Constitution of the Republic of China (1947)


 * (Adopted by the National Assembly on December 25, 1946, promulgated by the National Government on January 1, 1947, and effective from December 25, 1947.)


 * The National Assembly of the Republic of China, by virtue of the mandate received from the whole body of citizens, in accordance with the teachings bequeathed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in founding the Republic of China, and in order to consolidate the authority of the State, safeguard the rights of the people, ensure social tranquility, and promote the welfare of the people, do hereby establish this Constitution, to be promulgated throughout the country for faithful and perpetual observance by all.

Chapter I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

 * Article 1 (Form of State)
 * The Republic of China, founded on the Three Principles of the People, shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people.
 * Article 2 (Popular Sovereignty)
 * The sovereignty of the Republic of China shall reside in the whole body of citizens.
 * Article 3 (Citizens)
 * Persons possessing the nationality of the Republic of China shall be citizens of the Republic of China.
 * Article 4 (Territory)
 * The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly.
 * Article 5 (Equality of Various Racial Groups)
 * There shall be equality among the various racial groups in the Republic of China.
 * Article 6 (National Flag)
 * The national flag of the Republic of China shall be of red ground with a blue sky and a white sun in the upper left corner.

Chapter II. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE

 * Article 7
 * All citizens of the Republic of China, irrespective of sex, religion, race, class, or party affiliation, shall be equal before the law.
 * Article 8
 * Personal freedom shall be guaranteed to the people. Except in case of flagrante delicto as provided by law, no person shall be arrested or detained otherwise than by a judicial or a police organ in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. No person shall be tried or punished otherwise than by a law court in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. Any arrest, detention, trial, or punishment which is not in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law may be resisted.
 * When a person is arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a crime, the organ making the arrest or detention shall in writing inform the said person, and his designated relative or friend, of the grounds for his arrest or detention, and shall, within 24 hours, turn him over to a competent court for trial. The said person, or any other person, may petition the competent court that a writ be served within 24 hours on the organ making the arrest for the surrender of the said person for trial.
 * The court shall not reject the petition mentioned in the preceding paragraph, nor shall it order the organ concerned to make an investigation and report first. The organ concerned shall not refuse to execute, or delay in executing, the writ of the court for the surrender of the said person for trial.
 * When a person is unlawfully arrested or detained by any organ, he or any other person may petition the court for an investigation. The court shall not reject such a petition, and shall, within 24 hours, investigate the action of the organ concerned and deal with the matter in accordance with law.
 * Article 9
 * Except those in active military service, no person shall be subject to trial by a military tribunal.
 * Article 10
 * The people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence.
 * Article 11
 * The people shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing and publication.
 * Article 12
 * The people shall have freedom of privacy of correspondence.
 * Article 13
 * The people shall have freedom of religious belief.
 * Article 14
 * The people shall have freedom of assembly and association.
 * Article 15
 * The right of existence, the right to work and the right of property shall be guaranteed to the people.
 * Article 16
 * The people shall have the right of presenting petitions, lodging complaints, or instituting legal proceedings.
 * Article 17
 * The people shall have the right of election, recall, initiative and referendum.
 * Article 18
 * The people shall have the right of taking public examinations and of holding public offices.
 * Article 19
 * The people shall have the duty of paying taxes in accordance with law.
 * Article 20
 * The people shall have the duty of performing military service in accordance with law.
 * Article 21
 * The people shall have the right and the duty of receiving citizens' education.
 * Article 22
 * All other freedoms and rights of the people that are not detrimental to social order or public welfare shall be guaranteed under the Constitution.
 * Article 23
 * All the freedoms and rights enumerated in the preceding Articles shall not be restricted by law except such as may be necessary to prevent infringement upon the freedoms of other persons, to avert an imminent crisis, to maintain social order or to advance public welfare.
 * Article 24
 * Any public functionary who, in violation of law, infringes upon the freedom or right of any person shall, in addition to being subject to disciplinary measures in accordance with law, be held responsible under criminal and civil laws. The injured person may, in accordance with law, claim compensation from the State for damage sustained.

