waters of Siloam had of old signified the throne and kingdom of the house of David, pointing at the Messiah (Isa. viii. 6), and the Jews who  refused the waters of Shiloah, Christ's doctrine and law, and rejoiced in the tradition of the elders. Christ would try this man, whether he would cleave to the waters of Siloam or no. [3.] The evangelist takes notice of the signification of the name, its being interpreted  sent. Christ is often called the  sent of God, the Messenger of the covenant (Mal. iii. 1); so that when Christ sent him to the pool of Siloam he did in effect send him to himself; for Christ is  all in all to the healing of souls. Christ as a prophet directs us to himself as a priest.  Go, wash in the fountain opened, a fountain of life, not a  pool. 4. The patient's obedience to these directions:  He went his way therefore, probably led by some friend or other; or perhaps he was so well acquainted with Jerusalem that he could find the way himself. Nature often supplies the want of sight with an uncommon sagacity; and  he washed his eyes; probably the disciples, or some stander by, informed him that he who bade him do it was that Jesus whom he had heard so much of, else he would not have gone, at his bidding, on that which looked so much like a fool's errand; in confidence of Christ's power, as well as in obedience to his command, he went, and washed. 5. The cure effected:  He came seeing. There is more glory in this concise narrative,  He went and  washed, and  came seeing, than in C&#230;sar's  Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered. When the clay was  washed off from his eyes, all the other impediments were removed with it; so when the pangs and struggles of the new birth are over, and the pains and terrors of conviction past, the bands of sin fly off with them, and a glorious light and liberty succeed. See here an instance, (1.) Of the power of Christ. What cannot  he do who could not only do  this, but do it  thus? With a lump of clay laid on either eye, and washed off again, he couched those cataracts immediately which the most skilful oculist, with the finest instrument and the most curious hand, could not remove. No doubt this is  he that should come, for by him the blind receive their sight. (2.) It is an instance of the virtue of faith and obedience. This man let Christ do what  he pleased, and did what he appointed him to do, and so was cured. Those that would be healed by Christ must be ruled by him. He  came back from the pool to his neighbours and acquaintance, wondering and wondered at; he came  seeing. This represents the benefit gracious souls find in attending on instituted ordinances, according to Christ's appointment; they have gone to the pool of Siloam weak, and have come away strengthened; have gone doubting, and come away satisfied; have gone mourning, and come away rejoicing; have gone trembling, and come away triumphing; have gone  blind, and come away  seeing, come away singing, Isa. lii. 8.

Sight Given to One Born Blind.
$8$ The neighbours therefore, and they which before had seen him that he was blind, said, Is not this he that sat and begged? $9$ Some said, This is he: others  said, He is like him:  but he said, I am  he. $10$ Therefore said they unto him, How were thine eyes opened? $11$ He answered and said, A man that is called Jesus made clay, and anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and wash: and I went and washed, and I received sight. $12$ Then said they unto him, Where is he? He said, I know not. Such a wonderful event as the giving of sight to a man born blind could not but be the talk of the town, and many heeded it no more than they do other town-talk, that is but nine days' wonder; but here we are told what the neighbours said of it, for the confirmation of the matter of fact. That which at first was not believed without  scrutiny may afterwards be admitted without  scruple. Two things are debated in this conference about it:— I. Whether this was the same man that had before been blind, v. 8. 1. The neighbours that lived near the place where he was born and bred, and knew that he had been blind, could not but be amazed when they saw that he had his eye-sight, had it on a sudden, and perfectly; and they said,  Is not this he that sat and begged? It seems, this blind man was a common beggar, being disabled to work for his living; and so discharged from the obligation of the law, that if  any would not work, neither should he eat. When he could not go about, he  sat; if we cannot  work for God, we must  sit still quietly for him. When he could not labour, his parents not being able to maintain him, he  begged. Note, Those who cannot otherwise subsist must not, like the unjust steward, be  ashamed to beg; let no man be ashamed of anything but sin. There are some common beggars that are objects of charity, that should be distinguished; and we must not let the bees starve for the sake of the drones or wasps that are among them. As to this man, (1.) It was well ordered by Providence that he on whom this miracle was wrought should be a common beggar, and so generally known and remarkable, by which means the truth of the miracle was better attested, and there were more to witness against those infidel Jews who would not believe  that he had been blind than if he had been maintained in his father's house. (2.) It was the greater instance of Christ's condescension that he seemed (as I may say) to take more pains about the cure of a common beggar than of others. When it was for the advantage of his miracles that they should be wrought on those that were remarkable, he pitched upon those that were made so by their poverty and misery; not by their dignity. 2. In answer to this inquiry, (1.) Some said,  This is he, the very same man; and these are witnesses to the truth of the miracle, for they had long known him stone-blind. (2.) Others, who could not think it possible that a man born blind should thus on a sudden receive his sight, for that reason, and no other, said,  He is not he, but is like him, and so, by their confession, if it be he, it is a great miracle that is wrought upon him. Hence we may take occasion to think, [1.] Of the wisdom and power of Providence in ordering such a universal variety of the faces of men and women, so that no two are so alike but that they may be distinguished, which is necessary to society, and commerce, and the administration of justice. And, [2.] Of the wonderful change which the converting grace of God makes upon some who before were very wicked and vile, but are thereby so universally and visibly altered that one would not take them to be the same persons. 3. This controversy was soon decided by the man himself:  He said, I am he, the very man that so lately sat and begged; "I am he that was blind, and was an object of the charity of men, but now see, and am a monument of the mercy and grace of God." We do not find that the neighbours appealed to him in this matter, but he, hearing the debate, interposed, and put an end to it. It is a piece of justice we owe to our neighbours to rectify their mistakes, and to set things before them, as far as we are able, in a true light. Applying it spiritually, it teaches us that those who are savingly enlightened by the grace of God should be ready to own what they were before that blessed change was wrought, 1 Tim. i. 13, 14. II. How he came to have his eyes opened, v. 10-12. They will now turn aside, and  see this great sight, and enquire further concerning it. He did not  sound a trumpet when he did these alms, nor perform his cures  upon a stage; and yet, like a city upon a hill, they could not be hid. Two things these neighbours enquire after:— 1. The manner of the cure:  How were thine eyes opened? The works of the Lord being great, they ought to be  sought out, Ps. cxi. 2. It is good to observe the way and method of God's works, and they will appear the more wonderful. We may apply it spiritually; it is strange that blind eyes should be opened, but more strange when we consider how they are opened; how weak the means are that are used, and how strong the opposition that is conquered. In answer to this enquiry the poor man gives them a plain and full account of the matter:  A man that is called Jesus made clay,—and I received sight. v. 11. Note, Those who have experienced special instances of God's power and goodness, in temporal or spiritual things, should be ready upon all occasions to communicate their experiences, for the glory of God and the instruction and encouragement of others. See David's collection of his experiences, his own and others', Ps. xxxiv. 4-6. It is a debt we owe to our benefactor, and to our brethren. God's favours are lost  upon us, when they are lost  with us, and go no further. 2. The author of it (v. 12):  Where is he? Some perhaps asked this question out of curiosity. "Where is he, that we may see him?" A man that did such cures as these might well be a show, which one would go a good way for the sight of. Others, perhaps, asked out of ill-will. "Where is he, that we may  seize him?" There was a proclamation out for the discovering and apprehending of him (ch. xi. 57); and the unthinking crowd, in spite of all reason and equity, will have ill thoughts of those that are put into an ill name. Some, we hope, asked this question out of  good-will. "Where is he, that we may be acquainted with him? Where is he, that we may come to him, and share in the favours he is so free of?" In answer to this, he could say nothing:  I know not. As soon as Christ had sent him to the pool of Siloam, it should seem, he withdrew immediately (as he did, ch. v. 13), and did not stay till the man returned, as if he either doubted of the effect or waited for the man's thanks. Humble souls take more pleasure in  doing good than in hearing of it again; it will be time enough to hear of it in the  resurrection of the just. The man had never seen Jesus, for by the time that he had gained his sight he had lost his Physician; and he asked, it is probable,  Where is he? None of all the new and surprising objects that presented themselves could be so grateful to him as one sight of Christ, but as yet he knew no more of him than that he was called, and rightly called,  Jesus—a Saviour. Thus in the work of grace wrought upon the soul we see the change, but see not the hand that makes it; for the way of the Spirit is like that of the wind, which thou hearest the sound of, but canst not tell  whence it comes nor whither it goes.

The Cavilling of the Pharisees; The Cavilling of the Pharisees Refuted.
$13$ They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind. $14$ And it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes. $15$ Then again the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. He said unto them, He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed, and do see. 16 Therefore said some of the Pharisees, This man is not of God, because he keepeth not the sabbath day. Others said, How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among them. $17$ They say unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, that he hath opened thine eyes? He said, He is a prophet. $18$ But the Jews did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, and received his sight, until they called the parents of him that had received his sight. $19$ And they asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was born blind? how then doth he now see? $20$ His parents answered them and said, We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind: 21 But by what means he now seeth, we know not; or who hath opened his eyes, we know not: he is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. $22$ These  words spake his parents, because they feared the Jews: for the Jews had agreed already, that if any man did confess that he was Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. $23$ Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him. $24$ Then again called they the man that was blind, and said unto him, Give God the praise: we know that this man is a sinner. $25$ He answered and said, Whether he be a sinner  or no, I know not: one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, now I see. $26$ Then said they to him again, What did he to thee? how opened he thine eyes? $27$ He answered them, I have told you already, and ye did not hear: wherefore would ye hear  it again? will ye also be his disciples? $28$ Then they reviled him, and said, Thou art his disciple; but we are Moses' disciples. $29$ We know that God spake unto Moses:  as for this  fellow, we know not from whence he is. $30$ The man answered and said unto them, Why herein is a marvellous thing, that ye know not from whence he is, and  yet he hath opened mine eyes. $31$ Now we know that God heareth not sinners: but if any man be a worshipper of God, and doeth his will, him he heareth. $32$ Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the eyes of one that was born blind. $33$ If this man were not of God, he could do nothing. $34$ They answered and said unto him, Thou wast altogether born in sins, and dost thou teach us? And they cast him out. One would have expected that such a miracle as Christ wrought upon the blind man would have settled his reputation, and silenced and shamed all opposition, but it had the contrary effect; instead of being embraced as a prophet for it, he is prosecuted as a criminal. I. Here is the information that was given in to the Pharisees concerning this matter:  They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind, v. 13. They brought him to the great sanhedrim, which consisted chiefly of Pharisees, at least the Pharisees in the sanhedrim were most active against Christ. 1. Some think that those who brought this man to the Pharisees did it with a  good design, to show them that this Jesus, whom they persecuted, was not what they represented him, but really a great man, and one that gave considerable proofs of a divine mission. What hath convinced us of the truth and excellency of religion, and hath removed our prejudices against it, we should be forward, as we have opportunity, to offer to others for their conviction. 2. It should seem, rather, that they did it with an  ill design, to exasperate the Pharisees the more against Christ, and there was no need of this, for they were bitter enough of themselves. They brought him with such a suggestion as that in ch. xi. 47, 48,  If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him. Note, Those rulers that are of a persecuting spirit shall never want ill instruments about them, that will blow the coals, and make them worse. II. The ground which was pretended for this information, and the colour given to it. That which is good was never maligned but under the imputation of something evil. And the crime objected here (v. 14) was that  it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes. The profanation of the sabbath day is certainly wicked, and gives a man a very ill character; but the traditions of the Jews had made that to be a violation of the law of the sabbath which was far from being so. Many a time this matter was contested between Christ and the Jews, that it might be settled for the benefit of the church in all ages. But it may be asked, "Why would Christ not only work miracles on the sabbath day, but work them in such a manner as he knew would give offence to the Jews? When he had healed the impotent man, why should he bid him carry his bed? Could he not have cured this blind man without making clay?" I answer, 1. He would not seem to yield to the usurped power of the scribes and Pharisees. Their government was illegal, their impositions were arbitrary, and their zeal for the rituals consumed the substantials of religion; and therefore Christ would not  give place to them,  by subjection, no not for an hour. Christ was made under the law of God, but not under their law. 2. He did it that he might, both by word and action, expound the law of the fourth commandment, and vindicate it from their corrupt glosses, and so teach us that a weekly sabbath is to be  perpetually observed in the church, one day in seven (for what need was there to explain that law, if it must be presently abrogated?) and that it is not to be so  ceremonially observed by us as it was by the Jews? Works of necessity and mercy are allowed, and the sabbath-rest to be kept, not so much for its own sake as in order to the sabbath-work. 3. Christ chose to work his cures on the sabbath day to dignify and sanctify the day, and to intimate that spiritual cures should be wrought mostly on the Christian sabbath day. How many blind eyes have been opened by the preaching of the gospel, that blessed eye-salve, on the Lord's day! How many impotent souls cured on that day! III. The trial and examination of this matter by the Pharisees, v. 15. So much passion, prejudice, and ill-humour, and so little reason, appear here, that the discourse is nothing but crossing questions. One would think, when a man in these circumstances was brought before them, they would have been so taken up in admiring the miracle, and congratulating the happiness of the poor man, that they could not have been peevish with him. But their enmity to Christ had divested them of all manner of humanity, and divinity too. Let us see how they teased this man. 1. They interrogated him concerning the cure itself. (1.) They doubted whether he had indeed been  born blind, and demanded proof of that which even the prosecutors had acknowledged (v. 18): They  did not believe, that is, they would not, that he was  born blind. Men that seek occasion to quarrel with the clearest truths may find it if they please; and they that resolve to  hold fast deceit will never want a handle to hold it by. This was not a prudent caution, but a prejudiced infidelity. However, it was a good way that they took for the clearing of this:  They called the parents of the man who had received his sight. This they did in hopes to disprove the miracle. These parents were poor and timorous, and if they had said that they could not be sure that this was their son, or that it was only some weakness or dimness in his sight that he had been born with, which if they had been able to get help for him might have been cured long since, or had otherwise prevaricated, for fear of the court, the Pharisees had gained their point, had robbed Christ of the honour of this miracle, which would have lessened the reputation of all the rest. But God so ordered and overruled this counsel of theirs that it turned to the more effectual proof of the miracle, and left them under a necessity of being either convinced or confounded. Now in this part of the examination we have, [1.] The questions that were put to them (v. 19): They  asked them in an imperious threatening way, " Is this your son? Dare you swear to it?  Do you say he was born blind? Are you sure of it? Or did he but pretend to be so, to have an excuse for his begging?  How then doth he now see? That is impossible, and therefore you had better unsay it." Those who cannot bear the light of truth do all they can to  eclipse it, and hinder the discovery of it. Thus the  managers of evidence, or mismanagers rather, lead witnesses out of the way, and teach them how to conceal or disguise the truth, and so involve themselves in a double guilt, like that of Jeroboam, who sinned, and made Israel to sin. [2.] Their answers to these interrogatories, in which,  First, They fully attest that which they could safely say in this matter;  safely, that is, upon their own knowledge, and  safely, that is, without running themselves into a  premunire (v. 20):  We know that this is our son (for they were daily conversant with him, and had such a natural affection to him as the true mother had, 1 Kings iii. 26, which made them know it was  their own); and we know that he was  born blind. They had reason to know it, inasmuch as it had cost them many a sad thought, and many a careful troublesome hour, about him. How often had they looked upon him with grief, and lamented their child's blindness more than all the burdens and inconveniences of their poverty, and wished he had never been born, rather than be born to such an uncomfortable life! Those who are ashamed of their children, or any of their relations, because of their bodily infirmities, may take a reproof from  these parents, who freely owned, This is  our son, though he was  born blind, and lived upon alms.  