Island Life/Index

INDEX


 * A.
 * Acacia, wide range of in Australia, 185
 * Acacia heterophylla, and Acacia koa, 443
 * Acæna in California, 527
 * Accipiter hawaii, 314
 * Achatinellinæ, average range of, 317
 * Ægialitis sanctæ-helenæ, 305
 * Africa, characteristic mammalia of, 416
 * former isolation of, 418
 * Africa and Madagascar, relations of, 418
 * early history of, 419
 * African highlands as aiding the migration of plants, 524
 * African reptiles absent from Madagascar, 418
 * Aggressive power of the Scandinavian flora, 511
 * Air and water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
 * Alectorænas pulcherrimus, 429
 * Allen, Mr. J. A., on variation, 58
 * Allied species occupy separate areas, 478
 * Alpine plants, their advantages as colonisers, 503
 * Alternations of climate in Switzerland and North America, 121
 * Alternations of climate, palæontological evidence of, 119
 * Amazon, limitation of species by, 18
 * Amblyrhynchus cristatus, 279
 * American genera of reptiles in Madagascar, 417
 * Amphibia, dispersal of, 76
 * of the Seychelles, 432
 * introduced, of Mauritius, 435
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Amphioxus, 63
 * Amphisbænidæ, 28
 * Amydrus Tristramii, restricted range of, 16
 * Anas Wyvilliana, 314
 * Ancient continental islands, 244, 411
 * Ancient glacial epochs, 169
 * what evidence of may be expected, 175
 * Ancient groups in Madagascar, 419
 * Andersson, N. J., on the flora of the Galapagos, 287
 * Andes, migration of plants along the, 520
 * Angræcum sesquipedale, 440
 * Animal life, effects of glacial epoch on, 117
 * Animal life of Formosa, 401
 * Anoa depressicornis, 456
 * Antarctic continent as a means of plant-dispersion, 521
 * Antarctic islands, with perpetual snow, 136
 * Antelopes, overlapping genera of, 29
 * Antiquity of Hawaiian fauna and flora, 328
 * of land-shells, 79
 * of New Zealand, 526
 * of plants as affecting their dispersal, 82
 * Apera arundinacea, 503
 * Apium graveolens in New Zealand, 515
 * Apteryx, species of, 476
 * Arabis hirsuta on railway arch, 514
 * Archaic forms still existing, 229
 * Arctic and Antarctic regions, contrasts of, 135
 * Arctic current, effects of a stoppage of, 150
 * Arctic plants in the southern hemisphere, 509
 * Arctic regions, mild climates of, 181
 * recent interglacial mild period in, 182
 * Arctic warm climates of Secondary and Palæozoic times, 201
 * Areas of distribution, 13
 * separate and overlapping, 17, 28
 * Ascension, former climate and productions of, 303
 * Astronomical and geographical causes, comparative effects of, on climate, 207
 * Astronomical causes of change of climate, 126
 * of glaciation, 140
 * Atlantic isles, peculiar mosses of, 368
 * Atlantosaurus, the largest land-animal, 98
 * Atriplex patula on a railway bank, 515
 * Auchenia, 27
 * Austen, Mr. Godwin, on littoral shells in deep water, 337
 * Australia, two sets of Northern plants in, 523
 * South European plants in, 523
 * Australia and South Africa, supposed connection of, 525
 * Australian Alps, indications of glaciation in, 163
 * birds absent from New Zealand, 483
 * flora, general features of, 491
 * richest in temperate zone, 491
 * recent and derivative in the tropics, 492
 * its south-eastern and south-western divisions, 493
 * Sir Joseph Hooker on, 494
 * geological explanation of, 494
 * its presence in New Zealand, 498
 * natural orders of, wanting in New Zealand, 490
 * orchideæ in China, 527
 * genera of plants in India, 524
 * plants absent from New Zealand, 488, 490
 * none in north temperate zone, 527
 * running wild in Neilgherrie mountains, 528
 * region, definition of, 45
 * mammals and birds of, 46
 * seeds scattered in New Zealand, 508
 * Aylward, Captain, on glaciation of South Africa, 163
 * Azores, 247
 * absence from, of large-fruited trees or shrubs, 260
 * zoological features of, 248
 * birds of, 249
 * insects of, 253
 * beetles of, 253
 * land-shells of, 256
 * flora of, 256
 * Azores and New Zealand, identical plants in both, 512
 * Azorean bird-fauna, origin of, 250
 * fauna and flora, deductions from, 261
 * plants, facilities for the dispersal of, 260


 * B.
 * Babirusa alfurus in Celebes, 456
 * Badgers, 41
 * Bahamas contrasted with Florida, 5
 * Baker, Mr., on flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles, 441
 * Bali and Lombok, contrasts of, 4
 * Banca, peculiar species of, 386
 * Barbarea precox on railway bank, 514
 * Barn-owl, wide range of, 15
 * Baron, Rev. R., on the flora of Madagascar, 441
 * Barriers to dispersal, 73
 * Batrachia, 30
 * Bats in Bermuda, 269
 * Bears of Europe and America, 14
 * Beaver of Europe and America, 14
 * Beetles of the Azores, 253
 * remote affinities of some of, 255
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British species of, 351
 * Bell-birds, distribution of, 24
 * Bennett, Mr. Arthur, on peculiar British plants, 360
 * on the vegetation of railway banks, 514
 * Bentham, Mr., on the compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
 * on the compositæ of St. Helena, 307
 * on the Mascarene compositæ, 445
 * on Sandwich Island compositæ, 325
 * Bermuda, 262
 * soundings around, 263
 * red clay of, 265
 * zoology of, 266
 * reptiles of, 266
 * birds of, 266
 * insects of, 269
 * land-mollusca of, 270
 * flora of, 271
 * Bermuda and Azores, comparison of bird-faunas of, 268
 * Bernicla sandvichensis, 314
 * Biological causes which determine distribution, 532
 * Biological features of Madagascar, 416
 * Birds as plant-dispersers, 81
 * as seed-carriers, 81, 258
 * common to Great Britain and Japan, 396
 * common to India and Japan, 399
 * specific range of, 15
 * range of British, 34
 * range of East Asian, 38
 * variation in N. American, 58
 * dispersal of, 75
 * of the Azores, 249
 * of Bermuda, 266
 * of Bermuda and Azores compared, 268
 * of the Galapagos, 280
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 313
 * peculiar to Britain, 340
 * of Borneo, 377
 * of Java, 382
 * of the Philippines, 388
 * of Japan, 396
 * peculiar to Japan, 398
 * peculiar to Formosa, 404
 * common to Formosa and India or Malaya, 407
 * of Madagascar, and their teachings, 422
 * of Comoro Islands, 429
 * of the Seychelles, 430
 * of the Mascarene islands, 436
 * of islands east and west of Celebes, 454
 * of Celebes, 458
 * peculiar to Celebes, 459
 * Himalayan types of, in Celebes, 462
 * list of, in Celebes, 466
 * of New Zealand, 476, 482
 * wingless, of New Zealand, 476
 * Blackburn, Mr. T., on the beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * Blakiston and Pryer on birds of Japan, 396
 * Bland, Mr., on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
 * Blanford, Mr. W. T., on small effect of marine denudation, 225
 * Blanford, Mr. H. F., on former connection of Africa and India, 426
 * Blocks, travelled and perched, 109
 * Blue magpies, range of, 15
 * Borneo, geology of, 375
 * mammalia of, 376
 * birds of, 377
 * affinities of fauna of, 381
 * Borneo and Asia, resemblance of, 6
 * Borneo and Java, 373
 * Boulder-beds of the carboniferous formation, 201
 * Boulder clays of east of England, 118
 * Bovidæ, 29
 * Brady, Mr. H. B., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Braithwaite, Dr. R., on peculiar British mosses, 365
 * Britain, probable climate of, with winter in aphelion, 156
 * British birds, range of, 34-38
 * British Columbia, interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * British fauna and flora, peculiarities of, 370
 * British Isles, recent changes in, 332
 * proofs of former elevation of, 334
 * submerged forests of, 335
 * buried river channels of, 336
 * last union of, with continent, 337
 * why poor in species, 338
 * peculiar birds of, 339
 * fresh-water fishes of, 340
 * peculiar insects of, 344
 * peculiar Lepidoptera of, 347
 * peculiar Coleoptera of, 351
 * peculiar Trichoptera of, 355
 * peculiar land and fresh-water shells of, 356
 * peculiarities of the flora of, 360
 * peculiar mosses and Hepaticæ of, 366
 * British mammals as indicating a zoological region, 33
 * Buller, Sir W. L., on the New Zealand rat, 475
 * Buried river-channels, 336
 * Buteo solitarius, 314
 * Butterflies of Celebes, peculiar shape of, 463
 * Butterflies, peculiar British, 347


