Marbury v. Brooks

ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia. This was an attachment sued out by the defendant in error, Brooks, on the 10th February, 1820, to attach the lands, tenements, goods, chattels, and credits of Fitzhugh, all absconding debtor, pursuant to the act of Assembly of Maryland of November, 1795, ch. 56.; levied in the hands of the plaintiff in error, Marbury, who was duly summoned as garnishee, on the 11th February, 1820. The garnishee appeared and pleaded that he had no effects, &c. of the absconding debtor in his hands, upon which an issue was joined and tried by a jury: verdict for plaintiff in the attachment, and judgment in due form against the garnishee. Upon the trial, evidence was produced on the part of the plaintiff to prove that the said Fitzhugh had, on the 31st December, 1819, a store of goods in Georgetown, furniture, and other personal property, which came to the hands of the said garnishee, and were afterwards sold and disposed of by him; leaving in his hands, from that time to the present, money and effects of the said Fitzhugh, to a very considerable amount, over and above the debt claimed by the plaintiff in the said attachment: that the said Fitzhugh was, at and before the time of the issuing and serving of the said attachment, and still is, indebted to the plaintiff in the said sum of $1,421 30 cents. Whereupon the garnishee, in order to prove that the money and effects so being in his hands were not liable to the attachment, produced and read to the jury a paper writing, purporting to be a bill of sale from the absconding debtor to the garnishee, recorded among the land records of the proper county, on the 3d day of June, next ensuing its date, in the words following: This Indenture, made this thirty-first day of December, in the year eighteen hundred and nineteen, between Richard H. Fitzhugh, of the one part, and William Marbury of the other part: Whereas, the said Richard H. Fitzhugh is indebted to the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, in the sum of four thousand three hundred dollars; to the Bank of Columbia, in the sum of two thousand eight hundred and fifty dollars; to the Union Bank of Georgetown, in the sum of fifteen hundred and fifty dollars; and to the Branch Bank of the United States, at Washington, in the sum of seven thousand dollars, all current money; for the payment of which, the said Fitzhugh wishes to provide, and therefore executes this deed or instrument of writing. Now this Indenture witnesseth, that the said Richard H. Fitzhugh, for, and in consideration of the premises, and for the further consideration of five dollars, current money, to him in hand paid by the said William Marbury, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, hath given, granted, bargained, and sold, and by these presents doth give, grant, bargain, and sell, unto the said William Marbury, his executors and administrators, all the stock of goods and merchandize now in the store, on Bridge-street, Georgetown, occupied by said Fitzhugh; also, all the household furniture, goods, and chattels, in the house situate in Firststreet, in the same town, occupied by said Fitzhugh, as a dwelling-house; also a negro woman, Maria, a negro woman named Chloe, and her children, Westly, Caroline, John, and Nancy, all of which said negroes are now in the possession of said Fitzhugh. And the said Richard H. Fitzhugh doth hereby make over, transfer, and assign to the said William Marbury, his executors, administrators, and assigns, all his books of accounts, notes, bonds, and other securities, to have, and to hold, all the said goods and merchandizes, chattels, furniture, negroes, books of accounts, notes, bonds, and securities, unto him the said William Marbury, his executors, administrators, and assigns, for ever: in trust, however, to sell the same, according to the best of his judgment and discretion; and to pay the money thereby arising, as follows: first, to pay the expenses of such sale, and after that, to divide the same between the Banks aforesaid, in proportion to the respective amounts due them; and if any thing remain, it is to be paid to the creditors of the said Fitzhugh, in proportion to the debts ascertained to be due them.' In witness whereof, the said Richard H. Fitzhugh hath hereunto subscribed his name, and affixed his seal, the day and year before written. R. H. FITZHUGH. Signed, sealed, and delivered in my presence, the word 'three,' being first interlined in the sixth line of the first page. [SEAL.] THOMAS CORCORAN.