Chapter III. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

 * Article 25
 * The National Assembly shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, exercise political powers on behalf of the whole body of citizens.
 * Article 26
 * The National Assembly shall be composed of the following delegates:
 * 1) One delegate shall be elected from each hsien, municipality, or area of equivalent status. In case its population exceeds 500,000, one additional delegate shall be elected for each additional 500,000. Areas equivalent to hsien or municipalities shall be prescribed by law;
 * 2) Delegates to represent Mongolia shall be elected on the basis of four for each league and one for each Special banner;
 * 3) The number of delegates to be elected from Tibet shall be prescribed by law;
 * 4) The number of delegates to be elected by various racial groups in frontier regions shall be prescribed by law;
 * 5) The number of delegates to be elected by Chinese citizens residing abroad shall be prescribed by law;
 * 6) The number of delegates to be elected by occupational groups shall be prescribed by law;
 * 7) The number of delegates to be elected by women's organizations shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 27
 * The function of the National Assembly shall be as follows:
 * 1) To elect the President and the Vice President;
 * 2) To recall the President and the Vice President;
 * 3) To amend the Constitution; and
 * 4) To vote on proposed Constitutional amendments submitted by the Legislative Yuan by way of referendum.
 * With respect to the rights of initiative and referendum, except as is provided in Items 3 and 4 of the preceding paragraph, the National Assembly shall make regulations pertaining thereto and put them into effect after the above-mentioned two political rights shall have been exercised in one half of the hsien and municipalities of the whole country.
 * Article 28
 * Delegates to the National Assembly shall be elected every six years.
 * The term of office of the delegates to each National Assembly shall terminate on the day on which the next National Assembly convenes.
 * No incumbent government official shall, in the electoral area where he holds office, be elected delegate to the National Assembly.
 * Article 29
 * The National Assembly shall be convoked by the President to meet 90 days prior to the date of expiration of each presidential term.
 * Article 30
 * An extraordinary session of the National Assembly shall be convoked in any one of the following circumstances:
 * 1) When, in accordance with the provisions of Article 49 of this Constitution, a new President and a new Vice President are to be elected;
 * 2) When, by resolution of the Control Yuan, an impeachment of the President or the Vice President is instituted;
 * 3) When, by resolution of the Legislative Yuan, an amendment to the Constitution is proposed; and
 * 4) When a meeting is requested by not less than two-fifths of the delegates to the National Assembly.
 * When an extraordinary session is to be convoked in accordance with Item 1 or Item 2 of the preceding paragraph, the President of the Legislative Yuan shall issue the notice of convocation; when it is to be convoked in accordance with Item 3 or Item 4, it shall be convoked by the President of the Republic.
 * Article 31
 * The National Assembly shall meet at the seat of the Central Government.
 * Article 32
 * No delegate to the National Assembly shall be held responsible outside the Assembly for opinions expressed or votes cast at meetings of the Assembly.
 * Article 33
 * While the Assembly is in session, no delegate to the National Assembly shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be arrested or detained without the permission of the National Assembly.
 * Article 34
 * The organization of the National Assembly, the election and recall of delegates to the National Assembly, and the procedure whereby the National Assembly is to carry out its functions, shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter IV. THE PRESIDENT

 * Article 35
 * The President shall be the head of the State and shall represent the Republic of China in foreign relations.
 * Article 36
 * The President shall have supreme command of the land, sea and air forces of the whole country.
 * Article 37
 * The President shall, in accordance with law, promulgate laws and issue mandates with the counter-signature of the President of the Executive Yuan or with the counter-signatures of both the President of Executive Yuan and the Ministers or Chairmen of Commissions concerned.
 * Article 38
 * The President shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, exercise the powers of concluding treaties, declaring war and making peace.
 * Article 39
 * The President may, in accordance with law, declare martial law with the approval of, or subject to confirmation by, the Legislative Yuan. When the Legislative Yuan deems it necessary, it may by resolution request the President to terminate martial law.
 * Article 40
 * The President shall, in accordance with law, exercise the power of granting amnesties, pardons, remission of sentences and restitution of civil rights.
 * Article 41
 * The President shall, in accordance with law, appoint and remove civil and military officials.
 * Article 42
 * The President may, in accordance with law, confer honors and decorations.
 * Article 43
 * In case of a natural calamity, an epidemic, or a national financial or economic crisis that calls for emergency measures, the President, during the recess of the Legislative Yuan, may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, and in accordance with the Law on Emergency Decree, issue emergency orders, proclaiming such measures as may be necessary to cope with the situation. Such orders shall, within one month after issuance, be presented to the Legislative Yuan for confirmation; in case the Legislative Yuan withholds confirmation, the said orders shall forthwith cease to be valid.
 * Article 44
 * In case of disputes between two or more Yuan other than those concerning which there are relevant provisions in this Constitution, the President may call a meeting of the Presidents of the Yuan concerned for consultation with a view to reaching a solution.
 * Article 45
 * Any citizen of the Republic of China who has attained the age of 40 years may be elected President or Vice President.
 * Article 46
 * The election of the President and the Vice President shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 47
 * The President and the Vice President shall serve a term of six years. They may be re-elected for a second term.
 * Article 48
 * The President shall, at the time of assuming office, take the following oath:
 * "I do solemnly and sincerely swear before the people of the whole country that I will observe the Constitution, faithfully perform my duties, promote the welfare of the people, safeguard the security of the State, and will in no way betray the people's trust. Should I break my oath, I shall be willing to submit myself to severe punishment by the State. This is my solemn oath."
 * Article 49
 * In case the office of the President should become vacant, the Vice President shall succeed until the expiration of the original presidential term. In case the office of both the President and the Vice President should become vacant, the President of the Executive Yuan shall act for the President; and, in accordance with the provisions of Article 30 of this Constitution, an extraordinary session of the National Assembly shall be convoked for the election of a new President and a new Vice President, who shall hold office until the completion of the term left unfinished by the preceding President. In case the President should be unable to attend to office due to any cause, the Vice President shall act for the President. In case both the President and the Vice President should be unable to attend to office, the President of the Executive Yuan shall act for the President.
 * Article 50
 * The President shall be relieved of his functions on the day on which his term of office expires. If by that time, the succeeding President has not yet been elected, or if the President-elect and the Vice-President-elect have not yet assumed office, the President of the Executive Yuan shall act for the President.
 * Article 51
 * The period during which the President of the Executive Yuan may act for the President shall not exceed three months.
 * Article 52
 * The President shall not, without having been recalled, or having been relieved of his functions, be liable to criminal prosecution unless he is charged with having committed an act of rebellion or treason.

