Lau Ow Bew v. United States/Opinion of the Court

Before proceeding to dispose of this case upon the merits, the question of jurisdiction, although not argued by counsel, must receive attention. $The act of congress of March 3, 1891, establishing circuit courts of appeals, and defining and regulating the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States, (26 St. p. 826,) was passed to facilitate the prompt disposition of cases in this court, and to relieve it from the oppressive burden of general litigation, which impeded the examination of cases of public concern, and operated to the delay of suitors. In re Woods, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 417.

By section 4 'the review by appeal, by writ of error, or otherwise, from the existing circuit courts, shall be had only in the supreme court of the United States, or in the circuit courts of appeals hereby established, according to the provisions of this act regulating the same.'

By section 14, § 691, of the Revised Statutes, and section 3 of the act of February 16, 1875, c. 77, (18 St. p. 316,) and 'all acts and parts of acts relating to appeals or writs of error inconsistent with the provisions for review by appeals or writs of error in the preceding sections five and six of this act,' were repealed.

Under section 5, appeals or writs of error may be taken from the circuit courts directly to this court in six specified classes of cases, namely:

'(1) In any case in which the jurisdiction of the court is in issue. In such cases the question of jurisdiction alone shall be certified to the supreme court from the court below for decision. (2) From the final sentences and decrees in prize causes. (3) In cases of conviction of a capital or otherwise infamous crime. (4) In any case that involves the construction of application of the constitution of the United States. (5) In any case in which the constitutionality of any law of the United States, or the validity or construction of any treaty made under its authority, is drawn in question. (6) In any case in which the constitution or law of a state is claimed to be in contravention of the constitution of the United States.'

By section 6 the circuit courts of appeals 'shall exercise appellate jurisdiction to review, by appeal or by writ of error,' final decisions of the circuit courts, 'in all cases other than those provided for in the preceding section of this act, unless otherwise provided by law.' The appellate jurisdiction not vested in this court was thus vested in the court created by the act, and the entire jurisdiction distributed. McLish v. Roff, 141 U.S. 661, 666, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 118.

The words 'unless otherwise provided by law' were manifestly inserted out of abundant caution, in order that any qualification of the jurisdiction by contemporaneous or subsequent acts should not be construed as taking it away except when expressly so provided. Implied repeals were intended to be thereby guarded against. To hold that the words referred to prior laws would defeat the purpose of the act, and be inconsistent with its context and its repealing clause.

The section then provides that 'the judgments or decrees of the circuit courts of appeals shall be final in all cases in which the jurisdiction is dependent entirely upon the opposite parties to the suit or controversy being aliens and citizens of the United States or citizens of different states; also in all cases arising under the patent laws, under the revenue laws, and under the criminal laws, and in admiralty cases, excepting that in every such subject within its appellate jurisdiction the circuit court of appeals at any time may certify to the supreme court of the United States any questions or propositions of law concerning which it desires the instruction of that court for its proper decision. And thereupon the supreme court may either give its instructions on the questions and propositions certified to it, which shall be binding upon the circuit courts of appeals in such case, or it may require that the whole record and cause may be sent up to it for its consideration, and thereupon shall decide the whole matter in controversy in the same manner as if it had been brought there for review by writ of error or appeal. And excepting also that, in any such case as is hereinbefore made final in the circuit court of appeals, it shall be competent for the supreme court to require, by certiorari or otherwise, any such case to be certified' for its determination as if brought up by appeal or writ of error. 'In all cases not hereinbefore, in this section, made final, there shall be of right an appeal or writ of error or review of the case by the supreme court of the United States where the matter in controversy shall exceed one thousand dollars besides costs.'

By this section, judgments or decrees in the enumerated classes of cases are made final in terms by way of the exclusion of any review by writ of error or appeal, while, as to cases not expressly made final by the section, appeal or writ of error may be had, of right, where the money value of the matter in controversy exceeds $1,000 besides costs.

The case before us is one of habeas corpus. The jurisdiction of the circuit court was not in issue, nor was the construction or application of the constitution of the United States involved, nor the constitutionality of any law of the United States, or the validity or construction of any treaty made under its authority, drawn in question. It did not fall within either of the classes of cases which may be brought directly to this court under the act, and was therefore properly carried to the circuit court of appeals; and, as a case of habeas corpus is not one in which the matter in controversy involves a money value, no appeal lies from that court under section 6. Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148. But as the decree is 'made final' by the effect of the section in giving the circuit courts of appeals jurisdiction over that class of cases, we are of opinion that it is reviewable upon certiorari, and that this writ was providently issued.

