Draft of the Constitution of the Republic of China (1936)

By virtue of the mandate received from the whole body of citizens and in accordance with the bequeathed teachings of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Founder of the Republic of China, the People's Congress of the Republic of China hereby ordains and enacts this Constitution and causes it to be promulgated throughout the land for faithful and perpetual observance by all.

Part 1. General Provisions
The Republic of China is a Tridemist republic. The sovereign power of the Republic of China is vested in the whole body of citizens. Persons having acquired the nationality of the Republic of China are citizens of the Republic of China.
 * Article 1
 * Article 2
 * Article 3
 * Article 4
 * The territory of the Republic of China comprises areas originally constituting Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Xikang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Rehe, Chahar, Suiyang, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Mongolia and Tibet.
 * The territory of the Republic of China shall not be altered except by resolution of the People's Congress.

All races of the Republic of China are component parts of the Chinese Nation and shall be equal. The national flag of the Republic of China shall have a red background with a blue sky and white sun in the upper inside corner. The national capital of the Republic of China shall be at Nanjing.
 * Article 5
 * Article 6
 * Article 7

Part 2. Rights and Duties of Citizens
All citizens of the Republic of China shall be equal before the law.
 * Article 8
 * Article 9
 * All citizens shall have personal liberty and, except in accordance with law, may not be arrested, detained, tried or punished.
 * When a citizen is arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal act, the authority responsible for such action shall immediately inform the citizen himself and his relatives of the cause for his arrest or detention and shall, within twenty-four hours, send him to a competent court for trial.
 * The citizen so arrested or detained, or any one else, may also petition the court to demand from the authority responsible for such action the surrender, within twenty-four hours, of his person to the court for trial.
 * The court shall not reject such a petition, nor shall the responsible authority refuse to execute such a writ as mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

No one, except those in active military service, may be subject to the jurisdiction of a court martial. Every citizen shall have the freedom of domicile; no private abode may be forcibly entered, searched or sealed except in accordance with law. Every person shall have the freedom to change his residence; such freedom shall not be restricted except in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the right of freedom of speech, writing and publication; such freedom shall not be restricted except in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the freedom of secrecy of correspondence; such freedom shall not be restricted except in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the freedom of religious belief; such freedom shall not be restricted except in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the freedom of assembly and forming associations; such freedom shall not be restricted except in accordance with law. No private property shall be requisitioned, expropriated, sealed or confiscated except in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the right to present petitions, lodge complaints and institute legal proceedings in accordance with law. Every citizen shall have the right to exercise, in accordance with law, the powers of election, recall, initiative and referendum. Every citizen shall have the right to compete, in accordance with law, in State examinations. Every citizen shall, in accordance with law, be amenable to the duty of paying taxes. Every citizen shall, in accordance with law, be amenable to the duty of performing military service and labor service. Every citizen shall, in accordance with law, be amenable to the duty of rendering public service. All other liberties and rights of the citizens which are not detrimental to the social order or public welfare shall be guaranteed by the Constitution, and except in accordance with law, shall not be restricted. Only laws operative for safeguarding national security, averting a national crisis, maintaining social order or promoting public welfare may restrict a citizen's liberties and rights. Any public functionary who illegally infringes upon any private liberty or right shall, besides being subject to disciplinary punishment, be responsible under civil and criminal law. The injured person may also, in accordance with law, claim indemnity from the State for damages sustained.
 * Article 10
 * Article 11
 * Article 12
 * Article 13
 * Article 14
 * Article 15
 * Article 16
 * Article 17
 * Article 18
 * Article 19
 * Article 20
 * Article 21
 * Article 22
 * Article 23
 * Article 24
 * Article 25
 * Article 26

Part 3. The People's Congress
The People's Congress shall be constituted of delegates elected as follows:
 * Article 27
 * (1) Each county, municipality or area of an equivalent status shall elect one delegate, but in case its population exceeds 300,000, one additional delegate shall be elected for every additional 500,000 people. The status of areas to be equivalent to a county or municipality shall be defined by law.
 * (2) The number of delegates to be elected from Mongolia and Tibet shall be determined by law.
 * (3) The number of delegates to be elected by Chinese citizens residing abroad shall be determined by law.

