Hogan v. O'Neill/Opinion of the Court

This is an appeal from a final order of the District Court discharging a writ of habeas corpus and remanding appellant to the custody of appellee for rendition to a representative of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, pursuant to a warrant issued by the Governor of New Jersey under section 5278, Rev. Stat. U.S. (Comp. St. § 10126).

Upon the hearing before the District Court on return of the habeas corpus, it appeared that a demand for appellant's apprehension and extradition to Massachusetts had been made by the Governor of that commonwealth upon the Governor of New Jersey, accompanied with a copy of an indictment found by the grand jury of Suffolk county, certified as authentic by the Governor of Massachusetts, and an affidavit to the effect that appellant was in the commonwealth for some time previous to and at the time of the commission of the alleged crime, and afterwards fled therefrom.

The following is a copy of the indictment (signatures omitted):

'Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Suffolk, ss:

'At the Superior Court Begun and Holden at the City of     Boston, Within and for the County of Suffolk, for the      Transaction of Criminal Business, on the First Monday of      February, in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred      and Nineteen.

'The jurors for the commonwealth of Massachusetts on their     oath present that Charles K. Hogan and Luther R. Hanson, on      the eighteenth day of August in the year of our Lord one      thousand nine hundred and sixteen, conspired together to      steal the property, moneys, goods and chattels of the Market      Trust Company, a banking corporation legally established and      existing.'

It appeared that since the month of May, 1915, appellant had resided continuously at East Orange, N. J.; but he admitted that in the summer of 1916-he said he could not remember the date-he visited Boston and spent some time in the company of Hanson, the alleged co-conspirator.

It is objected that the indictment does not charge appellant with the commission of a crime in Massachusetts; but when it is read in the light of the laws of that commonwealth the difficulty disappears. Revised Laws of Massachusetts, c. 218, § 20, reads thus:

'The time and place of the commission of the crime need not     be alleged unless it is an essential element of the crime. The allegation of time in the caption shall, unless otherwise stated, be     considered as an allegation that the act was committed before      the finding of the indictment, after it became a crime, and      within the period of limitations. The name of the county and     court in the caption shall, unless otherwise stated, be      considered as an allegation that the act was committed within      the territorial jurisdiction of the court. All allegations of     the indictment shall, unless otherwise stated, be considered      to refer to the same time and place.'

Of course the courts of the United States will take notice of the laws of the demanding state, as the Governor of New Jersey was at liberty to do. Roberts v. Reilly, 116 U.S. 80, 96, 6 Sup. Ct. 291, 29 L. Ed. 544.

Were there any doubt of the sufficiency of the indictment, as a pleading, it would not be open to inquiry on habeas corpus. Munsey v. Clough, 196 U.S. 364, 373, 25 Sup. Ct. 282, 49 L. Ed. 515.

The suggestion that there is neither allegation nor proof of an overt act done by appellant in Massachusetts pursuant to the alleged conspiracy is without weight. By the law of Massachusetts, as by the common law, a conspiracy to commit a crime is itself a criminal offense, although no overt act be done in pursuance of it; such acts, however important as evidence of conspiracy or as matters of aggravation, not being of the essence of the offense, since there is no statute making criminality dependent upon the commission of an overt act. Commonwealth v. Judd, 2 Mass. 329, 337, 3 Am. Dec. 54; Commonwealth v. Tibbetts, 2 Mass. 536, 538; Commonwealth v. Warren, 6 Mass. 74; Commonwealth v. Hunt, 4 Metc. 111, 125, 38 Am. Dec. 346.

Appellant being charged by authentic indictment with a criminal offense committed in Massachusetts on or about August 18, 1916, and having, by his own admission, been personally present there and in communication with the alleged co-conspirator at or about that time, and being afterwards found in the state of New Jersey, there is adequate ground for his return as a fugitive from justice under section 5278, Rev. Stat. U.S., enacted to give effect to article 4, § 2, of the Constitution. Whether in fact he was a fugitive from justice was for the determination of the Governor of New Jersey. The warrant of arrest issued in compliance with the demand of the Governor of Massachusetts shows that he found appellant to be a fugitive; and this conclusion must stand unless clearly overthrown, which appellant has not succeeded in doing. To be regarded as a fugitive from justice it is not necessary that one shall have left the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed for the very purpose of avoiding prosecution, but simply that, having committed there an act which by the law of the state constitutes a crime, he afterwards has departed from its jurisdiction and when sought to be prosecuted is found within the territory of another state. Reberts v. Reilly, 116 U.S. 80, 95-97, 6 Sup. Ct. 291, 29 L. Ed. 544; Munsey v. Clough, 196 U.S. 364, 372-375, 25 Sup. Ct. 282, 49 L. Ed. 515; Appleyard v. Massachusetts, 203 U.S. 222, 227, et seq., 27 Sup. Ct. 122, 51 L. Ed. 161, 7 Ann. Cas. 1073; McNichols v. Pease, 207 U.S. 100, 108, 109, 28 Sup. Ct. 58, 52 L. Ed. 121; Biddinger v. Commissioner of Police, 245 U.S. 128, 133, 134, 38 Sup. Ct. 41, 62 L. Ed.

Final order affirmed.