Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume I


 * valign="top"|
 * Editor&rsquo;s Advertisement
 * ../Prefatory Notice/
 * ../Prefatory Notice/


 * A.
 * ../Aa/, rivers, various European countries.
 * (Aix-la-Chapelle, q.v.), town, Germany.
 * ../Aalborg/, town, Denmark.
 * ../Aalen/, town, Würtemberg.
 * ../Aar/, river, Switzerland.
 * ../Aarau/, town, Switzerland.
 * ../Aard-vark/, species of Edentata.
 * ../Aargau/, canton, Switzerland.
 * ../Aarhuus/, town, Denmark.
 * ../Aaron/, of Scripture.
 * , Francis van, Dutch diplomatist.
 * ../Ababde/, African tribe.
 * ../Abaca/, plant.
 * ../Abacus/, part of column and device for calculation.
 * ../Abæ/, town, Greece.
 * ../Abakansk/, town, Siberia.
 * ../Abana/, river, Syria.
 * ../Abancay/, town, Peru.
 * ../Abandonment/, in marine assurance.
 * ../Abano/, town, Italy.
 * , Pietro d&rsquo;, Italian philosopher.
 * ../Abaris/, the Hyperborean.
 * ../Abatement/, in law and commerce.
 * , Niccolo, Italian painter.
 * ../Abattoir/, slaughter house.
 * , Firmin, French writer.
 * ../Abb/, town, Arabia.
 * , James, Protestant divine.
 * ../Abbas I./, the Great, shah of Persia.
 * ../Abbas Mirza/, prince of Persia.
 * ../Abbassides/, caliphs of Baghdad.
 * ../Abbé/, French title.
 * ../Abbeokuta/, town, West Africa.
 * ../Abbess/.
 * ../Abbeville/, town, France.
 * ../Abbey/.
 * ../Abbiate Grasso/, town, Italy.
 * of Fleury, French writer.
 * ../Abbot/.
 * , Charles, Lord Colchester.
 * , George, archbishop of Canterbury.
 * , George, the Puritan.
 * , Robert, Puritan divine.
 * ../Abbotsford/.
 * ../Abbotsford Club/.
 * ../Abbreviation/, with list.
 * ../Abbreviators/, writers in papal chancery.
 * ../Abdallatif/, physician and traveller.
 * ../Abd-el-Kader/, Algerian emir.
 * ../Abdera (1.)/, town, Thrace.
 * ../Abdera (2.)/, town, ancient Spain.
 * ../Abdication/, with list.
 * ../Abdomen/, part of body.
 * ../Abdominales/, subdivision of fishes.
 * ../Abduction/, in law.
 * ../Abdul Medjid/, Turkish sultan.
 * , Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury.
 * , Gilbert Abbott, English humorist.
 * ../Abel/, of Scripture.
 * , Karl Friedrich, German musician.
 * , Niels Henrik, Norwegian mathematician.
 * , Thomas, English divine.
 * , Peter, scholastic philosopher.
 * ../Abencerrages/, Moorish family.
 * ../Abenezra/, Jewish writer.
 * ../Abensberg/, town, Bavaria.
 * ../Aberavon/, town, Wales.
 * ../Aberconway/, town, Wales.
 * , John, Scottish physician and philosopher.
 * , David, Scottish physician and philosopher.
 * , James, speaker of the House of Commons.
 * , Patrick, Scottish writer.
 * , Sir Ralph, British General.
 * ../Aberdare/, town, Wales.
 * ../Aberdeen/, town, Scotland.
 * ../Aberdeenshire/, Scotland.
 * , Fourth Earl of.
 * ../Aberdour/, village, Scotland.
 * ../Aberfeldy/, village, Scotland.
 * ../Abergavenny/, town, Monmouthshire, England.
 * ../Abernethy/, town, Scotland.
 * , John, Irish divine.
 * , John, English surgeon.
 * ../Aberration/, of light.
 * ../Aberystwith/, town, Wales.
 * ../Abettor/, in law.
 * ../Abeyance/, in law.
 * ../Abgar/, king of Edessa.
 * ../Abiad/, Bahr-el, river.
 * (See ).
 * ../Abila/, ancient town, Syria.
 * , Nikolaj, Dutch painter.
 * ../Abimelech/, of Scripture.
 * ../Abingdon/, town, England.
 * ../Abiogenesis/, in biology.
 * ../Abipones/, Indian tribe.
 * ../Abkhasia/, district, Asiatic Russia.
 * ../Ablution/.
 * ../Abner/, of Scripture.
 * ../Abo/, province, Finland.
 * (See ).
 * ../Abomasum/, fourth stomach of ruminants.
 * ../Abomey/, town, Dahomey, West Africa.
 * ../Aborigines/.
 * ../Abortion/, in midwifery.
 * ../Aboukir/, town, Egypt.
 * , Isaac, Jewish statesman and writer.
 * ../Abracadabra/, charm.
 * ../Abraham/, Hebrew patriarch.
 * ../Abraham-a-Sancta-Clara/.
 * ../Abrantes/, town, Portugal.
 * , Duke and Duchess of (Junot, q.v.).
 * ../Abraxas/, charm.
 * ../Abruzzo/, province, Italy.
 * ../Absalom/, of Scripture.
 * ../Absalon/, Danish statesman.
 * ../Abscess/, in surgery.
 * ../Absinthe/, liqueur.
 * ../Absolute/, in philosophy.
 * ../Absolution/.
 * ../Absorption/.
 * ../Abstemii/, religious sect.
 * ../Abstraction/, in philosophy.
 * , Reductio ad.
 * ../Abu/, sacred mountain, India.
 * ../Abu-Bekr/, caliph, successor of Mohammed.
 * , Gregorius, Arabian historian.
 * ../Abulfazl/, Indian historian.
 * , Ishmael, Arabic historian.
 * ../Abulghazi-Bahadur/, khan of Khiva.