Delegates to the People's Congress shall be elected by universal, equal, and direct suffrage and by secret ballots. Citizens of the Republic of China having attained the age of twenty years shall, in accordance with law, have the right to elect delegates. Citizens having attained the age of twenty-five years shall, in accordance with law, have the right to be elected delegates.
 * Article 28
 * Article 29
 * Article 30
 * The term of office of delegates to the People's Congress shall be six years.
 * When a delegate is found guilty of violation of a law or neglect of his duty, his constituency shall recall him in accordance with law.


 * Article 31
 * The People's Congress shall be convened by the President once every three years. Its sessions shall last one month, but may be extended another month when necessary.
 * Extraordinary sessions of the People's Congress may be convened at the instance of two-fifths or more of its members.
 * Extraordinary sessions of the People's Congress may be convened by the President.
 * The People's Congress shall be held at the seat of the Central Government.

The powers and functions of the People's Congress shall be as follows:
 * Article 32
 * (1) To elect the President and Vice-President of the Republic, the President and Vice-President of the Legislative Yuan, the President and Vice-President of the Control Yuan, the Members of the Legislative Yuan and the Members of the Control Yuan.
 * (2) To recall the President and Vice-President of the Republic, the President and Vice-President of the Legislative Yuan, the President and Vice-President of the Judicial Yuan, the President and Vice President of the Examination Yuan, the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan, the Members of the Legislative Yuan and the Members of the Control Yuan.
 * (3) To initiate laws.
 * (4) To hold referenda on laws.
 * (5) To amend the Constitution.
 * (6) To exercise such other powers as are conferred by the Constitution.

Delegates to the People's Congress shall not be held responsible outside of the Congress for opinions they may express or votes they may cast at the meeting of the Congress. Without the permission of the People's Congress, no delegate shall be arrested or detained during the session except when apprehended in flagrante delicto. The organization of the People's Congress, the election as well as recall of its delegates, and the rules of procedure governing the exercise of its powers and functions shall be determined by law.
 * Article 33
 * Article 34
 * Article 35

Chapter 1. The President
The President is the head of the State and represents the Republic of China in foreign relations. The President shall command the land, sea and air forces of the whole country. The President shall, in accordance with law, promulgate laws and issue mandates with the counter-signature of the President of the Yuan concerned. The President shall, in accordance with law, exercise the power of declaring war, negotiating peace and concluding treaties. The President shall, in accordance with law, declare and terminate a state of emergency. The President shall, in accordance with law, exercise the power of granting amnesties, special pardons, remission of sentences and restitution of civil rights. The President shall, in accordance with law, appoint and remove civil and military officials. The President shall, in accordance with law, confer honors and award decorations. In case of an emergency or a serious economic change which requires immediate steps to be taken, the President may, by resolution of the Executive Meeting, issue emergency mandates necessary to cope with the situation; provided that such mandates shall, within three months after issue, be submitted to the Legislative Yuan for confirmation. The President may summon a meeting of the presidents of the five Yuan for the purpose of consultation or discussion of matters appertaining to two or more Yuan. The President shall be responsible to the People's Congress. Citizens of the Republic of China having attained the age of forty years may be elected President or Vice-President of the Republic. The election of the President and Vice-President shall be provided for by law. The President and Vice-President shall hold office for a term of six years and may be re-elected for a second term. The President shall, on the day of his inauguration, take the following oath:
 * Article 36
 * Article 37
 * Article 38
 * Article 39
 * Article 40
 * Article 41
 * Article 42
 * Article 43
 * Article 44
 * Article 45
 * Article 46
 * Article 47
 * Article 48
 * Article 49
 * Article 50
 * "I do solemnly and sincerely swear before the people that I will observe the Constitution faithfully, perform my duties, promote the welfare of the people, safeguard the security of the State and be loyal to the trust of the people. Should I break my oath, I will submit myself to the most severe punishment the law may provide."