 * C.
 * Caddis-flies peculiar to Britain, 355
 * Cæcilia, species of, in the Seychelles, 432
 * wide distribution of, 432
 * Cæciliadæ, 28
 * Callithea Leprieuri, distribution of, 18
 * Callithea sapphira, 18
 * Camels as destroyers of vegetation, 296
 * former wide distribution of, 421
 * Camelus, 17, 27
 * Campanula vidalii, 261
 * Canis, 17, 26
 * Carabus, numerous species of, 42
 * Carboniferous boulder-beds, 201
 * warm Arctic climate, 201
 * Carnivora in Madagascar, 417
 * Carpenter, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Carpenter, Mr. Edward, on Mars and glacial periods, 164
 * Carduus marianus in New Zealand, 515
 * Carpodacus purpureus and P. californicus, 68
 * Castor, 17
 * Casuarina, 185
 * in India, 527
 * Cause of extinction, 63
 * Caves of Glamorganshire, 336
 * Cebibæ, overlapping genera of, 29
 * Celebes, physical features of, 451
 * islands around, 452
 * zoology of, 455
 * derivation of mammals of, 457
 * birds of, 458
 * not a continental island, 461
 * insect peculiarities of, 462
 * Himalayan types in, 462
 * peculiarity of butterflies of, 463
 * list of land-birds of, 466
 * Centetidæ, 27
 * Centetidæ, formerly inhabited Europe, 420
 * Central America, mixed fauna of, 53
 * Ceratodus, or mud-fish, 69
 * Cervus, 17, 26
 * Chalk a supposed oceanic formation, 89
 * Chalk at Oahu, analysis of, 90
 * Chalk, analysis of, 91
 * Chalk mollusca indicative of shallow water, 93
 * Chalk sea, extent of, in Europe, 93
 * Chalk-formation, land-plants found in, 94
 * deposited in an inland sea, 93
 * of Faxoe an ancient coral-reef, 94
 * modern formation of, 95
 * supposed oceanic origin of, erroneous, 96
 * "Challenger" soundings and shore-deposits, 86
 * "Challenger" ridge in the Atlantic, 101
 * Chameleons very abundant in Madagascar, 430
 * Chamois, distribution of, 13
 * Changes of land and sea, 83
 * Chasmorhynchus, distribution of, 24
 * C. nudicollis, 24
 * C. tricarunculatus, 24
 * C. variegatus, 24
 * C. niveus, 24
 * Chilomenus lunata, 300
 * Chinchillas, 26
 * Chrysochloridæ, 29
 * Cicindela, 17
 * Cicindelidæ common to South America and Madagascar, 28
 * Clay, red, of Bermuda, 265
 * Climate, astronomical causes of changes of, 126
 * properties of snow and ice in relation to, 131
 * of Britain with winter in aphelion, 156
 * of Tertiary period in Europe and N. America, 178
 * temperate in Arctic regions, 181
 * causes of mild Arctic, 190
 * of Tertiary and Secondary periods, 199, 202
 * of the Secondary and Palæozoic epochs, 200
 * change of, during Tertiary and Secondary Periods, 200
 * affected by arrangement of the great continents, 205
 * nature of changes of, caused by high excentricity, 230
 * exceptional stability of the present, 232
 * changes of, as affecting migration of plants, 517
 * Climatal changes, 106
 * change, its essential principle restated, 158
 * changes as modifying organisms, 229
 * Clouds cut off the sun's heat, 145
 * Coal in Sumatra, 385
 * Coast line of globe, extent of, 221
 * Cochoa, distribution of, 25
 * Cockerell, Mr. Th. D. A., on slugs of Bermuda, 271
 * on British land and fresh-water shells, 356
 * Cold alone does not cause glaciation, 135
 * how it can be stored up, 133
 * Coleoptera of the Azores, 253
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British species of, 351
 * Comoro Islands, 428
 * mammals and birds of, 428
 * Compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
 * of St. Helena, 307
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 325
 * of the Mascarene Islands, 445
 * species often have restricted ranges, 504
 * Conclusions on the New Zealand flora, 506
 * Contemporaneous formation of Lower Greensand and Wealden, 221
 * Continental conditions throughout geological time, 97-99
 * changes and animal distribution, 102
 * extensions will not explain anomalous facts of distribution, 449
 * Continental islands, 243
 * of recent origin, 331
 * general remarks on recent, 408
 * ancient, 411
 * Continental period, date of, 337
 * Continents, movements of, 88
 * permanence of, 97
 * general stability of, 101, 103
 * geological development of, 205
 * Continuity of land, 74
 * Continuity of now isolated groups, proof of, 70
 * Cook, Captain, on a native quadruped in New Zealand, 476
 * Cope, Professor, on the Bermuda lizard, 266
 * Coracias temminckii, in Celebes, 463
 * Corvus, 17
 * Cossonidæ, in St. Helena, 299
 * Cretaceous deposits in North Australia, 493, 496
 * Cretaceous flora of Greenland, 185
 * of the United States, 189
 * Croll, Dr. James, on Antarctic icebergs, 136
 * on winter temperature of Britain in glacial epoch, 141
 * on diversion of gulf-stream during the glacial epoch, 143
 * on loss of heat by clouds and fogs, 145
 * on geographical causes as affecting climate, 148
 * on ancient glacial epochs, 170
 * on universality of glacial markings in Scotland, 174
 * on mild climates of Arctic regions, 189
 * on ocean-currents, 190, 204
 * on age of the earth, 213
 * on mean thickness of sedimentary rocks, 220
 * on small amount of marine denudation, 225
 * on buried river-channels, 336
 * Ctenodus, 69
 * Cyanopica, distribution of, 24
 * Cyanopica cooki, restricted range of, 15, 24
 * Cyanopica cyanus, 24
 * Cynopithecus nigrescens, in Celebes, 456