Secondly, They cautiously decline giving any evidence concerning his cure; partly because they were not themselves eye-witnesses of it, and could say nothing to it  of their own knowledge; and partly because they found it was a  tender point, and would not bear to be meddled with. And therefore, having owned that he was  their son and was  born blind, further these deponents say not.  a. Observe how warily they express themselves (v. 21): " By what means he now seeth we know not, or  who has opened his eyes we know not, otherwise than by  hearsay; we can give no account either by what means or by whose hand it was done." See how the wisdom of this world teaches men to  trim the matter in critical junctures. Christ was accused as a sabbath-breaker, and as an imposter. Now these parents of the blind man, though they were not eye-witnesses of the cure, were yet fully assured of it, and were bound in gratitude to have borne their testimony to the honour of the Lord Jesus, who had done their son so great a kindness; but they had not courage to do it, and then thought it might serve to atone for their not appearing in favour of him that they said nothing to his prejudice; whereas, in the day of trial, he that is not  apparently for Christ is justly looked upon as  really against him, Luke xi. 23; Mark viii. 38. That they might not be further urged in this matter, they refer themselves and the court to him:  He is of age, ask him, he shall speak for himself. This implies that while children are not of age (while they are  infants, such as cannot speak) it is incumbent upon their parents to  speak for them, speak to God for them in prayer, speak to the church for them in baptism; but, when they are of age, it is fit that they should be asked whether they be willing to stand to that which their parents did for them, and let them speak for themselves. This man, though he was  born blind, seems to have been of quick understanding above many, which enabled him to speak for himself better than his friends could speak for him. Thus God often by a kind providence makes up in the mind what is wanting in the body, 1 Cor. xii. 23, 24. His parents turning them over to him was only to save themselves from trouble, and expose him; whereas they that had so great an interest in his  mercies had reason to embark with him in his  hazards for the honour of that Jesus who had done so much for them.  b. See the reason why they were so cautious (v. 22, 23):  Because they feared the Jews. It was not because they would put an honour upon their son, by making him his own advocate, or because they would have the matter cleared by the  best hand, but because they would shift trouble off from themselves, as most people are in care to do, no matter on whom they throw it. Near is my friend, and near is my child, and perhaps near is my religion, but  nearer is myself—Proximus egomet mihi. But Christianity teaches another lesson, 1 Cor. x. 24; Esth. viii. 6. Here is, ( a.) The  late law which the sanhedrim had made. It was agreed and enacted by their authority that, if any man within their jurisdiction did  confess that Jesus  was Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. Observe, [ a.] The crime designed to be punished, and so prevented, by this statute, and that was embracing Jesus of Nazareth as the promised Messiah, and manifesting this by any overt-act, which amounted to a confessing of him. They themselves did expect a Messiah, but they could by no means bear to think that this Jesus should be he, nor admit the question whether he were or no, for two reasons:— First, Because his precepts were all so contrary to their traditional  laws. The spiritual worship he prescribed overthrew their formalities; nor did any thing more effectually destroy their singularity and narrow-spiritedness than that universal charity which he taught; humility and mortification, repentance and self-denial, were lessons new to them, and sounded harsh and strange in their ears.  Secondly, Because his promises and appearances were so contrary to their traditional hopes. They expected a Messiah in outward pomp and splendour, that should not only free the nation from the Roman yoke, but advance the grandeur of the sanhedrim, and make all the members of it princes and peers: and now to hear of a Messiah whose outward circumstances were all mean and poor, whose first appearance and principal residence were in Galilee, a despised province, who never made his court to them, nor sought their favour, whose followers were neither sword-men nor gown-men, nor any men of honour, but contemptible fishermen, who proposed and promised no redemption but from sin, no consolation of Israel but what is spiritual and divine, and at the same time bade his followers expect the cross, and count upon persecution; this was such a reproach to all the ideas they had formed and filled the minds of their people with, such a blow to their power and interest, and such a disappointment to all their hopes, that they could never be reconciled to it, nor so much as give it a fair or patient hearing, but, right or wrong, it must be  crushed. [ b.] The penalty to be inflicted for this crime. If any should own himself a disciple of Jesus, he should be deemed and taken as an apostate from the faith of the Jewish church, and a rebel and traitor against the government of it, and should therefore be  put out of the synagogue, as one that had rendered himself unworthy of the honours, and incapable of the privileges, of their church; he should be excommunicated, and expelled the commonwealth of Israel. Nor was this merely an ecclesiastical censure, which a man that made no conscience of their authority might slight, but it was, in effect, an  outlawry, which excluded a man from civil commerce and deprived him of his liberty and property. Note,  First, Christ's holy religion, from its first rise, has been opposed by penal laws made against the professors of it; as if men's consciences would otherwise  naturally embrace it, this unnatural force has been put upon them.  Secondly, The church's artillery, when the command of it has fallen into ill hands, has often been turned against itself, and ecclesiastical censures have been made to serve a carnal secular interest. It is no new thing to see those cast out of the synagogue that were the greatest ornaments and blessings of it, and to hear those that expelled them say,  The Lord be glorified, Isa. lxvi. 5. Now of this edict it is said, 1. That the Jews had agreed it, or  conspired it. Their consultation and communion herein were a perfect conspiracy against the crown and dignity of the Redeemer, against the Lord and his Anointed. 2. That they had already agreed it. Though he had been but a few months in any public character among them, and, one would think, in so short a time could not have made them jealous of him, yet thus early were they aware of his growing interest, and already agreed to do their utmost to suppress it. He had lately made his escape out of the temple, and, when they saw themselves baffled in their attempts to take him, they presently took this course, to make it penal for any body to own him. Thus unanimous and thus expeditious are the enemies of the church, and their counsels; but he that  sits in heaven laughs at them, and  has them in derision, and so may we. ( b.) The influence which this law had upon the parents of the blind man. They declined saying any thing of Christ, and shuffled it off to their son,  because they feared the Jews. Christ had incurred the frowns of the government to do their son a kindness, but they would not incur them to do him any honour. Note,  The fear of man brings a snare (Prov. xxix. 25), and often makes people deny and disown Christ, and his truths and ways, and act against their consciences. Well, the parents have thus disentangled themselves, and are discharged from any further attendance; let us now go on with the examination of the man himself; the doubt of the Pharisees, whether he was  born blind, was put out of doubt  by them; and therefore, (2.) They enquired of  him concerning the  manner of the cure, and made their remarks upon it, v. 15, 16. [1.] The same question which his neighbours had put to him  now again the Pharisees asked him, how he had received his sight. This they enquired not with any sincere desire to find out the truth, by tracing the report to the original, but with a desire to find an occasion against Christ; for, if the man should relate the matter fully, they would prove Christ a sabbath-breaker; if he should vary from his former story, they would have some colour to suspect the whole to be a collusion. [2.] The same answer, in effect, which he had before given to his neighbours, he here repeats to the Pharisees:  He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed, and do see. He does not here speak of the making of the clay, for indeed he had not seen it made. That circumstance was not essential, and might give the Pharisees most occasion against him, and therefore he waives it. In the former account he said,  I washed, and received sight; but lest they should think it was only a glimpse for the present, which a heated imagination might fancy itself to have, he now says, " I do see: it is a complete and lasting cure." [3.] The remarks made upon this story were very different, and occasioned a debate in the court, v. 16.  First, Some took this occasion to censure and condemn Christ for what he had done. Some of the Pharisees said,  This man is not of God, as he pretends,  because he keepeth not the sabbath day. 1. The doctrine upon which this censure is grounded is very true—that those  are not of God—those pretenders to prophecy not  sent of God, those pretenders to saintship not  born of God—who do not  keep the sabbath day. Those that are of God will  keep the commandments of God; and this is his commandment, that we sanctify the sabbath. Those that are of God keep up communion with God, and delight to hear from him, and speak to him, and therefore will observe the sabbath, which is a day appointed for intercourse with heaven. The sabbath is called a  sign, for the sanctifying of it is a sign of a sanctified heart, and the profaning of it a sign of a profane heart. But, 2. The application of it to our Saviour is very unjust, for he did religiously observe the sabbath day, and never in any instance violated it, never did otherwise than  well on the sabbath day. He did not keep the sabbath according to the tradition of the elders and the superstitious observances of the Pharisees, but he kept it according to the command of God, and therefore, no doubt, he was of God, and his miracles proved him to be  Lord also of the sabbath day. Note, much unrighteous and uncharitable judging is occasioned by men's making the rules of religion more strict than God has made them, and adding their own fancies to God's appointments, as the Jews here, in the case of sabbath-sanctification. We ourselves may forbear such and such things, on the sabbath day, as we find a distraction to us, and we do well, but we must not therefore tie up others to the same strictness. Every thing that we take for a rule of practice must not presently be made a rule of judgment.  Secondly, Others spoke in his favour, and very pertinently urged,  How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? It seems that even in this  council of the ungodly there were some that were capable of a  free thought, and were witnesses for Christ, even in the midst of his enemies. The matter of fact was plain, that this was a true miracle, the more it was searched into the more it was cleared; and this brought his former similar works to mind, and gave occasion to speak magnificently of them,  toiauta semeia— such great signs, so many, so evident. And the inference from it is very natural: Such things as these could never be done by a  man that is a sinner, that is, not by any mere man, in his own name, and by his own power; or, rather, not by one that is a cheat or an imposter, and in that sense a a sinner; such a one may indeed show some  signs and lying wonders, but not such signs and true wonders as Christ wrought. How could a man produce such divine credentials, if he had not a divine commission? Thus there was a  division among them, a schism, so the word is; they clashed in their opinion, a warm debate arose, and the  house divided upon it. Thus God defeats the counsels of his enemies by dividing them; and by such testimonies as these given against the malice of persecutors, and the rubs they meet with, their designs against the church are sometimes rendered ineffectual and always inexcusable. 2. After their enquiry concerning the cure, we must observe their enquiry concerning the  author of it. And here observe, (1.) What the man said of him, in answer to their enquiry. They ask him (v. 17), " What sayest thou of him, seeing that he has opened thine eyes? What dost thou think of his doing this? And what idea hast thou of him that did it?" If he should speak  slightly of Christ, in answer to this, as he might be tempted to do, to please them, now that he was in their hands, as his parents had done—if he should say, "I know not what to make of him; he may be a conjuror for aught I know, or some mountebank"—they would have triumphed in it. Nothing confirms Christ's enemies in their enmity to him so much as the slights put upon him by those that have passed for his friends. But, if he should speak honourably of Christ, they would prosecute him upon their new law, which did not except, no, not his own patient; they would make him an example, and so deter others from applying to Christ for cures, for which, though they came cheap from Christ, yet they would make them pay dearly. Or perhaps Christ's friends proposed to have the man's own sentiments concerning his physician, and were willing to know, since he appeared to be a sensible man, what he thought of him. Note, Those whose eyes Christ has opened know best what to say of him, and have great reason, upon all occasions, to say well of him. What think we of Christ? To this question the poor man makes a short, plain, and direct answer: " He is a prophet, he is one inspired and sent of God to preach, and work miracles, and deliver to the world a divine message." There had been no prophets among the Jews for three hundred years; yet they did not conclude that they should have no more, for they knew that he was yet to come who should  seal up vision and prophecy, Dan. ix. 24. It should seem, this man had not any thoughts that Christ was the Messiah, the great prophet, but one of the same rank with the other prophets. The woman of Samaria concluded he was  a prophet before she had any thought of his being the Messiah (ch. iv. 19); so this blind man thought well of Christ according to the light he had, though he did not think well enough of him; but, being faithful in what he had already attained to, God revealed even  that unto him. This poor blind beggar had a clearer judgment of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God, and saw further into the proofs of a divine mission, than the  masters in Israel, that assumed an authority to judge of prophets. (2.) What they said of him, in reply to the man's testimony. Having in vain attempted to invalidate the evidence of the fact, and finding that indeed a  notable miracle was wrought, and they  could not deny it, they renew their attempt to banter it, and run it down, and do all they can to shake the good opinion the man had of him that opened his eyes, and to convince him that Christ was a bad man (v. 24):  Give God the praise, we know that this man is a sinner. Two ways this is understood: [1.] By way of  advice, to take heed of ascribing the praise of his cure to a sinful man, but to give it all to God, to whom it was due. Thus, under colour of zeal for the honour of God, they rob Christ of his honour, as those do who will not worship Christ as God, under pretence of zeal for this great truth, that there is but one God to be worshipped; whereas this is his declared will, that all men should  honour the Son even as they honour the Father; and in confessing that Christ is Lord we  give glory to God the Father. When God makes use of men that are sinners as instruments of good to us, we must  give God the glory, for every creature is that to us which he makes it to be; and yet there is gratitude owing to the instruments. It was a good word,  Give God the praise, but here it was ill used; and there seems to be this further in it, "This man is  a sinner, a  bad man, and therefore give the praise so much the more to God, who could work by such an instrument." [2.] By way of  adjuration; so some take it. "We know (though thou dost not, who hast but lately come, as it were, into a new world) that this man is  a sinner, a great impostor, and cheats the country; this we are sure of, therefore  give God praise" (as Joshua said to Achan) "by making an ingenuous confession of the fraud and collusion which we are confident there is in this matter; in God's name, man, tell the truth." Thus is God's name abused in papal inquisitions, when by oaths,  ex officio, they extort accusations of  themselves from the  innocent, and of  others from the  ignorant. See how basely they speak of the Lord Jesus:  We know that this man is a sinner, is a man of sin. In which we may observe,  First, Their insolence and pride. They would not have it thought, when they asked the man what he thought of him, that they needed information; nay, they know very well that he is a sinner, and nobody can convince them of the contrary. He had challenged them to their faces (ch. viii. 46) to  convince him of sin, and they had nothing to say; but now behind his back they speak of him as a malefactor, convicted upon the notorious evidence of the fact. Thus false accusers make up in confidence what is wanting in proof.  Secondly, The injury and indignity hereby done to the Lord Jesus. When he became man, he took upon him the form not only of a  servant, but of a  sinner (Rom. viii. 3), and passed for a sinner in common with the rest of mankind. Nay, he was represented as a sinner of the first magnitude, a sinner above all men; and, being  made sin for us, he despised even this shame. 3. The debate that arose between the Pharisees and this poor man concerning Christ. They say,  He is a sinner; he says,  He is a prophet. As it is an encouragement to those who are concerned for the cause of Christ to hope that it shall never be lost for want of witnesses, when they find a poor blind beggar picked up from the way-side, and made a witness for Christ, to the faces of his most impudent enemies; so it is an encouragement to those who are called out to witness for Christ to find with what prudence and courage this man managed his defence, according to the promise,  It shall be given you in that same hour what you shall speak. Though he had never seen Jesus, he had felt his grace. Now in the parley between the Pharisees and this poor man we may observe three steps:— (1.) He sticks to the certain matter of fact the evidence of which they endeavour to shake. That which is doubtful is best resolved into that which is plain, and therefore, [1.] He adheres to that which to himself at least, and to his own satisfaction, was past dispute (v. 25): " Whether he be a sinner or no I know not, I will not now stand to dispute, nor need I, the matter is plain, and though I should altogether hold my peace would speak for itself;" or, as it might better be rendered, " If he be a sinner, I know it not, I see no reason to say so, but the contrary; for this  one thing I know, and can be more sure of than you can be of that of which you are so confident,  that whereas I was blind, now I see, and therefore must not only say that he has been a good friend to me, but that he is a  prophet; I am both able and bound to speak well of him." Now here,  First, He tacitly reproves their great assurance of the ill character they gave of the blessed Jesus: "You say that you  know him to be a  sinner; I, who know him as well as you do, cannot give any such character."  Secondly, He boldly relies upon his own experience of the power and goodness of the holy Jesus, and resolves to abide by it. There is no disputing against experience, nor arguing a man out of his senses; here is one that is properly an eyewitness of the power and grace of Christ, though he had never seen him. Note, As Christ's mercies are most valued by those that have felt the want of them, that have been blind and now see, so the most powerful and durable affections to Christ are those that arise from an experimental knowledge of him, 1 John i. 1; Acts iv. 20. The poor man does not here give a nice account of the method of the cure, nor pretend to describe it  philosophically, but in short,  Whereas I was blind, now I see. Thus in the work of grace in the soul, though we cannot tell when and how, by what instruments and by what steps and advances, the blessed change was wrought, yet we may take the comfort of it if we can say, through grace, " Whereas I was blind, now I see. I did live a carnal, worldly, sensual life, but, thanks be to God, it is now otherwise with me," Eph. v. 8. [2.] They endeavour to baffle and stifle the evidence by a needless repetition of their enquiries into it (v. 26): '' What did he to thee? How opened he thine eyes? They asked these questions,  First,'' Because they wanted something to say, and would rather speak  impertinently than seem to be silenced or run a-ground. Thus eager disputants, that resolve they will have the last word, by such vain repetitions, to avoid the shame of being silenced, make themselves accountable for many idle words.  