Farnsworth v. Montana/Opinion of the Court

It is very clear that this is a criminal case; and the question arises whether there is any authority for the review by this court of the decision of the supreme court of the territory of Montana in a criminal case. We have been furnished with a brief on this subject by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, but we are unable to find any statutory authority for the jurisdiction of this court in this case. Section 702 of the Revised Statutes provides as follows: 'The final judgments and decrees of the supreme court of any territory, except the territory of Washington, in cases where the value of the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, to be ascertained by the oath of either party, or of other competent witnesses, exceeds one thousand dollars, may be reviewed and reversed or affirmed in the supreme court, upon writ of error or appeal, in the same manner, and under the same regulations, as the final judgments and decrees of a circuit court. In the territory of Washington the value of the matter in dispute must exceed two thousand dollars, exclusive of costs. And any final judgment or decree of the supreme court of said territory, in any cause [when] the constitution or a statute or treaty of the United States is brought in question, may be reviewed in like manner.' Section 1909 of the Revised Statutes provides that writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of the supreme court of any one of eight named territories, of which Montana is one, 'shall be allowed to the supreme court of the United States, in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the circuit courts of the United States, where the value of the property or the amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath of either party, or of other competent witnesses, exceeds one thousand dollars, except that a writ of error or appeal shall be allowed to the supreme court of the United States * *  * upon writs of habeas corpus involving the question of personal freedom.' Section 1911 of the Revised Statutes relates exclusively to writs of error and appeals from Washington Territory. Section 709 applies only to a writ of error to review a final judgment or decree in a suit in the highest court of a state.

In Snow v. U.S. 118 U.S. 346, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1059, these sections (702, 709, 1909, and 1911) were considered in reference to their application to a criminal case from the territory of Utah, other than a capital case, or a case of bigamy or polygamy, writs of error in which were provided for by section 3 of the act of June 23, 1874, (18 St. 253;) and the reasons there given why they did not apply to or cover such a criminal case show that they do not apply to or cover a criminal case from the territory of Montana. Reference is made by the plaintiff in error to the case of Watts v. Territory of Washington, 91 U.S. 580, which was a criminal case from the territory of Washington, in which it did not appear that the constitution, or any statute or treaty of the United States, had been brought in question. The jurisdiction of this court in the case was questioned, as not being embraced by the last clause of section 702 of the Revised Statutes, before quoted. This court dismissed the case for want of jurisdiction; saying that it could only review the final judgments of the supreme court of the territory of Washington in criminal cases, when the constitution or a statute or treaty of the United States was drawn in question. The decision in the case did not uphold the jurisdiction of this court in a criminal case where the constitution or a statute or treaty of the United States was drawn in question, and the language of the court in that respect was obiter dictum.

It is sought, however, to uphold the jurisdiction in this case under the provisions of the act of March 3, 1885, (23 St. 443,) which reads as follows: 'No appeal or writ of error shall hereafter be allowed from any judgment or decree, in any suit at law or in equity, in the supreme court of the District of Columbia, or in the supreme court of any of the territories of the United States, unless the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, shall exceed the sum of five thousand dollars. Sec. 2. That the preceding section shall not apply to any case wherein is involved the validity of any patent or copyright, or in which is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or an authority exercised under, the United States; but in all such cases an appeal or writ of error may be brought without regard to the sum or value in dispute.' In Snow v. U.S., supra, (page 351,) it was held that the first section of that statute applied solely to judgments or decrees in suits at law or in equity measured by a pecuniary value. But it is contended in the present case that the operation of such first section is not restricted to civil cases. It is, however, restricted to cases where the matter in dispute is measured by a pecuniary value; and it was said by this court in Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487, 498, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148, that 'a jurisdiction, conferred by congress upon any court of the United States, of suits at law or in equity in which the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of a certain number of dollars, includes no case in which the righr of neither party is capable of being valued in money.' It was further said in Snow v. U.S., supra, (page 354:) 'As to the deprivation of liberty, whether as a punishment for crime or otherwise, it is settled by a long course of decisions, cited and commented on in Kurtz v. Moffitt, ubi supra, that no test of money value can be applied to it to confer jurisdiction.' In the present case, the information was for the commission of a crime. The punishment inflicted by the probate court was a fine of $50, and $17.70 costs, and a judgment that the defendant stand committed until such fine and costs should be paid. The judgment of the district court was that the defendant pay a fine of $50 and all costs of prosecution. The supreme court affirmed, with costs, the judgment of the district court. The judgment of the probate court was imprisonment until the payment of the fine and the costs, and, if the fine covered by the judgment of any one of the courts could be called a 'matter in dispute,' within the first section of the act of 1885, the pecuniary value involved did not exceed $5,000. So it is plain that the first section of the act of 1885 does not cover the case.