 * D.
 * Dacelo, 47
 * Dana on continental upheavals, 88
 * on chalk in the Sandwich Islands, 90
 * on elevation of land causing the glacial epoch, 152
 * on elevation of Western America, 194
 * on the development of continents, 205
 * on shore-deposits, 222
 * on life extermination by cold epochs, 230
 * Darwin, experiment on Helix pomatia, 78
 * on the permanence of oceans, 100
 * on cloudy sky of Antarctic regions, 146
 * on glaciers of the Southern Andes, 147
 * on geological time, 211
 * on complex relations of organisms, 226
 * on oceanic islands, 242
 * on seeds carried by birds, 257
 * experiments on seed-dispersal, 258
 * on natural history of the Keeling Islands, 286
 * theory of formation of atolls, 397
 * on cultivated plants not running wild, 507
 * Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on animal migrations during the glacial epoch, 120
 * Dawson, Mr. G. M., on alternations of climate in British Columbia, 121
 * Professor, on Palæozoic boulder-beds in Nova Scotia, 201
 * De Candolle on dispersal of seeds, 80
 * Deep-sea deposits, 219
 * Deer in Celebes, 456
 * Delphinium ajacis, on a railway bank, 515
 * Dendr&oelig;ca, 19
 * D. c&oelig;rulea, 19
 * D. discolor, 19
 * D. dominica, 19
 * Dendr&oelig;ca coronata, variation of, 58
 * Dendrophidæ, 29
 * Denudation destroys the evidences of glaciation, 172
 * Denudation and deposition as a measure of time, 213
 * Denudation in river basins, measurement of, 215
 * Denudation, marine as compared with sub-aerial, 225
 * Deposition of sediments, how to estimate the average, 221
 * Deserts, cause of high temperature of, 132
 * Diagram of excentricity and precession, 129
 * Diagram of excentricity for three million years, 171
 * Dididæ, how exterminated, 436
 * Didunculus, keeled sternum of, 437
 * Diospyros, in upper greensand of Greenland, 186
 * Diplotaxis muralis, on railway banks, 513
 * Dipnoi, discontinuity of, 69
 * Dipterus, 69
 * Discontinuity among North American birds, 67
 * Discontinuity a proof of antiquity, 69
 * Discontinuous generic areas, 23
 * Discontinuous areas, 64
 * why rare, 64
 * Dispersal of animals, 72
 * of land animals, how effected, 73, 76
 * along mountain-chains, 81
 * of seeds by wind, 80, 257
 * by birds, 81, 258
 * by ocean-currents, 81, 258
 * of Azorean plants, facilities for, 260
 * Distribution, changes of, shown by extinct animals, 102
 * how to explain anomalies of, 420
 * Drontheim mountains, peculiar mosses of, 368
 * Dobson, Mr., on bats of Japan, 394
 * on the affinities of Mystacina tuberculata, 474
 * Dodo, the, 436
 * aborted wings of, 437
 * Dryiophidæ, 28
 * Dumeril, Professor, on lizards of Bourbon, 435
 * Duncan, Professor P. M., on ancient sea of central Australia, 496


 * E.
 * Early history of New Zealand, 484
 * Earth's age, 210
 * East Asian birds, range of, 38
 * East and West Australian floras, geological explanation of, 494
 * Echidna, 30
 * Echimyidæ, 27
 * Elevation of North America during glacial period, 154
 * causing diversion of gulf-stream, 154
 * Elwes, Mr. H. J., on distribution of Asiatic birds, 380
 * Emberiza sch&oelig;niclus, discontinuity of, 66
 * E. passerina, range of, 66
 * E. pyrrhulina, 66
 * Endemic genera of plants in Mauritius, &amp;c., 443
 * Endemic genera of plants in New Zealand, 526
 * English plants in St. Helena, 297
 * Environment, change of, as modifying organisms, 225
 * Eriocaulon septangulare, 363
 * Ethiopian Region, definition of, 42
 * birds of, 43
 * Ettingshausen, Baron von, on the fossil flora of New Zealand, 499
 * on Australian plants in England, 518
 * Eucalyptus, wide range of, in Australia, 185
 * Eucalyptus and Acacia, why not in New Zealand, 507
 * Eucalyptus in Eocene of Sheppey, 518
 * Eupetes, distribution of, 25
 * Europe, Asia, &amp;c., as zoological terms, 32
 * European birds, range of, 16
 * in Bermuda, 269
 * European occupation, effects of, in St. Helena, 294
 * European plants in New Zealand, 507
 * in Chile and Fuegia, 521
 * Everett, Mr., on Bornean birds, 377
 * on mammalia of the Philippines, 387
 * on Philippine birds, 388
 * on raised coral-reefs in the Philippines, 389
 * Evolution necessitates continuity, 70
 * Excentricity and precession, diagram of, 129
 * Excentricity, variations of, during three million years, 171
 * Excentricity a test of rival theories of climate, 171
 * Excentricity, high, its effects on warm and cold climates, 198
 * Explanation of peculiarities of the fauna of Celebes, 460
 * Extinct animals showing changes of distribution, 102
 * Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 436
 * of New Zealand, 476
 * Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 122


 * F.
 * Families, restricted areas of, 29
 * distribution and antiquity of, 68
 * Fauna and flora, peculiarities of British, 370
 * Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 381
 * of Java, 382
 * of Java and Asia compared, 384
 * Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan compared, 407
 * Felis, 17, 26
 * Ferns, abundance of, in Mascarene flora, 445
 * Ficus, fossil Arctic, 186
 * Fire-weed, the, of Tasmania, 513
 * Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 131
 * Fishes, dispersal of, 76
 * peculiar British, 340
 * cause of great speciality in, 343
 * mode of migration of fresh-water, 344
 * fresh-water, of New Zealand, 484
 * Floating islands, and the dispersal of animals, 74
 * Flora of the Azores, 256
 * of Bermuda, 271
 * of the Galapagos, 287
 * of St. Helena, 305
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 321;
 * peculiar features of, 323
 * peculiarities of the British, 360
 * of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 439
 * of Madagascar and South Africa allied, 445
 * of New Zealand, 487
 * very poor, 488
 * its resemblance to the Australian, 489
 * its differences from the Australian, 490
 * origin of Australian element in, 498
 * tropical character of, explained, 500
 * summary and conclusion on, 506
 * Floras of New Zealand and Australia, summary of conclusion as to, 542
 * Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5
 * and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5
 * Fogs cut off the sun's heat in glaciated countries, 145
 * Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 91
 * Forbes, Mr. H. O., on plants of the Keeling Islands, 286
 * Formosa, 400
 * physical features of, 401
 * animal life of, 401
 * list of mammalia of, 402
 * list of land-birds peculiar to, 404
 * Forests, submerged, 335
 * Fowler, Rev. Canon, on peculiar British coleoptera, 346, 351
 * Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 145
 * Fresh-water deposits, extent of, 97
 * organisms absent in St. Helena, 304
 * snail peculiar to Ireland, 356
 * fishes of the Seychelles, 433
 * Frogs of the Seychelles, 432
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Fuegia, European plants in, 521
 * Fulica alai, 313