District of Columbia, Washington County, viz. On this thirty-first day of December, in the year eighteen hundred and nineteen, personally appeared before me, the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace, in and for the District and County aforesaid, Richard H. Fitzhugh, party grantor within named, and acknowledged the aforegoing instrument of writing to be his act and deed. THOMAS CORCORAN. And after the evidence on both sides had been fully examined, the plaintiff, having offered evidence tending to prove the following facts, prayed the instruction of the Court to the jury, if the jury find from the evidence that the said Fitzhugh, being a merchant and trader at Georgetown, in the county aforesaid, had committed divers forgeries of notes, and indorsements of notes, upon which he obtained money and credit to the amount of from fourteen thousand to fifteen thousand dollars; and that he was bona fide indebted to the plaintiff and divers other creditors, (all of whom are interested, as attaching and general creditors, in the determination of this cause,) for goods, wares, and merchandizes, and for moneys lent and advanced, to the amount of $20,000, or upwards, over and above the said forgeries; that William Marbury, the trustee, named in the said deed, and the garnishee summoned in this cause, is the father-in-law of said Fitzhugh; and that the said Marbury, before the execution of the said deed, being desirous to screen the said Fitzhugh from disgrace and prosecution for the said forgeries, and understanding that the said forgeries amounted only to about five or six thousand dollars, had consented to pay off the same, and take a deed of trust or mortgage from the defendant, by way of collateral security for the moneys so to be advanced by him; and that in pursuance of that arrangement, such a deed of trust or mortgage, by way of collateral security, was actually drawn and executed; in which was included the same identical property mentioned and conveyed in and by the deed above given in evidence; but the said Marbury, discovering that the amount of forgeries was in fact so much greater than had been represented, and finding that he would have to pay from fourteen to fifteen thousand dollars, instead of five or six thousand dollars, in order to accomplish his first design of screening said Fitzhugh from disgrace and prosecution, refused to advance any money to take up the forged notes; and said, 'I will not ruin my family for you: now, I advise you to make your escape as soon as you can.' Whereupon, the said deed, so executed as aforesaid, was cancelled and torn up, and immediately afterwards, another deed (being the same now produced) was drawn by John Marbury, a witness present at its execution: that the said deed was executed after the noon on the day on which it bears date; and that on the night of the same day, the said Fitzhugh absconded from the District of Columbia, and was so absconding from that time, until, and at the time the attachment issued in this cause, and ever since: that the creditors, whose debts the said deed purports to secure, were wholly ignorant of the execution, and of the intent to execute the same, until after the same was executed as aforesaid; and were not in any manner privy or consenting thereto; except that the said William Marbury held stock as a trustee in one of the said banks, and John Marbury, the attorney who drew the same, was a stockholder in another of the said banks; that the whole of said property lay within the county aforesaid, and would have been subject to this attachment, but for the said conveyance: that the said deed includes and conveys the whole of the property, choses in action, and estate of every kind, in possession of said Fitzhugh, or to which he was in any manner entitled, at the time of executing the same: that the whole of the debts, which the said deed purports to secure, stood upon no other foundation than that of notes forged by the said Fitzhugh, and passed by him as genuine to the banks respectively mentioned in said deed, and discounted by said banks for him, and the money thereupon advanced to him, (such notes, however, being all actually signed or endorsed by said Fitzhugh, and he being liable for the payment thereof,) to the respective amounts stated in said deed; and that at the time of the execution of the said deed, it was expected and understood, that it comprehended all the cases in which the said Fitzhugh was involved by means of his said forgeries, and was not intended to comprehend any other, except as to the surplus, after satisfying said forged paper; and that said Fitzhugh, the evening before the execution of the said deed, called on C. Smith, the cashier of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, in said deed mentioned, and a stockholder in the same, and had conversation with him relative to the said forgeries; and that the said Smith, after being informed that the said forgeries amounted to only about five or six thousand dollars, and that he thought he had property enough to pay all