Chapter V. ADMINISTRATION

 * Article 53
 * The Executive Yuan shall be the highest administrative organ of the state.
 * Article 54
 * The Executive Yuan shall have a President, a Vice President, a certain number of Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, and a certain number of Ministers without Portfolio.
 * Article 55
 * The President of the Executive Yuan shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.
 * If, during the recess of the Legislative Yuan, the President of the Executive Yuan should resign or if his office should become vacant, his functions shall be exercised by the Vice President of the Yuan, acting on his behalf, but the President of the Republic shall, within 40 days, request a meeting of the Legislative Yuan to confirm his nominee for the vacancy. Pending such confirmation, the Vice President of the Executive Yuan shall temporarily exercise the functions of the President of the said Yuan.
 * Article 56
 * The Vice President of the Executive Yuan, Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, and Ministers without Portfolio shall be appointed by the President of the Republic upon the recommendation of the President of the Executive Yuan.
 * Article 57
 * The Executive Yuan shall be responsible to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with the following provisions:
 * 1) The Executive Yuan has the duty to present to the Legislative Yuan a statement of its administrative policies and a report on its administration. While the Legislative Yuan is in session, Members of the Legislative Yuan shall have the right to question the President and the Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions of the Executive Yuan;
 * 2) If the Legislative Yuan does not concur in any important policy of the Executive Yuan, it may, by resolution, request the Executive Yuan to alter such a policy. With respect to such resolution, the Executive Yuan may, with the approval of the President of the Republic, request the Legislative Yuan for reconsideration. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds of the Members of the Legislative Yuan present at the meeting uphold the original resolution, the President of the Executive Yuan shall either abide by the same or resign from office;
 * 3) If the Executive Yuan deems a resolution on a statutory, budgetary, or treaty bill passed by the Legislative Yuan difficult of execution, it may, with the approval of the President of the Republic and within ten days after its transmission to the Executive Yuan, request the Legislative Yuan to reconsider the said resolution. If after reconsideration, two-thirds of the Members of the Legislative Yuan present at the meeting uphold the original resolution, the President of the Executive Yuan shall either abide by the same or resign from office.
 * Article 58
 * The Executive Yuan shall have an Executive Yuan Council, to be composed of its President, Vice President, various Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, and Ministers without Portfolio, with its President as Chairman.
 * Statutory or budgetary bills or bills concerning martial law, amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace, treaties, and other important affairs, all of which are to be submitted to the Legislative Yuan, as well as matters that are of common concern to the various Ministries and Commissions, shall be presented by the President and various Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions of the Executive Yuan to the Executive Yuan Council for decision.
 * Article 59
 * The Executive Yuan shall, three months before the beginning of each fiscal year, present to the Legislative Yuan the budgetary bill for the following fiscal year.
 * Article 60
 * The Executive Yuan shall, within four months after the end of each fiscal year, present final accounts of revenues and expenditures to the Control Yuan.
 * Article 61
 * The organization of the Executive Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VI. LEGISLATION