 * G.
 * Galapagos Islands, 275
 * Galapagos, absence of mammalia and amphibia from, 278
 * reptiles of, 278
 * birds of, 280
 * insects of, 284
 * land-shells of, 285
 * flora of, 287
 * and Azores contrasted, 290
 * Galbula cyaneicollis, distribution of, 18
 * rufoviridis, 18
 * viridis, 18
 * Galeopithecus, 63
 * Gallinula sandvichensis, 313
 * Gardner, Mr. J. S., on Tertiary changes of climate, 203
 * Garrulus, distribution of species of, 20
 * Garrulus glandarius, 21, 23, 65
 * G. cervicalis, 21
 * G. krynicki, 21
 * G. atricapillus, 21
 * G. hyrcanus, 21
 * G. brandti, 21, 23
 * G. lanceolatus, 22
 * G. bispecularis, 22
 * G. sinensis, 22
 * G. taivanus, 22
 * G. japonicus, 22, 65
 * Geikie, Dr. James, on interglacial deposits, 121
 * Sir Archibald, on age of buried river-channels, 337
 * on stratified rocks being found near shores, 87
 * on formation of chalk in shallow water, 96
 * on permanence of continents, 104
 * on variation in rate of denudation, 173
 * on the rate of denudation, 215
 * on small amount of marine denudation, 225
 * Genera, extent of, 17
 * origin of, 61
 * rise and decay of, 64
 * Generic areas, 17
 * Generic and Family distribution, 25
 * Genus, defined and illustrated, 17
 * Geographical change as a cause of glaciation, 148
 * changes, influence of, on climate, 150, 152
 * changes, effect of, on Arctic climates, 195
 * changes of Java and Borneo, 385
 * changes as modifying organisms, 228
 * Geological climates and geographical conditions, 204
 * time, 210
 * change, probably quicker in remote times, 223
 * time, value of the estimate of, 224
 * time, measurement of, 235
 * changes as aiding the migration of plants, 519
 * climates as affecting distribution, 534
 * climates, summary of causes of, 536
 * time, summary of views on, 539
 * Geology of Borneo, 375
 * of Madagascar, 412
 * of Celebes, 451
 * of New Zealand, 472
 * of Australia, 494
 * Geomalacus maculcosus, 356
 * Glacial climate not local, 113
 * deposits of Scotland, 112
 * Glacial epoch, proofs of, 107
 * effects of, on animal life, 117
 * alternations of climate during, 118
 * as causing migration and extinction, 122
 * causes of, 125
 * the essentials to the production of, 136
 * probable date of the, 160
 * and the climax of continental development, 206
 * date of last, 233
 * Glacial phenomena in North America, 116
 * Glaciation was greatest where rainfall is now greatest, 139
 * action of meteorological causes on, 142
 * summary of chief causes of, 144
 * in Northern Hemisphere, the only efficient cause of, 144
 * of New Zealand and South Africa, 162
 * local, due to high excentricity, 207
 * widespread in recent times, 536
 * Gleichenia in Greenland, 186
 * in relation to chalk, 89
 * Globigerina-ooze, analysis of, 91
 * Globigerinæ, where found, 92
 * Glyptostrobus, fossil, 186
 * Goats, destructiveness of, in St. Helena, 295
 * Godman, Mr., on birds reaching the Azores, 248, 250
 * Gray, Professor Asa, on extinction of European plants by the glacial epoch, 123
 * Great Britain and Japan, birds common to, 396
 * Greene, Dr. J. Reay, on chameleons in Bourbon and Mauritius, 435
 * Greenland, loss of sun-heat by clouds in, 147
 * an anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere, 154
 * Miocene flora of, 183
 * Cretaceous flora of, 186
 * flora of ice-surrounded rocks of, 522
 * Grinnell Land, fossil flora of, 184
 * Guernsey, peculiar caddis-fly in, 355
 * Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellinæ, 318
 * Günther, Dr., on gigantic tortoises, 279
 * on peculiar British fishes, 341
 * on Urotrichus gibsii, 394
 * on lizards in the London Docks, 431
 * on Indian toads in Mauritius, 438
 * Guppy, Mr., on chalk of Solomon Islands, 91


 * H.
 * Haast, Dr., on otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
 * Habitability of globe due to disproportion of land and water, 209
 * Haplothorax burchellii, 299
 * Hartlaub, Dr., on "Lemuria," 423, 426
 * Hatteria punctata, 483
 * Haughton, Professor, on heat carried by ocean-currents, 194
 * comparison of Miocene and existing climates, 197
 * on geological time, 211, 219
 * on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
 * Hawaiian fauna and flora, antiquity of, 328
 * Heat and cold, how dispersed or stored up, 131
 * Heat required to melt snow, 134
 * evolved by frozen water, its nature and effects, 145
 * cut off by cloud and fogs, 145
 * Hector, Dr., on Triassic and Jurassic flora of New Zealand, 526
 * Heer, Professor, on chalk sea in Central Europe, 93
 * Heilprin, Professor, on insects of Bermuda, 269
 * on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
 * Helianthemum Breweri, 360, 363
 * Heliodus, an American fossil, 69
 * Helix, 17
 * Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
 * Hepaticæ, peculiar British, 366
 * non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
 * Hesperomys, 26
 * Hesperornis allied to ostriches, 481
 * Hieracium iricum, 362
 * High land essential to the production of a glacial epoch, 195
 * Hildebrand, Dr. W., on flora of the Sandwich Islands, 321
 * Himalayan birds and insects in Celebes, 462
 * Hippopotamus in Yorkshire as proving a mild climate, 119
 * Hochstetter on the aquatic mammal of New Zealand, 475
 * Hooker, Sir Joseph, on the Galapagos flora, 287
 * on affinities of St. Helena plants, 306
 * on peculiar British plants, 360, 363
 * on the flora of New Zealand, 488
 * on proportion of temperate and tropical Australian floras, 492
 * on current of vegetation from north to south, 510
 * on supposed occurrence of Australian plants in England in the Tertiary period, 518
 * Horne, Mr. John, on ice-sheet covering the Isle of Man, 115
 * Hull, Professor, on Permian breccias in Ireland indicating ice-action, 201
 * Humming-birds, restricted ranges of, 16
 * Hutton, Captain, on struthious birds of New Zealand, 479
 * Huxley, Professor, on geological time, 211
 * on European origin of African animals, 419
 * Hyomoschus, 27
 * Hyracoidea, restricted range of, 30


