Idaho Oregon Land Improvement Company v. Bradbury/Opinion of the Court

This suit was commenced by Bradbury & Reinhart against the Idaho & Oregon Land Improvement Company, by a complaint filed in a district court of the territory of Idaho on September 24, 1883, alleging, in substance, that on April 13, 1883, the parties made an agreement in writing by which the plaintiffs agreed to construct upon the defendant's land, and on a line designated by the defendant's land, and on a line charge of the work, a ditch four miles long, eight feet wide and two feet deep, and of a certain grade and slope, at certain prices by the cubic yard for the material moved, and on other terms expressed in the agreement, a copy of which was annexed; that on May 17, 1883, the parties made a supplemental agreement, a copy of which was also annexed, increasing the rate of compensation in some respects; that on June 1, 1883, after the ditch had been completed by the plaintiffs and accepted by the defendant the parties came to a settlement, upon which it was ascertained and agreed that there was due from the defendant to the plaintiffs the sum of $16,774.49, of which $10,000 was paid, and for the rest of which the defendant gave its acceptance for the sum of $6,774.49, payable in 15 days, which was duly presented at maturity, but in no part paid, and on June 27, 1883, was protested for non-payment, and that sum, with interest at the rate of 1 1/2 per cent. a month, was now due from the defendant to the plaintiffs; and that the plaintiffs, in order to perfect a lien on the ditch and adjoining land, as security for the payment of that sum, on July 12, 1883, filed with the recorder of the county, as required by chapter 48 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Idaho territory, a claim, a copy of which was annexed to the complaint, stating the substance of the original and supplemental contracts, and the balance due as aforesaid. The complaint prayed for judgment directing a sale of the premises, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the plaintiffs' claim, with interest as aforesaid, and costs, and 20 per cent. damages, as provided by the statutes of the territory, and also to the payment of the holders of any other liens who might come in; and that the plaintiffs might have judgment against the defendant for any deficiency in the proceeds of such sale to satisfy the amount due them; and for further relief. The answer denied the completion of the ditch by the plaintiffs, and its acceptance by the defendant, or that there was due from the defendant to the plaintiffs more than the sum of $500; and alleged that, if any settlement was made between the parties, it was under a misapprehension of facts caused by false and fraudulent statements of the plaintiffs that the ditch had been completed according to the contracts. The court submitted several special issues to a jury, who found some of them in favor of the plaintiffs, and failed to agree upon others, and returned a general verdict for the plaintiffs in the sum of $4,274.49 and interest. The court set aside the general verdict, and made and filed findings of fact, adopting as part there f the findings of the jury, as far as they went, and substantially supporting all the allegations of the complaint, and from the facts so found made the following conclusions of law: 'First. That the plaintiffs are entitled to a judgment for the sum of $10,107.52, and for costs, which includes the sum found due, interest, and protest damages; second, that the plaintiffs are entitled to a decree of foreclosure of the lien set forth in their complaint, and it is so ordered.' By the final decree, rendered at a hearing upon the pleadings, 'and upon the proofs, records, and evidence produced by the respective parties, and the court having heard the proofs necessary to enable it to render judgment herein, and it appearing to the court from the proofs herein that there is now due to the plaintiffs from the defendant the sum of $10,107.52, for principal, damages, and interest upon the debt set forth in the complaint, and that all the allegations in the complaint are true,' the court ordered a sale of the premises by public auction, the payment, out of the proceeds, to the plaintiffs, of the sum of $10,107.52, with costs and interest at the rate of 10 per cent. from the date of the decree, and the amount of any deficiency to be paid by the defendant to the plaintiffs. The defendant moved for a new trial, for 'insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict and findings,' as well as for 'errors in law occurring at the trial, and excepted to.' Upon this motion, the defendant filed a statement, which was certified by the judge as 'the statement of the case,' and contained parts of the testimony given and offered at the trial, and exceptions of the defendant to its admission or exclusion; instructions given to the jury, and excepted to by the defendant; and a specification of 21 errors, touching the rulings upon evidence and the instructions to the jury, and the sufficiency of the evidence in the case and the findings of the jury to support the court's findings of fact and conclusions of law. The defendant's motion for a new trial was overruled; and the defendant excepted to the ruling, and appealed 'from the judgment and decree of foreclosure and sale' to the supreme court of the territory, which adjudged 'that the judgment of the court below be affirmed, and that the decree for foreclosure of mechanic's lien be modified so as that the lien shall hold only for the judgment, less the protest damages.' 10 Pac. Rep. 620. The defendant claimed an appeal, and sued out a writ of error.