his debts, if judiciously managed, said to the said Fitzhugh, that he had no doubt the said Marbury would take up and pay all the said forged notes, and that nothing more would be said about it; and said Fitzhugh begged of said Smith to see said Marbury, and recommend that course to him, which said Smith promised to do the next morning: that when said Smith called for that purpose the next morning, he found said Marbury with said Fitzhugh, and the said John Marbury, Esquire, together at the office of the latter, engaged in drawing a deed: that the said William Marbury declared, in consequence of finding the forgeries amount to so much more than he expected, that he would pay nothing; and the said Smith left the office before the said deed was executed: that on the day of the execution of said deed above given in evidence, a note to which the said W. Marbury's name had been forged by Fitzhugh, and by him passed for value received to one G. R. Gaither, became due and payable at said Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, where the same was deposited by the holder for collection, said Bank having no interest in the same: that the holder had called at the Bank, and expressly ordered the said note to be sent out and presented for payment, in order that the said Marbury might distinctly avow or disavow his signature; and to be protested if not admitted and paid; and that the said Marbury, either in the evening of the same day the deed was executed, and after the execution of the same, or in the morning of the next day, called at said Bank and took up said note, after it had been sent out to the Notary, and before the return of the protest; that said Marbury, at the same time, took up another forged note and a check due to the said Bank, (both being also forgeries of the said Fitzhugh,) upon neither of which his (Marbury's) name had been forged; and the said two notes and checks were the whole of the paper forged by said Fitzhugh, which was then due and demandable; and said Marbury took up said notes and check in anticipation of funds expected to arise from the property conveyed as aforesaid; and took the receipt of C. Smith, cashier of said bank, for the amount so paid on said forged notes and check, in the words following: 'Georgetown, January 1, 1820. 'Received of William Marbury, twelve hundred and fifty dollars forty cents, part of the debt due the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, mentioned in the deed of R. H. Fitzhugh to the said Marbury, dated 31st December, 1819. $1250 40. C. SMITH.' That the said Marbury, in a conversation, the day after the execution of said deed, relative to the said deed, and to the circumstances attending the execution of the same, expressed regret at having had any thing to do with it; represented that said Fitzhugh had come to him in tears; and entreated him to save him, or screen him from prosecution, and to have the affair hushed up, (or words to that effect;) and the said Marbury, in that conversation, expressed it as his wish, that it might be hushed up: and the said Marbury, in the course of conversation, further remarked, that said Fitzhugh seemed scarcely to know what he was about, and would have done any thing to get away: and said Marbury further remarked in said conversation, that said Fitzhugh had a rich uncle disposed to assist him, and his father was expected in town in a few days, and that if his debts did not amount to too much, they might all yet be provided for; that he (Marbury) did not suppose the loss, upon winding up said Fitzhugh's affairs, would exceed ten thousand dollars; that if it did not exceed that sum, his friends would arrange the whole, and he (Marbury) himself would be willing to go as far as five thousand dollars, if Fitzhugh's other friends would answer the balance; and the said Marbury further remarked, that if twenty thousand dollars would save him (Fitzhugh) from disgrace, he (Marbury) would pay it; that what he had already done, was to save Fitzhugh from prosecution, he (Marbury having no interest in it;) and that said Marbury, in another conversation, speaking of having taken up the said note due to said Gaither, said he was anxious to get the forged notes out of the way: and that after the execution of said deed, the defendant was unwilling to leave the District, and wished to remain at least a week longer; and that the attorney who drew the said deed, being nearly connected with the parties as the son of the trustee, and brother-in-law of said Fitzhugh, persuaded and advised him to quit the District, and among other reasons, urged, that if all the parties were satisfied to let him remain unmolested, still Mr. Richard Smith, the Cashier of the Branch Bank of the United States, (which is one of the Banks which the said deed purports to secure,) would feel himself compelled to prosecute; and that it would be more than his office was worth to overlook it, on account of the great interest the Bank of the United States felt in prosecuting and bringing to justice persons guilty of forgery: that said