 * I.
 * Ice-action, what evidences of, during the Tertiary period, 178
 * indications of ancient, 200
 * Ice-borne rocks, a test of a glacial epoch, 176
 * in Miocene of N. Italy, 178
 * in Eocene of Alps, 178
 * in Eocene of Carpathians and Apennines, 179
 * absence of, in English and N. American Tertiaries, 180
 * Ice-cap, why improbable or impossible, 161
 * Iceland, a continental island, 450
 * Icteridæ, 50
 * Iguanidæ, 50
 * Indian birds in Formosa, 407
 * Indian Ocean as a source of heat in Tertiary times, 192
 * Indian genera of plants in Australia, 492
 * Indicator, distribution of, 25
 * Insectivora in Madagascar, 417
 * Insects, dispersal of, 77
 * of the Miocene period, 77
 * restriction of range of, 78
 * of the Azores, 253
 * of Bermuda, 269
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British, 344
 * of Celebes, peculiarities of, 462
 * scarcity of, in New Zealand, 505
 * Insular faunas, summary of conclusions as to, 539, 542
 * Interglacial warm periods on the continent and in North America, 121
 * Interglacial periods and their probable character, 152
 * Interglacial periods will not occur during an epoch of extreme glaciation, 155
 * Interglacial climates never very warm, 159
 * Ireland, poverty of, in reptiles, 339
 * in plants, 339
 * peculiar fishes of, 342
 * plants of, not found in Great Britain, 364
 * Islands, classification of, 242
 * importance of, in study of distribution, 241
 * remote, how stocked with plants and animals, 261
 * submerged between Madagascar and India, 425
 * Isle of Wight, peculiar beetle of, 351
 * Isatis tinctoria, on railway bank, 513
 * Ithaginis, 26


 * J.
 * Japan, zoological features of, 393
 * mammalia of, 394
 * birds of, 396
 * birds peculiar to, 398
 * birds in distant areas, 399
 * Japan and Formosa, 391
 * Java, fauna of, 382
 * Asiatic species in, 384
 * Java and Borneo, past changes of, 385
 * Jays, distribution of species of, 20
 * of Europe and Japan, 67
 * Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, on shallow-water mollusca in chalk, 92
 * on fossil shallow-water shells in deep water, 337
 * Jones, Mr., on migration of birds to Bermuda, 268
 * on vegetation of the Bermudas, 272
 * Juan Fernandez, flora and fauna of, 287
 * Judd, Prof. J. W., on absence of glaciation in east Europe, 139
 * on glaciation of the Alps produced by elevation, 179
 * Juniperus barbadensis, 272
 * Jura, travelled blocks on, 110
 * Jurassic warm Arctic climate, 202


 * K.
 * Keeling Islands, animals of, 286
 * Kirk, Mr. T., on temporary introduced plants, 515
 * Knowledge of various kinds required for study of geographical distribution, 7, 9


 * L.
 * Lagopus scoticus, 340
 * Land as a barrier to ocean-currents, 150
 * Land and sea, changes of, 83
 * how changes of, affect climate, 148, 150
 * Land and water, disproportion of, renders globe habitable, 209
 * Land-birds of Celebes, list of, 466
 * Land-connection, how far necessary to dispersal of mammals, 73
 * Land-shells, great antiquity of, 79
 * universal distribution of, 79
 * causes favouring the abundance of, 79
 * of the Azores, 256
 * of Bermuda, 270
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 304
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 316
 * of the Seychelles, 434
 * Laurus canariensis, 260
 * Leguat on animals of Bourbon, 435
 * on the Solitaire, 436
 * Leguminosæ, abundance of, in Australia, 490
 * "Lemuria," a supposed submerged continent, 422-426
 * Lemurs in Madagascar, 416
 * Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von, on glaciation in the Australian Alps, 163
 * Leopard, enormous range of, 14
 * Lepidoptera, list of peculiar British, 347
 * Lepidosiren, 63
 * Lepidosiren paradoxa and L. annectens, 69
 * Lepidosternidæ, 27
 * Limestone as indicating change of sea and land, 84
 * Limnæa involuta, 356
 * Linaria purpurea, on railway bank, 514
 * Liopelma hochstetteri, in New Zealand, 483
 * Liotrichidæ, 29
 * List of the land-birds of Celebes, 466
 * Lizard peculiar to the Mascarene Islands, 438
 * Lizards of the Galapagos, 278
 * local variation of colour of, 431
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Lobeliaceæ, abundance of, in the Sandwich Islands, 324
 * Locality of a species, importance of, 12
 * Loddigesia mirabilis, rarity of, 16
 * Lord, Mr., on species of Urotrichus, 394
 * Low-grade and high-grade heat, 145
 * Lowlands nowhere covered with perpetual snow, 136
 * Lundy Island, peculiar beetles of, 354
 * Lyell, Sir Charles, on permanence of continents, 84
 * on calcareous mud, 90
 * on the distribution of chalk, 93
 * on geographical causes as modifying climate, 148
 * on estimate of geological time, 211, 235
 * on classification of sedimentary rocks, 217
 * Lynxes, a Palæarctic group, 41