 * ../Abuna/, title of the archbishop of Abyssinia.
 * ../Abushehr/, town, Persia.
 * ../Abu-Simbel/, Nubia.
 * ../Abu-Teman/, Arabian poet.
 * ../Abydos (1.)/, ancient town, Asia Minor.
 * ../Abydos (2.)/, ancient town, Egypt.
 * ../Abyssinia/.
 * ../Acacia/, genus of plants.
 * ../Academy/.
 * ../Acadie/, former name of Nova Scotia.
 * ../Acalephæ/, group of animals.
 * ../Acanthocephala/, parasitic worms.
 * ../Acanthopterygii/, order of fishes.
 * ../Acanthus/, genus of plants.
 * ../Acapulco/, town, Mexico.
 * ../Acarnania/, province, ancient Greece.
 * ../Acarus/, genus of arachnida.
 * ../Acceleration/, in dynamics.
 * ../Accent/, in language.
 * ../Acceptance/, in commerce.
 * ../Accession/.
 * ../Accessory/, in criminal law.
 * , Donato, Italian writer.
 * ../Accident/, in logic.
 * ../Accius/, poet of the 16th century.
 * , Lucius, Latin tragic poet.
 * ../Acclamation/.
 * ../Acclimatisation/.
 * ../Accolade/, in conferring knighthood.
 * , Benedict, Tuscan lawyer.
 * , Bernard, improvisatore.
 * , Pietro, cardinal.
 * ../Accommodation (1.)/, in Biblical interpretation.
 * ../Accommodation (2.)/, in commerce.
 * , Vittoria, Italian lady.
 * ../Accordion/, musical instrument.
 * , Francis, Florentine lawyer.
 * , Mariangelo, Neapolitan critic.
 * ../Account/, Stock Exchange term.
 * ../Accountant/.
 * ../Accountant-General/, Court of Chancery official.
 * ../Accra/, town, West Africa.
 * ../Accrington/, town, England.
 * , Frederick, chemist.
 * ../Accumulator/, electrical machine.
 * ../Ace/, on cards and dice.
 * ../Acephala/, section of molluscs.
 * ../Acephali/.
 * ../Acer/, genus of trees.
 * ../Acerbi, Giuseppe/, Italian traveller.
 * ../Acernus/, Polish poet.
 * ../Acerra (1.)/, incense box.
 * ../Acerra (2.)/, town, Italy.
 * ../Acetic acid/.
 * ../Achaia/, state, ancient Greece.
 * ../Achan/, of Scripture.
 * , Franz Carl, Prussian chemist.
 * , Erik, Swedish botanist.
 * ../Achates/, friend of Æneas.
 * ../Acheen/, in Sumatra.
 * ../Achelous/, river, Greece.
 * , Gottfried, German writer.
 * ../Acheron/, in classical mythology.
 * ../Achill/, island, Ireland.
 * ../Achilles/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Achilles Tatius/, Greek writer.
 * , Alexander, Italian anatomist.
 * ../Áchín/, state and town, Sumatra.
 * ../Achmet/, sultans of Turkey.
 * ../Achray/, lake, Scotland.
 * ../Aci Reale/, town, Sicily.
 * ../Acid/, in chemistry.
 * , Valens, German writer.
 * ../Acinaces/, Persian sword.
 * ../Acis/, in mythology.
 * , John Christian Gottlieb.
 * ../Acœmetæ/, order of monks.
 * ../Acolyte/, order of clergy.
 * ../Aconcagua/, province, Chili.
 * ../Aconite/, genus of plants.
 * ../Acontius/, jurist and theologian.
 * ../Acorus/, genus of plants.
 * , Christoval d&rsquo;, Portuguese naturalist.
 * , Joseph d&rsquo;, Spanish writer.
 * , Uriel d&rsquo;, Portuguese Jewish nobleman.
 * ../Acotyledones/, class of plants.
 * ../Acoustics/.
 * General notions.
 * Velocity of propagation.
 * Reflexion and Refraction.
 * Musical Harmony.
 * Stationary Waves.
 * Musical Strings.
 * Stiff Rods, Plates, &c.
 * Theory of Pipes.
 * Singing Flames.
 * Communication of Vibrations.
 * Interference of Sound.
 * ../Acoustics/Index.
 * ../Acqui/, town, Italy.
 * ../Acre (1.)/, measure of surface.
 * ../Acre (2.)/, town, Syria.
 * ../Acrobat/.
 * ../Acroceraunia/, promontory, Greece.
 * ../Acrogenæ/, division of plants.
 * ../Acrolith/, in statuary.
 * ../Acron/, Sicilian physician.
 * ../Acropolis/, citadel, Athens.
 * ../Acrostic/.
 * ../Act (1.)/, in dramatic literature.
 * ../Act (2.)/, in law.
 * ../Act of Parliament/.
 * ../Act of Sederunt/, in Scots law.
 * ../Acts of the Apostles/.
 * ../Acta Consistorii/, Roman edicts.
 * ../Acta Diurna/, Roman gazette.
 * ../Acta Senatus/, minutes of the Roman Senate.
 * ../Actæon/, in mythology.
 * ../Actian Games/, at Rome.
 * ../Actinia/, genus of animals.
 * ../Actinism/, property of solar rays.
 * ../Actinometer/, thermometer for solar rays.
 * ../Actinozoa/, group of animals.
 * ../Action/, in law.
 * ../Actium/, in ancient geography.
 * ../Acton/, village, England.
 * , Sir John F. E., Neapolitan commander.
 * ../Actuary/.
 * , Christoval d&rsquo;, Spanish traveller.
 * ../Acupressure/, in surgery.
 * ../Acupuncture/, in surgery.
 * valign="top"|
 * ../Adafudia/, town, Western Africa.
 * ../Adal/, country, Eastern Africa.
 * ../Adalbert (1.)/, archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg.
 * ../Adalbert (2.)/, bishop of Prague.
