Hartog v. Memory

This is a writ of error brought under section 5 of the act of March 3, 1875, (chapter 137, 18 St. 470,) for the review of an order dismissing a suit begun in the circuit court. The record shows that on the nineteenth of September, 1884, William Hartog sued Henry Memory in an action of assumpsit for a breach of a contract to deliver property sold. In the declaration, Hartog is described as a citizen of the kingdom of Holland, and Memory as a citizen of Illinois. On the eighth of October, Memory filed three pleas: (1) General issue; (2) statute of limitations of Illinois; and (3) limitation laws of Holland, where the cause of action accrued. On the eighth of November Hartog obtained a commission for the taking of testimony in Holland, and Memory was ruled to file cross-interrogatories by the following Monday. On the ninth of May, 1885, Memory withdrew his plea of limitation by the laws of Holland, and Hartog filed a replication to the plea of the statute of limitations of Illinois. The case was on the same day tried with a jury. On the trial the plaintiff introduced 'evidence to sustain the issues on his behalf, which evidence also shows that said plaintiff was a subject of the king of Holland, and also shows that said defendant has been doing business in the city of Chicago for several years. And thereupon said defendant offered himself as a witness to maintain the issues on his behalf in said cause, and during the progress of his examination he was asked by his counsel the following questions, and gave the following answers: 'Question. Are you a citizen of the United States, Mr. Memory? Answer. No, sir. Q. Of what dominion or kingdon are you a citizen? A. I am a citizen of Great Britain, sir.' And thereupon said plaintiff, by his counsel, cross-examined said Memory as follows: 'Question. How long have you resided and done business in Chicago? Answer. About from eight to ten years, I suppose. Q. Where did you do business before that? A. I did business for a short time in New York.' It also appeared that defendant was in Holland twice in 1879, and that the alleged contract was entered into there. Which was all the evidence introduced by either party on the question of citizenship or residence.'

The jury, on the eleventh of May, brought in a verdict against Memory for $2,497. A motion for new trial was then entered. On the first of June, before judgment on the verdict, the defendant filed the following motion: 'And now comes the defendant, by his attorney, and it appearing that the defendant is not a citizen of the United States, or of any state, but a citizen and subject of Great Britain, and that all the parties to this suit are aliens, and that the court has no jurisdiction in this cause, the said defendant moves that this case be dismissed for want of jurisdiction in this court.' This motion was granted, and the suit dismissed June 10th. 23 Fed. Rep. 835. To reverse that order this writ of error was brought.

Julius Rosenthal and A. M. Pence, for plaintiff in error.

E. B. Sherman, for defendant in error.

WAITE, C. J.

It was well settled before the act of 1875 that when the citizenship necessary for the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States appeared on the face of the record, evidence to contradict the record was not admissible except under a plea in abatement in the nature of a plea to the jurisdiction, and that a plea to the merits was a waiver of such a plea to the jurisdiction. Farmington v. Pillsbury, 114 U.S. 143, S.C.. 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 807, and cases there cited. In its general scope this rule has not been altered by the act of 1875; but before that act was passed in had been held that the rule prevented the courts from taking notice of colorable assignments or transfers to create cases for the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in the absence of a plea in abatement or to the jurisdiction, and, as that act 'opened wide the door for frauds upon the jurisdiction of the court by collusive transfers so as to make colorable parties and create cases cognizable by the courts of the United States,' we held in Williams v. Nottawa, 104 U.S. 209, 211, that the statute changed the rule so far as to allow the court at any time, without plea and without motion, to 'stop all further proceedings, and dismiss the suit the moment a fraud on its jurisdiction was discovered.' Neither party has the right, however, without pleading at the proper time and in the proper way, to introduce evidence, the only purpose of which is to make out a case for dismissal. The parties cannot call on the court to go behind the averments of citizenship in the record, except by a plea to the jurisdiction, or some other appropriate form of proceeding. The case is not to be tried by the parties as if there was a plea to the jurisdiction, when no such plea has been filed. The evidence must be directed to the issues, and it is only when facts material to the issues show there is no jurisdiction that the court can dismiss the case upon the motion of either party. If, in the course of a trial, it appears by evidence which is admissible under the pleadings, and pertinent to the issues joined, that the suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute of which the court has cognizance, or that the parties have been improperly or collusively made or joined for the purpose of creating a cognizable case, the court may stop all further proceedings and dismiss the suit.

In Williams v. Nottawa, supra, the record showed that one of the issues to be tried was whether Williams, the plaintiff, was the real holder and owner of the bonds sued on, and the evidence showing the collusion, for which we ordered the suit to be dismissed, was all material and pertinent to that issue. And in Farmington v. Pillsbury, 114 U.S. 138, S.C.. 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 807, one of the defenses was that Pillsbury, the plaintiff, was not the bona fide holder of the coupons in suit, but that they were placed in his hands for the purpose of being sued on in the courts of the United States. The case came here on special findings applicable to that issue, and what we then said was in answer to the question certified on those findings. Beyond this, no doubt, if, from any source, the court is led to suspect that its jurisdiction has been imposed upon by the collusion of the parties or in any other way, it may at once of its own motion cause the necessary inquiry to be made, either by having the proper issue joined and tried, or by some other appropriate form of proceeding, and act, as justice may require, for its own protection against fraud or imposition.

But the evidence on which the circuit court acts in dismissing the suit must be pertinent either to the issue made by the parties, or to the inquiry instituted by the court, and must appear of record if either party desires to invoke the exercise of the appellate jurisdiction of this court for the review of the order of dismissal. Barry v. Edmunds, ante, 501, (just decided.) And when the defendant has not so pleaded as to entitle him to object to the jurisdiction, and the objection is taken by the court of its own motion, justice requires that the plaintiff should have an opportunity to be heard upon the motion, and to meet it by appropriate evidence.