It is claimed, however, that jurisdiction in the present case is derived from the second section of the act of 1885, and that, under that section, jurisdiction exists in a criminal case from the supreme court of a territory, wherein is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or authority exercised under, the United States. The view urged is that, in the present case, there is drawn in question the validity of an authority exercised under the United States, on the ground that the statute of Montana, under which the conviction was had, is invalid, and that, as the legislature of Montana, which enacted it, exists under the authority of the United States, the question of the validity of the statute raises the question of the validity of an authority exercised under the United States. But we do not find it necessary to consider this question, for we are of opinion that the second section of the act of 1885 does not apply to any criminal case. That section contains an exception or limitation carved out of the first section. It declares that the first section 'shall not apply to any case wherein is involved the validity of any patent or copyright, or in which is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or an authority exercised under, the United States;' and then enacts that, 'in all such cases, an appeal or writ of error may be brought without regard to the sum or value in dispute.' This clearly implies that the cases to which the second section is to apply are to be cases where there is a pecuniary matter in dispute, and where that pecuniary matter is measurable by some sum or value, and where the case is also one of the kind mentioned in the second section.

There is another consideration strengthening these views. The act of 1885 relates to appeals and writs of error from the judgments and decrees of the supreme court of the District of Columbia and those of the supreme court of any of the territories of the United States. It was not independent legislation, but its main purpose was merely to increase to over $5,000 the jurisdictional amount which, by sections 702 and 1911 of the Revised Statutes, was required to be over $2,000 for the territory of Washington; and, by sections 702 and 1909, over $1,000 for every other territory; and, by section 705, as amended by section 4 of the act of February 25, 1879, (20 St. 321,) over $2,500 for the District of Columbia. In all these prior statutes-sections 702, 705, 1909, 1911, and the act of 1879-it was said that this court was to review the judgments and decrees 'in the same manner and under the same regulations' provided as to the final judgments and decrees of a circuit court. These prior provisions are not repealed, and no jurisdiction ever existed in this court to review by writ of error or appeal the judgment of a circuit court in a criminal case. In Smith v. Whitney, 116 U.S. 167, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 570, cited for the plaintiff in error, the jurisdiction of this court was maintained, under the first section of the act of 1885, of an appeal from, and a writ of error to, the supreme court of the District of Columbia, in a case where that court, by its judgment, had dismissed a petition for a writ of prohibition to a court-martial, convened to try an officer for an offense punishable by dismissal from the service, and the deprivation of a salary which, during the term of his office, would exceed the sum of $5,000. A writ of prohibition is a civil remedy, given in a civil action; as much so as a writ of habeas corpus, which this court has held to be a civil, and not a criminal, proceeding, even when instituted to arrest a criminal prosecution. Ex parte Tom Tong, 108 U.S. 556, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 871. It would have been easy for congress to confer upon this court jurisdiction in criminal cases from the territories by plain and explicit language, and for the reason that no such jurisdiction exists by statute in the present case the writ of error is dismissed.