 * Article 62
 * The Legislative Yuan shall be the highest legislative organ of the State, to be constituted of members elected by the people. It shall exercise legislative power on behalf of the people.
 * Article 63
 * The Legislative Yuan shall have the power to decide by resolution upon statutory or budgetary bills or bills concerning material law, amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace or treaties, and other important affairs of the State.
 * Article 64
 * Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be elected in accordance with the following provisions:
 * 1) Those to be elected from the provinces and by the municipalities under the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan shall be five for each province or municipality with a population of not more than 3,000,000, one additional member shall be elected for each additional 1,000,000 in a province or municipality whose population is over 3,000,000;
 * 2) Those to be elected from Mongolian Leagues and Banners;
 * 3) Those to be elected from Tibet;
 * 4) Those to be elected by various racial groups in frontier regions;
 * 5) Those to be elected by Chinese citizens residing abroad; and
 * 6) Those to be elected by occupational groups.
 * The election of Members of the Legislative Yuan and the number of those to be elected in accordance with Items 2 to 6 of the preceding paragraph shall be prescribed by law.
 * The number of women to be elected under the various items enumerated in the first paragraph shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 65
 * Members of the Legislative Yuan shall serve a term of three years, and shall be re-eligible. The election of Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be completed within three months prior to the expiration of each term.
 * Article 66
 * The Legislative Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President, who shall be elected by and from among its Members.
 * Article 67
 * The Legislative Yuan may set up various committees.
 * Such committees may invite government officials and private persons concerned to be present at their meetings to answer questions.
 * Article 68
 * The Legislative Yuan shall hold two sessions each year, and shall convene of its own accord. The first session shall last from February to the end of May, and the second session from September to the end of December. Whenever necessary a session may be prolonged.
 * Article 69
 * In any of the following circumstances, the Legislative Yuan may hold an extraordinary session:
 * 1) At the request of the President of the Republic;
 * 2) Upon the request of not less than one-fourth of its members.
 * Article 70
 * The Legislative Yuan shall not make proposals for an increase in the expenditures in the budgetary bill presented by the Executive Yuan.
 * Article 71
 * At the meetings of the Legislative Yuan, the Presidents of the various Yuan concerned and the various Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions concerned may be present to give their views.
 * Article 72
 * Statutory bills passed by the Legislative Yuan shall be transmitted to the President of the Republic and to the Executive Yuan. The President shall, within ten days after receipt thereof, promulgate them; or he may deal with them in accordance with the provisions of Article 57 of this Constitution.
 * Article 73
 * No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall be held responsible outside the Yuan for opinions expressed or votes cast in the Yuan.
 * Article 74
 * No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be arrested or detained without the permission of the Legislative Yuan.
 * Article 75
 * No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall concurrently hold a government post.
 * Article 76
 * The organization of the Legislative Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VII. JUDICIARY

 * Article 77
 * The Judicial Yuan shall be the highest judicial organ of the State and shall have charge of civil, criminal, and administrative cases, and over cases concerning disciplinary measures against public functionaries.
 * Article 78
 * The Judicial Yuan shall interpret the Constitution and shall have the power to unify the interpretation of laws and orders.
 * Article 79
 * The Judicial Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President, who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.
 * The Judicial Yuan shall have a number of Grand Justices to take charge of matters specified in Article 78 of this Constitution, who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.
 * Article 80
 * Judges shall be above partisanship and shall, in accordance with law, hold trials independently, free from any interference.
 * Article 81
 * Judges shall hold office for life. No judge shall be removed from office unless he has been guilty of a criminal offense or subjected to disciplinary measure, or declared to be under interdiction. No judge shall, except in accordance with law, be suspended or transferred or have his salary reduced.
 * Article 82
 * The organization of the Judicial Yuan and of law courts of various grades shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VIII. EXAMINATION

 * Article 83
 * The Examination Yuan shall be the highest examination organ of the State and shall have charge of matters relating to examination, employment, registration, service rating, scales of salary, promotion and transfer, security of tenure, commendation, pecuniary aid in case of death, retirement and old age pension.
 * Article 84
 * The Examination Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President and a certain number of Members, all of whom shall be nominated and, with the consent the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.
 * Article 85
 * In the selection of public functionaries, a system of open competitive examination shall be put into operation, and examination shall be held in different areas, with prescribed numbers of persons to be selected according to various provinces and areas. No person shall be appointed to a public office unless he is qualified through examination.
 * Article 86
 * The following qualifications shall be determined and registered through examination by the Examination Yuan in accordance with law:
 * 1) Qualification for appointment as public functionaries; and
 * 2) Qualification for practice in specialized professions or as technicians.
 * Article 87
 * The Examination Yuan may, with respect to matters under its charge, present statutory bills to the Legislative Yuan.
 * Article 88
 * Members of the Examination Yuan shall be above partisanship and shall independently exercise their functions in accordance with law.
 * Article 89
 * The organization of the Examination Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter IX. CONTROL

