Devine v. Los Angeles/Opinion of the Court

There being no diversity of citizenship, the jurisdiction of the circuit court could only be maintained upon the ground that the suit arose under the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States, and a suit does not so arise unless it really and substantially involves a dispute or controversy as to the effect or construction of the Constitution or some law or treaty of the United States, upon the determination of which the result depends. And this must appear from the plaintiff's statement of his own claim, and cannot be aided by allegations as to the defenses which might be interposed.

Complainants prayed for a decree quieting their title to the lands described in the bill, but the averments did not bring the case within the classes of bills of peace or to quiet title, recognized by the usual chancery practice, as succinctly stated in ''Boston & M. Consol. Copper & S. Min. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co.'' 188 U.S. 632, 47 L. ed. 626, 23 Sup.Ct.Rep. 434. It was apparently framed under § 738 of the California Code of Civil Procedure, providing that 'an action may be brought by any person against another who claims an estate or interest in real property adverse to him, for the purpose of determining such adverse claim.' This statute enlarged the ancient jurisdiction of courts of equity in respect of suits to quiet title, but, the equitable rights themselves remaining, the enlargement thereof may be administered by the circuit courts of the United States as well as by the courts of the state. Broderick's Will (Kieley v. McGlynn) 21 Wall. 503, 22 L. ed. 599; Holland v. Challen, 110 U.S. 15, 28 L. ed. 52, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 495; Gormley v. Clark, 134 U.S. 348, 33 L. ed. 913, 10 Sup.Ct.Rep. 554.

It seems, and it has often been held by the supreme court of California, that, in an action under this section, it is not necessary that the complaint should allege the nature of the estate or interest claimed by the defendant. Head v. Fordyce, 17 Cal. 151; Castro v. Barry, 79 Cal. 443, 21 Pac. 946; ''Bulwer Consol. Min. Co. v. Standard Consol. Min. Co.'' 83 Cal. 589, 23 Pac. 1102.

We are dealing with the question of the jurisdiction of the circuit court, and the general rule as to that is thus stated by Mr. Justice Peckham, speaking for the court, in ''Boston & M. Consol. Copper & S. Min. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co. supra:'' 'It would be wholly unnecessary and improper, in order to prove complainant's cause of action, to go into any matters of defense which the defendants might possibly set up, and then attempt to reply to such defense, and thus, if possible, to show that a Federal question might or probably would arise in the course of the trial of the case. To allege such defense and then make an answer to it before the defendant has the opportunity to itself plead or prove its own defense is inconsistent with any known rule of pleading, so far as we are aware, and is improper.

'The rule is a reasonable and just one that the complainant in the first instance shall be confined to a statement of its cause of action, leaving to the defendant to set up in his answer what his defense is.

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'The cases hold that, to give the circuit court original jurisdiction, the Federal question must appear necessarily in the statement of the plaintiff's cause of action, and not as mere allegations of the defense which the defendants intend to set up or which they rely upon. Third Street & Suburban R. Co. v. Lewis, 173 U.S. 457, 43 L. ed. 766, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 451.'

Tested by this rule, we are of opinion that, as a bill to quiet title, the jurisdiction of the circuit court cannot be sustained by reason of the allegations that defendant's adverse claims are based on an erroneous construction of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo [9 Stat. at L. 922], the act of March 3, 1851 [9 Stat. at L. 631, chap. 41], and the acts of the legislature of California, and ordinances and charters of the city of Los Angeles, enumerated, as clearly shown hereafter.

But complainants, appellants here, deny that the present case was brought under § 738, and say that the bill was one to remove clouds from complainants' titles; that is to say, clouds created by claims and threats, and by the several acts of California including defendant's charters, which complainants ask to be declared invalid.

We do not understand, however, that a bill will lie to dispel mere verbal assertions of ownership as clouds on title, or, invoking equity interposition on the ground of the removal of clouds, that decrees may be sought adjudging statutes unconstitutional and void. If it were true that the statutes and charters referred to in the bill were unconstitutional, as alleged, they were void on their face, and could not constitute a cloud on complainants' titles.

The test as to when a cloud is or is not cast, as stated by Mr. Justice Field, then chief justice of California, in Pixley v. Huggins, 15 Cal. 127, and reasserted in Hanne-winkle v. Georgetown, 15 Wall. 547, 21 L. ed. 231, is undoubtedly applicable and demonstrates that the assertion of unconstitutionality cannot be resorted to to maintain Federal jurisdiction as constituting a cloud. The averment of unconstitutionality in such circumstances is a mere pretext to obtain that jurisdiction.

According to the bill complainants' titles were derived from Spain and Mexico by virtue of grants to their predecessors from those countries, which were confirmed by the board of land commissioners. The state of California was not in the line of such titles, so that the acts of the legislature and the charters of the city complained of manifestly did not have the effect of depriving complainants of their property or of impairing the obligation of any contract, but simply conferred on the city such rights in respect of the waters of the river as may have been vested in the state.

Hooker v. Los Angeles, 188 U.S. 314, 47 L. ed. 487, 63 L. R. A. 471, 23 Sup.Ct.Rep. 395, was a suit brought by the city to condemn a tract of land riparian to the Los Angeles river, and embraced in one of the ranchos described in the present bill. It originated in the superior court of the county of Los Angeles under the title of Los Angeles v. Pomeroy, was carried to the supreme court of the state and there affirmed. 124 Cal. 597, 637, 638, 57 Pac. 585. It involved the question of the respective rights of the city and of the defendants to the water of the Los Angeles river. The state supreme court said:

'No act of the legislature. . . can diminish or change the rights of the defendants in these lands derived from their predecessors, the Mexican and Spanish grantees. . . . The defendants hold their lands as successors to several Spanish and Mexican grantees, under patents from the United States based upon the original grants. They claim that, even conceding the rights of the pueblo and the city's succession to those rights (a concession which they make only for the purposes of the argument on this point), they are still, by virtue of their ownership of the lands in question, entitled to the exercise of full riparian rights, except so far, and so far only, as those rights are impaired by the paramount rights of the pueblo as they existed before the change of flag and without any legislative addition thereto.