In every case within its appellate jurisdiction the circuit court of appeals may certify to this court any questions or propositions of law in respect of which it desires instruction, and this court may then require the whole record and cause to be sent up; and so it is competent for this court by certiorari to direct any case to be certified, whether its advice is requested or not, except those which may be brought here by appeal or writ of error, and the latter are specified as those where the money value exceeds a certain amount, and which have not been made final 'in this section;' that is, made final in terms. And as certiorari will only be issued where questions of gravity and importance are involved, or in the interest of uniformity of decision, the object of the act is thereby attained.

We are brought, therefore, to the consideration of the questions arising upon the record. Lau Ow Bew came to the United States in 1874, and has been for 17 years a resident thereof and domiciled therein, and during that period has carried on a wholesale and importing mercantile business in the city of Portland, Or. On September 30, 1890, he went to China for the purpose of visiting his relatives, and with the intention of returning as soon as possible, having previously procured the proper evidence of his status in this country as a merchant, in accordance with the regulations of the treasury department of July 3, 1890. He took passage for home at Hong Kong on the Oceanic, which reached San Francisco on August 11, 1891. Although it was admitted by the collector that appellant was a merchant domiciled in the United States, and the sufficiency of his proofs of identity was acknowledged, yet the collector refused to permit him to land, on the sole ground that he failed and neglected to produce the certificate of the Chinese government mentioned in section 6 of the Chinese restriction act of May 6, 1882, as amended by the act of July 5, 1884.

Does the section apply to Chinese merchants, already domiciled in the United States, who, having left the country for temporary purposes, animo revertendi, seek to re-enter it on their return to their business and their homes?

Nothing is better settled than that statutes should receive a sensible construction, such as will effectuate the legislative intention, and, if possible, so as to avoid an unjust or an absurd conclusion. Rector v. U.S., 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 511; Henderson v. Mayor, 92 U.S. 259; U.S. v. Kirby, 7 Wall. 482; Oates v. National Bank, 100 U.S. 239.

In the case of Low Yam Chow, 13 Fed. Rep. 605, it was held by the circuit court for the district of California (September 5, 1882) that Chinese merchants who resided, at the time of the passage of the act of congress of May 6, 1882, in other countries than China, on arriving in a port of the United States, were not required by that act to produce certificates of the Chinese government establishing their character as merchants, as a condition of their being allowed to land, but that their character as such merchants could be established by parol evidence. And Mr. Justice FIELD, delivering the opinion of the court, referring to the sixth section of the act, said: 'The certificate mentioned in this section is evidently designed to facilitate proof by Chinese, other than laborers, coming from China and desiring to enter the United States, that they are not within the prohibited class. It is not required as a means of restricting their coming. To hold that such was its object would be to impute to congress a purpose to disregard the stipulation of the second article of the new treaty, that they should be 'allowed to go and come of their own free will and accord."

And Judge DEADY, in the district court for the district of Oregon, held, January 15, 1883, that the certificate provided for in section 6 was not the only competent evidence that a Chinese person is not a laborer, and therefore entitled to come to and reside within the United States, but that the fact might be shown by any other pertinent and convincing testimony. In re Ho King, 14 Fed. Rep. 724.

The amendatory act of July 5, 1884, enlarged the terms of the certificate, and provided that it should be the sole evidence permissible on the part of the person producing the same to establish a right of entry into the United States. This rule of evidence was evidently prescribed by the amendment as a means of effectually preventing the violation or evasion of the prohibition against the coming of Chinese laborers. It was designed as a safeguard to prevent the unlawful entry of such laborers under the pretense that they belonged to the merchant class or to some other of the admitted classes. But the phraseology of the section, in requiring that the certificate of identification should state, not only the holder's family and tribal name in full, his title or official rank, if any, his age, height, and all physical peculiarities, but also his former and present occupation or profession, when and where and how long pursued, and his place of residence, and, if a merchant, the nature, character, and estimated value of the business carried on by him prior to and at the time of his application for such certificate, involves the exaction of the unreasonable and absurd condition of a foreign government certifying to the United States facts in regard to the place of abode and the business of persons residing in this country, which the foreign government cannot be assumed to know, and the means of information in regard to which exist here, unless it be construed to mean that congress intended that the certificate should be procured only by Chinese residing in China or some other foreign country, and about to come for the first time into the United States for travel or business or to take up their residence.

Mr. Justice FIELD, in the case already cited, referring to the Chinese government, said: 'That government could not be expected to give, in its certificate, the particulars mentioned of persons resident-some, perhaps, for many years-out of its jurisdiction. Neither the letter nor the spirit of the act calls for a construction imputing to congress the exaction of a condition so unreasonable. * *  * We repeat what we said in the case of Ah Tie and other Chinese laborers,-that all laws are to be so construed as to avoid an unjust or an absurd conclusion, and general terms are to be so limited in their application as not to lead to injustice, oppression, or an absurd consequence.'