In order to give this court jurisdiction of an appeal or writ of error, 'an authenticated transcript of the record' of the court below must, doubtless, be filed in this court at the return-term. Rev. St. § 997; Edmonson v. Bloomshire, 7 Wall. 306. In the case before us, a motion to dismiss is now made on the ground that the record is not authenticated, because neither the clerk nor the deputy-clerk made the return 'under his hand,' as well as under the seal of the court, as required by rule 8 of this court. In support of this motion, reliance is placed on Blitz v. Brown, Id. 693, in which the only certificate of authentication was a blank form, wanting both the seal of the court below and the signature of the clerk, so that there was really no authen tication whatever; and this court therefore dismissed the writ of error, but permitted the plaintiff in error to withdraw the record, for the purpose of suing out a new writ. But in the case at bar the certificate not only begins with setting out the name and office of the clerk as the maker of the certificate, but has appended to it the seal of the court, and lacks only the clerk's signature to make it conform to the best precedents. The question presented is not one of no authentication, but of irregular or imperfect authentication; not of jurisdiction, but of practice. It is therefore within the discretion of this court to allow the defect to be supplied. Considering that the motion to dismiss was not made until it was too late to take a new app al or writ of error, justice requires that the record should be permitted to be withdrawn, for the purpose of having the certificate of authentication perfected by adding the signature of the clerk.

In Idaho, as in other territories, there is but one form of civil action, in which either legal or equitable remedies, or both, may be administered, through the intervention of a jury, or by the court itself, according to the nature of the relief sought; provided, however, that no party can be 'deprived of the right of trial by jury in cases cognizable at common law.' Rev. St. § 1868; Act Cong. April 7, 1874, (18 St. p. 27, c. 80, § 1;) Code Civil Proc. Idaho 1881, §§ 138, 139, 230, 309, 353; Ely v. Railroad Co., 129 U.S. 291, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 293. Congress has prescribed that the appellate jurisdiction of this court over 'judgments and decrees' of the territorial courts, 'in cases of trial by jury, shall be exercised by writ of error, and in all other cases by appeal;' and 'on appeal, instead of the evidence at large, a statement of the facts of the case in the nature of a special verdict, and also the rulings of the court on the admission or rejection of evidence when excepted to, shall be made and certified by the court below,' and transmitted to this court with the transcript of the record. Act April 7, 1874, (18 St. pp. 27, 28, c. 80, § 2.) The necessary effect of this enactment is that no judgment or decree of the highest court of a territory can be reviewed by this court in matter of fact but only in matter of law. As observed by Chief Justice WAITE, 'we are not to consider the testimony in any case. Upon a writ of error, we are confined to the bill of exceptions, or questions of law otherwise presented by the record; and upon an appeal, to the statement of facts and rulings certified by the court below. The facts set forth in the statement which must come up with the appeal are conclusive on us.' Hecht v. Boughton, 105 U.S. 235, 236. The provision of this act, permitting a writ of error 'in cases of trial by jury' only, evidently has regard to a trial by jury, as in an action at common law, in which there is and must be a trial by jury, and the court is not authorized to try and determine the facts for itself, unless a jury is waived by the parties according to statute, and has no application to a trial of special issues submitted to a jury in a proceeding in the nature of a suit in equity, not as a matter of right, or to settle the issues of fact, but at the discretion of the court, and simply to inform its conscience, and to aid it in making up its own judgment upon the facts, and the real trial of the facts is by the court, and not by a jury. In all proceedings in the territorial courts in the nature of suits in equity, therefore, as well as in those proceedings in the nature of actions at common law, in which no trial by jury is had, either because a jury has been duly waived or because the issues tried are issues of law only, the appellate jurisdiction of this court must be invoked by appeal, and not by writ of error. Davis v. Alvord, 94 U.S. 545; Davis v. Fredericks, 104 U.S. 618; Story v. Black, 119 U.S. 235, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 176. It must also be borne in mind that, as already seen, in either class of cases, whether equitable or legal, coming up by appeal from a territorial court, after a hearing or trial on the facts, the evidence at large cannot be brought up, as it is in cases in equity, from the circuit courts of the United States, but only 'a statement of facts in the nature of a special verdict,' and rulings made at the trial, and duly excepted to, on the admission or rejection of evidence. Consequently the authority of this court on appeal from a territorial court is limited to determining whether the court's findings of fact support its judgment or decree, and whether there is any error in rulings duly excepted to, on the admission or rejection of evidence, and does not extend to a consideration of the weight of evidence, or it sufficiency to support the conclusions of the court. Stringfellow v. Cain, 99 U.S. 610; Cannon v. Pratt, Id. 619; Neslin v. Wells, 104 U.S. 428; Hecht v. Boughton, 105 U.S. 235, 236; Gray v. Howe, 108 U.S. 12, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 136; Eilers v. Boatman, 111 U.S. 356, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 432; Zeckendorf v. Johnson, 123 U.S. 617, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 261.