In case of the President's office becoming vacant, the Vice-President shall succeed to the presidency; in case the President is incapacitated by any cause, the Vice-President shall discharge the duties of his office. In case both the President and the Vice-President are incapacitated, the President of the Executive Yuan shall discharge the duties of the President's office. he President shall retire from office on the day his term expires. If by that time a new President has not been inaugurated, the President of the Executive Yuan shall discharge the duties of the President's office. The period for the President of the Executive Yuan to discharge the duties of the President's office shall not exceed six months. Except in case of an offense against the internal or external security of the State, the President shall not be liable to criminal prosecution until he has been recalled or has retired from office.
 * Article 51
 * Article 52
 * Article 53
 * Article 54

Chapter 2. The Executive Yuan
The Executive Yuan is the highest organ through which the Central Government exercises its executive powers.
 * Article 55
 * Article 56
 * In the Executive Yuan there shall be a President, a Vice-President and a number of Executive Members to be appointed and removed by the President.
 * The number of Executive Members as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, excluding the Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, shall not exceed half the total number of Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions as provided for in the first paragraph of Article 58.

In the Executive Yuan, there shall be various Ministries and Commissions which shall separately exercise their respective executive powers.
 * Article 57
 * Article 58
 * The Ministers of the various Ministries and the Chairmen of the various Commissions shall be appointed by the President from among the Executive Members.
 * The President and Vice-President of the Executive Yuan may concurrently serve Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions as mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

The President and the Vice President of the Executive Yuan, the Executive Members, the Ministers of the various Ministries and the Chairmen of the various Commissions shall be individually responsible to the President. In the Executive Yuan there shall be Executive Meetings composed of the President and Vice-President of the Executive Yuan and the various Executive Members, to be presided over by the President of the Executive. The following matters shall be decided at an Executive Meeting:
 * Article 59
 * Article 60
 * Article 61
 * (1) Statutory and budgetary bills to be submitted to the Legislative Yuan.
 * (2) Bills concerning a state of emergency and amnesty to be submitted to the Legislative Yuan.
 * (3) Bills concerning declaration of war, negotiation of peace, conclusion of treaties and other important international affairs to be submitted to the Legislative Yuan.
 * (4) Matters of common concern to the various Ministries and Commissions.
 * (5) Matters submitted by the President or President of the Executive Yuan.
 * (6) Matters submitted by the Vice-President of the Executive Yuan, the Executive Members, the various Ministries and Commissions.

The organization of the Executive Yuan shall be determined by law.
 * Article 62

Chapter 3. The Legislative Yuan
The Legislative Yuan is the highest organ through which the Central Government exercises its legislative powers. It shall be responsible to the People's Congress. The Legislative Yuan shall have power to decide on measures concerning legislation, budgets, a state of emergency, amnesty, declaration of war, negotiation of peace, conclusion of treaties and other important international affairs. In the discharge of its duties the Legislative Yuan may interrogate the various Yuan, Ministries and Commissions. In the Legislative Yuan there shall be a President and a Vice-President each of whom shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be elected by the People's Congress from a list of candidates separately nominated by the delegates of the various provinces, Mongolia, Tibet and citizens residing abroad. The candidates need not be delegates to the People's Congress. The representative number of candidates shall be proportioned as follows:
 * Article 63
 * Article 64
 * Article 65
 * Article 66
 * Article 67
 * (1) A province with a population of less than 5,000,000 shall nominate four candidates. A province with a population of more than 5,000,000 but less than 10,000,000 shall nominate six candidates. A province with a population of more than 10,000,000 but less than 15,000,000 shall nominate eight candidates. A province with a population of more than 15,000,000 but less than 20,000,000 shall nominate ten candidates. A province with a population of more than 20,000,000 but less than 25,000,000 shall nominate twelve candidates. A province with a population of more than 25,000,000 but less than 30,000,000 shall nominate fourteen candidates. A province with a population of more than 30,000,000 shall nominate sixteen candidates.
 * (2) Mongolia and Tibet shall each nominate eight candidates.
 * (3) Citizens residing abroad shall nominate eight candidates.

