Ex parte Phenix Insurance Company/Opinion of the Court

It is provided by section 688 of the Revised Statutes that this court 'shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction.' This provision is taken from section 13 of the act of September 24, 1879. 1 St. 80. The question to be determined is, therefore, whether the district court has jurisdiction to entertain the proceeding in this case for the limitation of liability. Sections 4283, 4284, and 4285 of the Revised Statutes provide as follows:

'Sec. 4283. The liability of the owner of any vessel for any embezzlement, loss, or destruction, by any person, of any property, goods, or merchandise shipped or put on board of such vessel, or for any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or for any act, matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture done, occasioned, or incurred without the privity or knowledge of such owner or owners, shall in no case exceed the amount or value of the interest of such owner in such vessle, and her freight then pending.

'Sec. 4284. Whenever any such embezzlement, loss, or destruction is suffered by several freighters or owners of goods, wares, merchandise, or any property whatever, on the same voyage, and the whole value of the vessel, and her freight for the voyage, is not sufficient to make compensation to each of them, they shall receive compensation from the owner of the vessel in proportion to their respective losses; and for that purpose the freighters and owners of the property, and the owner of the vessel, or any of them, may take the appropriate proceedings in any court for the purpose of apportioning the sum for which the owner of the vessel may be liable among the parties entitled thereto.

'Sec. 4285. It shall be deemed a sufficient compliance on the part of such owner with the requirements of this title relating to his liability for any embezzlement, loss, or destruction of any property, goods, or merchandise, if he shall transfer his interest in such vessel and freight, for the benefit of such claimants, to a trustee, to be appointed by any court of competent jurisdiction to act as such trustee for the person who may prove to be legally entitled thereto: from and after which transfer all claims and proceedings against the owner shall cease.'

The claim to a limitation of liability in the present case is made under the clause of section 4283 which provides that 'the liability of the owner of any vessel' 'for any act, matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture done, occasioned, or incurred, without the privity or knowledge of such owner or owners, shall in no case exceed the amount or value of the interest of such owner in such vessel, and her freight then pending.' That section does not purport to confer any jurisdiction upon a district court. Section 4285, in providing for the transfer to a trustee of the interest of the owner in the vessel and freight, provides only that the trustee may 'be appointed by any court of competent jurisdiction,' leaving the question of such competency to depend on other provisions of law.

Nothing is clearer than that, by the express adjudication of this court, the district ocurt, as a court of admiralty, would have no jurisdiction of a suit, either in rem or in personam, by any one of the sufferers by the fire, to recover damages from the vessel or her owner. It was so held in The Plymouth, 3 Wall. 20. In that case, a steam-vessel, anchored beside a wharf in the Chicago river, in navigable water, took fire through the negligence of those in charge of her. The flames spread to the wharf, and buildings upon it. Their owners used the owners of the steam-vessel in personam, in the district court for the Northern district of Illinois, in admiralty, for the damage. That court dismissed the libel for want of jurisdiction, and the circuit court affirmed the decree. On appeal by the libelant this court affirmed the decree of the circuit court. The argument in favor of the jurisdiction is very fully given in the report. It was urged that the vessel was a maritime thing; that the locality was maritime, because the vessel was moored in navigable water; that the principal thing drew after it the incident, although the damage was suffered on land; and that, under the 'rule of locality,' 'that in cases of tort the jurisdiction depends on the locality of the act done, and that it must be done on navigable water,' the locality of the act 'embraced the entire space occupied by the agent and the object, and the spatial distance passed over by the causal influence in accomplishing the effect.' But Mr. Justice NELSON, delivering the unanimous opinion of this court, said that the true meaning of the rule of locality, in cases of marine torts, was that the wrong must have been committed wholly on navigable waters, or, at least, the substance and consummation of the same must have taken place upon those waters, to be within the admiralty jurisdiction. In answer to the argument that the vessel which communicated the fire was a maritime instrument, the court said that the jurisdiction did not depend on the wrong having been committed on board the vessel, but on its having been committed on navigable waters; and that the substantial cause of action arising out of the wrong must be complete within the locality on which the jurisdiction depended. It added, 'The remedy for the injury belongs to the courts of common law.' Under this authoritative decision, as the owners of the burned property could not sue originally in the admiralty for their damages, it is impossible to see how, by the present form of proceeding, the owner of the steamer can give to the admiralty court jurisdiction to entertain the suits for the damage by a practical removal of them into the admiralty court; for the petition of the owner of the vessel says that it desires as well to contest its liability for the damage as to claim the benefit of a limitation of liability, and it prays that it may be allowed to contest in the admiralty courts its liability for the damage, and that, if it is not liable, there may be a decree to that effect.