 * ../Adam/, of Scripture.
 * of Bremen, ecclesiastical historian.
 * , Alexander, classical teacher.
 * , Melchior, German writer.
 * , Robert, Scottish architect.
 * , William, Scottish politician.
 * ../Adam's Bridge/, chain of sandbanks, Ceylon.
 * ../Adam's Peak/, mountain, Ceylon.
 * ../Adamawa/, country, Central Africa.
 * ../Adamites/, heretical sect.
 * ../Adamnan/, Scottish saint and author.
 * , John, president of the United States.
 * , John Quincy, president of the United States.
 * , Richard, English divine.
 * , Samuel, American statesman.
 * , Thomas, English Puritan divine.
 * , Patrick, archbishop of St Andrews.
 * ../Adana/, town, Asiatic Turkey.
 * , Michel, French naturalist.
 * ../Adda/, river, Italy.
 * ../Adder/, reptile.
 * , Henry, English prime minister.
 * , Joseph, English essayist and poet.
 * ../Adel/, country, Eastern Africa.
 * , Cort Sivartsen, naval commander.
 * ../Adelaide/, town, South Australia.
 * ../Adelsberg/, town, Austria.
 * , Friedrich von, German philologist.
 * , Johann Christoph, German philologist.
 * ../Aden/, town, Arabia.
 * ../Aderno/, town, Sicily.
 * ../Adersbach Rocks/, Germany.
 * ../Adhesion/, in physics.
 * ../Adiaphorists/.
 * ../Adige/, river, Austria and Italy.
 * ../Adipocere/.
 * ../Adipose/.
 * ../Adirondack Mountains/, New York, U.S.A.
 * ../Adit/, drainage tunnel in a mine.
 * ../Adjudication/, in law.
 * ../Adjustment/, in commerce.
 * ../Adjutage/, delivery tube for liquids.
 * ../Adjutant (1.)/, military officer.
 * ../Adjutant (2.)/, bird.
 * ../Adjygurh/, town, India.
 * ../Administrator/, in law.
 * ../Admiral/, naval officer.
 * , High Court of.
 * ../Admiralty Charts/.
 * ../Admiralty Island/, United States.
 * ../Admiralty Islands/, Pacific Ocean.
 * , John, English historian.
 * , John Leycester.
 * ../Adonis (1.)/, of Greek legend.
 * ../Adonis (2.)/, genus of plants.
 * ../Adonis (3.)/, river, Syria.
 * ../Adoption Controversy/ (8th century).
 * ../Adoption/, in law.
 * ../Adoration/.
 * ../Adour/, river, France.
 * ../Adowa/, town, Abyssinia.
 * ../Adra/, town, Spain.
 * ../Adrastus/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Adria (1.)/, town, Italy.
 * ../Adria (2.)/, part of the Mediterranean.
 * ../Adrian (1.)/, town, Michigan, U.S.A.
 * , Publius Ælius (Hadrian, q.v.), Roman emperor.
 * ../Adrian (3.)/, popes.
 * ../Adrian (4.)/, cardinal.
 * , Giovanni Battista, Florentine historian.
 * ../Adrianople/, town, Turkey in Europe.
 * ../Adriatic Sea/.
 * ../Adule/, ancient town, Eastern Africa.
 * , Cave of.
 * ../Adulteration/.
 * ../Adultery/.
 * ../Advent/, in the calendar.
 * ../Advertisement/.
 * ../Advocate/, legal pleader.
 * ../Advocation/, in Scots law.
 * ../Advowson/, in English law.
 * ../Adytum/, of temple.
 * ../Æacus/, in mythology.
 * ../Ædile/, Roman public officer.
 * ../Ægades/, islands, west of Sicily.
 * ../Ægean Sea/, Mediterranean.
 * ../Ægeus/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Ægina (1.)/, in mythology.
 * ../Ægina (2.)/, island, Greece.
 * , Paulus, Greek surgeon.
 * ../Ægis/, in mythology.
 * ../Ægisthus/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Ægospotami/, river, Thrace.
 * ../Ælfric/, old English writer.
 * ../Ælia Capitolina/, a name of Jerusalem.
 * , Claudius, Roman writer.
 * (Paulus, q.v.), Roman general.
 * , Paulus, Italian historian.
 * ../Æneas/, in classical legend.
 * (Pius II., q.v.), pope.
 * ../Æoliæ Insulæ/, Mediterranean.
 * ../Æolian Harp/, musical instrument.
 * ../Æolus/, in mythology.
 * ../Æon/, space of time.
 * , Franz, German chemist.
 * ../Æqui/, ancient people, Italy.
 * ../Ærarians/, class of citizens, ancient Rome.
 * ../Ærarium/, Roman treasury.
 * ../Aerated Waters/.
 * ../Aeroe/, island, Denmark.
 * ../Aerolite/.
 * ../Aeronautics/.
 * , Pieter, Dutch painter.
 * ../Æs/, metal, money.
 * ../Æschines (1.)/, Athenian philosopher.
 * ../Æschines (2.)/, Greek orator.
 * ../Æschylus/, Greek tragedian.
 * ../Æsculapius/, god of healing.
 * ../Æsir/, gods of the Northmen.
 * ../Æsop (1.)/, Greek fabulist.
 * ../Æsop (2.)/, Greek historian.
 * , Clodius, Roman actor.
 * ../Æsthetics/.
 * Metaphysical Problems.
 * Scientific Problems.
 * History of Systems.
 * ../Aetion/, Greek painter.
 * ../Aetius (1.)/, founder of Arian sect.
 * ../Aetius (2.)/, Greek physician.
 * ../Aetius (3.)/, Roman general.
 * (Etna, q.v.), volcano, Sicily.
 * ../Ætolia/, province, Greece.
 * , Aleksandr Nikolaevich, Russian writer.
 * , Domitius, Roman orator.
 * ../Affidavit/, in law.
 * ../Affinity (1.)/.
 * , Chemical.