Members of the Legislative Yuan shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. The Executive Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan, and Control Yuan may submit to the Legislative Yuan measures concerning matters within their respective jurisdiction.
 * Article 68
 * Article 69
 * Article 70
 * The President, before promulgation or execution of a legislative measure adopted by the Legislative Yuan, request the said Yuan to reconsider it.
 * If the Legislative Yuan, after reconsideration, decides to confirm the original measure so referred to it in accordance with the preceding paragraph by a vote of two-thirds or more of its members present, the President shall immediately promulgate or execute the said measure; provided that measures concerning legislation and conclusion of treaties may be submitted to the People's Congress for reference.

The President shall promulgate a measure presented by the Legislative Yuan for promulgation within thirty days after its receipt. Members of the Legislative Yuan shall not be held responsible outside of the said Yuan for opinions they may express and votes they may cast during the session. Without the permission of the Legislative Yuan, no member may be arrested or detained except when apprehended in flagrante delicto. No Member of the Legislative Yuan may concurrently hold any other public office or engage in any business or profession. The election of Members of the Legislative Yuan and the organization of the Legislative Yuan shall be determined by law.
 * Article 71
 * Article 72
 * Article 73
 * Article 74
 * Article 75

Chapter 4. The Judicial Yuan
The Judicial Yuan is the highest organ through which the Central Government exercises its judicial powers. It shall attend to the adjudication of civil, criminal and administrative suits, and judicial administration.
 * Article 76
 * Article 77
 * In the Judicial Yuan there shall be a President and a Vice-President, each of whom shall hold office for a term of three years. He shall be appointed by the President.
 * The President of the Judicial Yuan shall be responsible to the People's Congress.

Matters concerning special pardons, remission of sentence and restitution of civil rights shall be submitted to the President for action by the President of the Judicial Yuan in accordance with law. The Judicial Yuan shall have the power to unify the interpretation of statutes and ordinances. Judicial officials shall, in accordance with law, have perfect independence in the conduct of trials. No judicial official may be removed from office unless he has been subject to criminal or disciplinary punishment or declared an interdicted person; nor may a judicial official be suspended or transferred, or have his salary reduced except in accordance with law. The organization of the Judicial Yuan and the various Courts of Justice shall be determined by law.
 * Article 78
 * Article 79
 * Article 80
 * Article 81
 * Article 82

Chapter 5. The Examination Yuan
The Examination Yuan is the highest organ through which the Central Government exercises its examination powers. It shall attend to the selection of civil service candidates by examination and to the registration of persons qualified for public service.
 * Article 83
 * Article 84
 * In the Examination Yuan there shall be a President and a Vice-President each of whom shall hold office for a term of three years, to be appointed by the President.
 * The President of the Examination Yuan shall be responsible to the People's Congress.

The Examination Yuan shall, in accordance with law, by examination and registration determine the following qualifications:
 * Article 85
 * (1) For appointment as a public functionary.
 * (2) For candidacy to public office.
 * (3) For practice in specialized professions and as technical experts.