As there is no foundation in the general admiralty jurisdiction of the district court for its assumption of jurisdiction in this case, and none in the special provisions of the statute for the imitation of liability, it is sought to uphold the jurisdiction under the rules in admiralty promulgated by this court in reference to the limitation of liability. The provisions of the Revised Statutes on the subject of the limitation of liability were taken from the act of March 3, 1851, 9 St. 635. There is nothing in that act, nor in the corresponding enactments in the Revised Statutes, in regard to the promulgation of any rules by this court for procedure in the matter. The rules it has made (Rules 54-57) are rules in admiralty, promulgated May 6, 1872. 13 Wall. xiii. They were announced as 'supplementary rules of practice in admiralty under the act of March 3, 1851, entitled 'An act to limit the liability of ship-owners, and for other purposes." They are authoritatively embodied in, and numbered as part of, the 'rules of practice for the courts of the United States in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, on the instance side of the court, in pursuance of the act of the twenty-third of August, 1842, chapter 188.' The authority given to this court by the act of 1842 was in section 6, (5 St. 518,) and was in these words: 'The supreme court shall have full power and authority, from time to time, to prescribe and regulate and alter the forms of writs and other process to be used and issued in the district and circuit courts of the United States, and the forms and modes of framing and filing libels, bills, answers, and other proceedings and pleadings in suits at common law or in admiralty and equity pending in the said courts, and also the forms and modes of taking and obtaining evidence, and of obtaining discovery, and generally the forms and modes of proceeding to obtain relief, and the forms and modes of drawing up, entering, and enrolling decrees, and the forms and modes of proceeding before trustees appointed by the court, and generally to regulate the whole practice of the said courts, so as to prevent delays, and to promote brevity and succinctness in all pleadings and proceedings therein, and to abolish all unnecessary costs and expenses in any suit therein.'

These provisions, as applied to suits in admiralty in the district courts, are to be found now, with some variations, in sections 862 and 917 of the Revised Statutes. In section 862 it is enacted that 'the mode of process in causes' 'of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction shall be according to rules now or hereafter prescribed by the supreme court except as herein specially provided.' In section 917 the enactment is that 'the supreme court shall have power to prescribe, from time to time, and in any manner not inconsistent with any law of the United States, the forms of writs and other process, the modes of framing and filing proceedings and pleadings, of taking and obtaining evidence, of obtaining discovery, of proceeding to obtain relief, of drawing up, entering, and enrolling decrees, and of proceeding before trustees appointed by the court, and generally to regulate the whole practice to be used, in suits in equity or admiralty, by the circuit and district courts.' The addition, in section 917, of the words 'in any manner not inconsistent with any law of the United States,' not found in section 6 of the act of 1842, is worthy of note, as bearing on the construction of that section, and of rules to be sustained under its provisions, though not implying that any power existed, under the act of 1842, to make rules inconsistent with a law of the United States. So, too, by section 913 of the Revised Statutes it is enacted that 'the forms of mesne process, and the forms and modes of proceeding in suits of equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, in the circuit and district courts, shall be according to the principles, rules, and usages which belong to courts of equity and admiralty, respectively, except when it is otherwise provided by statute, or by rules of court made in pursuance thereof; but the same shall be subject to alteration and addition by the said courts, respectively, and to regulation by the supreme court, by rules prescribed, from time to time, to any circuit or district court not inconsistent with the laws of the United States.' These words 'not inconsistent with the laws of the United States' are not found in the original statutory provisions from which section 913 was taken. See Providence & N. Y. S. S.C.o. v. Hill Manuf'g Co., 109 U.S. 578, 591-594; S.C.. 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 379, 617.

In view of the decision made by this court at December term, 1865, in the case of The Plymouth, it is not to be presumed that the six of the judges upon the bench when it was made who were also upon the bench when the Rules of May 6, 1872, were promulgated, intended that those rules should contain anything in conflict with the decision in the case of The Plymouth; nor are those rules capable of any such construction. They are in these words:

'Supplementary Rules of Practice in Admiralty, under the Act     of March 3, 1851, entitled 'An Act to Limit the Liability of      Ship-owners, and for Other Purposes.'