 * ../Affirmation/, in place of oath.
 * , Denis Auguste, archbishop of Paris.
 * ../Afghânistân/.
 * ../Afghan Turkestan/.
 * ../Afium-Kara-Hissar/, town, Asiatic Turkey.
 * ../Afragola/, town, Italy.
 * , Lucius, Latin poet.
 * , Lucius, Latin consul.
 * ../Africa/.
 * , Julius, church historian.
 * , Adam, Swedish naturalist.
 * , Arwid August, Swedish historian.
 * ../Aga/, Turkish title.
 * ../Agades/, town, Central Africa.
 * ../Agamemnon/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Agape/, love feast.
 * ../Agapetus/, Byzantine writer.
 * , Arthur, English antiquary.
 * ../Agasias/, Greek sculptor.
 * , Louis John Rudolph, naturalist.
 * ../Agate/, stone.
 * ../Agatharchides/, Greek grammarian.
 * ../Agatharchus/, Greek painter.
 * ../Agathias/, Greek historian and poet.
 * ../Agatho/, Greek tragedian.
 * ../Agathocles/, tyrant of Syracuse.
 * ../Agde/, town, France.
 * ../Age/.
 * ../Ageladas/, Greek sculptor.
 * ../Agelnoth/, archbishop of Canterbury.
 * ../Agen/, town, France.
 * ../Agent/, in diplomacy, commerce, and law.
 * ../Agesilaus/, king of Sparta.
 * , States of, in physics.
 * ../Aghrim/, Ireland, Battle of (1691).
 * ../Agincourt/, Battle of (1415).
 * ../Agio/, in commerce.
 * ../Agis/, kings of Sparta.
 * , Tithe of.
 * ../Agnano/, lake, Italy.
 * ../Agnates/, in Roman law.
 * , Maria Gaetana, Italian mathematician.
 * , Maria Teresa, Italian musician.
 * ../Agnoetæ/, heretical sect.
 * , Baccio d&rsquo;, Florentine sculptor.
 * ../Agnone/, town, Italy.
 * ../Agnus Dei/.
 * ../Agobard/, archbishop of Lyons.
 * ../Agonalia/, Roman festivals.
 * ../Agonic Lines/, in magnetism.
 * ../Agonotheta/, superintendent of Greek games.
 * ../Agora/, Greek market place.
 * ../Agoranomoi/, Greek magistrates.
 * ../Agordo/, town, Italy.
 * ../Agosta/, town, Sicily.
 * , Leonardo, Italian antiquary.
 * ../Agostino and Agnolo Da Siena/ and ../Agostino and Agnolo Da Siena/, Italian architects.
 * , Paolo, Italian musician.
 * ../Agouti/, genus of rodent mammals.
 * ../Agra/, division and district, North-Western Provinces, India.
 * ../Agram/, town, Austria.
 * ../Agrarian Laws/, Roman.
 * ../Agreda/, town, Spain.
 * , Cnæus Julius, Roman general.
 * , Christoph Ludwig, German painter.
 * , Georg, German mineralogist.
 * , Johann Friedrich, German musician.
 * , Johannes, German Reformer.
 * , Rodolphus, German scholar.
 * ../Agriculture/.
 * Early Works, &c.
 * Recent British Agriculture.
 * Practice of British Agriculture.
 * Farm Buildings.
 * Fences.
 * Machines and Implements of Husbandry.
 * Preparation of the Land for Tillage Operations.
 * Tillage Operations.
 * Succession of Crops.
 * Manures.
 * Cultivated Crops—Grain Crops.
 * Cultivated Crops—Root Crops.
 * Cultivates Crops—Heritage and Forage Crops.
 * Cultivated Crops—Crops of Limited Cultivation.
 * Live Stock—Horses.
 * Live Stock—Cattle.
 * Live Stock—Sheep.
 * Live Stock—Goats, &c.
 * Improvement of Waste Lands.
 * General Observations.
 * Large and Small Farming.
 * .
 * ../Agrigentum/, ancient town, Sicily.
 * ../Agrionia/, Greek festival.
 * , Herod, king of Judæa.
 * , Herod, II., king of Chalcis.
 * , Marcus Vipsanius, Roman general.
 * , Henry Cornelius, German philosopher.
 * ../Agrippina (1.)/, wife of Germanicus.
 * ../Agrippina (2.)/, mother of Nero.
 * ../Agroteras Thusia/, Greek festival.
 * ../Agtelek/, village and cave, Hungary.
 * , Volcano de, Central America.
 * , Alexander Maria, Jewish banker.
 * ../Aguas Calientes/, town, Mexico.
 * , Grace, English authoress.
 * de la Frontera, town, Spain.
 * , François d&rsquo;, mathematician.
 * , Josef Saenz d&rsquo;, Spanish writer.
 * , Cape, South Africa.
 * ../Ahab/, king of Israel.
 * ../Ahala/, Roman family.
 * ../Ahanta/, territory, Gold Coast, Africa.
 * ../Ahasuerus/, king of Persia.
 * ../Ahaz/, king of Judah.
 * ../Ahaziah (1.)/, king of Israel.
 * ../Ahaziah (2.)/, king of Israel.
 * ../Ahenobarbus/, Roman family.
 * ../Ahithophel/, of Scripture.
 * ../Ahmadabad/, district and town, British India.
 * ../Ahmadnagar/, district and town, British India.
 * ../Ahmed Shah/, Afghan ruler.
 * ../Ahriman/, Zoroastrian principle of evil.
 * ../Ahwaz/, town, Persia.
 * ../Ai/, three-toed sloth.
 * ../Aidan/, ancient Scottish king.
 * , St, bishop of Lindisfarne.
 * ../Aide-de-Camp/, military officer.
 * ../Aidin/, town, Asiatic Turkey.
 * ../Aids/, feudal tribute.
 * , John, English writer.
 * , Lucy, English writer.
 * , William, Scottish portrait painter.