The organization of the Examination Yuan shall be determined by law.
 * Article 86

Chapter 6. The Control Yuan
The Control Yuan is the highest organ through which the Central Government exercises its censorial powers. It shall attend to impeachment and auditing and be responsible to the People's Congress. In the discharge of its censorial powers, the Control Yuan may, in accordance with law, interrogate the various Yuan, Ministries and Commissions. In the Control Yuan, there shall be a President and a Vice-President each of whom shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. Members of the Control Yuan shall be elected by the People's Congress from candidates, separately nominated by the delegates of the various provinces, Mongolia, Tibet and Chinese citizens residing abroad. Each group of delegates shall nominate not more than two candidates. The candidates need not necessarily be delegates to the Congress. Members of the Control Yuan shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. When the Control Yuan finds a public functionary in the Central or local government guilty of violation of a law or neglect of his duty, an impeachment may be instituted upon the proposal of one or more Members and the endorsement, after due investigation, of five or more Members. Impeachment against the President or Vice-President, the President or Vice-President of the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Examination Yuan or Control Yuan may be instituted only upon the proposal of ten or more Members and the endorsement, after due investigation, of one-half or more of the Members of the entire Yuan. When an impeachment is instituted against the President or Vice-President or the President or Vice-President of the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan or Control Yuan in accordance with Article 92, it shall be brought before the People's Congress. During the adjournment of the People's Congress, the delegates shall be requested to convene in accordance with law an extraordinary session to decide whether the impeached shall be removed from office. Members of the Control Yuan shall not be held responsible outside of the said Yuan for opinions they may express and votes they may cast while discharging their duties. Without the permission of the Control Yuan, no Member of the Control Yuan may be arrested or detained except when apprehended in flagrante delicto. No Member of the Control Yuan may concurrently hold any other public office or engage in any business or profession. The election of the Members of the Control Yuan and the organization of the Control Yuan shall be determined by law.
 * Article 87
 * Article 88
 * Article 89
 * Article 90
 * Article 91
 * Article 92
 * Article 93
 * Article 94
 * Article 95
 * Article 96
 * Article 97

Chapter 1. The Provinces
In the province, there shall be a Provincial Government which shall execute the laws and orders of the Central Government and supervise local self-government. In the Provincial Government there shall be a Governor who shall hold office for a term of three years. He shall be appointed and removed by the Central Government. In the province, there shall be a Provincial Council which shall be composed of one member from each district or municipality to be elected by the district or municipal council. Members of the Provincial Council shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. The organization of the Provincial Government and the Provincial Council as well as the election and recall of the Members of the Provincial Assembly shall be determined by law. The government of areas not yet established as provinces shall be determined by law.
 * Article 98
 * Article 99
 * Article 100
 * Article 101
 * Article 102

Chapter 2. The Counties
The county is the unit of local self-government.
 * Article 103
 * Article 104
 * Any matter of a local nature shall be under the jurisdiction of a local self-government.
 * All matters pertaining to local self-government shall be determined by law.

Citizens of the county shall, in accordance with law, exercise the powers of initiative and referendum in matters concerning district self-government, as well as the powers of election and recall of the County Magistrate and other elective officials in the service of district self-government. In the county, there shall be a County Council the members of which shall be directly elected by the citizens in the County General Meeting. Members of the County Council shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election. County laws and regulations which are in conflict with the laws and ordinances of the Central or Provincial Government shall be null and void.
 * Article 105
 * Article 106
 * Article 107
 * Article 108
 * In the county, there shall be a County Government with a County Magistrate who shall be elected by the citizens at the County General Meeting. The Magistrate shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election.
 * Only those persons found qualified in the public examinations held by the Central Government or adjudged qualified by the Ministry of Personal Registration may be candidates for the office of County Magistrate.

The County Magistrate shall administer the affairs of the county in accordance with the principles of self-government and under the direction of the Provincial Governor, execute matters assigned by the Central and Provincial Governments. The organization, powers and functions of the County Council and County Government as well as the election and recall of the County Magistrate and the Members of the County Council shall be determined by law.
 * Article 109
 * Article 110

Chapter 3. The Municipalities
In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions governing self-government and administration of the counties shall apply mutatis mutandis to the municipalities. In the municipality, there shall be a Municipal Council the members of which shall be directly elected by the citizens in the Municipal General Meeting. One-third of the members shall retire and be replaced by election annually.
 * Article 111
 * Article 112
 * Article 113
 * In the municipality, there shall be a Municipal Government with a Mayor to be directly elected by the citizens in the Municipal General Meeting. He shall hold office for a term of three years and may be eligible for re-election.
 * Only those persons qualified in the public examinations held by the Central Government or adjudged qualified by the Ministry of Personal Registration may be candidates for the office of Mayor.