 * Article 90
 * The Control Yuan shall be the highest control organ of the State and shall exercise the powers of consent, impeachment, censure, and auditing.
 * Article 91
 * The Control Yuan shall be composed of Members who shall be elected by Provincial and Municipal Councils, the local Councils of Mongolia and Tibet, and Chinese citizens residing abroad. Their numbers shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:
 * 1) Five Members for each Province;
 * 2) Two Members for each municipality under the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan;
 * 3) Eight Members for the Mongolian Leagues and Banners;
 * 4) Eight Members for Tibet; and
 * 5) Eight Members for Chinese citizens residing abroad.
 * Article 92
 * The Control Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President, who shall be elected by and from among its Members.
 * Article 93
 * Members of the Control Yuan shall serve a term of six years and shall be re-eligible.
 * Article 94
 * When the Control Yual exercises the power of consent in accordance with this Constitution, it shall do so by resolution of a majority of the Members present at the meeting.
 * Article 95
 * The Control Yuan may, in the exercise of its power of control, request the Executive Yuan and its Ministries and Commissions to submit to it for perusal the original orders issued by them and all other relevant documents.
 * Article 96
 * The control Yuan may, taking into account the work of the Executive Yuan and its various Ministries and Commissions, set up a certain number of committees to investigate their activities with a view to ascertaining whether or not they are guilty of violation of law or neglect of duty.
 * Article 97
 * The Control Yuan may, on the basis of the investigations and resolutions of its committees, propose corrective measures and forward them to the Executive Yuan and the Ministries and Commissions concerned, directing their attention to effecting improvements.
 * When the Control Yuan deems a public functionary in the Central Government or in a local government guilty of neglect of duty or violation of law, it may propose corrective measures or institute an impeachment. If it involves a criminal offense, the case shall be turned over to a law court.
 * Article 98
 * Impeachment by the Control Yuan of a public functionary in the Central Government or in a local government shall be instituted upon the proposal of one or more than one Member of the Control Yuan and the decision, after due consideration, by a committee composed of not less nine Members.
 * Article 99
 * In case of impeachment by the Control Yuan of the personnel of the Judicial Yuan or of the Examination Yuan for neglect of duty or violation of law, the provisions of Articles 95, 97, and 98 of this Constitution shall be applicable.
 * Article 100
 * Impeachment by the Control Yuan of the President or the Vice President shall be instituted upon the proposal of not less than one fourth of the whole body of Members of the Control Yuan and the resolution, after due consideration, by the majority of the whole body of members of the Control Yuan, and the same shall be presented to the National Assembly.
 * Article 101
 * No Member of the Control Yuan shall be held responsible outside the Yuan for opinions expressed or votes cast in the Yuan.
 * Article 102
 * No Member of the Control Yuan shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be arrested or detained without the permission of the Control Yuan.
 * Article 103
 * No member of the Control Yuan shall concurrently hold a public office or engage in any profession.
 * Article 104
 * In the Control Yuan, there shall have an Auditor General who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.
 * Article 105
 * The Auditor General shall, within three months after presentation by the Executive Yuan of the final accounts of revenues and expenditures, complete the auditing thereof in accordance with law and submit an auditing report to the Legislative Yuan.
 * Article 106
 * The organization of the Control Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter X. POWERS OF THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

 * Article 107
 * In the following matters, the Central Government shall have the power of legislation and administration:
 * 1) Foreign affairs;
 * 2) National defense and military affairs concerning national defense;
 * 3) Nationality law and criminal, civil, and commercial law;
 * 4) Judiciary system;
 * 5) Aviation, national highways, state-owned railways, navigation, postal and telecommunication services;
 * 6) Central Government finance and national revenues;
 * 7) Demarcation of national, provincial, and hsien revenues;
 * 8) State-operated economic enterprises;
 * 9) Currency system and state banks;
 * 10) Weights and measures;
 * 11) Foreign trade policies;
 * 12) Financial and economic matters affecting foreigners or foreign countries; and
 * 13) Other matters relating to the Central Government as provided by this Constitution.
 * Article 108
 * In the following matters, the Central Government shall have the power of legislation and administration, but the Central Government may delegate the power of Administration to the provincial and hsien governments:
 * 1) General principles of provincial and hsien self-government;
 * 2) Division of administrative areas;
 * 3) Foresty, industry, mining, and commerce;
 * 4) Educational system;
 * 5) Banking and exchange system;
 * 6) Shipping and deep-sea fishery;
 * 7) Public utilities;
 * 8) Cooperative enterprises;
 * 9) Water and land commnunication and transportation covering two or more provinces;
 * 10) Water conservancy, waterways, agriculture and pastoral enterprises covering two or more provinces;
 * 11) Registration, employment, supervision, and security of tenure of officials in Central and local governments;
 * 12) Land legislation;
 * 13) Labor legislation and other special legislation;
 * 14) Eminent domain;
 * 15) Census-taking and compilation of population statistics for the whole country;
 * 16) Immigration and land reclamation;
 * 17) Police system;
 * 18) Public health;
 * 19) Relief, pencuniary aid in case of death and aid in case of unemplyment; and
 * 20) Preservation of ancient books and articles and sites of cultural value.
 * With respect to the various items enumerted in the preceding paragraph, the provinces may enact separate rules and regulations, provided they are not in conflict with national laws.
 * Article 109
 * In the following matters, the provinces shall have the power of legislation and administration, but the provinces may delegate the power of administration to the hsien:
 * 1) Provincial education, public health, industries, and communications;
 * 2) Management and disposal of provincial property;
 * 3) Administration of municipalities under provincial jurisdiction;
 * 4) Province-operated enterprises;
 * 5) Provincial cooperative enterprises;
 * 6) Provincial agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, fishery, animal husbandry, and public works;
 * 7) Provincial finance and revenues;
 * 8) Provincial debts;
 * 9) Provincial banks;
 * 10) Provincial police administration;
 * 11) Provincial charitible and public welfare works; and
 * 12) Other matters delegated to the provinces in accordance with national laws.
 * Except as otherwise provided by law, any of the matters enumerated in the various items of the preceding paragraph, in so far as it covers two or more provinces, may be undertaken jointly by the provinces concerned.
 * When any province, in undertaking matters listed in any of the items of the first paragraph, finds its funds insufficient, it may, by resolution of the Legislative Yuan, obtain subsidies from the National Treasury.
 * Article 110
 * In the following matters, the hsien shall have the power of legislation and adminstration:
 * 1) Hsien education, public health, industries and communications;
 * 2) Management and disposal of hsien property;
 * 3) Hsien-operated enterprises;
 * 4) Hsien cooperative enterprises;
 * 5) Hsien agriculture and forestry, water conservancy, fishery, animal husbandry and public works;
 * 6) Hsien finance and revenues;
 * 7) Hsien debts;
 * 8) Hsien banks;
 * 9) Admistration of hsien police and defense;
 * 10) Hsien charitable and public welfare works; and
 * 11) Other matters delegated to the hsien in accordance with national laws and provincial Self-Government Regulations.
 * Except as otherwise provided by law, any of the matters enumerated in the various items of the proceding paragraph, in so far as it covers two or more hsien, may be undertaken jointly by the hsien concerned.
 * Article 111
 * Any matter not enumerated in Articles 107, 108, 109, and 110 shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Central Government, if it is national in nature; of the province, if it is provincial in nature; and of the hsien, if it concerns the hsien. In case of dispute, it shall be settled by the Legislative Yuan.