 * ../Ailred/, English historian.
 * ../Ailsa Craig/, rock, Firth of Clyde.
 * ../Ain/, department, France.
 * ../Ainad/, town, Arabia.
 * , Maximilian Emmanuel, German glass-painter.
 * ../Ainos/, tribe, Japan.
 * , Henry, English divine.
 * , Robert, author of Latin Dictionary.
 * ../Aintab/, town, Syria.
 * ../Air (1.)/.
 * ../Air-engine/.
 * ../Air-gun/.
 * ../Air-pump/.
 * ../Air (2.)/, country, Central Africa.
 * , Henry, Puritan divine.
 * ../Airdrie/, town, Scotland.
 * ../Aire (1.)/, river, England.
 * ../Aire (2.)/, town, Pas-de-Calais, France.
 * ../Aire (3.)/, town, Landes, France.
 * ../Aisle/, in architecture.
 * ../Aisne/, department, France.
 * , William, British botanist.
 * , Leon van, Dutch historian.
 * ../Aix (1.)/, town, Bouches-du-Rhone, France.
 * ../Aix (2.)/, town, Savoie, France.
 * ../Aix-la-Chapelle/, town, Rhenish Prussia.
 * ../Ajaccio/, town, Corsica.
 * ../Ajan/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Ajax/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Ajax Oileus/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Ajeho/, town, Manchuria.
 * , or Ajmere, district and town, India.
 * ../Ajuruoca/, town, Brazil.
 * , Gulf of, Red Sea.
 * ../Akbar/, the Great, emperor of Delhi.
 * ../Aken/, town, Prussia.
 * , Mark, English poet.
 * , Jan David, Swedish Orientalist.
 * ../Akerman/, town, Russia.
 * , John Yonge, English numismatist.
 * ../Akhalzikh/, town, Transcaucasia, Russia.
 * ../Akhissar/, town, Asiatic Turkey.
 * ../Akhtyrka/, town, Russia.
 * , Ben Joseph, rabbi.
 * ../Akola/, district and town, British India.
 * ../Akron/, town, Ohio, U.S.A.
 * ../Ak-su/, town, Chinese Turkestan.
 * ../Akyab/, district and town, British Barmah.
 * valign="top"|
 * ../Alabama/, State, U.S.A.
 * ../Alabaster/, mineral.
 * , William, English writer.
 * ../Alacranes/, islands, Gulf of Mexico.
 * ../Alagoas/, province, Brazil.
 * ../Alain de Lille/, theologian.
 * ../Alais/, town, France.
 * ../Alajuela/, town, Costa Rica.
 * , Luigi, Italian poet.
 * , Los, town, Mexico.
 * , Balthazar, Spanish philologist.
 * , William, cardinal.
 * ../Aland Islands/, Gulf of Bothnia.
 * ../Alani/, Eastern tribes.
 * , Hernando de, Spanish navigator.
 * , Juan Ruiz de, Spanish dramatist.
 * ../Alaric/, king of the West Goths.
 * ../Alaric II./, king of the Goths.
 * , John, Polish theologian.
 * ../Ala-Shehr/, town, Asia Minor.
 * ../Alaska/, Territory, U.S.A.
 * ../Alatri/, town, Itay.
 * ../Alava/, province, Spain.
 * , Miguel Ricardo d&rsquo;, Spanish general.
 * ../Alay/, Turkish ceremony.
 * ../Alb/, ecclesiastical vestment.
 * ../Alba/, town, Italy.
 * ../Alba Longa/, ancient town, Italy.
 * ../Albacete/, province, Spain.
 * , St, British martyr.
 * , Francesco, Italian painter.
 * ../Albania (1.)/, province, Turkey in Europe.
 * ../Albania (2.)/, ancient country, Asia.
 * ../Albano/, town and lake, Italy.
 * ../Albany/, town New York, U.S.A.
 * , Louisa of Stolberg, countess of.
 * ../Albategni/, Arabian astronomer.
 * ../Albatross/, bird.
 * ../Albay/, town, Philippines.
 * , Giulio, cardinal and Spanish minister.
 * ../Albert (1.)/, dukes of Austria.
 * the Bear, margrave of Brandenberg.
 * ../Albert (3.)/, first duke of Prussia.
 * ../Albert (4.)/, cardinal, elector of Mainz.
 * ../Albert (5.)/, prince consort, of England.
 * ../Albert Nyanza/, lake, Africa.
 * , Leon Battista, Italian architect.
 * , John Christian, Polish historian.
 * ../Albertus Magnus/, scholastic philosopher.
 * ../Albi/, town, France.
 * ../Albigenses/, religious sect.
 * ../Albino/, person abnormally white.
 * , Bernard Siegfried, anatomist.
 * , Flaccus (Alcuin, q.v.), learned ecclesiastic.
 * ../Alboin/, king of the Lombards.
 * ../Albornoz/, Spanish cardinal.
 * , Johann Georg, musician.
 * ../Albuera/, village, Spain.
 * ../Albufera de Valencia/, lagoon, Spain.
 * ../Album/.
 * ../Albumazar/, Arabian astronomer.
 * ../Albumen/.
 * ../Albuquerque/, town, Spain.
 * , Alphonso d&rsquo;, Portuguese governor of India.
 * ../Alcæus/, Greek poet.
 * ../Alcaics/, in poetry.
 * ../Alcaide/, Spanish officer.
 * ../Alcala de Guadaira/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcala de Henares/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcala la Real/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcalde/, Spanish official.
 * ../Alcamenes/, Greek sculptor.
 * ../Alcamo/, town, Sicily.
 * ../Alcantara (1.)/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcantara (2.)/, seaport, Brazil.
 * , Knights of.
 * ../Alcaraz/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcavala/, Spanish tax.
 * ../Alcazar de San Juan/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcazar Kebir/, town, Morocco.
 * ../Alcester/, town, England.
 * ../Alcestis/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Alchemy/.