Secondly, Because they hoped, by putting the man upon repeating his evidence, to catch him tripping in it, or wavering, and then they would think they had gained a good point. (2.) He upbraids them with their obstinate infidelity and invincible prejudices, and they revile him as a disciple of Jesus, v. 27-29, where the man is more bold with them and they are more sharp upon him than before. [1.] The man boldly upbraids them with their wilful and unreasonable opposition to the evidence of this miracle, v. 27. He would not gratify them with a repetition of the story, but bravely replied,  I have told you already, and you did not hear, wherefore would you hear it again, will you also be his disciples? Some think that he spoke  seriously, and really expecting that they would be convinced. "He had many disciples, I will be one, will you also come in among them?" Some zealous young Christians see so much reason for religion that they are ready to think every one will presently be on their mind. But it rather seems to be spoken  ironically: "Will you be his disciples? No, I know you abhor the thoughts of it; why then should you desire to hear that which will either make you his disciples or leave you inexcusable if you be not?" Those that wilfully shut their eyes against the light, as these Pharisees here did,  First, Make themselves contemptible and base, as these here did, who were justly exposed by this poor man for denying the conclusion, when they had nothing to object against either of the premises.  Secondly, They forfeit all the benefit of further instructions and means of knowledge and conviction: they that have been told once, and  would not hear, why should they be told it again? Jer. li. 9. See Matt. x. 14.  Thirdly, They hereby  receive the grace of God in vain. This implied in that, " Will you be his disciples? No, you resolve you will not; why then would you hear it again, only that you may be his accusers and persecutors?" Those who will not see cause to embrace Christ, and join with his followers, yet, one would think, should see cause enough not to hate and persecute him and them. [2.] For this they scorn and revile him, v. 28. When they could not resist the wisdom and spirit by which he spoke, they broke out into a passion, and scolded him, began to call names, and give him ill language. See what Christ's faithful witnesses must expect from the adversaries of his truth and cause; let them count upon  all manner of evil to be said of them, Matt. v. 11. The method commonly taken by unreasonable man is to make out with railing what is wanting in truth and reason.  First, They taunted this man for his affection to Christ; they said,  Thou art his disciple, as if that were reproach enough, and they could not say worse of him. "We scorn to be his disciples, and will leave that preferment to thee, and such scoundrels as thou art." They do what they can to put Christ's religion in an ill name, and to represent the profession of it as a contemptible scandalous thing. They  reviled him. The Vulgate reads it,  maledixerunt eum—they cursed him; and what was their curse? It was this,  Be thou his disciple. "May such a curse" (saith St. Augustine here) "ever be on us and on our children!" If we take our measures of credit and disgrace from the sentiment or rather clamours of a blind deluded world, we shall  glory in our shame, and be  ashamed of our glory. They had no reason to call this man a  disciple of Christ, he had neither seen him nor heard him preach, only he had spoken favourably of a kindness Christ had done him, and this they could not bear.  Secondly, They gloried in their relation to Moses as their Master: " We are Moses's disciples, and do not either need or desire any other teacher." Note, 1. Carnal professors of religion are very apt to trust to, and be proud of, the dignities and privileges of their profession, while they are strangers to the principles and powers of their religion. These Pharisees had before boasted of their good parentage:  We are Abraham's seed; here they boast of their good education,  We are Moses's disciples; as if these would save them. 2. It is sad to see how much one part of religion is opposed, under colour of zeal for another part. There was a perfect harmony between Christ and Moses; Moses prepared for Christ, and Christ perfected Moses, so that they might be disciples of Moses, and become the disciples of Christ too; and yet they here put them in opposition, nor could they have persecuted Christ but under the shelter of the abused name of Moses. Thus those who gainsay the doctrine of free grace value themselves as promoters of man's duty,  We are Moses's disciples; while, on the other hand, those that cancel the obligation of the law value themselves as the assertors of free grace, and as if none were the disciples of Jesus but they; whereas, if we rightly understand the matter, we shall see God's grace and man's duty meet together and kiss and befriend each other.  Thirdly, They gave some sort of reason for their adhering to Moses against Christ (v. 29):  We know that God spoke unto Moses; as for this fellow, we know not whence he is. But did they not know that among other things which God spoke unto Moses this was one, that they must expect another prophet, and further revelation of the mind of God? yet, when our Lord Jesus, pursuant to what God said to Moses, did appear, and gave sufficient proofs of his being that prophet, under pretence of sticking to the old religion, and the established church, they not only forfeited, but forsook, their own mercies. In this argument of theirs observe, 1. How impertinently they allege, in defence of their enmity to Christ, that which none of his followers ever denied:  We know that God spoke unto Moses, and, thanks be to God, we know it too, more plainly to Moses than to any other of the prophets; but what then? God spoke to Moses, and does it therefore follow that Jesus is an impostor? Moses was a prophet also? Moses spoke honourably of Jesus (ch. v. 46), and Jesus spoke honourably of Moses (Luke xvi. 29); they were both faithful in the same house of God, Moses as a servant, Christ as a Son; therefore their pleading Moses' divine warrant in opposition to Christ's was an artifice, to make unthinking people believe it was as certain that Jesus was a false prophet as that Moses was a true one; whereas they were both true. 2. How absurdly they urge their ignorance of Christ as a reason to justify their contempt of him:  As for this fellow. Thus scornfully do they speak of the blessed Jesus, as if they did not think it worth while to charge their memories with a name so inconsiderable; they express themselves with as much disdain of the Shepherd of Israel as if he had not been worthy to be  set with the dogs of their flock: As for this fellow, this sorry fellow,  we know not whence he is. They looked upon themselves to have the key of knowledge, that none must preach without a license first had and obtained from them, under the seal of their court. They expected that all who set up for teachers should apply to them, and give them satisfaction, which this Jesus had never done, never so far owned their power as to ask their leave, and therefore they concluded him an intruder, and one that came not in by the door:  They knew not whence nor what  he was, and therefore concluded him a  sinner; whereas those we know little of we should judge charitably of; but proud and narrow souls will think none good but themselves, and those that are in their interest. It was not long ago that the Jews had made the contrary to this an objection against Christ (ch. vii. 27):  We know this man whence he is, but when Christ comes no man knows whence he is. Thus they could with the greatest assurance either affirm or deny the same thing, according as they saw it would serve their turn. They  knew not whence he was; and whose fault was that? (1.) It is certain that they ought to have enquired. The Messiah was to appear about this time, and it concerned them to look about them, and examine every indication; but these priests, like those, Jer. ii. 6,  said not, Where is the Lord? (2.) It is certain that they might have known whence he was, might not only have known, by searching the register, that he was born in Bethlehem; but by enquiring into his doctrine, miracles, and conversation, they might have known that he was sent of God, and had better orders, a better commission, and far better instructions, than any they could give him. See the absurdity of infidelity. Men will not know the doctrine of Christ because they are resolved they will not believe it, and then pretend they do not believe it because they do not know it. Such ignorance and unbelief, which support one another, aggravate one another. (3.) He reasons with them concerning this matter, and they excommunicate him. [1.] The poor man, finding that he had reason on his side, which they could not answer, grows more bold, and, in prosecution of his argument, is very close upon them.  First, He wonders at their obstinate infidelity (v. 30); not at all daunted by their frowns, nor shaken by their confidence, he bravely answered, " Why, herein is a marvelous thing, the strangest instance of wilful ignorance that ever was heard of among men that pretend to sense, that  you know not whence he is, and yet he has opened mine eyes." Two things he wonders at:—1. That they should be strangers to a man so  famous. He that could open the eyes of the blind must certainly be a considerable man, and worth taking notice of. The Pharisees were inquisitive men, had a large correspondence and acquaintance, thought themselves the eyes of the church and its watchmen, and yet that they should talk as if they thought it below them to take cognizance of such a man as this, and have conversation with him, this is a strange thing indeed. There are many who pass for learned and knowing men, who understand business, and can talk sensibly in other things, who yet are ignorant, to a wonder, of the doctrine of Christ, who have no concern, no, not so much as a curiosity, to acquaint themselves with that which the  angels desire to look into. 2. That they should question the divine mission of one that had undoubtedly wrought a divine miracle. When they said,  We know not whence he is, they meant, "We know not any proof that his doctrine and ministry are from heaven." "Now this is strange," saith the poor man, "that the miracle wrought upon me has not convinced you, and put the matter out of doubt,—that you, whose education and studies give you advantages above others of discerning the things of God, should thus shut your eyes against the light." It is a  marvelous work and wonder, when the wisdom of the wise thus perisheth (Isa. xxix. 14), that they deny the truth of that of which they cannot gainsay the evidence. Note, (1.) The unbelief of those who enjoy the means of knowledge and conviction is indeed a marvelous thing, Mark vi. 6. (2.) Those who have themselves experienced the power and grace of the Lord Jesus do especially wonder at the wilfulness of those who reject him, and, having such good thoughts of him themselves, are amazed that others have not. Had Christ opened the eyes of the Pharisees, they would not have doubted his being a prophet.  Secondly, He argues strongly against them, v. 31-33. They had determined concerning Jesus that he was not of God (v. 16), but was a  sinner (v. 24), in answer to which the man here proves not only that he was  not a sinner (v. 31), but that he was  of God, v. 33.  a. He argues here, ( a.) With great knowledge. Though he could not read a letter of the book, he was well acquainted with the scripture and the things of God; he had wanted the sense of seeing, yet had well improved that of hearing, by which faith cometh; yet this would not have served him if he had not had an extraordinary presence of God with him, and special aids of his Spirit, upon this occasion. ( b.) With great zeal for the honour of Christ, whom he could not endure to hear run down, and evil spoken of. ( c.) With great boldness, and courage, and undauntedness, not terrified by the proudest of his adversaries. Those that are ambitious of the favours of God must not be afraid of the frowns of men. "See here," saith Dr. Whitby, "a blind man and unlearned judging more rightly of divine things than the whole learned council of the Pharisees, whence we learn that we are not always to be led by the authority of councils, popes, or bishops; and that it is not absurd for laymen sometimes to vary from their opinions, these overseers being sometimes guilty of great oversights."  b. His argument may be reduced into form, somewhat like that of David, Ps. lxvi. 18-20. The proposition in David's argument is,  If I regard iniquity in my heart, God will not hear me; here it is to the same purport,  God heareth not sinners: the assumption there is,  But verily God hath heard me; here it is, Verily God hath heard Jesus, he hath been honoured with the doing of that which was never done before: the conclusion there is to the honour,  Blessed be God; here to the honour of the Lord Jesus, He is  of God. ( a.) He lays it down for an undoubted truth that none but good men are the favourites of heaven (v. 31):  Now we know, you know it as well as I,  that God heareth not sinners; but  if any man be a worshipper of God, and does his will, him he heareth. Here, [ a.] The assertions, rightly understood, are true.  First, Be it spoken to the terror of the wicked,  God heareth not sinners, that is, such sinners as the Pharisees meant when they said of Christ,  He is a sinner, one that, under the shelter of God's name, advanced the devil's interest. This bespeaks no discouragement to repenting returning sinners, but to those that go on still in their trespasses, that make their prayers not only consistent with, but subservient to, their sins, as the hypocrites do; God will not  hear them, he will not own them, nor give an answer of peace to their prayers.  Secondly, Be it spoken to the comfort of the righteous,  If any man be a worshipper of God, and does his will, him he heareth. Here is, 1. The complete character of a good man: he is one that  worships God, and  does his will; he is constant in his devotions at set times, and regular in his conversation at all times. He is one that makes it his business to glorify his Creator by the solemn adoration of his name and a sincere obedience to his will and law; both must go together. 2. The unspeakable comfort of such a man: him  God hears; hears his complaints, and relieves him; hears his appeals, and rights him; hears his praises, and accepts them; hears his prayers, and answers them, Ps. xxxiv. 15. [ b.] The application of these truths is very pertinent to prove that he, at whose word such a divine power was put forth as cured one born blind, was not a bad man, but, having manifestly such an interest in the holy God as that he  heard him always (ch. ix. 31, 32), was certainly a holy one. ( b.) He magnifies the miracles which Christ had wrought, to strengthen the argument the more (v. 32):  Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the eyes of one that was born blind. This is to show either, [ a.] That it was a true miracle, and above the power of nature; it was never heard that any man, by the use of natural means, had cured one that was  born blind; no doubt, this man and his parents had been very inquisitive into cases of this nature, whether any such had been helped, and could hear of none, which enabled him to speak this with the more assurance. Or, [ b.] That it was an extraordinary miracle, and beyond the precedents of former miracles; neither Moses nor any of the prophets, though they did great things, ever did such things as this, wherein divine power and divine goodness seem to strive which should outshine. Moses wrought miraculous plagues, but Christ wrought miraculous cures. Note,  First, The wondrous works of the Lord Jesus were such as the like had never been done before.  Secondly, It becomes those who have received mercy from God to magnify the mercies they have received, and to speak honourably of them; not that thereby glory may redound to themselves, and they may seem to be extraordinary favourites of Heaven, but that God may have so much the more glory. ( c.) He therefore concludes,  If this man were not of God, he could do nothing, that is, nothing extraordinary, no such thing as  this; and therefore, no doubt, he is  of God, notwithstanding his nonconformity to your traditions in the business of the sabbath day. Note, What Christ did on earth sufficiently demonstrated what he was in heaven; for, if he had not been sent of God, he could not have wrought such miracles. It is true the man of sin comes with  lying wonders, but not with real miracles; it is likewise supposed that a false prophet might, by divine permission, give a  sign or a wonder (Deut. xiii. 1, 2), yet the case is so put as that it would carry with it its own confutation, for it is to enforce a temptation to serve other gods, which was to set God  against himself. It is true, likewise, that many wicked people have in Christ's name done many wonderful works, which did not prove those that wrought them to be of God, but him in whose name they were wrought. We may each of us know by this whether we are of God or no:  What do we? What do we for God, for our souls, in working out our salvation? What do we more than others? [2.] The Pharisees, finding themselves unable either to answer his reasonings or to bear them, fell foul upon him, and with a great deal of pride and passion broke off the discourse, v. 34. Here we are told,  First, What they  said. Having nothing to reply to his argument, they reflected upon his person:  Thou wast altogether born in sin, and dost thou teach us? They take that amiss which they had reason to take kindly, and are cut to the heart with rage by that which should have pricked them to the heart with penitence. Observe, 1. How they despised him, and what a severe censure they passed upon him: " Thou wast not only born in sin, as every man is, but altogether so, wholly corrupt, and bearing about with thee in thy body as well as in thy soul the marks of that corruption; thou wast one whom nature  stigmatized." Had he still continued blind, it had been barbarous to upbraid him with it, and thence to gather that he was more deeply tainted with sin than other people; but it was most unjust to take notice of it now that the cure had not only rolled away the reproach of his blindness, but had  signalized him as a favourite of Heaven. Some take it thus: "Thou hast been a common beggar, and such are too often common sinners, and thou hast, no doubt, been as bad as any of them;" whereas by his discourse he had proved the contrary, and had evinced a deep tincture of piety. But when proud imperious Pharisees resolve to run a man down, any thing shall serve for a pretence. 2. How they  disdain to learn of him, or to receive instruction from him:  Dost thou teach us? A mighty emphasis must be laid here upon  thou and  us. "What! wilt  thou, a silly sorry fellow, ignorant and illiterate, that hast not seen the light of the sun a day to an end, a beggar by the way-side, of the very dregs and refuse of the town, wilt thou pretend to teach  us, that are the sages of the law and grandees of the church, that sit in Moses's chair and are masters in Israel?" Note, Proud men scorn to be taught, especially by their inferiors, whereas we should never think ourselves too old, nor too wise, nor too good, to learn. Those that have much wealth would have more; and why not those that have much knowledge? And those are to be valued by whom we may improve in learning. What a poor excuse was this for the Pharisees' infidelity, that it would be a disparagement to them to be instructed, and informed, and convinced, by such a silly fellow as this!

Christ's Address to the Man that Had Been Blind.
