Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1992)

CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC

Third Revision

1992

PREAMBLE
On 25 April 1974 the Armed Forces Movement, setting the seal on the long resistance of the Portuguese people and interpreting their deep-seated feelings, overthrew the fascist regime.

The liberation of Portugal from dictatorship, oppression and colonialism represented a revolutionary change and an historic new beginning in Portuguese society.

The Revolution restored fundamental rights and freedoms to the people of Portugal. In exercise of those rights and freedoms, the legitimate representatives of the people have assembled to draw up a Constitution that meets the aspirations of the country.

The Constituent Assembly affirms the decision of the Portuguese people to defend their national independence, to guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens, to establish the basic principles of democracy, to safeguard the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state and to open the way to a socialist society, with respect for the will of the Portuguese people and the goal of building a freer, more just and more fraternal country.

The Constituent Assembly, meeting in plenary session on 2 April 1976, approves and decrees the following Constitution of the Portuguese Republic.

Fundamental principles

 * Article 1 Portuguese Republic

Portugal is a sovereign Republic, that is based upon the dignity of the human person and the will of the people and is committed to building a free and just society united in its common purposes.


 * Article 2 Democratic State based on the rule of law

The Portuguese Republic is a democratic State that is based upon the rule of law, the sovereignty of the people, the pluralism of democratic expression and democratic political organisation, and respect and effective guarantees for fundamental rights and freedoms, and that has as its aims the achievement of economic, social and cultural democracy and the deepening of participatory democracy.


 * Article 3 Sovereignty and legality

1. Sovereignty, single and indivisible, rests with the people, who shall exercise it in the manner and form laid down in this Constitution.

2. The State shall be subject to this Constitution and shall be based upon democratic legality.

3. The validity of the laws and other actions of the State, the autonomous regions and local government depends upon their compliance with this Constitution.


 * Article 4 Portuguese citizenship

All persons are Portuguese citizens who are regarded as such by law or under international convention.


 * Article 5 Territory

1. Portugal comprises the territory on the Continent of Europe as is historically defined and the archipelagoes of the Azores and Madeira.

2. The extent and limits of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone, and the rights of Portugal to the adjacent sea bed, shall be laid down by law.

3. The State shall not transfer ownership of any part of the territory of Portugal, or any of the sovereign rights that it exercises over that territory, unless for the purpose of rectifying frontiers.


 * Article 6 Unitary State

1. The State is a unitary State that is structured on the principles of the autonomy of local authorities and the democratic decentralization of the public service.

2. The archipelagoes of the Azores and Madeira shall constitute autonomous regions with their own political and administrative statutes and their own institutions of self-government.


 * Article 7 International relations

1. In international relations, Portugal shall be governed by the principles of national independence, respect for human rights, the right of peoples to self-determination and independence, equality between States, the peaceful settlement of international disputes, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and cooperation with all other peoples for the emancipation and progress of mankind.

2. Portugal shall advocate the abolition of all forms of imperialism, colonialism and aggression, simultaneous and controlled general disarmament, the dissolution of political-military blocs and the setting up of a collective security system, with a view to the creation of an international order capable of safeguarding peace and justice in relations between peoples.

3. Portugal recognizes the right of peoples to rebel against all forms of oppression, in particular colonialism and imperialism.

4. Portugal shall maintain special bonds of friendship and co-operation with those countries that are Portuguese-speaking.

5. Portugal is pledged to the reinforcement of the European identity and to the strengthening of the commitment of the States of Europe to democracy, peace, economic progress and justice in the relations between their peoples.

6. Provided that there is reciprocity, Portugal may enter into agreements for the joint exercise of the powers necessary to establish the European Union, in ways that have due regard for the principle of subsidiarity and the objective of economic and social cohesion.


 * Article 8 International law

1. The rules and principles of general or customary international law are an integral part of Portuguese law.

2. Rules provided for in international conventions that have been duly ratified or approved, shall apply in national law, following their official publication, so long as they remain internationally binding with respect to the Portuguese State.

3. Rules made by the competent organs of international organizations to which Portugal belongs apply directly in national law to the extent that the constitutive treaty provides.


 * Article 9 Basic responsibilities of the State

The basic responsibilities of the State are:

a. To guarantee national independence, and to create the political, economic and cultural conditions that are conducive to it;

b. To guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms and respect for the principles of the democratic State based on law;

c. To defend political democracy, and to safeguard and promote the democratic participation of citizens in the resolution of national problems;

d. To promote the welfare and quality of life of the people, and actual equality between Portuguese in their enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, through the transformation and modernization of the economic and social structures;

e. To protect and enhance the cultural heritage of the Portuguese people, to protect nature and the environment, to conserve natural resources and to ensure the proper planning of the national territory;

f. To safeguard instruction in, and a constant increase in respect for, the Portuguese language, to defend its use and to promote its international currency.


 * Article 10 Universal suffrage and political parties

1. The people shall exercise political power through universal, equal, direct, secret and periodic suffrage, and through other forms laid down in this Constitution.

2. The political parties shall assist in bringing about the organization and expression of the will of the people and shall respect the principles of national independence and political democracy.


 * Article 11 National symbols

1. The National Flag, the symbol of the sovereignty of the Republic and of the independence, unity and unitary nature of Portugal, shall be the flag adopted by the Republic established by the Revolution of 5 October 1910.