The Mayor shall administer the affairs of the municipality in accordance with the principles of municipal self-government and, under the direction of the competent supervising authority, executive matters assigned by the Central or Provincial Government. The organization of Municipal Council and Municipal Government as well as the election and recall of the Members of the Municipal Council and the Mayor shall be determined by law.
 * Article 114
 * Article 115

Part 6. The National Economic Life
The economic system of the Republic of China shall be based on the Principal of Livelihood and shall aim at national economic sufficiency and equality.
 * Article 116
 * Article 117
 * All land within the territorial limits of the Republic of China belongs to the people as a whole. Any part thereof the ownership of which has been lawfully acquired by an individual or individuals shall be protected by, and subject to, the restrictions of law.
 * The State may, in accordance with law, tax or expropriate private land on the basis of value declared by the owner or assessed by the Government.
 * Every landowner is amenable to the duty of utilizing his land to the fullest extent.

All subterranean minerals and natural forces which are economically utilizable for public benefit, belong to the State and shall not be affected by the private ownership of the land. The unearned increment shall be taxed by means of a land-value-increment tax and devoted to public benefit. In readjusting the distribution of land, the State shall be guided by the principal of aiding and protecting the landowning farmers and the land-utilizing farmers. The State may, in accordance with law, regulate private wealth and enterprises when such wealth and enterprises are considered detrimental to the balanced development of national economic life. The State shall encourage, guide and protect the citizens' productive enterprises and the nation's foreign trade.
 * Article 118
 * Article 119
 * Article 120
 * Article 121
 * Article 122
 * Article 123
 * All public utilities and enterprises of a monopolistic nature shall be operated by the State, except in case of necessity when the State may specially permit private operation.
 * The private enterprises mentioned in the preceding paragraph may, in case of emergency or national defense, be temporarily managed by the State. The State may also, in accordance with law, take them over for permanent operation upon payment of due compensation.

In order to improve the workers' living conditions, increase their productive ability and relieve unemployment, the State shall enforce labor protective policies. Women and children shall be afforded special protection in accordance with their age and physical condition. Labor and capital shall, in accordance with the principles of mutual help and cooperation, develop together productive enterprises. In order to promote agricultural development and the welfare of the farming population, the State shall improve rural economic efficiency by employment of scientific farming. The State may regulate the production and distribution of agricultural products in both kind and quantity. The State shall accord due relief or compensation to those who suffer disability or loss of life in the performance of military or public service. The State shall give suitable relief to the aged, feeble, or disabled who are incapable of earning a living. While the following powers appertain to the Legislative Yuan in the case of the Central Government, they may be exercised by the legally designated organ if, in accordance with law, such matters may be effected independently by a province, county or municipality:
 * Article 124
 * Article 125
 * Article 126
 * Article 127
 * Article 128
 * Article 129
 * (1) To impose or alter the rate of taxes and levies, fines, penalties, or other imposts of a compulsory nature.
 * (2) To raise public loans, dispose of public property or conclude contracts which increase the burden of the public treasury.
 * (3) To establish or cancel public enterprises, monopolies, franchises or any other profit-making enterprise.
 * (4) To grant cancel monopolies, franchises or any other special privileges.

Unless specially authorized by law, the government of a province, county or municipality shall not raise foreign loans or directly utilize foreign capital.
 * Article 130
 * Within the territorial limits of the Republic of China all goods shall be permitted to circulate freely. They shall not be seized or detained except in accordance with law.
 * Customs duty is a Central Government revenue. It shall be collected only once when the goods enter or leave the country.
 * The various grades of government shall not collect any dues on goods in transit within the country.
 * The right to impose taxes and levies on goods belongs to the Central Government and shall not be exercised except in accordance with law.