$35$ Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and when he had found him, he said unto him, Dost thou believe on the Son of God? $36$ He answered and said, Who is he, Lord, that I might believe on him? $37$ And Jesus said unto him, Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that talketh with thee. $38$ And he said, Lord, I believe. And he worshipped him. In these verses we may observe, I. The tender care which our Lord Jesus took of this poor man (v. 35):  When Jesus heard that they had cast him out (for it is likely the town rang of it, and everybody cried out shame upon them for it), then he  found him, which implies his seeking him and looking after him, that he might encourage and comfort him, 1. Because he had, to the best of his knowledge, spoken so very well, so bravely, so boldly, in defence of the Lord Jesus. Note, Jesus Christ will be sure to stand by his witnesses, and own those that own him and his truth and ways. Earthly princes neither do, nor can, take cognizance of all that vindicate them and their government and administration; but our Lord Jesus knows and observes all the faithful testimonies we bear to him at any time, and a book of remembrance is written, and it shall redound not only to our credit hereafter, but our comfort now. 2. Because the Pharisees had cast him out and abused him. Besides the common regard which the righteous Judge of the world has to those who suffer wrongfully (Ps. ciii. 6), there is a particular notice taken of those that suffer in the cause of Christ and for the testimony of a good conscience. Here was one poor man suffering for Christ, and he took care that as his afflictions abounded his consolations should  much more abound. Note, (1.) Though persecutors may exclude good men from their communion, yet they cannot exclude them from communion with Christ, nor put them out of the way of his visits. Happy are they who have a friend from whom men cannot debar them. (2.) Jesus Christ will graciously find and receive those who for his sake are unjustly rejected and cast out by men. He will be a hiding place to his outcasts, and appear, to the joy of those whom their brethren hated and cast out. II. The comfortable converse Christ had with him, wherein he brings him acquainted with the consolation of Israel. He had well improved the knowledge he had, and now Christ gives him further instruction; for he that is faithful in a little shall be entrusted with more, Matt. xiii. 12. 1. Our Lord Jesus examines his faith: " Dost thou believe on the Son of God? Dost thou give credit to the promises of the Messiah? Dost thou expect his coming, and art thou ready to receive and embrace him when he is manifested to thee?" This was that faith of the Son of God by which the saints lived before his manifestation. Observe, (1.) The Messiah is here called the  Son of God, and so the Jews had learned to call him from the prophecies, Ps. ii. 7; lxxxix. 27. See ch. i. 49,  Thou art the Son of God, that is, the true Messiah. Those that expected the temporal kingdom of the Messiah delighted rather in calling him the  Son of David, which gave more countenance to that expectation, Matt. xxii. 42. But Christ, that he might give us an idea of his kingdom, as purely spiritual and divine, calls himself the  Son of God, and rather  Son of man in general than of David in particular. (2.) The desires and expectations of the Messiah, which the Old-Testament saints had, guided by and grounded upon the promise, were graciously interpreted and accepted as their believing on the  Son of God. This faith Christ here enquires after:  Dost thou believe? Note, The great thing which is now required of us (1 John iii. 23), and which will shortly be enquired after concerning us, is our  believing on the Son of God, and by this we must stand or fall for ever. 2. The poor man solicitously enquires concerning the Messiah he was to believe in, professing his readiness to embrace him and close with him (v. 36):  Who is he, Lord, that I may believe on him? (1.) Some think he did know that Jesus, who cured him, was the Son of God, but did not know which was Jesus, and therefore, supposing this person that talked with him to be a follower of Jesus, desired him to do him the favour to direct him to his master; not that he might satisfy his curiosity with the sight of him, but that he might the more firmly believe in him, and profess his faith, and  know whom he had believed. See Cant. v. 6, 7; iii. 2, 3. It is Christ only that can direct us to himself. (2.) Others think he did know that this person who talked with him was Jesus, the same that cured him, whom he believed a great and good man and a prophet, but did not yet know that he was the Son of God and the true Messiah. "Lord, I believe there is a Christ to come; thou who hast given me bodily sight, tell me, O tell me, who and where this Son of God is." Christ's question intimated that the Messiah was come, and was now among them, which he presently takes the hint of, and asks,  Where is he, Lord? The question was rational and just:  Who is he, Lord, that I may believe on him? For how could he believe in one of whom he had not heard; the work of ministers is to tell us  who the Son of God is, that we may believe on him, ch. xx. 31. 3. Our Lord Jesus graciously reveals himself to him as that Son of God on whom he must believe:  Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that talketh with thee, v. 37. Thou needest not go far to find out the Son of God,  Behold the Word is nigh thee. We do not find that Christ did thus expressly, and in so many words, reveal himself to any other as to this man here and to the woman of  Samaria: I that speak unto thee am he. He left others to find out by arguments who he was, but to these weak and foolish things of the world he chose to manifest himself, so as not to the  wise and prudent. Christ here describes himself to this man by two things, which express his great favour to him:— (1.)  Thou hast seen him; and he was much indebted to the Lord Jesus for opening his eyes, that he might see him. Now he was made sensible, more than ever, what an unspeakable mercy it was to be cured of his blindness, that he might see the Son of God, a sight which rejoiced his heart more than that of the  light of this world. Note, The Greatest comfort of bodily eyesight is its serviceableness to our faith and the interests of our souls. How contentedly might this man have returned to his former blindness, like old Simeon, now that his eyes had  seen God's salvation! If we apply this to the opening of the eyes of the mind, it intimates that spiritual sight is given principally for this end, that we may see Christ, 2 Cor. iv. 6. Can we say that by faith we have seen Christ, seen him in his beauty and glory, in his ability and willingness to save, so seen him as to be satisfied concerning him, to be satisfied in him? Let us give him the praise, who opened our eyes. (2.)  It is he that talketh with thee; and he was indebted to Christ for condescending to do this. He was not only favoured with a sight of Christ, but was admitted into fellowship and communion with him. Great princes are willing to be  seen by those whom yet they will not vouchsafe to  talk with. But Christ, by his word and Spirit, talks with those whose desires are towards him, and in talking with them manifests himself to them, as he did to the two disciples, when he talked their hearts warm, Luke xxiv. 32. Observe, This poor man was solicitously enquiring after the Saviour, when at the same time he saw him, and was talking with him. Note, Jesus Christ is often nearer the souls that seek him than they themselves are aware of. Doubting Christians are sometimes saying,  Where is the Lord? and fearing that they are cast out from his sight when at the same time it is he that  talks with them, and  puts strength into them. 4. The poor man readily entertains this surprising revelation, and, in a transport of joy and wonder, he said,  Lord, I believe, and he worshipped him. (1.) He professed his faith in Christ:  Lord, I believe thee to be the Son of God. He would not dispute any thing that  he said who had shown such mercy to him, and wrought such a miracle for him, nor doubt of the truth of a doctrine which was confirmed by such signs. Believing with the heart, he thus confesses with the mouth; and now the bruised reed was become a cedar. (2.) He paid his homage to him:  He worshipped him, not only gave him the civil respect due to a great man, and the acknowledgments owing to a kind benefactor, but herein gave him divine honour, and worshipped him as the  Son of God manifested in the flesh. None but God is to be worshipped; so that in worshipping Jesus he owned him to be God. Note, True faith will show itself in a humble adoration of the Lord Jesus. Those who believe in him will see all the reason in the world to worship him. We never read any more of this man; but, it is very likely, from henceforth he became a constant follower of Christ.

Christ's Address to the Pharisees.
$39$ And Jesus said, For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind. $40$ And  some of the Pharisees which were with him heard these words, and said unto him, Are we blind also? $41$ Jesus said unto them, If ye were blind, ye should have no sin: but now ye say, We see; therefore your sin remaineth. Christ, having spoken comfort to the poor man that was persecuted, here speaks conviction to his persecutors, a specimen of the distributions of trouble and rest at the great day, 2 Thess. i. 6, 7. Probably this was not immediately after his discourse with the man, but he took the next opportunity that offered itself to address the Pharisees. Here is, I. The account Christ gives of his design in coming into the world (v. 39): " For judgment I am come to order and administer the great affairs of the  kingdom of God among men, and am invested with a judicial power in order thereunto, to be executed in conformity to the wise counsels of God, and in pursuance of them." What Christ spoke, he spoke not as a preacher in the pulpit, but as a king upon the throne, and a judge upon the bench. 1. His business into the world was  great; he came to keep the assizes and general goal-delivery. He came  for judgment, that is, (1.) To preach a doctrine and a law which would try men, and effectually discover and distinguish them, and would be completely fitted, in all respects, to be the rule of government now and of judgment shortly. (2.) To put a difference between men, by revealing the thoughts of many hearts, and laying open men's true characters, by this one test, whether they were well or ill affected to him. (3.) To change the face of government in his church, to abolish the Jewish economy, to take down that fabric, which, though erected for the time by the hand of God himself, yet by lapse of time was antiquated, and by the incurable corruptions of the managers of it was become rotten and dangerous, and to erect a new building by another model, to institute new ordinances and offices, to abrogate Judaism and enact Christianity;  for this  judgment he came into the world, and it was a great revolution. 2. This great truth he explains by a metaphor borrowed from the miracle which he had lately wrought. That  those who see not might see, and that those who see might be made blind. Such a difference of Christ's coming is often spoken of; to some his gospel is a  savour of life unto life, to others of  death unto death. (1.) This is applicable to nations and people, that the Gentiles, who had long been destitute of the light of divine revelation, might see it; and the Jews, who had long enjoyed it, might have the things of their peace hid from their eyes, Hos. i. 10; ii. 23. The Gentiles see a great light, while blindness is  happened unto Israel, and their  eyes are darkened. (2.) To particular sons. Christ came into the world, [1.] Intentionally and designedly to give sight to those that were spiritually blind; by his word to reveal the object, and by his Spirit to heal the organ, that many precious souls might be turned  from darkness to light. He came  for judgment, that is, to set those at liberty from their dark prison that were willing to be released, Isa. lxi. 1. [2.] Eventually, and in the issue,  that those who see might be made blind; that those who have a high conceit of their own wisdom, and set up that in contradiction to divine revelation, might be sealed up in ignorance and infidelity. The preaching of the cross was foolishness, and an infatuating thing, to those who by wisdom  knew not God. Christ  came into the world for this  judgment, to administer the affairs of a spiritual kingdom, seated in men's minds. Whereas, in the Jewish church, the blessings and judgments of God's government were mostly temporal, now the method of administration should be changed; and as the good subjects of his kingdom should be blessed with spiritual blessings in heavenly things, such as arise from a due illumination of the mind, so the rebels should be punished with spiritual plagues, not war, famine, and pestilence, as formerly, but such as arise from a  judicial infatuation, hardness of heart, terror of conscience, strong delusions, vile affections. In this way Christ will  judge between cattle and cattle, Ezek. xxxiv. 17, 22. II. The Pharisees' cavil at this. They were  with him, not desirous to learn any good from him, but to form evil against him; and they said,  Are we blind also? When Christ said that  those who saw should by his coming be made blind, they apprehended that he meant them, who were the  seers of the people, and valued themselves on their  insight and  foresight. "Now," say they, "we know that the common people are blind; but  are we blind also? What we? The rabbin, the doctors, the learned in the laws, the graduates in the schools,  are we blind too?" This is  scandalum magnatum—a libel on the great. Note, Frequently those that need reproof most, and deserve it best, though they have wit enough to discern a  tacit one, have not grace enough to bear a  just one. These Pharisees took this reproof for a reproach, as those lawyers (Luke xi. 45): " Are we blind also? Darest thou say that we are blind, whose judgment every one has such a veneration for, values, and yields to?" Note, Nothing fortifies men's corrupt hearts more against the convictions of the word, nor more effectually repels them, than the good opinion, especially if it be a high opinion, which others have of them; as if all that had gained applause with men must needs obtain acceptance with God, than which nothing is more false and deceitful, for God sees not as man sees. III. Christ's answer to this cavil, which, if it did not convince them, yet silenced them:  If you were blind you should have no sin; but now you say, We see, therefore your sin remaineth. They gloried that they were not blind, as the common people, were not so credulous and manageable as they, but would  see with their own eyes, having abilities, as they thought, sufficient for their own guidance, so that they needed not any body to lead them. This very thing which they gloried in, Christ here tells them, was their shame and ruin. For, 1.  If you were blind, you would have no sin. (1.) "If you had been really ignorant, your sin had not been so deeply aggravated, nor would you have had so much sin to answer for as now you have. If you were blind, as the poor Gentiles are, and many of your own poor subjects, from whom you have taken the key of knowledge, you would have had comparatively  no sin." The times of ignorance God  winked at; invincible ignorance, though it does not justify sin, excuses it, and lessens the guilt. It will be more tolerable with those that perish for lack of vision than with those that  rebel against the light. (2.) "If you had been sensible of your own blindness, if when you would see nothing else you could have seen the need of one to lead you, you would soon have accepted Christ as your guide, and then you would  have had no sin, you would have submitted to an evangelical righteousness, and have been put into a justified state." Note, Those that are convinced of their disease are in a fair way to be cured, for there is not a greater hindrance to the salvation of souls than self-sufficiency. 2. " But now you say, We see; now that you have knowledge, and are instructed out of the law, your sin is highly aggravated; and now that you have a conceit of that knowledge, and think you see your way better than any body can show it you,  therefore your sin remains, your case is desperate, and your disease incurable." And as those are most blind who  will not see, so their blindness is most dangerous who fancy they do see. No patients are so hardly managed as those in a frenzy who say that they are  well, and nothing ails them. The sin of those who are self-conceited and self-confident  remains, for they reject the gospel of grace, and therefore the guilt of their sin remains unpardoned; and they forfeit the Spirit of grace, and therefore the power of their sin remains unbroken.  Seest thou a wise man in his own conceit? Hearest thou the Pharisees say, '' We see? There is more hope of a fool,'' of a publican and a harlot, than of such.

=CHAP. 10.= ''In this chapter we have, I. Christ's parabolical discourse concerning himself as the door of the sheepfold, and the shepherd of the sheep, ver. 1-18. II. The various sentiments of people upon it,''

ver. 19-21. III. The dispute Christ had with the Jews in the temple at the feast of dedication, ver. 22-39. IV. His departure into the country thereupon, ver. 40-42.

The Good Shepherd.