 * Cosmogonies and Philosophies.
 * The Sacred Art.
 * Alchemy of the Middle Ages.
 * Paracelsus and his Influence.
 * , Andrea.
 * ../Alcibiades/, Greek leader.
 * ../Alcinous (1.)/, Greek philosopher.
 * ../Alcinous (2.)/, of Greek mythology.
 * ../Alciphron/, Greek letter-writer.
 * ../Alcira/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alcman/, Alexandrian critic.
 * ../Alcmene/, mother of Hercules.
 * , John, English bishop.
 * ../Alcohol/.
 * ../Alcoy/, town, Spain.
 * , Duke of, Spanish statesman.
 * ../Alcuin/, early English ecclesiastic.
 * , Petrus, Italian classical scholar.
 * ../Aldan/, river, Siberia.
 * ../Aldan Mountains/, Siberia.
 * ../Aldborough/, town, Suffolk, England.
 * ../Aldeburgh/, town, England.
 * , Heinrich, German painter.
 * ../Alder/, tree.
 * ../Alderman/.
 * ../Alderney/, Channel Islands, England.
 * ../Aldershott Camp/, town and camp, England.
 * , St, early English writer.
 * ([[../Manutius/|See ).
 * , Giovanni, Italian physicist.
 * ../Aldred/, archbishop of York.
 * , Dr Henry, English writer.
 * , Ulisse, Italian naturalist.
 * ../Aldstone/, town, England.
 * ../Ale/.
 * ../Ale-Conner/, assize officer.
 * , Girolamo, cardinal.
 * , Louis, cardinal.
 * ../Alemanni/, German tribe.
 * ../Alembic/, for distillation.
 * ../Alemtejo/, province, Portugal.
 * ../Alençon/, town, France.
 * , Giulio, Jesuit missionary.
 * ../Aleppo/, town, Syria.
 * , Alexander, Scottish Reformer.
 * , Alessandro, Italian jurisconsult.
 * ../Alessandria/, province and town, Italy.
 * , Galeazzo, Italian architect.
 * ../Aleutian Islands/.
 * the Great, king of Macedonia.
 * of Aphrodisias, Peripatetic philosopher.
 * of Hales, theologian and philosopher.
 * of Tralles, Byzantine physician.
 * ../Alexander Balas/, king of Syria.
 * ../Alexander Jannæus/, king of the Jews.
 * (Severus, q.v.).
 * ../Alexander (8.)/, popes.
 * ../Alexander I. of Scotland/, king of Scotland.
 * ../Alexander II./, of Scotland.
 * ../Alexander III./, of Scotland.
 * ../Alexander I. of Russia/, czar of Russia.
 * , Saint.
 * , Archibald, American divine.
 * , Joseph Addison, American divine.
 * , Sir William, earl of Stirling, Scottish poet.
 * (See ), town, Asia Minor.
 * ../Alexandria (1.)/, town, Egypt.
 * ../Alexandria (2.)/, town, Scotland.
 * ../Alexandria (3.)/, town, Virginia, U.S.A.
 * ../Alexandrian Manuscript/.
 * ../Alexandrian School/.
 * ../Alexandrine Verse/.
 * ../Alexis/, Greek poet.
 * , Comnenus, Byzantine emperor.
 * , Domenico, Italian painter.
 * ../Al-Farabi/, Arabian philosopher.
 * , Vittorio, Italian poet.
 * , Henry, dean of Canterbury.
 * the Great, English king.
 * ../Algæ/, order of plants.
 * , Alessandro, Italian author.
 * , Francesco, Italian author.
 * ../Algarve/, province, Portugal.
 * ../Algau/, district, Bavaria.
 * ../Al-Gazali/, Arabian philosopher.
 * ../Algebra/.
 * History.
 * Notation and First Principles.
 * Fundamental Operations.
 * Involution and Evolution.
 * Surds.
 * Proportion and Progression.
 * Resolution of Equations involving one Unknown Quatity.
 * Resolution of Equations involving more than one Unknown Quantity.
 * Questions producing Simple Equations.
 * Solution of Quadratic Equations.
 * Equations in general.
 * Solution of Cubic Equations.
 * Solution of Biquadratic Equations.
 * Solution of Equations in which certain relations are known to exist amongst the Roots.
 * Solution of Equations by Approximation.
 * Indeterminate Problems.
 * Theorems of Expansion.
 * Continued Fractions.
 * Permutations, Combinations, and Probabilities.
 * On Series in General; their Summation and Convergence.
 * ../Algeciras/, town, Spain.
 * of Liége, French author.
 * ../Algeria/, country, Africa.
 * ../Alghero/, town, Sardinia.
 * ../Algiers/, town, Algeria.
 * ../Algoa Bay/, Cape Colony.
 * ../Alhama (1.)/, town, Granada, Spain.
 * ../Alhama (2.)/, town, Murcia, Spain.
 * ../Alhambra/, palace, Granada, Spain.
 * ../Alhazen/, Arabian mathematician.
 * ../Ali/, caliph.
 * ../Ali Bey/, sultan of Egypt.
 * ../Ali Pasha/, ruler of Albania.
 * ../Alias/, in law.
 * ../Alibi/, in law.
 * ../Alicante/, province and town, Spain.
 * ../Alicata/, town, Sicily.
 * (See ), Mediterranean.
 * ../Alien/, in law.
 * ../Aligarh/, district, British India.
 * ../Aliment/, in Scots law.
 * ../Alimony/, in English law.
 * , Archibald, Scottish divine.
 * , Sir Archibald, historian.
 * ../Alizarin/, colouring matter.
 * ../Alkali/, in chemistry.
 * ../Alkaloids/, in chemistry.
 * ../Alkanet/, plant.
 * ../Al-Kindi/, Arabian philosopher.
 * ../Alkmaar/, town, Netherlands.
 * , Heinrik von, German satirist.
 * ../All-Saints Day/.