 * M.
 * McLachlan, Mr., on peculiar British caddis-flies, 355
 * Madagascar, physical features of, 412
 * former condition of, 414
 * biological features of, 416
 * mammalia of, 416
 * reptiles of, 417
 * relation of, to Africa, 418
 * early history of, 419
 * birds of, in relation to "Lemuria," 422
 * flora of, 439
 * conclusion on fauna and flora of, 446
 * great antiquity of, 446
 * Madagascar and Africa, contrast of, 6
 * Maillard on animals of Bourbon, 435
 * Malay Islands, local peculiarities of flora in, 187
 * past history of, 389
 * Malayan birds in Formosa, 406
 * Mammalia of East Asia, range of, 34
 * of North Africa, range of, 34
 * Mammalia, dispersal of, 73
 * of Britain, range of, 33
 * poverty of, 329
 * of Borneo, 376
 * of Java, 382
 * of the Philippines, 387
 * of Japan, 393
 * of Formosa, 402
 * common to Formosa and India, 403
 * of Madagascar, 416
 * of Comoro Islands, 428
 * of Celebes, 455; whence derived, 457
 * of New Zealand, 474
 * Maori legend of origin of the forest-rat, 475
 * Maoris, their accounts of the moa, 477
 * Map of the old Rhone glacier, 110
 * of North and South Polar Regions, 138
 * of the Azores, 248
 * of Bermuda, 263
 * of the Galapagos, 276, 277
 * of the South Atlantic Ocean, 293
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 311
 * of the North Pacific with its submerged banks, 312
 * of British Isles and the 100-fathom bank, 333
 * of Borneo and Java, 374
 * of Japan and Formosa, 392
 * physical, of Madagascar, 413
 * of the Madagascar group, 415
 * of the Indian Ocean, 425
 * of Celebes, 452
 * of sea-bottom around New Zealand, 472
 * of Australia in Cretaceous period, 497
 * Marcou, Professor Jules, on the Pliocene and glacial epochs, 233
 * Marmot, range of, 15
 * Mars as illustrating glacial theories, 164, 168
 * Mars, no true ice-cap on, 166
 * Marsupials, range of, 30
 * Marsh, Prof. O. C., on the Atlantosaurus, 98
 * on Hesperornis, 481
 * Marsh, Mr., on camels as desert-makers, 296
 * Mascarene Islands, 428-445
 * Mascarene plants, curious relations of, 442
 * endemic genera of, 443
 * Mascarene flora, fragmentary character of, 444
 * abundance of ferns in, 445
 * Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez, 434
 * Measurements of geological time, 233
 * agreement of various estimates of, 235
 * concluding remarks on, 236
 * Medicago sativa in New Zealand, 515
 * Megalæmidæ, 27
 * Meleagris, 50
 * Melilotus vulgaris, on railway banks, 513
 * Meliphagidæ, 47
 * Melliss, Mr., on the early history of St. Helena, 295
 * Melospiza melodia, variation of, 58
 * Merycotherium, 123
 * Meteorological causes as intensifying glaciation, 142
 * Migration caused by glacial epoch, 122
 * of birds to Bermuda, 267
 * of plants from north to south, 512
 * of plants and alterations of snow line, 516
 * of plants due to changes of climate, 517
 * of plants from north to south, long continued, 518
 * of plants aided by geological changes, 519
 * of plants by way of the Andes, 520
 * of plants by way of Himalayas and South Asia, 523
 * of plants through Africa, 524
 * Mild Arctic climates, stratigraphical evidence of, 187
 * causes of, 190
 * dependent on geographical changes, 191
 * effects of high excentricity on, 198
 * summary of causes of, 537
 * Miocene Arctic flora, 183
 * flora of Europe, 123
 * or Eocene floras, 185
 * deposits of Java, 385
 * fauna of Europe and North India, 419
 * Mississippi, matter carried away by, 172
 * Mitten, Mr. William, on peculiar British mosses and hepaticæ, 365, 368
 * on temporary appearance of plants, 513
 * Mniotiltidæ, a nearctic group, 49
 * Mnium, peculiar species of, in the Drontheim mountains, 368
 * Moas of New Zealand, 476
 * Mollusca, dispersal of, 78
 * Monotremata, restricted range of, 30
 * Moraines, 108
 * of Ivrea, 116
 * More, Mr. A. G., on peculiar Irish plants, 364
 * Morgan, Mr. C. Lloyd, on thickness of formations not affected by denudation, 220
 * Moseley, Mr. H. N., on seeds carried by birds, 259
 * on the flora of Bermuda, 272
 * Mosses, peculiar British, 366
 * non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
 * how diffused and why restricted, 368
 * Mt. St. Elias, why not ice-clad, 154
 * Mountain chains aiding the dispersal of plants, 81
 * as aids to migration of plants, 513
 * Mueller, Baron von, census of Australian plants, 492
 * Munia brunneiceps, in Celebes, 463
 * Murray, Mr. J., on oceanic deposits, 86
 * on chalk-like globigerina-ooze, 92
 * on mean height of continents, 216
 * on land-area of the globe, 221
 * Mus, 17, 26
 * Mygale pyrenaica, range of, 15, 24
 * M. muscovitica, 24
 * Myialestes helianthea in Celebes, 463
 * Myrica faya, 260
 * Myrsine, fossil in Greenland, 186
 * Mytilus edulis, sub-fossil in Spitzbergen, 182


 * N.
 * Nares, Capt. Sir G., on snow and ice in high latitudes, 135
 * on abrupt elevation of Bermuda, 264
 * Nearctic Region, definition of, 48
 * mammalia of, 48
 * birds of, 49
 * reptiles of, 50
 * Nectarinea osea, restricted range of, 16
 * Neilgherries, Australian plants naturalized in, 528
 * Neotropical Region, definition of, 51
 * low types of, 52
 * Nevill, Mr. Geoffrey, on land-shells of the Seychelles, 434
 * on destruction of Seychelles flora, 445
 * New species, origin of, 56
 * Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the Seychelles dove, 437
 * Newton, Professor, on recently extinct birds, 437
 * Newts, restricted range of, 30
 * New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 163
 * New Zealand, 471
 * geology of, 472
 * form of sea-bottom around, 473
 * zoological character of, 473
 * mammalia of, 474
 * wingless birds of, 476
 * past changes of, 478
 * winged birds and lower vertebrates of, 482
 * deductions from peculiarities of fauna of, 484
 * period of its union with N. Australia, 484
 * the flora of, 487, 506
 * origin of Australian element in the flora of, 498
 * tropical character of flora, 500
 * tropical genera common to Australia, 501
 * temperate species common to Australia, 502
 * route of Arctic plants to, 521
 * European plants in, 509
 * endemic genera of plants in, 526
 * great antiquity of, 526
 * Nordenskjöld, Prof., on absence of perpetual snow in N. Asia, 135
 * on recent milder climate in Spitzbergen, 182
 * on former Polar climates, 187
 * on geology of Spitzbergen, 188
 * North America, glacial phenomena in, 116
 * interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * condition of, in Tertiary period, 194
 * Northern genera of plants in S. temperate America, 521
 * hemisphere, absence of southern plants from, 527
 * flora, hardiness of, 528


 * O.
 * Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81
 * as affecting interglacial periods, 152
 * as determining climate, 153
 * effects of, in Tertiary times, 196
 * Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 100
 * Oceanic and continental islands, 242
 * Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence of oceans, 100
 * Oceanic islands, 244
 * &mdash;the Azores, 247
 * general remarks on, 329
 * Octodontidæ, 27
 * &OElig;nanthe fluviatilis, 361
 * &OElig;ninghen, Miocene flora of, 183
 * &OElig;nothera odorata, on a railway bank, 514
 * Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan plants, 272
 * Operculata, scarcity of, in the Sandwich Islands, 317
 * Ophrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 514
 * Orchideæ, species have restricted ranges, 505
 * Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and Mauritius, 446
 * why almost universal in the tropics, 446
 * Orders, distribution of, 30
 * Organic change dependent on change of conditions, 225, 228
 * Oriental Region, definition of, 44
 * mammals and birds of, 44
 * reptiles of, 45
 * insects of, 45
 * Origin of new species, 56, 60
 * of new genera, 61
 * of the Galapagos flora, 288
 * of the beetles of St. Helena, 298
 * of Australian element in the New Zealand flora, 498
 * Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341
 * Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
 * Osprey, wide range of, 15
 * Ostriches, limitation of, 30
 * Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
 * Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28