$1$ Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. $2$ But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. $3$ To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. $4$ And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice. $5$ And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him: for they know not the voice of strangers. $6$ This parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what things they were which he spake unto them. $7$ Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, I am the door of the sheep. $8$ All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. $9$ I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture. $10$ The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have  it more abundantly. $11$ I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. $12$ But he that is a hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. $13$ The hireling fleeth, because he is a hireling, and careth not for the sheep. $14$ I am the good shepherd, and know my  sheep, and am known of mine. $15$ As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. $16$ And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold,  and one shepherd. $17$ Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. 18 No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father. It is not certain whether this discourse was at the  feast of dedication in the winter (spoken of v. 22), which may be taken as the date, not only of what follows, but of what goes before (that which countenances this is, that Christ, in his discourse there, carries on the metaphor of the sheep, v. 26, 27, whence it seems that that discourse and this were at the same time); or whether this was a continuation of his parley with the Pharisees, in the close of the foregoing chapter. The Pharisees supported themselves in their opposition to Christ with this principle, that they were the  pastors of the church, and that Jesus, having no commission from them, was an intruder and an impostor, and therefore the people were bound in duty to stick to  then, against  him. In opposition to this, Christ here describes who were the false shepherds, and who the true, leaving them to infer what they were. I. Here is the parable or similitude proposed (v. 1-5); it is borrowed from the custom of that country, in the management of their sheep. Similitudes, used for the illustration of divine truths, should be taken from those things that are most familiar and common, that the things of God be not clouded by that which should clear them. The preface to this discourse is solemn:  Verily, verily, I say unto you,—Amen, amen. This vehement asseveration intimates the certainty and weight of what he said; we find  amen doubled in the church's praises and prayers, Ps. xli. 13; lxxii. 19; lxxxix. 52. If we would have our  amens accepted in heaven, let Christ's  amens be prevailing on earth; his repeated  amens. 1. In the parable we have, (1.) The evidence of a thief and robber, that comes to do mischief to the flock, and damage to the owner, v. 1.  He enters not by the door, as having no lawful cause of entry, but  climbs up some other way, at a window, or some breach in the wall. How industrious are wicked people to do mischief! What plots will they lay, what pains will they take, what hazards will they run, in their wicked pursuits! This should shame us out of our slothfulness and cowardice in the service of God. (2.) The character that distinguishes the rightful owner, who has a property in the sheep, and a care for them:  He enters in by the door, as one having authority (v. 2), and he comes to do them some good office or other, to  bind up that which is broken, and  strengthen that which is sick, Ezek. xxxiv. 16. Sheep need man's care, and, in return for it, are serviceable to man (1 Cor. ix. 7); they clothe and feed those by whom they are coted and fed. (3.) The ready entrance that the shepherd finds:  To him the porter openeth, v. 3. Anciently they had their sheepfolds within the outer gates of their houses, for the greater safety of their flocks, so that none could come to them the right way, but such as the porter opened to or the master of the house gave the keys to. (4.) The care he takes and the provision he makes for his sheep. The  sheep hear his voice, when he speaks familiarly to them, when they come into the fold, as men now do to their dogs and horses; and, which is more, he  calls his own sheep by name, so exact is the notice he takes of them, the account he keeps of them; and he leads them our from the fold to the green pastures; and (v. 4, 5) when he  turns them out to graze he does not drive them, but (such was the custom in those times) he goes before them, to prevent any mischief or danger that might meet them, and they, being used to it,  follow him, and are safe. (5.) The strange attendance of the sheep upon the shepherd:  They know his voice, so as to discern his mind by it, and to distinguish it from that of a stranger (for  the ox knows his owner, Isa. i. 3), and  a stranger will they not follow, but, as suspecting some ill design, will flee from him, not  knowing his voice, but that it is not the voice of their own shepherd. This is the parable; we have the key to it, Ezek. xxxiv. 31:  You my flock are men, and I am your God. 2. Let us observe from this parable, (1.) That good men are fitly compared to sheep. Men, as creatures depending on their Creator, are called the  sheep of his pasture. Good men, as new creatures, have the good qualities of sheep,  harmless and inoffensive as sheep;  meek and quiet, without noise;  patient as sheep under the hand both of the shearer and of the butcher;  useful and profitable, tame and tractable, to the shepherd, and  sociable one with another, and much used in sacrifices. (2.) The church of God in the world is a  sheepfold, into which the  children of God that were scattered abroad are  gathered together (ch. xi. 52), and in which they are united and incorporated; it is a good fold, Ezek. xxxiv. 14. See Mic. ii. 12. This fold is well fortified, for God himself is as a  wall of fire about it, Zech. ii. 5. (3.) This sheepfold lies much exposed to thieves and robbers; crafty seducers that debauch and deceive, and cruel persecutors that destroy and devour;  grievous wolves (Acts xx. 29); thieves that would steal Christ's sheep from him, to sacrifice them to devils, or steal their food from them, that they might perish for lack of it;  wolves in sheep's clothing, Matt. vii. 15. (4.) The great Shepherd of the sheep takes wonderful care of the flock and of all that belong to it. God is the great Shepherd, Ps. xxiii. 1. He knows those that are his calls them by name, marks them for himself, leads them out to fat pastures, makes them both feed and rest there, speaks comfortably to them, guards them by his providence, guides them by his Spirit and word, and goes before them,  to set them in the way of his steps. (5.) The under-shepherds, who are entrusted to feed the flock of God, ought to be careful and faithful in the discharge of that trust; magistrates must defend them, and protect and advance all their secular interests; ministers must serve them in their spiritual interests, must  feed their souls with the word of God faithfully opened and applied, and with gospel ordinances duly administered,  taking the oversight of them. They must  enter by the door of a regular ordination, and to such  the porter will open; the Spirit of Christ will  set before them an open door, give them authority in the church, and assurance in their own bosoms. They must know the members of their flocks by name, and watch over them; must lead them into the pastures of public ordinances, preside among them, be their mouth to God and God's to them; and in their conversation must be examples to the believers. (6.) Those who are truly the sheep of Christ will be very observant of their Shepherd, and very cautious and shy of strangers. [1.]  They follow their Shepherd, for they  know his voice, having both a discerning ear, and an obedient heart. [2.]  They flee from a stranger, and dread following him, because they know not his voice. It is dangerous following those in whom we discern not the  voice of Christ, and who would draw us from  faith in him to  fancies concerning him. And those who have experienced the power and efficacy of divine truths upon their souls, and have the savour and relish of them, have a wonderful sagacity to discover Satan's wiles, and to discern between good and evil. II. The Jew's ignorance of the drift and meaning of this discourse (v. 6):  Jesus spoke this parable to them, this figurative, but wise, elegant, and instructive discourse,  but they understood not what the things were which he spoke unto them, were not aware whom he meant by the  thieves and robbers and whom by the  good Shepherd. It is the sin and shame of many who hear the word of Christ that they do not understand it, and they do not because they will not, and because they will  mis-understand it. They have no acquaintance with, nor taste of, the things themselves, and therefore do not understand the parables and comparisons with which they are illustrated. The Pharisees had a great conceit of their own knowledge, and could not bear that it should be questioned, and yet they had not sense enough to  understand the things that Jesus spoke of; they were above their capacity. Frequently the greatest pretenders to knowledge are most ignorant in the things of God. III. Christ's explication of this parable, opening the particulars of it fully. Whatever difficulties there may be in the sayings of the Lord Jesus, we shall find him ready to explain himself, if we be but willing to understand him. We shall find one scripture expounding another, and the  blessed Spirit interpreter to the  blessed Jesus. Christ, in the parable, had distinguished the shepherd from the robber by this, that he  enters in by the door. Now, in the explication of the parable, he makes himself to be both  the door by which the shepherd enters and the shepherd that enters in by the door. Though it may be a solecism in rhetoric to make the same person to be both the  door and the  shepherd, it is no solecism in divinity to make Christ to have his authority from himself, as he has life in himself; and  himself to  enter by his own blood, as the door,  into the holy place. 1. Christ is  the door. This he saith to those who pretended to  seek for righteousness, but, like the Sodomites,  wearied themselves to find the door, where it was not to be found. He saith it to the Jews, who would be thought God's only sheep, and to the Pharisees, who would be thought their only shepherds:  I am the door of the sheepfold; the door of the church. (1.) In general, [1.] He is as a  door shut, to keep out thieves and robbers, and such as are not fit to be admitted. The shutting of the door is the securing of the house; and what greater security has the church of God than the interposal of the Lord Jesus, and his wisdom, power, and goodness, betwixt it and all its enemies? [2.] He is as a  door open for passage and communication.  First, By Christ, as the door, we have our first admission into the flock of God, ch. xiv. 6.  Secondly, We go in and out in a religious conversation, assisted by him, accepted in him; walking up and down in his name, Zech. x. 12.  Thirdly, By him God comes to his church, visits it, and communicates himself to it.  Fourthly, By him, as the door, the sheep are at last admitted into the heavenly kingdom, Matt. xxv. 34. (2.) More particularly, [1.] Christ is the door of  the shepherds, so that none who come not in by him are to be accounted  pastors, but (according to the rule laid down, v. 1)  thieves and robbers (though they pretended to be  shepherds); but the  sheep did not hear them. This refers to all those that had the character of shepherds in  Israel, whether magistrates or ministers, that exercised their office without any regard to the Messiah, or any other expectations of him than what were suggested by their own carnal interest. Observe,  First, The character given of them: they are  thieves and robbers (v. 8); all that  went before him, not in time, many of them were faithful shepherds, but all that  anticipated his commission, and went before he sent them (Jer. xxiii. 21), that assumed a precedency and superiority above him, as the antichrist is said to  exalt himself, 2 Thess. ii. 4. "The scribes, and Pharisees, and chief priests,  all, even as many as have come before me, that have endeavoured to forestal my interest, and to prevent my gaining any room in the minds of people, by prepossessing them with prejudices against me, they are  thieves and robbers, and steal those hearts which they have no title to, defrauding the right owner of his property." They condemned our Saviour as a thief and a robber, because he did not come in by them as the door, nor take out a license from them; but he shows that they ought to have received their commission from him, to have been admitted by him, and to have come after him, and because they did not, but stepped  before him, they were  thieves and robbers. They would not come in as his disciples, and therefore were condemned as usurpers, and their pretended commissions vacated and superseded. Note, Rivals with Christ are robbers of his church, however they pretend to be  shepherds, nay, '' shepherds of shepherds. Secondly,'' The care taken to preserve the sheep from them:  But the sheep did not hear them. Those that had a true savour of piety, that were spiritual and heavenly, and sincerely devoted to God and godliness, could by no means approve of the traditions of the elders, nor relish their formalities. Christ's disciples, without any particular instructions from their Master, made no conscience of eating with unwashen hands, or plucking the ears of corn on the sabbath day; for nothing is more opposite to true Christianity than Pharisaism is, nor any thing more disrelishing to a soul truly devout than their hypocritical devotions. [2.] Christ is the door of  the sheep (v. 9):  By me ( di emou— through me as the door)  if any man enter into the sheepfold, as one of the flock, he  shall be saved; shall not only by safe from thieves and robbers, but he shall be happy, he  shall go in and out. Here are,  First, Plain directions how to come into the fold: we must come in  by Jesus Christ as the door. By faith in him, as the great Mediator between God and man, we come into covenant and communion with God. There is no entering into God's church but by coming into Christ's church; nor are any looked upon as members of the kingdom of God among men but those that are willing to submit to the grace and government of the Redeemer. We must now enter by the  door of faith (Acts xiv. 27), since the door of  innocency is shut against us, and that  pass become unpassable, Gen. iii. 24.  Secondly, Precious promises to those who observe this direction. 1. They  shall be saved hereafter; this is the privilege of  their home. These sheep shall be saved from being distrained and impounded by divine justice for trespass done, satisfaction being made for the damage by their great Shepherd, saved from being a prey to the roaring lion; they shall be  for ever happy. 2. In the mean time they shall  go in and out and find pasture; this is the privilege of  their way. They shall have their conversation in the world by the grace of Christ, shall be in his fold as a man at his own house, where he has  free ingress, egress, and  regress. True believers are  at home in Christ; when they go out, they are not  shut out as strangers, but have liberty to come in again; when they come in, they are not  shut in as trespassers, but have liberty to go out. They go out to the field in the morning, they come into the fold at night; and in both the Shepherd leads and keeps them, and they  find pasture in both: grass in the field, fodder in the fold. In public, in private, they have the word of God to converse with, by which their spiritual life is supported and nourished, and out of which their gracious desires are satisfied; they are replenished with the goodness of God's house. 2. Christ is the  shepherd, v. 11, &c. He was prophesied of under the Old Testament as a  shepherd, Isa. xl. 11; Ezek. xxxiv. 23; xxxvii. 24; Zech. xiii. 7. In the New Testament he is spoken of as the  great Shepherd (Heb. xiii. 20), the  chief Shepherd (1 Pet. v. 4), the  Shepherd and bishop of our souls, 1 Pet. ii. 25. God, our great owner, the sheep of whose pasture we are by creation, has constituted his Son Jesus to be our  shepherd; and here again and again he owns the relation. He has all that care of his church, and every believer, that a good shepherd has of his flock; and expects all that attendance and observance from the church, and every believer, which the shepherds in those countries had from their flocks. (1.) Christ is  a shepherd, and not as the thief, not as those that  came not in by the door. Observe, [1.] The mischievous design of the thief (v. 10):  The thief cometh not with any good intent, but to '' steal, and to kill, and to destroy. First, Those whom they  steal, whose hearts and affections they steal from Christ and his pastures, they  kill and destroy'' spiritually; for the  heresies they  privily bring in are  damnable. Deceivers of souls are murderers of souls. Those that steal away the scripture by keeping it in an unknown tongue, that steal away the sacraments by maiming them and altering the property of them, that steal away Christ's ordinances to put their own inventions in the room of them, they  kill and destroy; ignorance and idolatry are destructive things.  Secondly, Those whom they cannot  steal, whom they can neither lead, drive, nor carry away, from the flock of Christ, they aim by persecutions and massacres to  kill and destroy corporally. He that will not suffer himself to be robbed is in danger of being slain. [2.] The gracious design of the shepherd; he is come,  First, To  give life to the sheep. In opposition to the design of the thief, which is to  kill and destroy (which was the design of the  scribes and  Pharisees) Christ saith,  I am come among men, 1. That  they might have life. He came to put life into the flock, the church in general, which had seemed rather like a valley full of dry bones than like a pasture covered over with flocks. Christ came to vindicate divine truths, to purify divine ordinances, to redress grievances, and to revive dying zeal, to  seek those of his flock that were  lost, to  bind up that which was broken (Ezek. xxxiv. 16), and this to his church is  as life from the dead. He came to  give life to particular believers. Life is inclusive of all good, and stands in opposition to the death threatened (Gen. ii. 17); that  we might have life, as a criminal has when he is pardoned, as a sick man when he is cured, a dead man when he is raised; that we might be justified, sanctified, and at last glorified. 2. That they might have it  more abundantly,  kai perisson echosin. As we read it, it is  comparative, that they might have a life  more abundant than that which was lost and forfeited by sin, more abundant than that which was promised by the law of Moses, length of days in Canaan, more abundant than could have been expected or than we are  able to ask or think. But it may be construed without a note of comparison,  that they might have abundance, or might  have it abundantly. Christ came to give life and  perisson ti— something more, something  better, life with advantage; that in Christ we might not only live, but live comfortably, live plentifully, live and rejoice. Life in abundance is  eternal life, life without death or fear of death, life and  much more.  Secondly, To  give his life for the sheep, and this that he might give life  to them (v. 11):  The good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. 1. It is the property of every good shepherd to hazard and expose his life for the sheep. Jacob did so, when he would go through such a fatigue to attend them, Gen. xxxi. 40. So did David, when he  slew the lion and the bear. Such a shepherd of souls was St. Paul, who would gladly  spend, and be spent, for their service, and  counted not his life dear to him, in comparison with their salvation. But, 2. It was the prerogative of the great Shepherd to give his life to purchase his flock (Acts xx. 28), to satisfy for their trespass, and to shed his blood to wash and cleanse them. (2.) Christ is  a good shepherd, and not as a hireling. There were many that were not thieves, aiming to kill and destroy the sheep, but passed for shepherds, yet were very careless in the discharge of their duty, and through their neglect the flock was greatly damaged;  foolish shepherds, idle shepherds, Zech. xi. 15, 17. In opposition to these, [1.] Christ here  calls himself the good shepherd (v. 11), and again (v. 14)  ho poimen ho kalos— that shepherd, that good Shepherd, whom God had promised. Note, Jesus Christ is the best of shepherds, the best in the world to take the over-sight of souls, none so skilful, so faithful, so tender, as he, no such feeder and leader, no such protector and healer of souls as he. [2.] He  proves himself so, in opposition to all hirelings, v. 12-14. Where observe,  First, The carelessness of the unfaithful shepherd described (v. 12, 13); he that is a hireling, that is employed as a servant and is paid for his pains,  whose own the sheep are not, who has neither profit nor loss by them,  sees the wolf coming, or some other danger threatening, and  leaves the sheep to the wolf, for in truth he  careth not for them. Here is plain reference to that of the idol-shepherd, Zech. xi. 17. Evil shepherds, magistrates and ministers, are here described both by their bad principles and their bad practices.  