Section 1. The Province

 * Article 112
 * A Province may convoke a Provincial Assembly to enact, in accordance with the General Principles of Provincial and Hsien Self-Government, regulations, provided the said regulations are not in conflict with the Constitution.
 * The organization of the provincial assembly and the election of the delegates shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 113
 * The Provincial Self-Government Regulations shall include the following provisions:
 * 1) In the province, there shall be a provincial council. Members of the Provincial council shall be elected by the people of the province.
 * 2) In the province,there shall be a provincial government with a Provincial Governor who be elected by the people of the Province.
 * 3) Relationship between the province and the hsien.
 * The legislative power of the province shall be exercised by the Provincial Council.
 * Article 114
 * The Provincial Self-Government Regulations shall, after enactment, be forthwith submitted to the Judicial Yuan.The Judicial Yuan, if it deems any part thereof unconstitutional, shall declare null and void the articles repugnant to the Constitution.
 * Article 115
 * If, during the enforcement of Provincial Self-Goverment Regulations, there should arise any serious obstacle in the application of any of the articles contained therein, the Judical Yuan shall first summon the various parties concerned to present their views; and thereupon the Presidents of the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan and Control Yuan shall form a Committee, with the President of Judicial Yuan as Chairman, to propose a formula for solution.
 * Article 116
 * Provincial rules and regulations that are in conflict with national laws shall be null and void.
 * Article 117
 * When doubt arises as to whether or not there is a conflict between provincial rules or regulations and national laws, interpretation thereon shall be made by the Judicial Yuan.
 * Article 118
 * The self-government of municipalities under the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 119
 * The local self-government of Mongolian Leagues and Banners shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 120
 * The self-government system of Tibet shall be safeguarded.

Section 2. The Hsien

 * Article 121
 * The hsien shall enforce hsien self-government.
 * Article 122
 * A hsien may convoke a hsien assembly to enact,in accordance with the General Principles of Provincial and Hsien Self-Government, hsien self-government regulations, provide the said regulations are not in conflict with the Constitution or with provincial self-government regulations.
 * Article 123
 * The people of the hsien shall, in accordance with law, exercise the rights of initiative and referendum in matters within the sphere of hsien self-government and shall, in accordance with law, exercise the rights of election and recall of the magistrate and other hsien self-government officials.
 * Article 124
 * In the hsien, there shall be a hsien council. Members of the hsien council shall be elected by the people of the hsien.
 * The legislative power of the hsien shall be exercised by the hsien council.
 * Article 125
 * Hsien rules and regulations that are in conflict with national laws, or with provincial rules and regulations, shall be null and void.
 * Article 126
 * In the hsien, there shall be a hsien government with hsien magistrate who shall be elected by the people of the hsin.
 * Article 127
 * The hsien magistrate shall have charge of hsien self-government and shall administer matters delegated to hsien by the central or provincial government.
 * Article 128
 * The provisions governing the hsien shall apply mutatis mutandis to the municipality.