 * P.
 * Pachyglossa aureolimbata, in Celebes, 463
 * Palæarctic Region, limits of, 39
 * characteristic features of, 41
 * Palæozoic formations, depth of, round London, 218
 * Palm confined to Round Island, 444
 * Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186
 * Papilio, 17
 * Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 226
 * Parnassius, Palæarctic, 42
 * Parus ater, 19
 * P. borealis, 19, 64
 * P. britannicus, 321
 * P. camtschatkensis, 19
 * P. cinctus, 20
 * P. c&oelig;ruleus, 20
 * P. cyaneus, 20
 * P. cristatus, 20
 * P. ledouci, 20
 * P. lugubris, 20
 * P. major, 19
 * P. palustris, 19; discontinuous area of, 65
 * P. rosea, 340
 * P. teneriffæ, 20
 * Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 314
 * Past changes of New Zealand, 478
 * Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice during the Arctic summer, 140
 * Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deductions from, 484
 * Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 335
 * Pennula millei, in Sandwich Islands, 313
 * Permanence of continents, summary of evidence for, 103
 * Permian formation, indications of ice-action in, 200
 * Perodicticus, a local genus, 26
 * Petroselinum segetum, on railway bank, 514
 * Philippine Islands, 387
 * mammalia of, 387
 * birds of, 388
 * past history of, 389
 * Phyllodactylus galapagensis, 279
 * Phylloscopus borealis, range of, 15
 * Physical causes which determine distribution, 533
 * features of Formosa, 401
 * Pica, 17
 * Pickering, Dr., on the flora of the Sandwich Islands, 323
 * on temperate forms on mountains of the Sandwich Islands, 323
 * Pithecia monachus, distribution of, 18
 * P. rufibarbata, 18
 * Pitta, distribution of, 25
 * Plants, dispersal of, 80
 * seeds of, adapted for dispersal, 80
 * wide range of species and genera of, 185
 * poverty of, in Ireland, 339
 * peculiar British, 359
 * of Ireland not in Great Britain, 364
 * cause of their wide diffusion and narrow restriction, 369
 * easily dispersed often have restricted ranges, 504
 * how they migrate from north to south, 512
 * of existing genera throughout the Tertiary period, 520
 * southern migration of, by way of the Himalayas, 523
 * southern migration of, through Africa, 524
 * endemic genera of, in New Zealand, 526
 * Platypus, 30
 * Plestiodon longirostris of Bermuda, 266
 * Po, matter carried away by, 173
 * Podargus, Australian genus, 47
 * P&oelig;cilozonites, peculiar to Bermuda, 270
 * Poinciana regia in Madagascar, 440
 * Populus, fossil in Spitzbergen, 184
 * Pourtales, Count, on modern formation of chalk, 95
 * on sedimentary deposits in Gulf of Mexico, 222
 * Poverty in species of Britain, 338
 * Precession of Equinoxes, influence of, on climate, 126
 * Preservation of species, 63
 * Proboscidea, range of, 30
 * Proteus, why preserved, 63
 * Psophia, range of species of, 18
 * Pteroptochidæ, 29
 * Pyrenean ibex, restricted range of, 15


 * R.
 * Railways, new plants on, 513
 * Ramsay, Mr. Wardlaw, on Philippine birds, 388
 * Professor, on ancient land surfaces, 99
 * on geological time 212
 * on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
 * Rat, native, of New Zealand, 475
 * Rate of organic change usually measured by an incorrect scale, 232
 * Rats in the Galapagos, 278
 * Raven, wide range of, 15
 * Reade, T. Mellard, on changes of sea and land, 84
 * Recent continental islands, 243, 331
 * Red clay of Bermuda, 265
 * Reptiles, dispersal of, 75
 * of the Galapagos, 278
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 316
 * cause of scarcity of, in British Isles, 339
 * of Madagascar, 417
 * of the Seychelles, 430
 * of Mauritius and Round Island, 438
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Rhodolæna altivola in Madagascar, 440
 * Rhus toxicodendron in Bermuda, 272
 * Ridgway, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, 281
 * River-channels, buried, 336
 * Roches moutonnées, 108
 * Rodents in Madagascar, 417
 * Round Island, a snake and a palm peculiar to, 438, 444
 * Rumex pulcher in New Zealand, 515
 * Rye, Mr. E. C., on peculiar British insects, 345, 351


 * S.
 * St. Helena, 292
 * effects of European occupation on the vegetation of, 294
 * insects of, 298
 * land-shells of, 304
 * absence of fresh-water organisms in, 304
 * native vegetation of, 305
 * Salvin, Mr., on the birds of the Galapagos, 280
 * Sandwich Islands, the, 310
 * zoology of, 313
 * birds of, 313
 * reptiles of, 316
 * land-shells of, 316
 * insects of, 318
 * vegetation of, 321
 * antiquity of fauna and flora of, 328
 * Sassafras, in Swiss Miocene, 183
 * Scandinavian flora, aggressive power of, 511
 * Scientific voyages, comparative results of, 7
 * Sciurus, 26
 * Sclater, Mr. P. L., on zoological region, 32, 39
 * Scotland, glacial deposits of, 112-115
 * probable rate of denudation in, 173
 * Miocene flora of, 184
 * peculiar fishes of, 341
 * Scotophilus tuberculatus in New Zealand, 474
 * Scrophularincæ, why few species are common to Australia and New Zealand, 505
 * Sea, depth of, around Madagascar, 414
 * depth of, around Celebes, 452
 * Sea-bottom around New Zealand and Australia, 473
 * Sea-level, changes of, dependent on glaciation, 161
 * complex effects of glaciation on, 162, 164
 * rise of, a cause of denudation, 174
 * Seas, inland, in Tertiary period, 191
 * Section of sea-bottom near Bermuda, 264
 * Sedges and grasses common to Australia and New Zealand, 504
 * Sedimentary rocks, how to estimate thickness of, 217
 * thinning out of, 217
 * how formed, 218
 * thickness of, 217, 221
 * summary of conclusions on the rate of formation of the, 221
 * Seebohm, Mr., on Parus palustris, 65
 * on Emberiza sch&oelig;niclus, 66
 * on snow in Siberia, 166
 * on birds of Japan, 396
 * Seeds, dispersal of, 257
 * carried by birds, 258
 * Senecio australis, on burnt ground, 513
 * Sericinus, Palæarctic, 42
 * Seychelles Archipelago, 429
 * birds of, 430
 * reptiles and amphibia of, 430
 * fresh-water fishes of, 433
 * land-shells of, 434
 * Sharp, Dr. D., on beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 319
 * on peculiar British beetles, 345
 * Shells, peculiar to Britain, 356
 * Shetland Isles, peculiar beetle of, 354
 * Shore deposits, 85, 211
 * proving the permanence of continents, 97
 * distance from coast of, 221
 * Sialia sialis, variation of, 58
 * Siberia, amount of snow and its sudden disappearance in, 166
 * Silurian boulder-beds, 201
 * warm Arctic climate, 202
 * Simiidae, 27
 * Sisyrinchium bermudianum, 272
 * Skertchley, Mr., on four distinct boulder-clays, 118
 * on Tertiary deposits in Egypt and Nubia, 191
 * on climatic stability of present epoch, 233
 * Slug peculiar to Ireland, 356
 * Snake peculiar to Round Island, 438
 * Snakes of the Galapagos, 280
 * of the Seychelles, 431
 * Snow and ice, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
 * Snow, effects of, on climate, 133
 * Snow, quantity of heat required to melt, 134
 * often of small amount in high latitudes, 135
 * never perpetual on lowlands, 136
 * conditions determining perpetual, 137
 * maintains cold by reflecting the solar heat, 144
 * Snow-line, alterations of, causing migration of plants, 516
 * Sollas, Mr. J. W., on greater intensity of telluric action in past time, 223
 * South Africa, recent glaciation of, 163
 * many northern genera of plants in, 524
 * its supposed connection with Australia, 525
 * South American plants in New Zealand,521
 * South Temperate America, poor in species, 53
 * climate of, 146
 * Southern flora, comparative tenderness of, 528
 * Southern plants, why absent in the Northern Hemisphere, 527
 * Space, temperature of, 129
 * Specialisation antagonistic to diffusion of species, 505
 * Species, origin of new, 56
 * extinction of, 63
 * rise and decay of, 64
 * epoch of exceptional stability of, 232
 * dying out and replacement of, 409
 * preservation of, in islands, 410
 * Specific areas, 14; discontinuous, 64
 * Spiranthes romanzoviana, 364
 * Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 184
 * absence of boulder-beds in, 187
 * Spruce, Dr. Richard, on the dispersion of hepaticæ, 309
 * Stability of extreme glacial conditions, 159
 * Stainton, Mr. H. T., on peculiar British moths, 346-350
 * Stanivoi mountains, why not ice-clad, 154
 * Starlings, genera of, in New Zealand, 482
 * Stellaria media, temporary appearance of, 515
 * Sternum, process of abortion of keel of, 437
 * Stow, Mr. G. W., on glacial phenomena in South Africa, 163
 * Stratified rocks formed near shores, 85, 87
 * deposits, how formed, 218
 * Striated rocks, 107
 * blocks in the Permian formation, 200
 * Striæ flammea, range of, 15
 * Struthiones, 30
 * Struthious birds of New Zealand as indicating past changes, 478
 * Stylidium, wide range of, 185
 * Submerged forests, 334
 * Subsidence of isthmus of Panama, 151
 * Sumatra, geology of, 385
 * Sweden, two deposits of "till" in, 121
 * Swimming powers of mammalia, 74
 * Swinhoe, Mr. Robert, researches in Formosa, 400
 * Switzerland, interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * Sylviadæ, overlapping genera of, 29