William Marbury also urged said Fitzhugh to quit the District, in order to get out of the way of prosecution; and that said Fitzhugh, in the night of the same day said deed was executed, actually fled from justice, and absconded as a oresaid, with the privity and consent of said William Marbury; and that neither he, nor any person on the part of any of the said banks interested in said deed, did ever move in the said prosecution, or attempt to have the said Fitzhugh arrested and brought to justice; and that it was known to the acting officers and agents of the said banks, before the departure of the said Fitzhugh, that he was guilty of said forgeries. Then the jury may conclude from the said facts and evidence, that the said deed was devised and executed by the said Fitzhugh, and accepted by the said William Marbury, with the motive and intent of prevailing with the holders of the said forged notes to forego a prosecution for the said forgeries; and also, that upon the facts so given in evidence on the part of the plaintiff as aforesaid, if believed by the jury to be true as stated, that the said deed is fraudulent and void as against the plaintiff. Which instruction the Court gave as prayed. To which the defendant excepted. And the said garnishee, having offered evidence to prove the following facts, viz: That after the execution of the said deed, the said Fitzhugh was urged by the said John and William Marbury to fly from the District; that the said Fitzhugh made great objections to going away, and wished to remain a week, and upon being told that he would be in danger of arrest and prosecution, if he did so, the said Fitzhugh replied that he could not be arrested until the meeting of the Court; but upon being satisfied that he might be called before a magistrate, and immediately arrested, and the observation before stated being made about Mr. R. Smith, and being told of the punishment to which he was exposed, he consented to go. And he further offered to prove, by the evidence of the said John Marbury, a witness sworn in the cause, that he was not certain who first proposed the drawing of the new deed; but to the best of his recollection, the proposal came from said Fitzhugh, and that said W. Marbury was requested by said Fitzhugh to become the trustee; to which he consented. That at the time of the execution of the said deed, the said Fitzhugh executed the same voluntarily, and that no expectation was held out to him, either by himself, or by Mr. W. Marbury, or any other person to the witness's knowledge, either then or at any time before, that by executing the same he would be saved from a prosecution; nor was there any promise or expectation given, that they, the said Marburys, or either of them, would endeavour to prevail with the holders of the said forged notes, or any other persons, to forbear arresting or prosecuting the said Fitzhugh: and further, that neither the witness, nor W. Marbury, ever made any such application to any of the said holders, or to any other person: and further, that at the time of the execution of said deed, all expectation of preventing a prosecution, or concealing the said forgeries, was abandoned, and that the only mode pointed out to said Fitzhugh, for avoiding said prosecution, was by an immediate flight: and all the said forged notes still remain in said banks, except the two notes and the check mentioned in the statement of plaintiff's evidence; and upon the evidence, offered as aforesaid, both on the part of plaintiff, and the garnishee, and so stated as aforesaid, the garnishee, by his counsel, prayed the Court to instruct the jury. If the jury believe, from the evidence, that R. H. Fitzhugh, owing the debts mentioned in the deed offered in evidence, executed and delivered the same voluntarily and without any threat of prosecution, and without any promise or agreement made to him that in case of executing it, he would not be prosecuted, then the plaintiff is not entitled to recover. But the Court refused to give the instructions as prayed by the defendant, and in lieu thereof, gave the following instructions, to wit: If the jury believe, from the evidence, that R. H. Fitzhugh, owing the debts mentioned in the deed offered in evidence, executed and delivered the same, (voluntarily and bona fide,) and without any threat of prosecution, and without any promise or agreement made to him, and without any expectation on the part of said Fitzhugh, raised by the acts of said Marbury, or of some of the persons interested in the said trust-that in case of his executing it he would not be prosecuted, and that possession of the said goods accompanied and followed the execution of the said deed, then the plaintiff is not entitled to recover. To which refusal the defendant excepted; and the plaintiff excepted to the instructions granted by the Court. And the defendant, by his counsel, then prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that if they believed from the evidence, that the said R. H. Fitzhugh, owing the debts mentioned in the deed offered in