The section, by its terms, declares that 'every Chinese person, other than a laborer, who may be entitled by said treaty or this act to come within the United States, and who shall be about to come to the United States, shall obtain the permission of, and be identified as so entitled by, the Chinese government, or of such other foreign government of which at the time such Chinese person shall be a subject,' the permission and identification in each case to be evidenced by the certificate described.

But Chinese merchants domiciled in the United States, and in China only for temporary purposes, animo revertendi, do not appear to us to occupy the predicament of persons 'who shall be about to come to the United States,' when they start on their return to the country of their residence and business. The general terms used should be limited to those persons to whom congress manifestly intended to apply them; and they would evidently be those who are about to come to the United States for the first time, and, therefore, might properly be required to apply to their own government for permission to do so, as also to so identify them as to distinguish them as belonging to the classes who could properly avail themselves of such leave.

By general international law, foreigners who have become domiciled in a country other than their own acquire rights and must discharge duties in many respects the same as possessed by and imposed upon the citizens of that country; and no restriction on the footing upon which such person stand by reason of their domicile of choice, or commercial domicile, is to be presumed, while, by our treaty with China, Chinese merchants domiciled in the United States have, and are entitled to exercise, the right of free egress and ingress, and all other rights, privileges, and immunities enjoyed in this country by the citizens or subjects of the 'most favored nation.'

There can be no doubt, as was said by Mr. Justice HARLAN, speaking for the court, in Chew Heong v. U.S., 112 U.S. 536, 549, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 255, that, 'since the purpose avowed in the act was to faithfully execute the treaty, any interpretation of its provisions would be rejected which imputed to congress an intention to disregard the plighted faith of the government; and, consequently, the court ought, if possible, to adopt that construction which recognized and saved rights secured by the treaty.'

Tested by this rule, it is impossible to hold that this section was intended to prohibit or prevent Chinese merchants, having a commercial domicile here, from leaving the country for temporary purposes, and then returning to and re-entering it; and yet such would be its effect, if construed as contended for on behalf of appellee.

In the Case of Ah Ping, 23 Fed. Rep. 329, it was held that the section did not apply to Chinese subjects, residents of the United States, departing for temporary purposes of business or pleasure; and the late Judge SAWYER, delivering the opinion of the court, said: 'As to those domiciled in foreign countries, there is no ready means in this country for their identification. In the countries whence they propose to come, the means of ascertaining the facts are at hand; hence the provision. As to those resident or domiciled in this country, we have ourselves the best means of identification, while as to many of them, even in their native country, and much less when they are temporarily in other foreign countries, there is no practicable means of either identification, or for procuring the certificate prescribed. The United States statutes do not now nor have they ever required or provided for the issue of any certificate in this country to resident Chinese, other than laborers, who are about to depart temporarily, for business or pleasure, either to China or other foreign countries. There are many Chinese merchants in California who have been domiciled in the state from twenty to thirty-five years. Our own means of identification of such persons are greatly superior to those of any other country,-even that of their nativity. To require such parties, every time they go to another country, to perform the required acts abroad, would be utterly impracticable, and practically tantamount to an absolute refusal to permit their return.'

The question has been ruled in the same way by the treasury department on many occasions; by Secretary Folger, March 14, 1884, (Syn. Treas. Dec. 1884, 128;) by Secretary Gresham, September 25, 1884, (Id. 400;) by Secretary McCulloch, January 14, 1885, (Id. 1885, 26;) by Assistant Secretary French, December 2, 1884; by Assistant Secretary Maynard, November 7, 1888; and by Acting Secretary Batcheller in the instructions of July 3, 1890, already given.

No other rule in this respect was laid down by congress in the act of September 13, 1888, (25 St. p. 476,) nor in that of October 1, 1888, (25 St. p. 504,) when the absolute exclusion of Chinese laborers was prescribed. Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 623.

We are of opinion that it was not intended that commercial domicile should be forfeited by temporary absence at the domicile of origin, nor that resident merchants should be subjected to loss of rights guarantied by treaty if they failed to produce from the domicile of origin that evidence which residence in the domicile of choice may have rendered it difficult if not impossible to obtain; and as we said in considering the application of this petitioner for the writ of certiorari, (141 U.S. 583, 588, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 43,) we do not think that the decision of this court in Wan Shing v. U.S., 140 U.S. 424, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 729, ruled anything to the contrary of the conclusions herein expressed. As there pointed out, Wan Shing was not a merchant, but a laborer. He had acquired no commercial domicile in this country; and whatever domicile he had acquired, if any, he had forfeited by departure and absence for seven years, with no apparent intention of returning. All the circumstances rendered it possible for him to procure and produce the specified certificate, and required him to do so. We have no doubt of the correctness of the judgment then rendered, and the reasons given in its support.

As Lau Ow Bew is, in our opinion, unlawfully restrained of his liberty, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit, and, as required by section 10 of the act of March 3, 1891, remand the cause to the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of California, with directions to reverse its judgment and discharge the petitioner.