The present suit was brought to enforce a mechanic's lien created by the statutes of the territory which authorize the court, in such a suit, to order both a sale of the real estate that is subject to the lien and judgment against the owner thereof for deficiency in the proceeds of the sale, 'in like manner and with like effect as in actions for the foreclosure of mortgages.' Code Civil Proc. Idaho, §§ 815, 826. The relief provided for in those statutes, sought by the complaint and granted by the court, was purely equitable, and the proceeding was in the nature of a suit in equity. Canal Co. v. Gordon, 6 Wall. 561; Davis v. Alvord, 94 U.S. 545; Brewster v. Wakefield, 22 How. 118, 128; Walker v. Dreville, 12 Wall. 440; Marin v. Lalley, 17 Wall. 14; rule 92 in equity. The district court so treated the case, as is evident from its having made its own findings of fact on some of the questions at issue, and having based its decree, not upon the findings of the jury, but upon the proofs produced at the final hearing, neither of which would it have been authorized to do, had the suit been in the nature of an action at common law, the parties not having waived a trial by jury. Morgan v. Gay, 19 Wall. 81; Hodges v. Easton, 106 U.S. 408, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 307; Baylis v. Insurance Co., 113 U.S. 316, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 494; Act Cong. April 7, 1874, (18 St. p. 27, c. 80, § 1;) Code Civil Proc. Idaho, §§ 361, 389. The writ of error must therefore be dismissed, and the case considered as pending upon the appeal alone. Stringfellow v. Cain, 99 U.S. 610, 612.

