Louisiana Company v. Gardiner/Opinion of the Court

After the record came here under writ of error the railroad company presented a petition for certiorari. The cause is reviewable by certiorari, and the application therefor is granted. The writ of error will be dismissed.

April 3, 1920, the petitioner received from respondent Gardiner at Crowley, La., various articles consigned to himself at Murray, Ky., and issued to him two bills of lading which contained this clause:

'Suits for loss, damage or delay shall be instituted only     within two years and one day after delivery of the property.'

The goods were delivered at Murray in bad condition April 15, 1920. He sued to recover for the damage in a Louisiana state court, April 12, 1922. The company successfully relied upon the local statute of limitation:

'All actions for loss of or damage to shipments of freight     shall be prescribed by two years, said prescription to run      from the date of shipment.' Act No. 223 of 1914.

'The liability sought to be enforced is the 'liability' of an     interstate carrier for loss or damages under an interstate      contract of shipment. * *  * The validity of any stipulation      in such a contract which involves the construction of the      statute and the validity of the limitation thereby imposed,      is a federal question, to be determined under the general      law, and as such is withdrawn from the field of state law or      legislation. * *  * State laws limiting time for bringing suit      on interstate shipments are superseded by Carmark Amendment.'

And it accordingly held the plea of prescription insufficient, reversed the judgment of the trial court, and remanded the cause for further proceedings.

On the second trial judgment went for respondent for the full amount claimed. The Court of Appeal reduced this by the amount of the company's claim for an undercharge and the war tax. The Supreme Court refused a writ of certiorari.

Petitioner maintains that the federal statutes prescribe no limitation and that the state law controls. We think this is the correct view. The court below wrongly construed the federal statutes.

The Carmack Amendment to the Hepburn Act of June 29, 1906, c. 3591, § 7, 34 Stat. 584, 595, added the following provision to section 20, Act to Regulate Commerce Feb. 4, 1887, c. 104, 24 Stat. 379, 386:

'That any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company     receiving property for transportation from a point in one      state to a point in another state shall issue a receipt or      bill of lading therefor and shall be liable to the lawful      holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such      property caused by it or by any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company to which such property      may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property      may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall      exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation      company from the liability hereby imposed: Provided, that      nothing in this section shall deprive any holder of such      receipt or bill of lading of any remedy or right of action      which he has under existing law.' Comp. St. § 8604a.

This court held that bills of lading for interstates shipments issued after the Carmack Amendment must be construed according to rules approved by the federal courts and upheld provisions therein which required claims to be filed within any specified time if reasonable. Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 505, 33 S.C.t. 148, 57 L. Ed. 314, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 257; Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U.S. 657, 672, 33 S.C.t. 397, 57 L. Ed. 690; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. v. Harris, 234 U.S. 412, 420, 34 S.C.t. 790, 58 L. Ed. 1377, L. R. A. 1915E, 942; Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Harold, 241 U.S. 371, 377, 378, 36 S.C.t. 665, 60 L. Ed. 1050; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Starbird, 243 U.S. 592, 604, 37 S.C.t. 462, 61 L. Ed. 917; Erie R. Co. v. Shuart, 250 U.S. 465, 467, 39 S.C.t. 519, 63 L. Ed. 1088; American Ry. Exp. Co. v. Levee, 263 U.S. 19, 21, 44 S.C.t. 11, 68 L. Ed. 140.

The Cummins Amendment of March 4, 1915, c. 176, 38 Stat. 1196, 1197, modified the Carmack Amendment and directed:

'That it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to     provide by rule, contract, regulation, or otherwise a shorter      period for giving notice of claims than ninety days and for      the filing of claims for a shorter period than four months,      and for the institution of suits than two years.' Comp. St. §     8604a.

Transportation Act 1920, c. 91, 41 Stat. 456, 494, provides:

'That it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to     provide by rule, contract, regulation, or otherwise a shorter      period for giving notice of claims than ninety days, for the      filing of claims than four months, and for the institution of      suits than two years, such period for institution of suits to      be computed from the day when notice in writing is given by      the carrier to the claimant that the carrier has disallowed the claim or any part or      parts thereof specified in the notice.' Comp. St. § 8604a.

The bills of lading issued by petitioner undertook to restrict the institution of suits for loss to two years and one day after delivery of the property. This restriction does not accord with the Transportation Act which declared unlawful any limitation shorter than two years from the time notice is given of the disallowance of the claim, and is therefore ineffective. See Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Bewsher (C. C. A.) 6 F.(2d) 947. But neither the above-quoted provision from the Cummins Amendment nor the one from the Transportation Act was intended to operate as a statute of limitation. They restricted the freedom of carriers to fix the period within which suit could be brought-prohibited contracts for any shorter period than the one specified.

Here, although the rights of the parties depended upon instruments the meaning and effect of which must be determined according to rules approved by the federal courts, there was no federal statute of limitations and the local one applied. Campbell v. Haverhill, 155 U.S. 610, 613, 15 S.C.t. 217, 39 L. Ed. 280 et seq.; Chattanooga Foundry, etc., v. Atlanta, 203 U.S. 390, 397, 27 S.C.t. 65, 51 L. Ed. 241; Meeker v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., 236 U.S. 412, 423, 35 S.C.t. 328, 59 L. Ed. 644, Ann. Cas. 1916B, 691.

The judgment of the Court of Appeal must be reversed, and the cause will be remanded there for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.