a. Their  bad principles, the root of their bad practices. What makes those that have the charge of souls in trying times to betray their trust, and in quiet times not to mind it? What makes them false, and trifling, and self-seeking? It is because they are  hirelings, and  care not for the sheep. That is, ( a.) The wealth of the world is the chief of their good; it is because they are  hirelings. They undertook the shepherds' office, as a trade to live and grow rich by, not as an opportunity of serving Christ and doing good. It is the love of money, and of their own bellies, that carries them on in it. Not that those are hirelings who, while they  serve at the altar, live, and live comfortably,  upon the altar. The labourer is worthy of his meat; and a scandalous maintenance will soon make a scandalous ministry. But those are  hirelings that love the wages more than the work, and  set their hearts upon that, as the hireling is said to do, Deut. xxiv. 15. See 1 Sam. ii. 29; Isa. lvi. 11; Mic. iii. 5, 11. ( b.) The work of their place is the least of their care. They  value not the sheep, are unconcerned in the souls of others; their business is to be their brothers' lords, not their brothers' keepers or helpers; they  seek their own things, and do not, like Timothy,  naturally care for the state of souls. What can be expected but that they will flee when the  wolf comes. He  careth not for the sheep, for he is one  whose own the sheep are not. In one respect we may say of the best of the under-shepherds that the sheep are  not their own, they have not dominion over them not property in them ( feed my sheep and  my lambs, saith Christ); but in respect of dearness and affection they should be  their own. Paul looked upon those as  his own whom he called his  dearly beloved and longed for. Those who do not cordially espouse the church's interests, and make them their own, will not long be faithful to them.  b. Their  bad practices, the effect of these bad principles, v. 12. See here, ( a.) How basely the hireling deserts his post; when he sees  the wolf coming, though then there is most need of him, he  leaves the sheep and flees. Note, Those who mind their safety more than their duty are an easy prey to Satan's temptations. ( b.) How fatal the consequences are! the hireling fancies the sheep may look to themselves, but it does not prove so:  the wolf catches them, and  scatters the sheep, and woeful havoc is made of the flock, which will all be charged upon the treacherous shepherd. The blood of perishing souls is required at the hand of the careless watchmen.  Secondly, See here the grace and tenderness of the good Shepherd set over against the former, as it was in the prophecy (Ezek. xxxiv. 21, 22, &c.):  I am the good Shepherd. It is matter of comfort to the church, and all her friends, that, however she may be damaged and endangered by the treachery and mismanagement of her under-officers, the Lord Jesus is, and will be, as he ever has been,  the good Shepherd. Here are two great instances of the shepherd's goodness.  a. His  acquainting himself with his flock, with all that belong or in any wise appertain to his flock, which are of two sorts, both known to him:— ( a.) He is acquainted with all that  are now of his flock (v. 14, 15), as the good Shepherd (v. 3, 4):  I know my sheep and am known of mine. Note, There is a mutual acquaintance between Christ and true believers; they know one another very well, and knowledge notes affection. [ a.] Christ  knows his sheep. He knows with a  distinguishing eye who are his sheep, and who are not; he knows the sheep under their many infirmities, and the goats under their most plausible disguises. He knows with a  favourable eye those that in truth are his own sheep; he takes cognizance of their state, concerns himself for them, has a tender and affectionate regard to them, and is continually mindful of them in the intercession he ever lives to make within the veil; he visits them graciously by his Spirit, and has communion with them; he  knows them, that is, he approves and accepts of them, as Ps. i. 6; xxxvii. 18; Exod. xxxiii. 17. [ b.] He is  known of them. He observes them with an eye of favour, and they observe him with an eye of faith. Christ's knowing his sheep is put before their knowing him, for he knew and loved us first (1 John iv. 19), and it is not so much our knowing him as our being known of him that is our happiness, Gal. iv. 9. Yet it is the character of Christ's sheep that  they know him; know him from all pretenders and intruders; they know his mind, know his voice, know by experience the power of his death. Christ speaks here as if he gloried in being known by his sheep, and thought their respect an honour to him. Upon this occasion Christ mentions (v. 15) the mutual acquaintance between his Father and himself:  As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father. Now this may be considered, either,  First, As the  ground of that intimate acquaintance and relation which subsist between Christ and believers. The covenant of grace, which is the bond of this relation, is founded in the covenant of redemption between the Father and the Son, which, we may be sure, stands firm; for the Father and the Son understood one another perfectly well in that matter, and there could be no mistake, which might leave the matter at any uncertainty, or bring it into any hazard. The Lord Jesus  knows whom he hath chosen, and is sure of them (ch. xiii. 18), and they also  know whom they have trusted, and are sure of him (2 Tim. i. 12), and the ground of both is the perfect knowledge which the Father and the Son had of one another's mind, when  the counsel of peace was between them both. Or,  Secondly, As an apt similitude, illustrating the intimacy that is between Christ and believers. It may be connected with the foregoing words, thus:  I know my sheep, and am known of mine, even as the Father knows me, and I know the Father; compare ch. xvii. 21. 1. As the Father knew the Son, and loved him, and owned him in his sufferings, when he was  led as a sheep to the slaughter, so Christ knows his sheep, and has a watchful tender eye upon them, will be with them when they are  left alone, as his Father was with him. 2. As the Son knew the Father, loved and obeyed him, and always did those things that pleased him, confiding in him as his God even when he seemed to forsake him, so believers know Christ with an obediential fiducial regard. ( b.) He is acquainted with those that are  hereafter to be of this flock (v. 16):  Other sheep I have, have a right to and an interest in,  which are not of this fold, of the Jewish church;  them also I must bring. Observe, [ a.] The eye that Christ had to the poor Gentiles. He had sometimes intimated his special concern for  the lost sheep of the house of Israel; to them indeed his personal ministry was confined; but, saith he,  I have other sheep. Those who in process of time should believe in Christ, and be brought into obedience to him from among the Gentiles, are here called  sheep, and he is said to have them, though as yet they were  uncalled, and many of them  unborn, because they were chosen of God, and given to Christ in the counsels of divine love from eternity. Christ has a right, by virtue of the Father's donation and his own purchase, to many a soul of which he has not yet the possession; thus he had  much people in Corinth, when as yet it lay in wickedness, Acts xviii. 10. "Those other sheep  I have," saith Christ, "I have them on my heart, have them in my eye, am as sure to have them as if I had them already." Now Christ speaks of those  other sheep, First, To take off the contempt that was put upon him, as having  few followers, as having but a  little flock, and therefore, if a  good shepherd, yet a  poor shepherd: "But," saith he, "I have more sheep than you see."  Secondly, To take down the pride and vain-glory of the Jews, who thought the Messiah must gather all his sheep from among them. "No," saith Christ, "I have others whom I will set with the lambs of my flock, though you disdain to set them with the dogs of your flock." [ b.] The purposes and resolves of his grace concerning them: " Them also I must bring, bring home to God, bring into the church, and, in order to this, bring off from their vain conversation, bring them back from their wanderings, as that  lost sheep," Luke xv. 5. But why  must he bring them? What was the necessity?  First, The  necessity of their case required it: "I  must bring, or they must be left to wander endlessly, for, like sheep, they will never come back of themselves, and no other can or will bring them."  Secondly, The  necessity of his own engagements required it; he must bring them, or he would not be faithful to his trust, and true to his undertaking. "They are  my own, bought and paid for, and therefore I  must not neglect them nor leave them to perish." He  must in honour  bring those with whom he was entrusted. [ c.] The happy effect and consequence of this, in two things:— First, "They shall hear my voice. Not only my voice shall be heard  among them (whereas they have not heard, and therefore could not believe, now the  sound of the gospel shall  go to the ends of the earth), but it shall be heard  by them; I will speak, and give to them to hear." Faith comes by hearing, and our diligent observance of the voice of Christ is both a means and an evidence of our being brought to Christ, and to God by him.  Secondly, There shall be one fold and one shepherd. As there is one shepherd, so there shall be one fold. Both Jews and Gentiles, upon their turning to the faith of Christ, shall be incorporated in one church, be joint and equal sharers in the privileges of it, without distinction. Being united to Christ, they shall unite in him; two sticks shall become one in the hand of the Lord. Note, One shepherd makes one fold; one Christ makes one church. As the church is one in its constitution, subject to one head, animated by one Spirit, and guided by one rule, so the members of it ought to be one in love and affection, Eph. iv. 3-6.  b. Christ's  offering up himself for his sheep is another proof of his being a  good shepherd, and in this he yet more  commended his love, v. 15, 17, 18. ( a.) He declares his purpose of  dying for his flock (v. 15):  I lay down my life for the sheep. He not only ventured his life for them (in such a case, the hope of  saving it might balance the fear of  losing it), but he actually  deposited it, and submitted to a necessity of dying for our redemption;  tithemi— I put it as a pawn or pledge; as purchase-money paid down. Sheep appointed for the slaughter, ready to be sacrificed, were ransomed with the blood of the shepherd. He laid down his life,  hyper ton probaton, not only for the good of the sheep, but  in their stead. Thousands of sheep had been offered in sacrifice for their shepherds, as sin-offerings, but here, by a surprising reverse, the shepherd is sacrificed for the sheep. When David, the shepherd of Israel, was himself guilty, and the destroying angel drew his sword against the flock for his sake, with good reason did he plead, '' These sheep, what evil have they done? Let thy hand be against me,'' 2 Sam. xxiv. 17. But the Son of David was sinless and spotless; and his sheep, what evil have they not done? Yet he saith,  Let thine hand be against me. Christ here seems to refer to that prophecy, Zech. xiii. 7,  Awake, O sword, against my shepherd; and, though the smiting of the shepherd be for the present the  scattering of the flock, it is in order to the gathering of them in. ( b.) He takes off the offence of the cross, which to many is a stone of stumbling, by four considerations:— [ a.] That his  laying down his life for the sheep was the condition, the performance of which entitled him to the honours and powers of his exalted state (v. 17): " Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life. Upon these terms I am, as Mediator, to expect my Father's acceptance and approbation, and the glory designed me—that I become a sacrifice for the chosen remnant." Not but that, as the Son of God, he was beloved of his Father from eternity, but as  God-man, as  Immanuel, he was  therefore beloved of the Father because he undertook to  die for the sheep; therefore God's soul delighted in him as his elect because herein he was his  faithful servant (Isa. xlii. 1); therefore he said,  This is my beloved Son. What an instance is this of God's love to man, that he loved his Son the more for loving us! See what a value Christ puts upon his Father's love, that, to recommend himself to that, he would lay down his life for the sheep. Did he think God's love recompence sufficient for all his services and sufferings, and shall we think it too little for ours, and court the smiles of the world to make it up?  Therefore doth my Father love me, that is, me, and all that by faith become one with me; me, and the mystical body,  because I lay down my life. [ b.] That his laying down his life was in order to his resuming it: '' I lay down my life, that I may receive it again. First,'' This was the effect of his Father's love, and the first step of his exaltation, the fruit of that love. Because he was God's  holy one, he must not  see corruption, Ps. xvi. 10. God loved him too well to leave him in the grave.  Secondly, This he had in his eye, in laying down his life, that he might have an opportunity of declaring himself to be the Son of God with power by his resurrection, Rom. i. 4. By a divine stratagem (like that before Ai, Josh. viii. 15) he yielded to death, as if he were smitten before it, that he might the more gloriously conquer death, and triumph over the grave. He laid down a  vilified body, that he might assume a  glorified one, fit to ascend to the world of spirits; laid down a life adapted to this world, but assumed one adapted to the other, like a corn of wheat, ch. xii. 24. [ c.] That he was perfectly voluntary in his sufferings and death (v. 18): "No one doth or can force my life from me against my will, but I freely  lay it down of myself, I deliver it as my own act and deed, for I  have (which no man has)  power to lay it down, and to take it again."  1st, See here the power of Christ, as the Lord of life, particularly of his own life, which he had  in himself. 1. He had power to  keep his life against all the world, so that it could not be wrested from him without his own consent. Though Christ's life seemed to be taken by storm, yet really it was surrendered, otherwise it had been impregnable, and never taken. The Lord Jesus did not fall into the hands of his persecutors because he could not avoid it, but threw himself into their hands because his hour was come.  No man taketh my life from me. This was such a challenge as was never given by the most daring hero. 2. He had power to  lay down his life. (1.) He had ability to do it. He could, when he pleased, slip the knot of union between soul and body, and, without any act of violence done to himself, could disengage them from each other: having voluntarily  taken up a body, he could voluntarily lay it down again, which appeared when he cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost. (2.) He had authority to do it,  exousian. Though we could find instruments of cruelty, wherewith to make an end of our own lives, yet  Id possumus quod jure possumus—we can do that, and that only, which we can do lawfully. We are not at liberty to do it; but Christ had a sovereign authority to dispose of his own life as he pleased. He was no debtor (as we are) either to life or death, but perfectly  sui juris. 3. He had power to  take it again; we have not. Our life, once laid down, is  as water spilt upon the ground; but Christ, when he laid down his life, still had it within reach, within call, and could resume it. Parting with it by a voluntary conveyance, he might limit the surrender at pleasure, and he did it with a power of revocation, which was necessary to preserve the intentions of the surrender.  2ndly, See here the grace of Christ; since none could demand his life of him by law, or extort it by force, he  laid it down of himself, for our redemption. He offered himself to be the Saviour:  Lo, I come; and then, the necessity of our case calling for it, he offered himself to be a sacrifice:  Here am I, let these go their way; by which will we are sanctified, Heb. x. 10. He was both the offerer and the offering, so that  his laying down his life was his offering up himself.

Sentiments Concerning Christ.
$19$ There was a division therefore again among the Jews for these sayings. $20$ And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad; why hear ye him? $21$ Others said, These are not the words of him that hath a devil. Can a devil open the eyes of the blind? We have here an account of the people's different sentiments concerning Christ, on occasion of the foregoing discourse; there was a division, a  schism, among them; they differed in their opinions, which threw them into heats and parties. Such a ferment as this they had been in before (ch. vii. 43; ix. 16); and where there has once been a division again. Rents are sooner made than made up or mended. This division was occasioned by the sayings of Christ, which, one would think, should rather have united them all in him as their centre; but they set them at variance, as Christ foresaw, Luke xii. 51. But it is better that men should be  divided about the doctrine of Christ than  united in the service of sin, Luke xi. 21. See what the debate was in particular. I. Some upon this occasion spoke ill of Christ and of his sayings, either openly in the face of the assembly, for his enemies were very impudent, or privately among themselves. They said,  He has a devil, and is mad, why do you hear him? 1. They reproach him as a demoniac. The worst of characters is put upon the best of men. He is a distracted man, he raves and is delirious, and no more to be heard than the rambles of a man in bedlam. Thus still, if a man preaches seriously and pressingly of another world, he shall be said to talk like an enthusiast; and his conduct shall be imputed to fancy, a heated brain, and a crazed imagination. 2. They ridicule his hearers: " Why hear you him? Why do you so far encourage him as to take notice of what he says?" Note, Satan ruins many by putting them out of conceit with the word and ordinances, and representing it as a weak and silly thing to attend upon them. Men would not thus be laughed out of their necessary food, and yet suffer themselves to be laughed out of what is more necessary. Those that hear Christ, and mix faith with what they hear, will soon be able to give a good account  why they hear him. II. Others stood up in defence of him and his discourse, and, though the stream ran strong, dared to swim against it; and, though perhaps they did not believe on him as the Messiah, they could not bear to hear him thus abused. If they could say no more of him, this they would maintain, that he was a man in his wits, that he had not a devil, that he was neither senseless nor graceless. The absurd and most unreasonable reproaches, that have sometimes been cast upon Christ and his gospel, have excited those to appear for him and it who otherwise had no great affection to either. Two things they plead:—1. The excellency of his doctrine: " These are not the words of him that hath a devil; they are not idle words; distracted men are not used to talk at this rate. These are not the words of one that is either violently possessed with a devil or voluntarily in league with the devil." Christianity, if it be not the true religion, is certainly the greatest cheat that ever was put upon the world; and, if so, it must be of the devil, who is the father of all lies: but it is certain that the doctrine of Christ is no doctrine of devils, for it is levelled directly against the devil's kingdom, and Satan is too subtle to be divided against himself. So much of holiness there is in the words of Christ that we may conclude they are  not the words of one that has a devil, and therefore are the words of one that was sent of God; are not from hell, and therefore must be from heaven. 2. The power of his miracles:  Can a devil, that is, a man that has a devil,  open the eyes of the blind? Neither mad men nor bad men can work miracles. Devils are not such lords of the power of nature as to be able to work such miracles; nor are they such friends to mankind as to be willing to work them if they were able. The devil will sooner put out men's eyes than open them. Therefore Jesus  had not a devil.

Christ's Conference with the Jews.