'54. When any ship or vessel shall be libeled, or the owner     or owners thereof shall be sued, for any embezzlement, loss,      or destruction by the master, officers, mariners, passengers,      or any other person or persons, of any property, goods, or      merchandise shipped or put on board of such ship or vessel,      or for any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or for any      act, matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture done,      occasioned, or incurred, without the privity or knowledge of      such owner or owners, and he or they shall desire to claim      the benefit of limitation of liability provided for in the      third and fourth sections of the said act above recited, the      said owner or owners shall and may file a libel or petition      in the proper district court of the United States, as      hereinafter specified, setting forth the facts and      circumstances on which such limitation of liability is      claimed, and praying proper relief in that behalf; and      thereupon said court, having caused due appraisement to be had of the amount or value of the interest of said owner or      owners, respectively, in such ship or vessel, and her      freight, for the voyage, shall make an order for the payment      of the same into court, or for the giving of a stipulation,      with sureties, for payment thereof into court whenever the      same shall be ordered; or, if the said owner or owners shall      so elect, the said court shall, without such appraisement,      make an order for the transfer, by him or them, of his or      their interest in such vessel and freight, to a trustee to be      appointed by the court under the fourth section of said act;      and, upon compliance with such order, the said court shall      issue a monition against all persons claiming damages for any      such embezzlement, loss, destruction, damage, or injury,      citing them to appear before the said court, and make due      proof of their respective claims at or before a certain time      to be named in said writ, not less than three months from the      issuing of the same; and public notice of such monition shall      be given as in other cases, and such further notice served      through the post-office or otherwise, as the court, in its      discretion, may direct; and the said court shall also, on the      application of the said owner or owners, make an order to      restrain the further prosecution of all and any suit or suits      against said owner or owners in respect of any such claim or      claims.

'55. Proof of all claims which shall be presented in     pursuance of said monition shall be made before a      commissioner, to be designated by the court, subject to the      right of any person interested to question or controvert the      same; and, upon the completion of said proofs, the      commissioner shall make report of the claims so proven, and      upon confirmation of said report, after hearing any      exceptions thereto, the moneys paid or secured to be paid      into court as aforesaid, or the proceeds of said ship or      vessel and freight, (after payment of costs and expense,)      shall be divided pro rata among the several claimants in      proportion to the amount of their respective claims, duly      proved and confirmed as aforesaid, saving, however, to all      parties any priority to which they may be legally entitled.

'56. In the proceedings aforesaid the said owner or owners     shall be at liberty to contest his or their liability, or the      liability of said ship or vessel for said embezzlement, loss,      destruction, damage, or injury, (independently of the      limitation of liability claimed under said act,) provided      that, in his or their libel or petition, he or they shall      state the facts and circumstances by reason of which      exemption from liability is claimed; and any person or      persons claiming damages as aforesaid, and who shall have      presented his or their claim to the commissioner under oath,      shall and may answer such libel or petition, and contest the      right of the owner or owners of said ship or vessel either to      an exemption from liability, or to a limitation of liability      under the said act of congress, or both.

'57. The said libel or petition shall be filed, and the said     proceedings had, in any district court of the United States      in which said ship or vessel may be libeled to answer for any      such embezzlement, loss, destruction, damage, or injury; or,      if the said ship or vessel be not libeled, then in the      district court for any district in which the said owner or      owners may be sued in that behalf. If the ship have already     been libeled and sold, the proceeds shall represent the same      for the purposes of these rules.'

There is nothing in any of these rules which purports to enlarge the jurisdiction of the district courts of the United States as to subject-matter. On the contrary, they exclude any such construction, and leave that jurisdiction in admiralty within the bounds set for it by the constitution and statutes, and the judicial decisions under them. Rule 54 provides that when a vessel is libeled, or her owner is sued, he may file a libel or petition for a limitation of liability 'in the proper district court of the United States, as hereinafter specified.' Rule 56 provides that in the proceeding the owner may contest his liability, or that of the vessel, independently of the limitation of liability claimed, and that the opposing party may contest the right of the owner either to an exemption from liability or to a limitation of liability. What is the 'proper district court' referred to in rule 54 and contemplated by rule 56? It is the court, and only the court, mentioned in rule 57, namely, the district court in which the vessel is libeled, or, if she is not libeled, then the district court for any district in which the owner 'may be sued in that behalf.' There is nothing in these rules which sanctions the taking of jurisdiction by a district court on a petition under the rules, where that court could not have had original cognizance in admiralty of a suit in rem or in personam to recover for the loss or damage involved.

