Erie Railway Company v. Pennsylvania (88 U.S. 492)

ERROR to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

The question in this case was that of the right and intention of the State of Pennsylvania to impose tax upon the gross receipts of the Erie Railway Company, a corporation created by the State of New York and having a portion of its road in Pennsylvania. The case was thus:

In May, 1868, the legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act, by the seventh and eighth sections of which there was imposed a tax of three-fourths of one per cent. upon the gross receipts 'of every railroad company, steamboat company, now or hereafter doing business in the State, and upon whose works freight may be transported, whether by such company or individuals.'

Under this section the accounting officers of the State of Pennsylvania settled an account against the Erie Railway Company. From this settlement an appeal was taken, in pursuance of the practice of that State, by the company to the Dauphin County Court, where a verdict for $76,788 was rendered in favor of the State, which, upon an appeal to the Supreme Court of the State, was sustained. From this judgment of the Supreme Court a writ of error brought the case to this court.

It was decided by this court, as the reader will remember, in the case of the State Tax on Railway Gross Receipts, that a tax upon the gross receipts of a railroad company is such a tax as it is within the power of the State to impose.

Not denying the effect of this decision, the Erie Railway Company still contended that the tax in question was not legal, for two reasons: 1st. Because this company was not intended by the legislature to be embraced within the terms of the act of 1868; and 2d, because the terms and conditions of former acts of the legislature had created an agreement with the company that it should be exempt from taxation except to a limited extent and in a specified manner, which was not the manner in which it was now taxed.

To understand these positions, it is necessary to give a short statement both about the company and about the acts of Pennsylvania, whose meaning was under consideration.

The Erie Railroad Company was chartered by an act of the legislature of the State of New York, April 24th, 1832, with power to construct a railroad from the city of New York to Lake Erie, through the southern tier of counties of the State of New York. By an act passed in 1846 it was authorized to locate a certain portion of its road in the State of Pennsylvania. By subsequent foreclosure and legislation the present Erie Railway Company was formed, with all the rights and authorities conferred upon the Erie Railroad Company.

On the 16th of February, 1841, the legislature of Pennsylvania, by an act in which it is recited that for the purpose of avoiding certain engineering difficulties in one of the counties of New York, through which the straightest course of the road of the Erie Railroad Company lay, it was desirable that the road should be located for a distance of about fifteen miles through the county of Susquehanna, a county on the north line of Pennsylvania, enacted that the said road might be located upon such route through said Susquehanna County as the company should find to be expedient. The Company was authorized to enter upon and take the lands of individuals; also gravel, stone, or wood, for the purpose of constructing the road; paying for the same if the amount was agreed upon; if not, to be ascertained by an appraisement of the damages as in the act is prescribed. Nothing of any sort was said in this act about taxation.

By a second act, an act of March 27th, 1846, authority was further given to this company to construct its road through another of the northern counties of Pennsylvania-the county of Pike-for a distance not exceeding thirty miles, with the same general powers and under the same general restrictions.

This act contained two provisions in reference to taxation.

One was in section five of the act, by which it was enacted that, after the road should be completed through the counties of Pike and Susquehanna, an accurate account of the cost of that portion of the road should be filed in the office of the auditor-general, and that, after the road should be completed to Dunkirk, or extended by any other improvement to Lake Erie, the company should annually pay into the treasury the sum of $10,000.

The other was in the sixth section, which provided that the stock of the company to an amount equal to the cost of the construction of that part of their road situate in Pennsylvania 'shall be subject to taxation by this Commonwealth in the same manner and at the same rate as other similar property is or may be subject;. . . and the company shall annually make a statement of its affairs. . . and of the business done upon said road during the previous year, said statement to contain a full and accurate account of the number of passengers, amount and weight of produce, merchandise, lumber, coal, and minerals transferred on said road east of Dunkirk and west of Piermont.'

But in neither section five nor section six was there any engagement in terms not to tax the road in any other way than by them was done.

The whole length of the Erie railroad is 455 miles, 42 1/2 miles of which are in the State of Pennsylvania, in Pike and Susquehanna Counties.

The gross receipts of the company upon its main line (of which this 42 1/2 miles were a part) in the year 1869 were $9,266,349.33. Of this sum 42 1/2/455ths, viz., $884,988.38, was adjudged to be the portion taxable in Pennsylvania under the statute imposing the tax in question. Upon this sum, three-fourths of one per cent. was imposed as a tax, and in this manner the sum of the tax for several years, with interest and expenses, was made up.

Mr. W. W. McFarland, for the railroad company, plaintiff in error, argued—

1st. That the legislature of Pennsylvania did not intend to bring this road within the tax provisions of the act of 1868, because the company was not 'doing business' in that State in the sense intended in the act, but was, as to nearly all the freight from the transportation of which the gross receipts accrued, merely using the right of way through a small portion of the territory of Pennsylvania.

2d. That the railway company had purchased this right of way from the State of Pennsylvania and paid her for it, and that giving to the act of 1868 the construction which the accounting officers and the Supreme Court of the State on the appeal of this company gave to it, was really impairing an obligation which the State had impliedly made by its act of 1846; an obligation not to tax the road otherwise than it was taxed by the two sections of that act; a taxation constant and heavy. The counsel relied much upon the case of the New York and Erie Railroad Company v. Sabin, where the Supreme Court thus defined the relations of the State to this corporation:

'We are of opinion that the annual tax of $10,000, imposed upon the company by the fifth section of the act of 27th March, 1846, was intended to compensate the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the right of way through her territory, and that the tax imposed by the sixth section of said act upon that portion of the company's stock which represents the costs of construction in Pennsylvania was meant to be in lieu of all other taxation of the property of the company within her borders.'

This, he argued, was intended by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania at that day to be a general and exhaustive statement of the liability of the company to the State, present and future, for the privileges which it exercised within the State. And the fact that the State did not, by its act of 1846, in terms, exempt the railway company from taxation, was, he argued, unimportant; since an obligation not to tax could arise by implication just as much as be made by formal words of contract. And here, as he argued, it was made by the tax-a heavy tax-actually laid by the two provisions about taxation in the act of 1846, authorizing the building of the road through the county of Pike. The maxim of expressio unius, &c., applied.

He argued further from certain details and machinery of the act of 1868, which he set out and relied on, that the provisions of the act of 1868 could not be made applicable to this case without requiring on the part of the court the introduction of new clauses and provisions which the legislature had not seen fit to introduce, and which clauses and provisions, the learned counsel argued, were beyond its power to introduce.

Mr. S. E. Dimmick, attorney-general of Pennsylvania (with whom was Mr. L. D. Gilbert), contra.

Mr. Justice HUNT delivered the opinion of the court.