$22$ And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter. $23$ And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch. $24$ Then came the Jews round about him, and said unto him, How long dost thou make us to doubt? If thou be the Christ, tell us plainly. $25$ Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believed not: the works that I do in my Father's name, they bear witness of me. $26$ But ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said unto you. $27$ My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me: $28$ And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any  man pluck them out of my hand. $29$ My Father, which gave  them me, is greater than all; and no  man is able to pluck  them out of my Father's hand. 30 I and  my Father are one. $31$ Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him. $32$ Jesus answered them, Many good works have I showed you from my Father; for which of those works do ye stone me? $33$ The Jews answered him, saying, For a good work we stone thee not; but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God. $34$ Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? 35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken; $36$ Say ye of him, whom the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am the Son of God? $37$ If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. $38$ But if I do, though ye believe not me, believe the works: that ye may know, and believe, that the Father  is in me, and I in him. We have here another rencounter between Christ and the Jews in the temple, in which it is hard to say which is more strange, the gracious words that came out of his mouth or the spiteful ones that came out of theirs. I. We have here the time when this conference was:  It was at the feast of dedication, and it was winter, a feast that was annually observed by consent, in remembrance of the dedication of a new altar and the purging of the temple, by Judas Maccab&#230;us, after the temple had been profaned and the altar defiled; we have the story of it at large in the history of the Maccabees (lib. 1, cap. 4); we have the prophecy of it, Dan. viii. 13, 14. See more of the feast, 2 Mac. i. 18. The return of their liberty was to them as life from the dead, and, in remembrance of it, they kept an annual feast on the twenty-fifth day of the month  Cisleu, about the beginning of  December, and seven days after. The celebrating of it was not confined to Jerusalem, as that of the divine feasts was, but every one observed it in his own place, not as a  holy time (it is only a divine institution that can sanctify a day), but as a  good time, as the days of Purim, Esth. ix. 19. Christ forecasted to be now at Jerusalem, not in honour of the feast, which did not require his attendance there, but that he might improve those eight days of vacation for good purposes. II. The place where it was (v. 23):  Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch; so called (Acts iii. 11), not because built by Solomon, but because built in the same place with that which had borne his name in the first temple, and the name was kept up for the greater reputation of it. Here Christ walked, to observe the proceedings of the great sanhedrim that sat here (Ps. lxxxii. 1);  he walked, ready to give audience to any that should apply to him, and to offer them his services. He walked, as it should seem, for some time  alone, as one neglected; walked pensive, in the foresight of the ruin of the temple. Those that have any thing to say to Christ may find him in the temple and walk with him there. III. The conference itself, in which observe, 1. A weighty question put to him by the Jews, v. 24. They  came round about him, to tease him; he was waiting for an opportunity to do them a kindness, and they took the opportunity to do him a mischief. Ill-will for good-will is no rare and uncommon return. He could not enjoy himself, no, not in the temple, his Father's house, without disturbance. They came about him, as it were, to lay siege to him:  encompassed him about like bees. They came about him as if they had a joint and unanimous desire to be satisfied; came as one man, pretending an impartial and importunate enquiry after truth, but intending a general assault upon our Lord Jesus; and they seemed to speak the sense of their nation, as if they were the mouth of all the Jews: '' How long dost thou make us to doubt? If thou be the Christ tell us.'' (1.) They quarrel with him, as if he had unfairly held them in suspense hitherto.  Ten psychen hemon aireis— How long dost thou steal away our hearts? Or,  take away our souls? So some read it; basely intimating that what share he had of the people's love and respect he did not obtain fairly, but by indirect methods, as Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel; and as seducers deceive the  hearts of the simple, and so  draw away disciples after them, Rom. xvi. 18; Acts xx. 30. But most interpreters understand it as we do: " How long dost thou keep us in suspense? How long are we kept debating whether thou be the Christ or no, and not able to determine the question?" Now, [1.] It was the effect of their infidelity, and powerful prejudices, that after our Lord Jesus had so fully proved himself to be the Christ they were still in doubt concerning it; this they willingly hesitated about, when they might easily have been satisfied. The struggle was between their convictions, which told them he was Christ, and their corruptions, which said, No, because he was not such a Christ as they expected. Those who choose to be sceptics may, if they please, hold the balance so that the most cogent arguments may not weigh down the most trifling objections, but scales may still hang even. [2.] It was an instance of their impudence and presumption that they laid the blame of their doubting upon Christ himself, as if he  made them to doubt by inconsistency with himself, whereas in truth they made themselves doubt by indulging their prejudices. If Wisdom's sayings appear doubtful, the fault is not in the object, but in the eye; they are all  plain to him that understands. Christ would make us to believe; we make ourselves to  doubt. (2.) They challenge him to give a direct and categorical answer whether he was the Messiah or no: " If thou be the Christ, as many believe thou art,  tell us plainly, not by parables, as,  I am the light of the world, and  the good Shepherd, and the like, but  totidem verbis—in so many words, either that thou art the Christ, or, as John Baptist, that thou art not," ch. i. 20. Now this pressing query of theirs was  seemingly good; they pretended to be desirous to know the truth, as if they were ready to embrace it; but it was  really bad, and put with an ill design; for, if he should tell them plainly that he was the Christ, there needed no more to make him obnoxious to the jealousy and severity of the Roman government. Every one knew the Messiah was to be a king, and therefore whoever pretended to be the Messiah would be prosecuted as a traitor, which was the thing they would have been at; for, let him tell them ever so plainly that he was the Christ, they would have this to say presently,  Thou bearest witness of thyself, as they had said, ch. viii. 13. 2. Christ's answer to this question, in which, (1.) He justifies himself as not at all accessary to their infidelity and skepticism, referring them, [1.] To what he had said:  I have told you. He had told them that he was the Son of God, the Son of man, that he had life in himself, that he had  authority to execute judgment, &c. And is not this the Christ then? These things he had told them, and they believed not; why then should they be told them again, merely to gratify their curiosity?  You believed not. They pretended that they only doubted, but Christ tells them that they did not believe. Skepticism in religion is no better than downright infidelity. It is now for us to teach God how he should teach us, nor prescribe to him how plainly he should tell us his mind, but to be thankful for divine revelation as we have it. If we do not believe this, neither should we be persuaded if it were ever so much adapted to our humour. [2.] He refers them to his works, to the example of his life, which was not only perfectly pure, but highly beneficent, and of a piece with his doctrine; and especially to his miracles, which he wrought for the confirmation of his doctrine. It was certain that no man could do those miracles except God were with him, and God would not be with him to attest a forgery. (2.) He condemns them for their obstinate unbelief, notwithstanding all the most plain and powerful arguments used to convince them: " You believed not; and again,  You believed not. You still are what you always were, obstinate in your unbelief." But the reason he gives is very surprising: " You believed not, because you are not of my sheep: you believe not in me, because you belong not to me." [1.] "You are not disposed to be my followers, are not of a tractable teachable temper, have no inclination to receive the doctrine and law of the Messiah; you will not herd yourselves with my sheep, will not come and see, come and hear my voice." Rooted antipathies to the gospel of Christ are the bonds of iniquity and infidelity. [2.] "You are not  designed to be my followers; you are not of those that were given me by my Father, to be brought to grace and glory. You are not of the number of the elect; and your unbelief, if you persist in it, will be a certain evidence that you are not." Note, Those to whom God never gives the grace of faith were never designed for heaven and happiness. What Solomon saith of immorality is true of infidelity, It is  a deep ditch, and he that is abhorred of the Lord shall fall therein, Prov. xxii. 14. '' Non esse electum, non est causa incredulitatis propri&#232; dicta, sed causa per accidens. Fides autem est donum Dei et effectus pr&#230;destinationis—The not being included among the elect is not the proper  cause of infidelity, but merely the accidental  cause. But faith is the gift of God, and the effect of predestination.'' So Jansenius distinguishes well here. (3.) He takes this occasion to describe both the gracious disposition and the happy state of those that are his sheep; for such there are, though  they be not. [1.] To convince them that they were not his sheep, he tells them what were the characters of his sheep.  First, They  hear his voice (v. 27), for they know it to be his (v. 4), and he has undertaken that they shall hear it, v. 16. They discern it,  It is the voice of my beloved, Cant. ii. 8. They delight in it, are in their element when they are sitting at his feet to hear his word. They do according to it, and make his word their rule. Christ will not account those his sheep that are deaf to his calls, deaf to his charms, Ps. lviii. 5.  Secondly, They  follow him; they submit to his guidance by a willing obedience to all his commands, and a cheerful conformity to his spirit and pattern. The word of command has always been,  Follow me. We must eye him as our leader and captain, and  tread in his steps, and walk as he walked—follow the prescriptions of his word, the intimations of his providence, and the directions of his Spirit— follow the Lamb (the  dux gregis—the leader of the flock)  whithersoever he goes. In vain do we  hear his voice if we do not  follow him. [2.] To convince them that it was their great unhappiness and misery not to be of Christ's sheep, he here describes the blessed state and case of those that are, which would likewise serve for the support and comfort of his poor despised followers, and keep them from envying the power and grandeur of those that were not of his sheep.  First, Our Lord Jesus  takes cognizance of his sheep: They  hear my voice, and  I know them. He distinguishes them from others (2 Tim. ii. 19), has a particular regard to every individual (Ps. xxxiv. 6); he knows their wants and desires, knows their souls in adversity, where to find them, and what to do for them. He knows others afar off, but knows them near at hand.  Secondly, He has provided a happiness for them, suited to them:  I give unto them eternal life, v. 28. 1. The estate settled upon them is rich and valuable; it is life, eternal life. Man has a living soul; therefore the happiness provided is life, suited to his nature. Man has an immortal soul: therefore the happiness provided is eternal life, running parallel with his duration.  Life eternal is the felicity and chief good of a  soul immortal. 2. The manner of conveyance is  free: I give it to them; it is not bargained and sold upon a valuable consideration, but given by the free grace of Jesus Christ. The donor has power to give it. He who is the fountain of life, and Father of eternity, has authorized Christ to give eternal life, ch. xvii. 2. Not  I will give it, but  I do give it; it is a present gift. He gives the assurance of it, the pledge and earnest of it, the first-fruits and foretastes of it, that  spiritual life which is  eternal life begun, heaven in the seed, in the bud, in the embryo.  Thirdly, He has undertaken for their security and preservation to this happiness.  a. They shall be '' saved from everlasting perdition. They shall by no means perish for ever;'' so the words are. As there is an eternal life, so there is an eternal destruction; the soul not  annihilated, but  ruined; its being continued, but its comfort and happiness irrecoverably lost. All believers are saved from this; whatever cross they may come under, they shall not  come into condemnation. A man is never undone till he is in hell, and they shall not go down to that. Shepherds that have large flocks often lose some of the sheep and suffer them to perish; but Christ has engaged that none of his sheep shall perish, not one.  b. They cannot be kept from their  everlasting happiness; it is in reserve, but he that gives it to them will preserve them to it. ( a.) His own power is engaged for them:  Neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand. A mighty contest is here supposed about these sheep. The Shepherd is so careful of their welfare that he has them not only within his fold, and under his eye, but  in his hand, interested in his special love and taken under his special protection ( all his saints are in thy hand, Deut. xxxiii. 3); yet their enemies are so daring that they attempt to pluck them out of his hand— his whose  own they are, whose  care they are; but they cannot, they shall not, do it. Note, Those are safe who are in the hands of the Lord Jesus. The saints are  preserved in Christ Jesus: and their salvation is not in their own keeping, but in the keeping of a Mediator. The Pharisees and rulers did all they could to frighten the disciples of Christ from following him, reproving and threatening them, but Christ saith that they shall not prevail. ( b.) His Father's power is likewise engaged for their preservation, v. 29. He now appeared in weakness, and, lest his security should therefore be thought  insufficient, he brings in his Father as a further security. Observe, [ a.] The power of the Father:  My Father is greater than all; greater than all the other  friends of the church, all the other shepherds, magistrates or ministers, and able to do that for them which they cannot do. Those shepherds slumber and sleep, and it will be easy to pluck the sheep out of their hands; but he keeps his flock day and night. He is greater than all the enemies of the church, all the opposition given to her interests, and able to secure his own against all their insults; he is  greater than all the combined force of hell and earth. He is greater in wisdom than the  old serpent, though noted for subtlety; greater in strength than the great red dragon, though his name be  legion, and his title  principalities and powers. The devil and his angels have had many a push, many a pluck for the mastery, but have never yet prevailed, Rev. xii. 7, 8.  The Lord on high is mightier. [ b.] The interest of the Father in the sheep, for the sake of which this power is engaged for them: "It is my Father  that gave them to me, and he is concerned in honour to uphold his gift." They were given to the Son as a trust to be managed by him, and therefore God will still look after them. All the divine power is engaged for the accomplishment of all the divine counsels. [ c.] The safety of the saints inferred from these two. If this be so, then  none (neither man nor devil) is  able to pluck them out of the Father's hand, not able to deprive them of the grace they have, nor to hinder them from the glory that is designed them; not able to put them out of God's protection, nor get them into their own power. Christ had himself experienced the power of his Father  upholding and  strengthening him, and therefore puts all his followers into his hand too. He that secured the glory of the Redeemer will secure the glory of the redeemed. Further to corroborate the security, that the sheep of Christ may have strong consolation, he asserts the union of these two undertakers: " I and my Father are one, and have jointly and severally undertaken for the protection of the saints and their perfection." This denotes more than the harmony, and consent, and good understanding, that were between the Father and the Son in the work of man's redemption. Every good man is so far one with God as to concur with him; therefore it must be meant of the  oneness of the nature of Father and Son, that they are the same in substance, and equal in power and glory. The fathers urged this both against the Sabellians, to prove the distinction and plurality of the persons, that the Father and the Son are two, and against the Arians, to prove the unity of the nature, that these two are  one. If we should altogether hold our peace concerning this sense of the words, even the stones which the Jews took up to cast at him would speak it out, for the Jews understood him as hereby making himself God (v. 33) and he did not deny it. He proves that none could pluck them out  of his hand because they could not pluck them out  of the Father's hand, which had not been a conclusive argument if the Son had not had the same almighty power with the Father, and consequently been one with him in essence and operation. IV. The rage, the outrage, of the Jews against him for this discourse:  The Jews took up stones again, v. 31. It is not the word that is used before (ch. viii. 59), but  ebastasan lithous— they carried stones—great stones, stones that were a  load, such as they used in stoning malefactors. They  brought them from some place at a distance, as it were preparing things for his execution without any judicial process; as if he were convicted of blasphemy upon the notorious evidence of the fact, which needed no further trial. The absurdity of this insult which the Jews offered to Christ will appear if we consider, 1. That they had  imperiously, not to say  impudently, challenged him to tell them plainly whether he was the Christ or no; and yet now that he not only said  he was the Christ, but proved himself so, they condemned him as a malefactor. If the preachers of the truth propose it  modestly, they are branded as cowards; if  boldly, as insolent; but  Wisdom is justified of her children. 2. That when they had before made a similar attempt it was in vain; he  escaped through the midst of them (ch. viii. 59); yet they repeat their baffled attempt. Daring sinners will throw stones at heaven, though they return upon their own heads; and will strengthen themselves against the Almighty, though none ever hardened themselves against him and prospered. V. Christ's tender expostulation with them upon occasion of this outrage (v. 32):  Jesus answered what they  did, for we do not find that they  said any thing, unless perhaps they stirred up the crown that they had gathered about him to join with them, crying,  Stone him, stone him, as afterwards,  Crucify him, crucify him. When he could have answered them with fire from heaven, he mildly replied,  Many good works have I shown you from my Father: for which of those works do you stone me? Words so very tender that one would think they should have melted a heart of stone. In dealing with his enemies he still argued from his works (men evidence what they  are by what they  do), his  good works— kala erga excellent, eminent works.  Opera eximia vel pr&#230;clara; the expression signifies both  great works and  good works. 1. The divine power of his works convicted them of the most obstinate infidelity. They were works  from his Father, so far above the reach and course of nature as to prove him who did them  sent of God, and acting by commission from him. These works he  showed them; he did them openly before the people, and not in a corner. His works would bear the test, and refer themselves to the testimony of the most inquisitive and impartial spectators. He did not show his works by candle-light, as those that are concerned only for  show, but he showed them at noon-day before the world, ch. xviii. 20. See Ps. cxi. 6. His works so undeniably  demonstrated that they were an incontestable  demonstration of the validity of his commission. 