Goto v. Lane/Opinion of the Court

This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court of Hawaii refusing a writ of habeas corpus sought by 13 persons in custody under a judgment of conviction in a territorial circuit court on an indictment for an infamous crime against the laws of that territory.

In stating the offense, the indictment used the disjunctive 'or' in several instances where the conjunctive 'and' doubtless would have been used by an attentive draftsman. Had the matter introduced by the disjunctive been omitted in each instance, or had it been introduced by a conjunctive, the indictment plainly would have stated an offense against the statute under which it was drawn. But in the latter of these situations the accusation and the range of admissible proof would have been broader than in the former. The indictment was not assailed in the circuit court because of any uncertainty in the accusation. On the contrary, the defendants and their counsel stipulated in writing with the prosecuting officer that the indictment should be 'considered and understood' as 'reading in the conjunctive instead in the disjunctive,' that it should be taken as 'not uncertain,' and that any defect arising from the use of the disjunctive was waived. The circuit judge indorsed his approval on the stipulation, and it was filed in the cause; but no change was made in the indictment itself. The trial was had thereafter, counsel and the court proceeding as if the disjunctive rightly should be construed and understood as a conjunctive.

After conviction, the petitioners took the case to the Supreme Court of the territory on various exceptions reserved to rulings in the course of the trial. In that court one of their attorneys contended, over the disapproval of another, that the indictment was made so uncertain by the use of the disjunctive that it did not inform the petitioners of the nature and cause of the accusation as required by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, and that the stipulation was void under the Fifth Amendment because the indictment was thereby amended without a resubmission to the grand jury. The Supreme Court, referring to these contentions, said:

'We are of the opinion that the stipulation in question     cannot be construed as amounting to an amendment of the      indictment. The trial court did express its approval of the     stipulation and of the waiver contained therein, but it did not amend the indictment or attempt or purport to do      so. * *  * If it might under other circumstances reasonably be      said that, by reason of the allegations in question being in      the disjunctive, instead of the conjunctive, there was some      doubt as to what crime defendants were charged with, does it      not expressly appear in this case that not a vestige of doubt      exists, when the defendants themselves have distinctly and      unequivocally said, and their counsel learned in the law have      solemnly stipulated and agreed in writing, that neither the      defendants nor their counsel had any doubt whatever of the      nature of the accusation against the defendants?'

'As to whether, if an indictment palpably stated no offense     at all or the semblance of any offense, an accused could      waive his right to be informed of the nature and cause of the      accusation against him, under the facts in the present case      we are not required to say. There are, indeed, many     authorities to the effect that an indictment which, in      seeking to inform the accused of the nature and cause of the      accusation against him, charges the offense in the      disjunctive instead of the conjunctive, is bad, upon the      theory that it charges no offense at all. But, as pointed out     in Territory v. Kim Ung Pil, 26 Hawaii, 725, even the courts      which so hold concede that the rule is not without      qualifications. Its merits need not be here considered. * *  *      When, as in the case at bar, the defendants and their able      counsel have solemnly said to the court, after ample time for      study and reflection, that they understand the indictment,      that the presence of the word 'or' does not mislead them or      in any wise embarrass them in their defense and that the      indictment fully informs them of the nature and terms of the      charge against them, the alleged insufficiency or      defectiveness of the indictment is one which may be      constitutionally waived. Any other conclusion would, we     think, be an affront to justice and common sense.' The Supreme Court overruled the exceptions, but did not render a judgment of affirmance, for under the local law that was not admissible in cases brought before the court only on exceptions reserved. Therefore that decision could not be brought to this court for review. Cotton v. Hawaii, 211 U.S. 162, 29 Sup. Ct. 85, 53 L. Ed. 131; Hutchins v. Bierce, 211 U.S. 429, 29 Sup. Ct. 122, 53 L. Ed. 267. But, had the petitioners so chosen, they could have taken the case to that court on writ of error instead of on the reserved exceptions, and in that event a judgment of affirmance, if involving the denial of a right asserted under the Constitution, could have been brought by writ of error to this court for review in regular course. Spreckels v. Brown, 212 U.S. 208, 29 Sup. Ct. 256, 53 L. Ed. 476. The petitioners, however, elected to proceed the other way.

With this statement of the situation and proceedings in the territorial courts, we turn to the petition for habeas corpus presented in the District Court. In it the petitioners set forth the indictment, the stipulation and the judgment of the trial court, and then took the position, first, that the use of the disjunctive rendered the indictment so uncertain that it did not meet the requirement of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution; and, secondly, that the stipulation effected a change in the indictment without a resubmission to a grand jury and that this was in contravention of the Fifth Amendment. The District Court denied the petition on the ground that the case was not one in which the relief sought should be awarded.

In the federal courts a discharge on habeas corpus of a prisoner held to answer a criminal accusation or confined under a judgment of conviction is granted only in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion. Salinger v. Loisel, 265 U.S. 224, 44 Sup. Ct. 519, 68 L. Ed. --; Storti v. Massachusetts, 183 U.S. 138, 143, 22 Sup. Ct. 72, 46 L. Ed. 120. The remedy is an extraordinary one, out of the usual course, and involves a collateral attack on the process or judgment constituting the basis of the detention. The instances in which it is granted, when the law has provided another remedy in regular course, are exceptional and usually confined to situations where there is peculiar and pressing need for it or where the process or judgment under which the prisoner is held is wholly void.

This case does not measure up to that test. The circuit court in which the petitioners were tried and convicted undoubtedly had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of their persons, and the sentence imposed was not in excess of its power. The offense charged was neither colorless nor an impossible one under the law. The construction to be put on the indictment, its sufficiency and the effect to be given to the stipulation were all matters the determination of which rested primarily with that court. If it erred in determining them, its judgment was not for that reason void (Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 203, 7 L. Ed. 650; Ex parte Parks, 93 U.S. 18, 20, 23 L. Ed. 787; Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651, 654, 4 Sup. Ct. 152, 28 L. Ed. 274), but subject to correction in regular course on writ of error. If the questions presented involved the application of constitutional principles, that alone did not alter the rule. Markuson v. Boucher, 175 U.S. 184, 20 Sup. Ct. 76, 44 L. Ed. 124. And, if the petitioners permitted the time within which a review on writ of error might be obtained to elapse and thereby lost the opportunity for such a review, that gave no right to resort to habeas corpus as a substitute. Riddle v. Dyche, 262 U.S. 333, 43 Sup. Ct. 555, 67 L. Ed. 1009. And see Craig v. Hecht, 263 U.S. 255, 44 Sup. Ct. 103, 68 L. Ed. --.

The petitioners rely on Ex parte Bain, 121 U.S. 1, 7 Sup. Ct. 781, 30 L. Ed. 849, where it was held that an actual amendment of an indictment for an infamous crime without a resubmission to the grand jury rendered the indictment void and left the court without power to proceed to a trial. But, as was said by the Supreme Court of the territory, the indictment here was not amended. The purpose of the stipulation was not to alter or change the indictment but to show that the parties construed and understood the accusation in a particular way and desired the court to do the same. Had the court done so without the stipulation, that might have been an error in the exercise of jurisdiction, but it would not have worked an entire disability to proceed to a trial and judgment. And had the accused been acquitted it hardly would be said that the acquittal was void. The stipulation did not alter the situation in these respects.

We find no special circumstances in the case which should have required the District Court, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, to discharge the petitioners.

Judgment affirmed.