 * ../Allah/, Arabian name of God.
 * ../Allahabad/, division, district, and town, British India.
 * , Jean Nicolas Sebastian, natural philosopher.
 * , David, Scottish painter.
 * , Sir William, Scottish painter.
 * ../Alleghany Mountains/, U.S.A.
 * ../Alleghany/, river, U.S.A.
 * ../Allegheny/, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
 * ../Allegiance/, in law.
 * ../Allegory/.
 * , Antonio (Corregio, q.v.), painter.
 * , Gregorio, Italian musician.
 * , Joseph, English divine.
 * , Richard, English divine.
 * , Bog of, Ireland.
 * , John, political writer.
 * , Thomas, English mathematician.
 * ../Allentown/, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
 * , Richard, English Royalist.
 * , Edward, founder of Dulwich College, London.
 * ../Alliance/.
 * ../Allier/, department and river, France.
 * ../Alligator/, reptile.
 * ../Alliteration/.
 * , Pierre, French divine.
 * ../Alloa/, town, Scotland.
 * ../Allodium/, in land tenure.
 * , Alessandro, Italian painter.
 * , Cristofano, Italian painter.
 * ../Allotropy/, in chemistry.
 * ../Alloxan/, in chemistry.
 * ../Alloy/, in assaying.
 * , Washington, American painter and poet.
 * ../Alluvium/, land made up of sediment.
 * ../Alma/, river, Russia.
 * ../Almaden/, town, Spain.
 * ../Almagest/, Ptolemy&rsquo;s astronomical work.
 * ../Almagro/, town, Spain.
 * , Diego d&rsquo;, Spanish commander.
 * ../Almali/, town, Asiatic Turkey.
 * ../Al-Mamun/, caliph.
 * ../Almanac/.
 * ../Almansa/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alme/, singing girls of Egypt.
 * ../Almeida/, town, Portugal.
 * , Francisco de, viceroy of Portuguese India.
 * ../Almeria/, province and town, Spain.
 * ../Almohades/, Mohammedan dynasty.
 * , John, political writer and publisher.
 * ../Almond/, tree and fruit.
 * ../Almondbury/, town, England.
 * ../Almoner/, ecclesiastical office.
 * ../Almora/, town, India.
 * ../Almoravides/, Mohammedan dynasty.
 * , Karl Jonas Ludwig, Swedish writer.
 * ../Almug Tree/, of Scripture.
 * ../Almunecar/, town, Spain.
 * ../Alnwick/, town, England.
 * ../Aloe/, plant.
 * ../Aloidæ/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Alompra/, Burmese king.
 * ../Alost/, town, Belgium.
 * ../Alpaca/, wool-bearing animal.
 * ../Alp Arslan/, Seljuk sultan.
 * ../Alpes/, three departments (Basses, Hautes, Maritimes), France.
 * and.
 * ../Alphabet/.
 * ../Alpheus/, father of the apostle James.
 * ../Alphonso/, kings in the Spanish peninsula.
 * ../Alphonsus a Sancta Maria/, Spanish historian.
 * , Prospero, Italian physician and botanist.
 * ../Alps/.
 * ../Alpujarras/, district, Spain.
 * ../Alredus/, early English historian.
 * , New, town, England.
 * ../Alsace/, province, Germany.
 * ../Alsen/, island, Schleswig-Holstein.
 * , Vincent, Puritan divine.
 * , Johann Heinkich, German author.
 * , Charles, Scottish botanist.
 * , Jonas, Swedish industrial reformer.
 * ../Alt/, river, Transylvania.
 * ../Altai Mountains/, Siberia.
 * ../Altamura/, town, Italy.
 * ../Altar/.
 * ../Altdorf/, town, Switzerland.
 * , Albrecht, German painter.
 * ../Altenburg/.
 * ../Alten Oetting/, town, Bavaria.
 * ../Altenstein/, castle, Saxe-Meiningen, Germany.
 * ../Altin/, lake, Siberia.
 * , Heinrich, German theologian.
 * , Jacob, German theologian.
 * ../Alton (1.)/, town, England.
 * ../Alton (2.)/, town, Illinois, U.S.A.
 * ../Altona/, town, Schleswig-Holstein.
 * ../Altoona/, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
 * ../Alto-Rilievo/, in sculpture.
 * ../Altringham/, town, England.
 * ../Alum/, chemical salt.
 * ../Alumbagh/, enclosure, Lucknow.
 * ../Aluminium/, chemical element.
 * (Alt, q.v.), an affluent of the Danube.
 * ../Alva/, village, Scotland.
 * , Duke of, Spanish general.
 * , Pedro de, Spanish discoverer.
 * , Francisco, Portuguese traveller.
 * , José, Spanish sculptor.
 * , Manuel, Spanish sculptor.
 * ../Alwar/, state, India.
 * ../Alypius/, Greek writer on music.
 * of Antioch, geographer.
 * ../Alyth/, town, Scotland.
 * valign="top"|
 * ../Amadeus V./, of Savoy.
 * ../Amadeus VIII./, duke of Savoy.
 * ../Amadis of Gaul/, Spanish romance.
 * ../Amadou/, fungus.
 * ../Amager/, island, Denmark.
 * ../Amalasontha/, daughter of Theodoric.
 * ../Amalekites/, of Scripture.
 * ../Amalfi/, town, Italy.
 * ../Amalgam/, mercurial alloy.
 * , Anna, duchess of Saxe-Weimar.
 * ../Amalric/, king of Jerusalem.
 * ../Amalteo/, Italian family.
 * , Pomponio, Venetian painter.
 * ../Amara Sinha/, Sanskrit writer.
 * ../Amaranth/.
 * ../Amarapura/, town, Burma.
 * ../Amasia/, town, Turkey in Asia.
 * ../Amasis/, king of Egypt.
 * , Felix, Spanish historian.
 * ../Amati/, family of violin makers.
 * ../Amatitlan/, lake and town, Guatemala.