Nor do we find anything in any of the decisions of this court on the subject of the limitation of liability which supports the view that district court can take jurisdiction in admiralty of a petition for a limitation of liability where it would not have had cognizance in admiralty originally of the cause of action involved. In Norwich Co. v. Wright, 13 Wall. 104, the case which furnished the occasion for the making of the rules, and which came before this court again in The City of Norwich, 118 U.S. 468, S.C.. 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1150, the damage was occasioned by a collision on navigable water between two vessels, and a fire resulting from it on board of one of them. In all the other cases in which this court has upheld proceedings for limitation in a district court, there was original admiralty jurisdiction of the cause of action. In The Benefactor, 103 U.S. 239, the cause of damage was a collision on the high seas, and the petition for limitation was filed in the same district court in which the offending vessel was libeled. In The Scotland, 105 U.S. 25, S.C.. 118 U.S. 507, and 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1174, there was a like cause of action, and the limitation was claimed by an answer to a libel in personam in a district court. In Ex parte Slayton, 105 U.S. 451, the petition for limitation was filed in a district court, by the owner of a vessel which had foundered, to limit his liability for the loss of goods carried, and for damage to another vessel by a prior collision, he not having been first sued. He transferred to a trustee appointed by the court his interest in the vessel, and in the freight pending. See The Alpena, 10 Biss. 436. This court, being applied to for a writ of prohibition, refused to grant it. It held that the owner of a vessel may, before he is sued, institute appropriate proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain a limitation of liability; that the words 'any court,' in section 4284, mean 'any court of competent jurisdiction;' and that as the transfer had been made and the freight money paid over to the trustee, the district court had jurisdiction to apportion the fund. But it is to be noted that the causes of action were in fact of admiralty jurisdiction. In Providence & N. Y. S. S.C.o. v. Hill Manuf'g Co., 109 U.S. 578, S.C.. 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 379, 617, the cause of action was a loss, by the burning of a vessel, of goods carried by her, and the petition for limitation was filed in the district court of the district where the fire occurred. and where the remanants of the vessel remained, and the contract of affreightment was of admiralty cognizance. In The Great Western, 118 U.S. 520, S.C.. 6 Ct. Rep. 1172, the cause of damage was a collision on the high seas, and the claim of limitation was made in the answer in a suit in personam in a district court in admiralty to recover for the damage.

We are brought, therefore, to the conclusion that there is nothing in the admiralty rules prescribed by this court which warrants the jurisdiction of the district court in the present case.

Our decision against the jurisdiction of the district court is made without deciding whether or not the statutory limitation of liability extends to the damages sustained by the fire in question so as to be enforceable in an appropriate court of competent jurisdiction. The decision of that question is unnecessary for the disposition of this case.

It is contended that the mistake of the district court must be corrected by appeal, and that the case is not one for a writ of prohibition. Where the case is within admiralty cognizance, the district court may decide whether the party is entitled to the benefit of the statute, and a writ of prohibition will not lie. But where, as here, the tort is not a maritime tort, there can be no jurisdiction in the admiralty to determine the issue of liability, or that of limitation of liability. This court refused a writ of prohibition where a suit in rem was brought against a vessel, in admiralty, in a district court, to enforce an alleged lien for wharfage, on the ground that a contract for the use of a wharf by a vessel was a maritime contract, and cognizable in the admiralty, and that, as a lien arose in certain cases, the admiralty court was competent to decide in the given case whether there was a lien. Ex parte Easton, 95 U.S. 68. So also, a writ of prohibition was refused where a suit in admiralty was brought, in a district court, to recover damages for the loss of life by a collision between two vessels, on the ground that damages from collision were within admiralty jurisdiction, and the admiralty court could, therefore, lawfully decide whether such damages embraced damages for the loss of life. Ex parte Gordon, 104 U.S. 515. But in the present case the district court is called upon by the petition of the owner of the vessel, to first determine the question of any liability when it has no jurisdiction of the cause of action, and then to determine whether the statute covers the case.

The case is clearly one for a writ of prohibition, as the want of jurisdiction appears on the face of the proceedings. U.S. v. Peters, 3 Dall. 121.

A writ of prohibition will issue.