'This claim, we think, is clearly just, The legislature of California could grant nothing to the city of Los Angeles which belonged to others, and the rights of the city, as successor to the pueblo, in the lands of riparian proprietors holding under Mexican and Spanish grants, cannot exceed the rights of the pueblo itself.'

The case was brought here on writ of error, and we said:

'And so as to certain statutes of the state of California, which declared that the city of Los Angeles is vested with the paramount right to the surface and subterranean water of the Los Angeles river. Those statutes were admitted in evidence merely to show that the city was the successor of the ancient pueblo. The court held that the right of the city of Los Angeles to take from the Los Angeles river all of the waters of the river to the extent of its reasonable domestic and municipal needs was based on the Spanish and Mexican law, and not on the charters of the city of Los Angeles. The validity of the statutes, on account of repugnancy to the Federal Constitution, was not drawn in question in the trial court nor in the supreme court of the state, and both courts held that they neither granted to the city nor took away from plaintiffs in error any rights or property.' This being so, the averments of deprivation or impairment afforded no proper basis for jurisdiction, and as to § 1979 or the Revised Statutes (U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, p. 1262), that was inapplicable. Holt v. ''Indiana Mfg. Co.'' 176 U.S. 68, 44 L. ed. 374, 20 Sup.Ct.Rep. 272.

In truth, the questions as to the nature and extent of complainants' titles or rights, as put forward in the bill, are not Federal questions, but questions of state or general law.

In Hooker v. Los Angeles, supra, it was contended that the decision of the state court against the claim of plaintiffs in error to certain riparian rights and in certain alleged percolating waters, which rights were alleged to be derived from a patent of the United States, and confirmed Mexican grants, was a decision against a title, right, privilege, or immunity claimed under the Constitution or some statute or treaty of the United States and so reviewable here. But this court held otherwise, and we said:

'Obviously, the question as to the title or right of plaintiffs in error in the land, and whatever appertained thereto, was one of state law and of general public law, on which the decision of the state court was final. San Francisco v. Scott, 111 U.S. 768, 28 L. ed. 593, 4 Sup.Ct.Rep. 688; California Powder Works v. Davis, 151 U.S. 389, 38 L. ed. 206, 14 Sup.Ct.Rep. 350. And the question of the existence of percolating water was merely a question of fact.

'The patents were in the nature of a quitclaim, and, under the act of March 3, 1851, were 'conclusive between the United States and the said claimants only, and shall not affect the interests of third person.' The validity of that act was not drawn in question in the state court, and, as the right or title asserted by plaintiffs in error was derived under Mexican and Spanish grants, the decision of the state court on the claims asserted by plaintiffs in error to the waters of the river was not against any title or right claimed under the Constitution, or any treaty, or statute of, or commission held, or authority exercised under, the Constitution. If the title of plaintiffs in error were protected by the treaty, still the suit did not arise thereunder, because the controversy in the state court did not involve the construction of the treaty, but the validity of the title of Mexican and Spanish grants prior to the treaty.'

Crystal Springs Land & Water Co. v. Los Angeles, 177 U.S. 169, 44 L. ed. 720, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 573, was a bill brought in the circuit court for the southern district of California and that court ruled (82 Fed. 114) that where both parties claimed under Mexican grants, confirmed and patented by the United States in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the controversy was only as to what were the rights thus granted and confirmed, the suit was not one arising under a treaty so as to confer jurisdiction on a Federal court, and that where the only ground of Federal jurisdiction was the allegation that defendant's claim of title was based in part on certain acts of the legislature of the state, which attempted to transfer to it, as alleged, the title held by complainant's grantors at the time of their passage, the court would not retain jurisdiction when an answer was filed by defendant denying the allegations, and disclaiming any title or claim of title not held by it before the passage of the acts. The bill was dismissed, and we affirmed the judgment.

We there cited, among other cases, Phillips v. Mound City Land & Water Asso. 124 U.S. 605, 31 L. ed. 588, 8 Sup.Ct.Rep. 657, and Robinson v. Anderson, 121 U.S. 522, 30 L. ed. 1021, 7 Sup.Ct.Rep. 1011. In the one case it was adjudged, as stated in the syllabus, that 'an adjudication by the highest court of a state that certain proceedings before a Mexican traibunal prior to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were insufficient to effect a partition of a tract of land before that time granted by the Mexican government to three persons who were partners, which grant was confirmed by commissioners appointed under the provisions of the act of March 3, 1851 (9 Stat. at L. 631, chap. 41), 'to ascertain and settle the private land claims in the state of California,' presents no Federal question which is subject to review here.'

In the other, that under the act of 1875 [18 Stat. at L. 740, chap. 137, U.S.Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 508], even if the complaint, standing by itself, made out a case of jurisdiction, it was taken away as soon as, when the answer came in, it appeared that defendants either disclaimed all interest in the land in question, or claimed title under, and not adverse to, that of plaintiff. See also ''Boston & M. Consol. Copper & S. Min. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co.'' 188 U.S. 632, 643, 47 L. ed. 626, 633, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 434. There are the same disclaimers here as in the Crystal Springs Case, but, from what we have heretofore said, it will be seen that we are of opinion, in any aspect, that the bill was properly dismissed, and that the decree to that effect must be affirmed.