 * T.
 * Talpidæ, a Palæarctic group, 41
 * Tapirs, distribution of, 25
 * former wide range of, 393
 * Tarsius, 63
 * Tarsius spectrum in Celebes, 456
 * Tasmania and North Australia, resemblance of, 5
 * route of Arctic plants to, 520
 * Taxodium distichum in Spitzbergen, 184
 * Temperate climates in Arctic regions, 181
 * Australian genera of plants in New Zealand, 502
 * Australian species of plants in New Zealand, 502
 * Temperature, how dependent on sun's distance, 129
 * of space, 129
 * Tertiary glacial epochs, evidence against, 179
 * warm climates, continuous, 187
 * Test of glaciation at any period, 175
 * Testudo abingdonii, 279
 * T. microphyes, 278
 * Tetraogallus, distribution of, 24
 * Thais, a Palæarctic genus, 42
 * Thomson, Sir William, on age of the earth, 213
 * Sir Wyville, on organisms in the globigerina-ooze, 89
 * analysis of globigerina-ooze, 91
 * Thryothorus bewickii, discontinuity of, 68
 * "Till" of Scotland, 112
 * several distinct formations of, 121
 * Tits, distribution of species of, 19
 * Torreya, fossil in Spitzbergen, 186
 * Tortoises of the Galapagos, 278
 * Trade-winds, how modified by a glacial epoch, 142
 * Tragulidæ, 27
 * Travelled blocks, 109
 * Tremarctos, an isolated genus, 29
 * Triassic warm Arctic climate, 200
 * Tribonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
 * Trichoptera peculiar to Britain, 355
 * Trogons, distribution of, 28
 * Tropical affinities of New Zealand birds, 483
 * character of the New Zealand flora, cause of, 500
 * genera common to New Zealand and Australia, 501
 * Turdus, 17, 26
 * Turdus fuscescens, variation of, 58, 59
 * Tylor, A., on estimating the rate of denudation, 214
 * Tyrannidæ, an American family, 50


 * U.
 * Uraniidæ, 28
 * Uropeltidæ, 30
 * Urotrichus, distribution of, 25
 * Ursus, 26


 * V.
 * Variation in animals, 57
 * amount of, in N. American birds, 58
 * Vegetation, local peculiarities of, 185
 * effects of Polar night on, 198
 * Vesperugo serotinus, range of, 14
 * Vireo bellii, supposed discontinuity of, 68
 * Vireonidæ, an American family, 49


 * W.
 * Wallich, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Warren, Mr. W., information on British lepidoptera, 347
 * Water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131, 133
 * Waterhouse, Mr., on Galapagos beetles, 284
 * Wales, peculiar fish of, 341
 * Warm climates of northern latitudes, long persistence of, 201
 * Watson, Mr. H. C., on the flora of the Azores, 256
 * on peculiar British plants, 359
 * on vegetation of railway banks, 513
 * Webb, Mr., on comparison of Mars and the Earth, 166
 * West Australia, rich flora of, 494
 * former extent and isolation of, 497
 * West Indies, a Neotropical district, 53
 * White, Dr. F. Buchanan, on the Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
 * Mr. John, on native accounts of the moa, 477
 * Whitehead, Mr. John, on Bornean birds, 377
 * Wilson, Mr. Scott B., on birds of the Sandwich Islands, 314
 * Winged birds of New Zealand, 482
 * Wingless birds never inhabit continents, 437
 * their evidence against "Lemuria," 438
 * of New Zealand, 476
 * Wings of struthious birds show retrograde development, 437
 * Winter temperature of Europe and America, 196
 * Wolf, range of, 14
 * Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on insular character of St. Helena, 294
 * on St. Helena shells and insects, 297
 * Wood, Mr. Searles V., jun., on formation of "till," 114
 * on alternations of climate, 118
 * on causes of glacial epochs, 125
 * conclusive objection to the excentricity theory, 160
 * on continuous warm Tertiary climates, 180
 * Woodward, Dr. S. P., on Ammonites living in shallow water, 95
 * Woodward, Mr., on "Lemuria," 426
 * Wright, Dr. Percival, on lizards of the Seychelles, 431


 * Y.
 * Young, Professor J., on contemporaneous formation of deposits, 221
 * Young Island, lofty Antarctic, 522


 * Z.
 * Zoology of the Azores, 248
 * of Bermuda, 262
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 313
 * of Borneo, 376
 * of Madagascar, 416
 * of islands round Celebes, 453
 * of Celebes, 455
 * Zoological and geographical regions compared, 32, 54
 * Zoological features of Japan, 393
 * character of New Zealand, 473