2. The divine grace of his works convicted them of the most base ingratitude. The works he did among them were not only miracles, but mercies; not only works of wonder to amaze them, but works of love and kindness to do them good, and so make them good, and endear himself to them. He healed the sick, cleansed the lepers, cast out devils, which were favours, not only to the persons concerned, but to the public; these he had repeated, and multiplied: " Now for which of these do you stone me? You cannot say that I have done you any harm, or given you any just provocation; if therefore you will pick a quarrel with me, it must be for some good work, some good turn done you; tell me for which." Note, (1.) The horrid ingratitude that there is in our sins against God and Jesus Christ is a great aggravation of them, and makes them appear exceedingly sinful. See how God argues to this purpose, Deut. xxxii. 6; Jer. ii. 5; Mic. vi. 3. (2.) We must not think it strange if we meet with those who not only hate us without cause, but are our adversaries for our love, Ps. xxxv. 12; xli. 9. When he asks,  For which of these do you stone me? as he intimates the abundant satisfaction he had in his own innocency, which gives a man courage in a suffering day, so he puts his persecutors upon considering what was the true reason of their enmity, and asking, as all those should do that create trouble to their neighbour,  Why persecute we him? As Job advises his friends to do, Job xix. 28. VI. Their vindication of the attempt they made upon Christ, and the cause upon which they grounded their prosecution, v. 33. What sin will want fig-leaves with which to cover itself, when even the bloody persecutors of the Son of God could find something to say for themselves? 1. They would not be thought such enemies to their country as to persecute him for a good work:  For a good work we stone thee not. For indeed they would scarcely allow any of his works to be so. His curing the impotent man (ch. v.) and the blind man (ch. ix.) were so far from being acknowledged good services to the town, and meritorious, that they were put upon the score of his crimes, because done on the sabbath day. But, if he had done any good works, they would not own that they stoned him  for them, though these were really the things that did most exasperate them, ch. xi. 47. Thus, though most absurd, they could not be brought to own their absurdities. 2. They would be thought such friends to God and his glory as to prosecute him for blasphemy:  Because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God. Here is, (1.) A pretended zeal for the law. They seem mightily concerned for the honour of the divine majesty, and to be seized with a religious horror at that which they imagined to be a reproach to it. A blasphemer was to be  stoned, Lev. xxiv. 16. This law, they thought, did not only justify, but sanctify, what they attempted, as Acts xxvi. 9. Note, The vilest practices are often varnished with plausible pretences. As nothing is more  courageous than a well-informed conscience, so nothing is more  outrageous than a mistaken one. See Isa. lxvi. 5; ch. xvi. 2. (2.) A real enmity to the gospel, on which they could not put a greater affront than by representing Christ as a blasphemer. It is no new thing for the worst of characters to be put upon the best of men, by those that resolve to give them the worst of treatment. [1.] The crime laid to his charge is  blasphemy, speaking reproachfully and despitefully of God. God himself is out of the sinner's reach, and not capable of receiving any real injury; and therefore enmity to God spits its venom at his name, and so shows its ill-will. [2.] The proof of the crime:  Thou, being a man, makest thyself God. As it is God's glory that  he is God, which we rob him of when we make him altogether such a one as ourselves, so it is his glory that  besides him there is no other, which we rob him of when we make ourselves, or any creature, altogether like him. Now,  First, Thus far they were in the right, that what Christ said of himself amounted to this—that he was God, for he had said that he was  one with the Father and that he would  give eternal life; and Christ does not deny it, which he would have done if it had been a mistaken inference from his words. But,  secondly, They were much mistaken when they looked upon him as a  mere man, and that the Godhead he claimed was a usurpation, and of his own making. They thought it absurd and impious that such a one as he, who appeared in the fashion of a poor, mean, despicable man, should profess himself the Messiah, and entitle himself to the honours confessedly due to the Son of God. Note, 1. Those who say that Jesus is a  mere man, and only a  made God, as the Socinians say, do in effect charge  him with blasphemy, but do effectually prove it upon themselves. 2. He who, being a man, a sinful man, makes himself a god as the Pope does, who claims divine powers and prerogatives, is unquestionably a  blasphemer, and  that antichrist. VII. Christ's reply to their accusation of him (for such their vindication of themselves was), and his making good those claims which they imputed to him as blasphemous (v. 34, &c.), where he proves himself to be no blasphemer, by two arguments:— 1. By an argument taken from  God's word. He appeals to what was  written in their law, that is, in the Old Testament; whoever opposes Christ, he is sure to have the scripture  on his side. It is written (Ps. lxxxii. 6),  I have said, You are gods. It is an argument  a minore ad majus—from the less to the greater. If they were gods, much more am I. Observe, (1.) How he explains the text (v. 35):  He called them gods to whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken. The word of God's commission came to them, appointing them to their offices, as judges, and therefore they are called  gods, Exod. xxii. 28. To some the word of God came immediately, as to Moses; to others in the way of an instituted ordinance. Magistracy is a divine institution; and magistrates are God's delegates, and therefore the scripture calleth them gods; and we are sure that the scripture  cannot be broken, or broken in upon, or found fault with. Every word of God is  right; the very style and language of scripture are unexceptionable, and not to be corrected, Matt. v. 18. (2.) How he applies it. Thus much in general is easily inferred, that those were very rash and unreasonable who condemned Christ as a blasphemer, only for calling himself the Son of God, when yet they themselves called their rulers so, and therein the scripture warranted them. But the argument goes further (v. 36): If magistrates were called Gods, because they were commissioned to administer justice in the nation,  say you of him whom the Father hath sanctified, Thou blasphemest? We have here two things concerning the Lord Jesus:—[1.] The honour done him by the  Father, which he justly glories in: He  sanctified him, and  sent him into the world. Magistrates were called  the sons of God, though the word of God only came to them, and the spirit of government came upon them by measure, as upon Saul; but our Lord Jesus was himself the  Word, and had the  Spirit without measure. They were constituted for a particular country, city, or nation; but he was sent  into the world, vested with a universal authority, as Lord of all. They were  sent to, as persons at a distance; he was  sent forth, as having been from eternity with God. The Father  sanctified him, that is, designed him and set him apart to the office of Mediator, and qualified and fitted him for that office.  Sanctifying him is the same with  sealing him, ch. vi. 27. Note, Whom the Father sends he sanctifies; whom he designs for holy purposes he prepares with holy principles and dispositions. The holy God will reward, and therefore will employ, none but such as he finds or makes holy. The Father's sanctifying and sending him is here vouched as a sufficient warrant for his calling himself the  Son of God; for because he was a  holy thing he was  called the Son of God, Luke i. 35. See Rom. i. 4. [2.] The dishonour done him by the Jews, which he justly complains of—that they impiously said of him, whom the Father had thus dignified, that he was a  blasphemer, because he called himself the  Son of God: "Say you of him so and so? Dare you say so? Dare you thus set your mouths against the heavens? Have you brow and brass enough to tell the God of truth that he lies, or  to condemn him that is most just? Look me in the face, and say it if you can. What! say you of the Son of God that  he is a blasphemer?" If devils, whom he came to condemn, had said so of him, it had not been so strange; but that  men, whom he came to teach and save, should say so of him, '' be astonished, O heavens! at this.'' See what is the language of an obstinate unbelief; it does, in effect, call the holy Jesus a blasphemer. It is hard to say which is more to be wondered at, that men who breathe in God's air should yet speak such things, or that men who have spoken such things should still be suffered to breathe in God's air. The wickedness of man, and the patience of God, as it were, contend which shall be most  wonderful. 2. By an argument taken from  his own works, v. 37, 38. In the former he only answered the charge of blasphemy by an argument  ad hominem—turning a man's own argument against himself; but he here makes out his own claims, and proves that he and the Father are one (v. 37, 38):  If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. Though he might justly have abandoned such blasphemous wretches as incurable, yet he vouchsafes to reason with them. Observe, (1.)  From what he argues—from his works, which he had often vouched as his credentials, and the proofs of his mission. As he proved himself sent of God by the  divinity of his works, so we must prove ourselves allied to Christ by the  Christianity of ours. [1.] The argument is very cogent; for the works he did were the  works of his Father, which the Father only could do, and which could not be done in the ordinary course of nature, but only by the sovereign over-ruling power of the God of nature.  Opera Deo propria—works peculiar to God, and  Opera Deo Digna—works worthy of God—the works of a divine power. He that can dispense with the laws of nature, repeal, altar, and overrule them at his pleasure, by his own power, is certainly the sovereign prince who first instituted and enacted those laws. The miracles which the apostles wrought in his name, by his power, and for the confirmation of his doctrine, corroborated this argument, and continued the evidence of it when he was gone. [2.] It is proposed as fairly as can be desired, and put to a short issue.  First, If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. He does not demand a blind and implicit faith, nor an assent to his divine mission further than he gave proof of it. He did not wind himself into the affections of the people, nor wheedle them by sly insinuations, nor impose upon their credulity by bold assertions, but with the greatest fairness imaginable quitted all demands of their faith, further than he produced warrants for these demands. Christ is no hard master, who expects to reap in assents where he has not sown in arguments. None shall perish for the disbelief of that which was not proposed to them with sufficient motives of credibility, Infinite Wisdom itself being judge.  Secondly, "But if I do  the works of my Father, if I work undeniable miracles for the confirmation of a holy doctrine,  though you believe not me, though you are so scrupulous as not to take my word, yet  believe the works: believe your own eyes, your own reason; the thing speaks itself plainly enough." As the invisible things of the Creator are clearly seen by his works of creation and common providence (Rom. i. 20), so the invisible things of the Redeemer were seen by his miracles, and by all his works both of power and mercy; so that those who were not convinced by these works were  without excuse. (2.)  For what he argues— that you may know and believe, may believe it intelligently, and with an entire satisfaction, that  the Father is in me and I in him; which is the same with what he had said (v. 30):  I and my Father are one. The Father was so in the Son as that in him  dwelt all the fulness of the Godhead, and it was by a divine power that he wrought his miracles; the Son was so in the Father as that he was perfectly acquainted with the whole of his mind, not by communication, but by consciousness, having lain in his bosom. This we must  know; not know and  explain (for we cannot by searching find it out to perfection), but know and  believe it; acknowledging and adoring the depth, when we cannot find the bottom.

Christ Retires beyond Jordan.
$39$ Therefore they sought again to take him: but he escaped out of their hand, $40$ And went away again beyond Jordan into the place where John at first baptized; and there he abode. $41$ And many resorted unto him, and said, John did no miracle: but all things that John spake of this man were true. 42 And many believed on him there. We have here the issue of the conference with the Jews. One would have thought it would have convinced and melted them, but their hearts were hardened. Here we are told, I. How they attacked him by force. Therefore  they sought again to take him, v. 39. Therefore, 1. Because he had fully answered their charge of blasphemy, and wiped off that imputation, so that they could not for shame go on with their attempts to stone him, therefore they contrived to seize him, and prosecute him as an offender against the state. When they were constrained to drop their attempt by a popular tumult, they would try what they could do under colour of a legal process. See Rev. xii. 13. Or, 2. Because he persevered in the same testimony concerning himself, they persisted in their malice against him. What he had said before he did in effect say again, for the  faithful witness never departs from what he has once said; and therefore, having the same provocation, they express the same resentment, and justify their attempt to stone him by another attempt to take him. Such is the temper of a persecuting spirit, and such its policy,  mal&#232; facta mal&#232; factis tegere ne perpluant— to cover one set of bad deeds with another, lest the former should fall through. II. How he avoided them by flight; not an inglorious retreat, in which there was any thing of human infirmity, but a glorious retirement, in which there was much of a divine power. He  escaped out of their hands, not by the interposal of any friend that helped him, but by his own wisdom he  got clear of them; he drew a veil over himself, or cast a mist before their eyes, or tied the hands of those whose hearts he did not turn. Note, No weapon formed against our Lord Jesus shall prosper, Ps. ii. 4. He  escaped, not because he was afraid to suffer, but because  his hour was not come. And he who knew how to  deliver himself no doubt knows how to  deliver the godly out of temptation, and to make  a way for them to escape. III. How he disposed of himself in his retirement: He  went away again beyond Jordan, v. 40. The bishop of our souls came not to be fixed in one see, but to go about from place to place, doing good. This great benefactor was never out of his way, for wherever he came there was work to be done. Though Jerusalem was the royal city, yet he made many a kind visit to the country, not only to his own country Galilee, but to other parts, even those that lay most remote beyond Jordan. Now observe, 1. What  shelter he found there. He went into a private part of the country, and  there he abode; there he found some rest and quietness, when in Jerusalem he could find none. Note, Though persecutors may drive Christ and his gospel out of their own city or country, they cannot drive him or it out of the world. Though Jerusalem was not gathered, nor would be, yet Christ was glorious, and would be. Christ's going now beyond Jordan was a figure of the taking of the kingdom of God from the Jews, and bringing it to the Gentiles. Christ and his gospel have often found better entertainment among the plain country-people than among  the wise, the mighty, the noble, 1 Cor. i. 26, 27. 2. What  success he found there. He did not go thither merely for his own security, but to do good there; and he chose to go thither, where John at first baptized (ch. i. 28), because there could not but remain some impressions of John's ministry and baptism thereabouts, which would dispose them to receive Christ and his doctrine; for it was not three years since John was baptizing, and Christ was himself baptized here at Bethabara. Christ came hither now to see what fruit there was of all the pains John Baptist had taken among them, and what they retained of the things they then heard and received. The event in some measure answered expectation; for we are told, (1.) That they flocked after him (v. 41):  Many resorted to him. The return of the means of grace to a place, after they have been for some time intermitted, commonly occasions a great stirring of affections. Some think Christ chose to  abide at  Bethabara, the  house of passage, where the ferry-boats lay by which they crossed the river Jordan, that the confluence of people thither might give an opportunity of teaching many who would come to hear him when it  lay in their way, but who would scarcely go a step out of the road for an opportunity of attending on his word. (2.) That they reasoned in his favour, and sought arguments to induce them to close with him as much as those at Jerusalem sought objections against him. They said very judiciously,  John did no miracle, but all things that John spoke of this man were true. Two things they considered, upon recollecting what they had seen and heard from John, and comparing it with Christ's ministry. [1.] That Christ far exceeded John Baptist's power, for  John did no miracle, but Jesus does many; whence it is easy to infer that Jesus is greater than John. And, if John was so great a prophet, how great then is this Jesus! Christ is best known and acknowledged by such a comparison with others as sets him superlatively above others. Though John came in the spirit and power of Elias, yet he did not work miracles, as Elias did, lest the minds of people should be made to hesitate between him and Jesus; therefore the honour of working miracles was reserved for Jesus as a flower of his crown, that there might be a sensible demonstration, and  undeniable one, that though he came after John, yet he was  preferred far before him. [2.] That Christ exactly answered John Baptist's testimony. John not only  did no miracle to  divert people from Christ, but he said a great deal to direct them to Christ, and to turn them over as apprentices to him, and this came to their minds  now: all things that  John said of this man were true, that he should be the  Lamb of God, should  baptize with Holy Ghost and with fire. Great things John had said of him, which raised their expectations; so that though they had not zeal enough to carry them into his country to enquire after him, yet, when he came into theirs, and brought his gospel to their doors, they acknowledged him as great as John had said he would be. When we get acquainted with Christ, and come to know him experimentally, we find all things that the scripture saith of him to be true; nay, and that the reality exceeds the report, 1 Kings x. 6, 7. John Baptist was now dead and gone, and yet his hearers profited by what they had heard formerly, and, by comparing what they heard then with what they saw now, they gained a double advantage; for,  First, They were confirmed in their belief that  John was a prophet, who foretold such things, and spoke of the eminency to which this Jesus would arrive, though his beginning was so small.  Secondly, They were prepared to believe that  Jesus was the Christ, in whom they saw those things accomplished which John foretold. By this we see that the success and efficacy of the word preached are not confined to the life of the preacher, nor do they expire with his breath, but that which seemed as  water spilt upon the ground may afterwards be  gathered up again. See Zech. i. 5, 6. (3.) That many believed on him there. Believing that he who wrought such miracles, and in whom John's predictions were fulfilled, was what he declared himself to be, the Son of God, they gave up themselves to him as his disciples, v. 42. An emphasis is here to be laid, [1.] Upon the persons that believed on him; they were  many. While those that received and embraced his doctrine at Jerusalem were but as the grape-gleanings of the vintage, those that believed on him in the country, beyond the Jordan, were a full harvest gathered in to him. [2.] Upon the place where this was; it was where John had been preaching and baptizing and had had great success;  there many believed on the Lord Jesus. Where the preaching of the doctrine of repentance has had success, as desired, there the preaching of the doctrine of reconciliation and gospel grace is most likely to be prosperous. Where John has been acceptable, Jesus will not be unacceptable. The jubilee-trumpet sounds sweetest in the ears of those who in the day of atonement have afflicted their souls for sin.