Ide v. Ball Engine Company/Opinion of the Court

The stress of this case is upon the novelty of the invention covered by the patent of July 8, 1884, to the plaintiff, Albert L. Ide.

Both the plaintiff and defendant are manufacturers and dealers in a particular type of steam engines known as 'electric lighting engines,' and used for generating and controlling the electric lighting circuits now in common use, principally under the incandescent system.

The governors used upon these engines are not the old and familiar fly-ball governors, but consist of weights, whose centrifugal action is counterbalanced by centripetally acting springs, attached to the lever by which the weights are suspended, the object of which is to hold the eccentric constantly in a fixed position for a given speed of the wheel, and to vary the position of the eccentric exactly as the speed of the wheel is varied. This style of governor is inclosed either within the fly wheel or some other wheel connected and revolving with the shaft. It was found, however, that when the burden of the engine was suddenly lifted by the extinguishment of a large number of lights, there was a tendency on the part of the governor to 'race,' as it is termed, causing an unsteadiness and irregularity in the speed of the engine, which, in its turn, produced an objectionable pulsation and variation in the intensity of the lights. It was also found to operate destructively upon the carbon filaments of which the illuminants are composed. For the purpose of obviating this difficulty and producing a perfectly isochronous movement of the engine under extreme changes of load, plaintiff atached to the governor what it called a 'dashpot,'-a device in common use for easing the shutting of spring doors, and preventing slamming. As used upon doors, it consists simply of a closed cylinder filled with air and a piston having a passage or leak through or around it. When used in connection with the governor of a steam engine, the cylinder is filled with glycerine or other similar fluid. A dashpot thus constructed and attached to the apparatus in such manner as to prevent sudden movement of the weight levers, or of the eccentric, is found in practice to overcome the defect indicated, and to give a desirable steadiness and regularity to the movements of the governor as well as accuracy to the cut-off action of the valve.

Mr. Ide was not, however, the first to discover the value of a dashpot in connection with the governor of a steam engine As early as 1880, the Buckeye Engine Company of Salem, Ohio, one of the largest manufacturers of steam engines in the country, constructed engines in which the governor consisted of a metal disk clamped upon the driving shaft, such disk being about 40 inches in diameter, and weighing in the neighborhood of 200 pounds. These disks were used simply as a casing to inclose the governor, which was equipped with arms arranged to swing by centrifugal force as the shaft revolved, and kept from swinging too freely by springs acting centripetally. In this connection the superintendent of the Hartford Engineering Company testified that he had a case of what is called the 'racing' of a governor on a pair of engines running in the Hartford Carpet Company, in Thompsonville, Conn. To use his own words: 'I took the foreman of the engine shop with me to the factory, and attempted to correct the trouble. We were unsuccessful. We then determined to put on dashpots filled with oil or similar fluid, as the Buckeye people had done in similar cases. Within a short time the dashpots were made, sent to the Hartford Carpet Co., and attached to the governor by their men. Mr. Steele, the engineer in chief, came to the shop a few days later, and reported most excellent results from the application of the dashpots.' This testimony was corroborated by that of Steele, the engineer, who swore the dashpots were applied in 1881, had been constantly in use since, and had performed their work satisfactorily.

It also appeared that a similar dashpot had been attached to an engine run by the Hartford Manilla Company of Burnside, Conn., and that the results there were equally satisfactory. There was also evidence of the employment of Buckeye engines at the Pacific Elevator in Brooklyn, to the governors of which was attached a dashpot to prevent any sudden, violent fluctuation of the governor. These governors were located upon the opposite ends of the main shaft but not in the fly wheels. A similar dashpot was attached to the governor of a Buckeye engine at the Syracuse Iron Works. None of these governors, however, were attached to the fly wheels of the engine, but upon a separate wheel, mounted upon the shaft, and revolving with it.

There was some testimony that the Buckeye engines were defective in their construction or operation, and that the dashpots were put into the governors to prevent the engines from wrecking themselves, and to avoid suits for damages. But, however this may be, the testimony is uncontradicted that the addition of the dashpots had the desired effect of steadying the action of the governor.

As the testimony, then, demonstrates that governors without dashpots had been attached indiscriminately, not only to the old fly-ball governor, but to the shaft governors, whether connected with the fly wheel or the pulley wheel, or a separate wheel of their own, connected with the shaft, and that a governor with a dashpot had also been attached to a separate wheel revolving with the shaft, the invention of Ide consists only in removing the governor, with the dashpot, from a separate wheel to the fly wheel. If the dashpot performed any new function when attached to a governor in the fly wheel, such change in location might be the basis of a patent; but the testimony is that it was attached to the Buckeye governors for the very purpose for which Mr. Ide attached it to his governor, and that it accomplished that purpose to the entire satisfaction of the parties interested.

It is true that plaintiff claims certain advantages from locating his governor in the fly wheel of the engine, which is very much larger than the special wheel used for the governor in the Buckeye engines, but these advantages seem to be largely fanciful, such as existed before the dashpot was added, and, in any event, are not such as rise to the dignity of invention. They were advantages which a governor placed in a fly wheel has over a governor placed in any other wheel, but to which the addition of the dashpot contributed nothing new. It is evident that plaintiff, in taking out his patent, supposed that he had first discovered the advantage of attaching a dashpot to the class of governors known as shaft or shifting eccentric governors, and, when confronted with the Buckeye governors, sought to limit his patent to a dashpot connected with a governor located in the fly wheel, and to discover some special advantage to be gained by locating it there instead of in any other wheel revolving upon the shaft.

The introduction of these governors seems to have resulted in a large increase in plaintiff's business, and in the establishment of agencies in all the principal cities for selling engines containing this improvement. While this may have been occasioned by his introduction of the dashpot, he has no right to a monopoly of this feature, since he had been anticipated in this particular by the Buckeye engines. The only novelty he has any possible right to claim is in the application of this style of governor, with the dashpot, to an electric lighting engine, which seems to have been the thing needed to obviate the difficulty of a variable intensity of light and to secure the requisite steadiness; but this is not what is claimed in the patent. There can be no doubt that, if the attachment of a dashpot to a shaft governor had been a novelty at the time his patent was taken out, the Buckeye governors would have been an infringement. This being so, it is equally clear that, existing as they did before his patent, they are an anticipation.

The decree of the court below dismissing the bill is therefore affirmed.