evidence, executed and delivered the same without any persuasion or threats, and upon his own proposal, and without any understanding with any body, that by executing the same he should be saved from prosecution, and that nothing was said or done by any person for the purpose of influencing him by any such consideration to execute the same, and that the previous understanding between him and said Marbury, as to the latter paying and taking up the said forged papers was before the execution of the said deed abandoned, and that there was no understanding between the said Fitzhugh and the said Marbury, that they, or either of them, should forbear prosecuting him, or should attempt to prevail with the holders of said forged paper to forbear prosecuting him on account of the same, nor any understanding with said holders that they should so forbear, and that no attempt whatever was ever made so to prevail upon the said holders, nor in any manner to prevent such prosecution; and that said Fitzhugh, at the time of executing such deed, asserted that he had property enough, if judiciously managed, to pay the said forged paper and all his other debts also; and that said Marbury and the said holders of said forged notes could have instantly prosecuted the said Fitzhugh for said forgeries without violating any promise or understanding that had subsisted between them; and that unless he had absconded as aforesaid, he would have been by the said holders immediately prosecuted for said offences, and that such prosecution was not in any manner avoided by the execution of said deed, but only by his absconding from the District, then the jury may and ought to presume, that the said deed was executed bona fide and for a valuable consideration; and that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover; which instruction the Court gave. To which opinion and direction, the plaintiff excepted. And thereupon the plaintiff prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that if, under all the circumstances before given in evidence, the jury shall find that the obtaining of impunity or forbearance of prosecution, for the said forgeries, formed no part of the consideration or inducement for the execution of the said deed, with said Fitzhugh, or with any other person, directly or indirectly concerned, still if the jury find from the evidence, that the great majority of the creditors of said Fitzhugh, in number and value, were by means of said deed unjustly and purposely hindered, delayed, and defeated in their proper suits and remedies, for the recovery of their said debts, upon the absconding of said Fitzhugh, and that the said deed was executed as aforesaid, with the purpose and design of preventing and defeating any legal recourse in behalf of such majority of creditors, against the property and effects which said Fitzhugh intended to leave behind, and did leave behind him, when he fled from justice as aforesaid; and if it be further found that no creditor whatever of the said Fitzhugh was party or privy, or in any manner consenting to the execution of the said deed, then the said deed is fraudulent and void in law, as against the plaintiff. Which instruction the Court gave; but also instructed the jury that the preference given by the said deed to some of the creditors of said Fitzhugh, did not of itself make the said deed fraudulent and void in law. To which also the defendant excepted. And the defendant further prayed the Court to instruct the jury as follows: If the jury should believe, from the evidence, that Richard H. Fitzhugh, owing the debts mentioned in the deed, executed the same under an expectation that it might have prevented him from being prosecuted for the forgeries, and that neither the said William Marbury, nor any of the holders of the said forged notes, nor persons interested in the same, held out to him any such expectations, then the said deed is valid, and the plaintiff not entitled to recover. Which opinion the Court refused to give, but instructed them as follows: If the jury should believe, from the evidence, that Richard H. Fitzhugh, owing the debts mentioned in the deed, executed the same under an expectation that it might prevent him from being prosecuted for the forgeries, and that neither the said William Marbury, nor any of the holders of the said forged notes, nor persons interested in the same, held out to him any such expectation, then the said deed is valid, (unless there should be some other objection to it,) and the plaintiff not entitled to recover. To which refusal the defendant by his counsel excepted: and the plaintiff also excepted to the instruction given by the Court. A verdict and judgment thereon having been rendered for the plaintiff, Brooks, in the Court below, the cause was brought by writ of error to this Court. March 19th. This cause was argued by the Attorney-General, and Mr. Key,a for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Jones,b for the defendant in error. March 21st. Mr. Chief Justice MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.