 * ../Amaurosis/, disease of the eye.
 * ../Amaxichi/, town, Ionian Islands.
 * ../Amazon/, river, South America.
 * ../Amazons/, female warriors.
 * ../Ambala/, division, district, and town, British India.
 * ../Ambaryalia/, Roman festival.
 * ../Ambassador/.
 * ../Ambato/, town, Ecuador.
 * ../Amber/.
 * ../Amberg/, town, Bavaria.
 * ../Ambergris/, concretion in sperm whale.
 * ../Ambert/, town, France.
 * ../Ambleside/, town, England.
 * ../Ambleteuse/, town, France.
 * ../Ambo/, reading desk.
 * ../Amboise/, town, France.
 * ../Amboyna/, island and town, Moluccas.
 * ../Ambracia/, ancient town, Epirus.
 * of Alexandria.
 * , St, bishop of Milan.
 * , Isaac, Puritan divine.
 * , Aurelianus, leader of the Britons.
 * ../Ambulance/.
 * , Abraham N., French writer.
 * , Denis, French writer.
 * ../Amentiferæ/, division of plants.
 * ../America /.
 * ../American Literature/.
 * Introductory.
 * Conditions and Characteristics of American Literature.
 * Earlier American Literature.
 * The Literature of the Nineteenth Century.
 * Summary.
 * (See ).
 * ../Amersfoort/, town, Holland.
 * ../Amersham/, town, England.
 * , Fisher, American statesman and author.
 * , Joseph, English writer.
 * , William, Puritan divine and moralist.
 * ../Amesbury/, town, England.
 * ../Amethyst/, precious stone.
 * ../Amherst/, district and town, British Burmah.
 * ../Amherst/, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
 * , Earl.
 * , Nicholas, English writer.
 * ../Amianthus/, mineral.
 * , Giovanni Battista, Italian optician.
 * ../Amiens/, town, France.
 * , Joseph, Jesuit missionary.
 * ../Amlwch/, town, Wales.
 * , Johann Conrad, Swiss physician.
 * , Jost, Swiss wood-engraver.
 * , Paul, German physician and botanist.
 * , Bartolomeo, Florentine architect.
 * , Marcellinus, Roman historian.
 * , Scipio, Italian historian.
 * ../Ammon/, Egyptian divinity.
 * , Christoph Friedrich von, German theologian.
 * ../Ammonia/, in chemistry.
 * , Sal, chemical salt.
 * ../Ammoniacum/, resinous exudation.
 * ../Ammonites/, of Scripture.
 * ../Ammonius Lithotomus/, surgeon of Alexandria.
 * ../Ammonius Saccas/, founder of Alexandrian school of Neoplatonism.
 * ../Ammunition/.
 * ../Amnesty/.
 * ../Amol/, town, Persia.
 * , Guillaume, French physicist.
 * , Amour, or Amur, river, Eastern Asia.
 * ../Amorites/, of Scripture.
 * ../Amorphism/, in chemistry and mineralogy.
 * ../Amoy/, town, China.
 * , André-Marie, French scientist.
 * , Jean-Jacques-Antoine, French writer.
 * ../Amphiaraus/, in Greek mythology.
 * ../Amphibia/, class of vertibrate animals.
 * ../Amphictyony/, Greek religious confederation.
 * ../Amphion/, in Greek mythology.
 * ../Amphioxus/, genus of fishes.
 * ../Amphipolis/, town, Macedonia.
 * ../Amphisbæna/, genus of lizards.
 * ../Amphitheatre/.
 * ../Amphitrite/, in Greek legend.
 * ../Amphora/, ancient vessel.
 * ../Amplitude/, in astronomy.
 * ../Ampthill/, town, England.
 * ../Ampulla/, ancient vessel.
 * ../Amraoti/, district and town, India.
 * ../Amritsar/, district and town, India.
 * ../Amru-Ibn-El-Ass/, Moslem conqueror of Egypt.
 * ../Amru-El-Kais/, Arabian poet.
 * ../Amsancti Vallis/, Italy.
 * , Nicolaus, Reformer.
 * , Samuel, engraver.
 * ../Amsterdam/, capital of Holland.
 * ../Amsterdam (2.)/, island, Indian Ocean.
 * ../Amulet/, charm.
 * I., Turkish sultan.
 * ../Amurath II./, sultan.
 * ../Amurath III./, sultan.
 * ../Amurath IV./, sultan.
 * ../Amwell/, village, England.
 * ../Amymone/, in Greek legend.
 * , Jacques, French bishop and writer.
 * , Moses, French theologian.
 * ../Ana/.
 * ../Anabaptists/, religious sect.
 * ../Anabasis/, Xenophon&rsquo;s work.
 * ../Anacharsis/, Scythian philosopher.
 * ../Anachronism/.
 * ../Anacoluthon/, grammatical incongruity.
 * ../Anaconda/, snake.
 * ../Anacreon/, Greek poet.
 * ../Anadyomene/, epithet of Aphrodite.
 * ../Anadyr/, gulf and river, Siberia.
 * ../Anæsthesia/, in medicine.
 * ../Anagni/, town, Italy.
 * ../Anagram/, transposition of letters.
 * ../Anahuac/, plateau, Mexico.
 * ../Analogy/, logical process.
 * ../Analogy/, in comparative anatomy.
 * ../Analysis/.
 * ../Analytic Judgments/.
 * ../Anam/, kingdom, Cochin China.
 * ../Anastasius I./, emperor of Constantinople.
 * ../Anastasius II./, emperor of Constantinople.
 * ../Anathema/.
 * ../Anatolia/, division, Asiatic Turkey.
 * ../Anatomy/.
 * History of Anatomy.
 * Special Anatomy of the Human Body.
 * Anatomy of the Organs of Locomotion.
 * Anatomy of the Textures or Tissues.
 * Nervous System.
 * Vascular System.
 * ../Anatomy/Contents.
 * }