Chapter XII. ELECTION, RECALL, INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

 * Article 129
 * The various kinds of elections prescribed in this Constitution, except as otherwise provided by this Constitution, shall be by universal, equal, and direct suffrage and by secret ballot.
 * Article 130
 * Any citizen of the Republic of China who has attained the age of 20 years shall have the right of election in accordance with law. Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law, any citizen who has attained the age of 23 years shall have the right of being elected in accordance with law.
 * Article 131
 * All candidates in the various kinds of election prescribed in this Constitution shall openly campaign for their election.
 * Article 132
 * Intimidation or inducements shall be strictly forbidden in elections. Suits arising in connection with elections shall be tried by courts.
 * Article 133
 * A person elected may, in accordance with law, be recalled by his constituency.
 * Article 134
 * In the various kinds of election, quotas of successful candidates shall be assigned to women; methods of implementation shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 135
 * The number of delegates to the National Assembly and the manner of their election from people in interior areas, who have their own conditions of living and habits, shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 136
 * The exercise of the rights of initiative and referendum shall be prescribed by law.

Section 1. National Defense

 * Article 137
 * The national defense of the Republic of China shall have as its objective the safeguarding of national security and the preservation of world peace.
 * The organization of national defense shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 138
 * The land, sea, and air forces of the whole country shall be above personal, regional, and party affiliations, shall be loyal to the state and shall protect the people.
 * Article 139
 * No political party and no individual shall make use of armed forces as an instrument in the struggle for political powers.
 * Article 140
 * No military man in active service may concurrently hold a civil office.

Section 2. Foreign Policy

 * Article 141
 * The foreign policy of the Republic of China shall be conceived in a spirit of independence and self-reliance and based on the principles of equality and reciprocity to promote friendly relations with other nations and abide by treaties and the Charter of the United Nations so as to protect the rights and interests of Chinese citizens residing abroad, foster international cooperation, advance international justice, and insure world peace.

Section 3. National Economy

 * Article 142
 * National economy shall be based on the Principle of People's Livelihood and shall seek to effect equalization of land ownership and restriction of private capital in order to attain a well-balanced sufficiency in national wealth and people's livelihood.
 * Article 143
 * All land within the territory of the Republic of China shall belong to the whole body of citizens. Private ownership of land, acquired by the people in accordance with law, shall be protected and restricted by law. Privately-owned land shall be liable to taxation according to its value, and the Government may buy such land according to its value.
 * Mineral deposits which are embedded in the land, and natural power which may, for economic purpose, be utilized for public benefit shall belong to the State, regardless of the fact that private individuals many have acquired ownership over such land.
 * If the value of a picec of land has increased, not through the exertion of labor or the employment of capital, the State shall levy thereon an increment tax, the proceeds of which shall be enjoyed by the people in common.
 * In the distribution and readjustment of land, the State shall in principle assist self-farming land-owners and persons who make use of the land by themselves, and shall also regulate their appropriate areas of operation.
 * Article 144
 * Public utilities and other enterprises of a monopolistic nature shall, in principle, be under public operation. In cases permitted by law, they may be operated by private citizens.
 * Article 145
 * With respect to private wealth and privately operated enterprises, the State shall restrict them by law if they are deemed detrimental to a balanced development of national wealth and people's livelihood.
 * Cooperative enterprises shall receive encouragement and assistance from the State.
 * Private citizens' productive enterprises and foreign trade shall receive encouragement, guidance and protection from the State.
 * Article 146
 * The State shall, by the use of scientific techniques, develop water conservancy, increase the productivity of land, improve agricultural conditions, develop agricultural resources and hasten the industrialization of agriculture.
 * Article 147
 * The Central Government, in order to attain a balanced economic development among the provinces, shall give appropriate aid to poor or unproductive provinces.
 * The provinces, in order to attain a balanced economic development among the hsien, shall give appropriate aid to poor or unproductive hsien.
 * Article 148
 * Within the territory of the Republic of China, all goods shall be permitted to move freely from place to place.
 * Article 149
 * Financial institutions shall, in accordance with law, be subject to State control.
 * Article 150
 * The State shall extensively establish financial institutions for the common people, with a view to relieving unemployment.
 * Article 151
 * With respect to Chinese citizens residing abroad, the State shall foster and protect development of their economic enterprises.