The case being one of equitable jurisdiction only, the court was not bound to submit any issue of fact to the jury, and, having done so, was at liberty to disregard the verdict and findings of the jury, either by setting them, or any or them, aside, or by letting them stand, and allowing them more or less weight, in its final hearing and decree, according to its own view of the evidence in the cause. By the settled course of decision in this court, it is not necessary that a court of equity should formally set aside the verdict or finding of a jury before proceeding to enter a decree which does not conform to it. Prout v. Roby, 15 Wall. 472, 475; Basey v. Gallagher, 20 Wall. 670; Garsed v. Beall, 92 U.S. 684, 695; Johnson v. Harmon, 94 U.S. 371, 372; Watt v. Starke, 101 U.S. 247, 252; Quinby v. Conlan, 104 U.S. 420, 424; Wilson v. Riddle, 123 U.S. 608, 615, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 255. The case of Basey v. Gallagher, just cited, is quite analogous to the case at bar. In a suit brought in a district court of the territory of Montana for an injunction against the diversion of a running stream in which the plaintiff asserted a right, by prior appropriation, for the purpose of irrigation, the court submitted specific issues to a jury, and afterwards heard the case upon the pleadings and proofs and the findings of the jury, and rendered a decree for the plaintiffs, in which it disregarded some of those findings and adopted others; and that decree was affirmed by the supreme court of the territory, and by this court on appeal, notwithstanding a provision in the statutes of that territory, similar to section 361 of the Idaho Code of Civil Procedure, that in civil actions 'an issue of fact must be tried by a jury, unless a jury trial is waived.' The action of the district court of the territory of Idaho, therefore, in setting aside the general verdict, and substituting its own findings of fact for the special findings of the jury, was a lawful exercise of its equitable jurisdiction, the propriety of which cannot be reviewed by this court; and it is quite immaterial whether the general verdict was consistent with the find ngs of the jury or with the evidence introduced at the trial.

The only other matters specified or argued in the brief of the appellant are two exceptions to the admission or rejection of evidence. The first exception was to the admission of evidence, offered by the plaintiffs, tending to show that, by the direction and with the consent of one Case, the defendant's vice-president and general manager, and under the supervision of the defendant's engineer, the ditch was made 10 feet wide and 3 feet deep, whereas the original contract annexed to the complaint was for a ditch 8 feet wide and 2 feet deep. But the supposed variance between the complaint and the proof did not exist. The complaint did not proceed upon the written contracts alone, but upon the defendant's acceptance of the ditch, and the subsequent settlement between the parties. And the court found, as facts, that the changes in the dimensions of the ditch were made with the knowledge and consent of Case, and before the execution of the supplemental agreement; that the ditch, when completed, was accepted by the defendant, through its general manager, and had ever since been appropriated and used by the defendant; that the settlement between the parties was based upon estimates and measurements made by the defendant's engineer in charge of the construction of the ditch; and that there was no fraud or misrepresentation on the part of the plaintiffs in or concerning that settlement.

The other exception was to the exclusion of testimony, offered by the defendant, of one Strahorn, its general manager at the time of the completion and acceptance of the ditch, and who had previously been its treasurer, tending to show that at the time of the execution of the original contract the plaintiffs were informed by him that Case had no authority from the defendant to contract for a ditch of larger dimensions than those specified in that contract. But it was a sufficient reason for excluding that testimony that the offer was only to show that the plaintiffs were told that Case had no authority to vary the dimensions of the ditch, and was unaccompanied by any offer of evidence that Case had in fact no such authority, and at the time of the offer no evidence as to the actual authority of Case appears to have been introduced; and the offer to prove the information given to the plaintiffs was not renewed after the court had allowed Strahorn, against objection and exception by the plaintiffs, to testify that neither he nor Case had any authority from the defendant's board of directors to enlarge the dimensions of the ditch, and that the board had never ratified the enlargement of the ditch. It does not appear that the whole evidence at the trial is recited in the statement of the case; and, if it had been, this court, as already shown, could have considered it for the single purpose of passing upon the exceptions taken to the admission or rejection of parts of it, and not for the purpose of deciding whether the whole evidence supported the findings of the court. The result is that the appellant has not been prejudiced by the rulings and decree below in any particular within the appellate jurisdiction of this court. Ordered that the record may be withdrawn and amended by procuring the signature of the clerk of the supreme court of the territory to the certificate of authentication, and that upon the return of the record so amended the decree of that court be affirmed.