Part 7. Education
The educational aim of the Republic of China shall be to develop a national spirit, to cultivate a national morality, to train the people for self-government and to increase their ability to earn a livelihood, and thereby to build up a sound and healthy body of citizens. Every citizen of the Republic of China shall have an equal opportunity to receive education. All public and private educational institutions in the country shall be subject to State supervision and amenable to the duty of carrying out the educational policies formulated by the State. Children between six and twelve years old are of school age and shall receive elementary education free of tuition. All persons over school age who have not received an elementary education shall receive supplementary education free of tuition. In establishing universities and technical schools, the State shall give special consideration to the needs of the respective localities so as to afford the people thereof an equal opportunity to receive higher education, thereby hastening a balanced national cultural development.
 * Article 131
 * Article 132
 * Article 133
 * Article 134
 * Article 135
 * Article 136
 * Article 137
 * Educational appropriations shall constitute no less than 15 per cent of the total amount of the budget of the Central Government and no less than 30 per cent of the total amount of the provincial, county and municipal budgets, respectively.
 * Educational endowment funds independently set aside in accordance with law shall be safeguarded.
 * Educational expenditures in needy provinces shall be subsidized by the national treasury.

The State shall encourage or subsidize the following persons or enterprises:
 * Article 138
 * (1) Educational enterprises established by private persons within the State, with a high record of achievement.
 * (2) Educational enterprises for Chinese citizens residing abroad.
 * (3) Those who have made academic or technical inventions or discoveries.
 * (4) Teachers who have made good records of long service.
 * (5) Students who achieve high scholastic attainments and show good conduct but are unable to receive further education.

Part 8. Enforcement and Amendment of the Constitution
The term "Law" as used in the Constitution means whatever may be passed by the Legislative Yuan and promulgated by the President as law.
 * Article 139
 * Article 140
 * Laws in conflict with the Constitution shall be null and void.
 * The Control Yuan may, within six months after a law has been enforced, request the Judicial Yuan for interpretation to determine whether or not such law is in conflict with the Constitution. Detailed provisions governing such procedure shall be provided by law.

Administrative orders in conflict with the Constitution or laws shall be null and void. The Constitution shall be interpreted by the Judicial Yuan. Where the number of provinces in which self-government has been completely effected does not exceed half the total number of provinces, the Members of the Legislative and Control Yuan shall be elected and appointed in accordance with the following provisions:
 * Article 141
 * Article 142
 * Article 143
 * (1) One-half the number of Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be elected by the People's Congress from half the number of candidates, as prescribed in Article 67, and separately nominated by the delegates of the various provinces, Mongolia, Tibet and Chinese citizens residing abroad. The other half of the Members shall be appointed by the President at the instance of the President of the Legislative Yuan.
 * (2) One-half the number of Members of the Control Yuan shall be elected by the People's Congress from half the number of candidates, as prescribed in Article 90, and separately nominated by the delegates of the various provinces, Mongolia, Tibet and Chinese citizens residing abroad. The other half of the Members shall be appointed by the President at the instance of the President of the Control Yuan.


 * Article 144
 * Where self-government has not been completely effected in a county, the County Magistrate shall be appointed and removed by the Central Government.
 * The provision prescribed in the preceding paragraph applies mutatis mutandis in respect to municipalities where self-government has not been completely effected.

The procedure governing the establishment of local self-government shall be prescribed by law. The People's Congress which enacts this Constitution shall exercise the powers and functions of the First People's Congress.
 * Article 145
 * Article 146
 * Article 147
 * No amendment to the Constitution may be made unless it shall have been proposed by not less than one-fourth of the delegates to the People's Congress and passed by at least two-thirds of the delegates present at a meeting having a quorum of not less than three-fourths of the entire Congress.
 * A proposed amendment to the Constitution shall be made public by the proposer or proposers one year before the assembling of the People's Congress.

Such matters as are provided in the Constitution which require, separate enforcement rules shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 148