Section 4. Social Security

 * Article 152
 * The State shall provide suitable opportunities for work to people who are able to work.
 * Article 153
 * The State, in order to improve the livelihood of laborers and farmers and to improve their productive skills, shall enact laws and carry out policies for their protection.
 * Women and children engaged in labor shall, according to their age and physical condition, be accorded special protection.
 * Article 154
 * Capital and labor shall, in accordance with the principles of harmony and cooperation, promote productive enterprises. Conciliation and arbitration of disputes between capital and labor shall be prescribed by law.
 * Article 155
 * The State, in order to promote social welfare, shall establish a social insurance system. To the aged and the infirm who are unable to earn a living, and to victims of unusual calamities, the State shall give appropriate assistance and relief.
 * Article 156
 * The State, in order to consolidate the foundation of national existence and development, shall protect motherhood and carry out a policy for the promoting of the welfare of women and children.
 * Article 157
 * The State, in order to improve national health, shall establish extensive services for sanitation and health protection, and a system of public medical service.

Section 5. Education and Culture

 * Article 158
 * Education and culture shall aim at the development among the citizens of the national spirit, the spirit of self-government, national morality, good physique, scientific knowledge and ability to earn a living.
 * Article 159
 * All citizens shall have an equal opportunity to receive an education.
 * Article 160
 * All children of school age from 6 to 12 years shall receive free primary education. Those from poor families shall be supplied with book by the Government.
 * All citizens above school age who have not received primary education shall receive supplementary education free of charge and shall also be supplied with books by the Government.
 * Article 161
 * The national, provincial, and local government shall extensively establish scholarships to assist students of good scholastic standing and exemplary conduct who lack the means to continue their school education.
 * Article 162
 * All public and private educational and cultural institutions in the country shall, in accordance with law, be subject to State supervision.
 * Article 163
 * The State shall pay due attention to the balanced development of education in different regions, and shall promote social education in order to raise the cultural standards of the citizens in general. Grants from the National Treasury shall be made to frontier regions and economically poor areas to help them meet their education and cultural expanse. The Central Government may either itself undertake the more important educational and cultural enterprises in such regions or give them financial assistance.
 * Article 164
 * Expenditures of educational programs, scientific studies and cultural service shall not be, in respect of the Central Government, not less than 15 per cent of the total national budget; in respect of each province, not less than 25 percent of the total provincial budget; and in respect of each municipality or hsien, less than 35 percent of the total municipal or hsien budget. Educational and cultural foundations established in accordance with law shall, together with their property, be protected.
 * Article 165
 * The State shall safeguard the livelihood of those who work in the field of education, sciences and arts, and shall, in accordance with the development of national economy, increase their remuneration from time to time.
 * Article 166
 * The State shall encourage scientific discoveries and inventions, and shall protect ancient sites and articles of historical, cultural or artistic value.
 * Article 167
 * The State shall give encouragement or subsidies to the following enterprises or individuals:
 * 1) Educational enterprises in the country which have been operated with good record by private individuals;
 * 2) Educational enterprises which have been operated with good record by Chinese citizens residing abroad;
 * 3) Persons who have made discoveries or inventions in the field of learning and technology; and
 * 4) Persons who have rendered long and meritorious services in the field of education.

Section 6. Frontier Regions

 * Article 168
 * The State shall accord to various racial groups in the frontier regions legal protection of their status and shall give special assistance to their local self-government undertakings.
 * Article 169
 * The State shall, in a positive manner, undertake and foster the develop of education, culture, communications, water conservancy, public health and other economic and social enterprises of the various racial group in the frontier regions. With respect to the utilization of land, the State shall, after taking into account the climatic conditions, the nature of the soil, and the life and habits of the people, adopt measures to protect the land and to assist in its development.

Chapter XIV. ENFORCEMENT AND AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

 * Article 170
 * The term "law" as used in this Constitution, shall denote any legislative bill that have been passed by the Legislative Yuan and promulgated by the President of the Republic.
 * Article 171
 * Laws that are in conflict with the Constitution shall be null and void.
 * When doubt arises as to whether or not a law is in conflict with the Constitution, interpretation thereon shall be made by the Judicial Yuan.
 * Article 172
 * Ordinance that are in conflict with the Constitution or with laws shall be null and void.
 * Article 173
 * The Constitution shall be interpreted by the Judicial Yuan.
 * Article 174
 * Amendments to the Constitution shall be made in accordance with one of the following procedures:
 * 1) Upon the propsal of one-fifth of the total number of delegates to the National Assembly and by a resolution of three-fourths of the delegates present at a meeting having a quorum of two-thirds of the entire Assembly, the Constitution may be amended.
 * 2) Upon the propsal of one-fourth of the members of the Legislative Yuan and by a resolution of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting having a quorum three-fourths of the members of the Yuan, an amendment may be drawn up and submitted to the National Assembly by way of referendum. Such a proposed amendment to the Constitution shall be publicly announced half a year before the National Assembly convenes.
 * Article 175
 * Whenever necessary, enforcement procedures in regard to any matter prescribed in this Constitution shall be separately provided by law.
 * The preparatory procedures for the enforcement of this Constitution shall be decided upon by the same National Assembly which shall have adopted this Constitution.