2. The National Anthem shall be A Portuguesa.

SECTION 1 General principles

 * Article 12 Principle of universality

1. All citizens shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties laid down in this Constitution.

2. Corporate bodies shall enjoy such rights and be subject to such duties as are compatible with their nature.


 * Article 13 Principle of equality

1. All citizens have the same social rank and are equal before the law.

2. No one shall be privileged or favored, or discriminated against, or deprived of any right or exempted from any duty, by reason of his or her ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological convictions, education, economic situation or social circumstances.


 * Article 14 Portuguese citizens abroad

Portuguese citizens temporarily or habitually resident abroad shall enjoy the protection of the State in the exercise of their rights, and shall be subject to such duties as are not incompatible with their absence from the country.


 * Article 15 Aliens, stateless persons, European citizens

1. Aliens and stateless persons temporarily or habitually resident in Portugal shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties as Portuguese citizens.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply to political rights, to the performance of public functions that are not predominantly technical or to rights and duties that, under this Constitution or the law, are restricted to Portuguese citizens.

3. Citizens of Portuguese-speaking countries may, by international convention and provided that there is reciprocity, be granted rights not otherwise conferred on aliens, except the right to become members of the organs with supreme authority or of self-government of the autonomous regions, to service in the armed forces or to appointment to the diplomatic service.

4. Provided that there is reciprocity, the law may confer upon aliens who reside in the national territory the right to vote for, and to stand for election as, members of the organs of local authorities.

5. Provided that there is reciprocity, the law may also confer upon citizens of the Member States of the European Union, who reside in Portugal, the right to vote for, and to stand for election as, Members of the European Parliament.


 * Article 16 Fundamental rights: scope and interpretation

1. The fundamental rights contained in this Constitution shall not exclude any other fundamental rights provided for in the laws or resulting from applicable rules of international law.

2. The provisions of this Constitution and of laws relating to fundamental rights shall be construed and interpreted in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


 * Article 17 System of rights, freedoms and guarantees

The general system of rights, freedoms and guarantees comprises those set out in Section II and fundamental rights of a similar kind.


 * Article 18 Legal application

1. The constitutional provisions relating to rights, freedoms and guarantees shall be directly applicable to, and binding on, both public and private bodies.

2. Rights, freedoms and guarantees may be restricted by law in only those cases expressly provided for in this Constitution; restrictions shall be limited to the extent necessary to safeguard other rights or interests protected by this Constitution.

3. Laws restricting rights, freedoms and guarantees shall be general and abstract in character, shall not have retroactive effect and shall not limit, in extent or scope, the essential content of the constitutional provisions.


 * Article 19 Suspension of the exercise of rights

1. The organs with supreme authority shall not, jointly or separately, suspend the exercise of rights, freedoms and guarantees, except where a state of siege or a state of emergency has been declared in the manner laid down by this Constitution.

2. A state of siege or a state of emergency may be declared in all or any part of the national territory, but only in the event of actual or imminent aggression by foreign forces, of serious threat to, or disturbance of, the democratic constitutional order or of a public disaster.

3. A state of emergency may be declared where the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 2 are of a less serious nature; it shall at the most give rise to the suspension of some of the rights, freedoms and guarantees that are capable of suspension.

4. When the choice is made between a state of siege and a state of emergency, the principle of proportionality shall be respected in making the decision in favor of one or other state and in giving effect to that decision; in particular, the extent of application, the duration and the measures provided for shall be limited to those strictly necessary for the prompt restoration of the constitutional normality.

5. A declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency shall be based on properly substantiated grounds, and shall specify those rights, freedoms and guarantees, the exercise of which is to be suspended; it shall be in force for a period of not more than 15 days or, where the declaration results from a declaration of war, for the period laid down by law, but it may from time to time be renewed subject to the same time limits.

6. A declaration of a state of emergency or a state of siege shall in no case affect the rights to life, personal integrity and identity, civil capacity, and citizenship, of the person, the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the defense rights of accused persons and the freedom of conscience and religion.

7. A declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency may affect constitutional normality only within the limits set out in this Constitution and in law; in particular, it may not affect the enforcement of the constitutional provisions with respect to the powers and operation of the organs with supreme authority and the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions, nor the rights and immunities of their members.

8. A declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency shall vest the authorities with the powers to take the action necessary and appropriate for the prompt restoration of the constitutional normality.


 * Article 20 Access to law and the courts

1. Everyone is guaranteed access to law and to the courts in order to defend his or her legitimate rights and interests; justice shall not be denied to a person for lack of financial resources.

2. Everyone has the right, in accordance with the law, to legal advice and information and to legal aid.


 * Article 21 Right to resist

Everyone has the right to refuse to comply with an order that infringes his or her rights, freedoms or guarantees and to resist by force any form of aggression when recourse to a public authority is impossible.


 * Article 22 Liability of public bodies

The State and other public bodies shall be jointly and severally liable under the civil law, with the members of their organs, their officials and their personnel, for acts or omissions in the performance of their functions, or caused by the performance of their functions, which result in contravention of rights, freedoms or guarantees or in damage to another person.


 * Article 23 Ombudsman

1. Citizens may present complaints concerning acts or omissions on the part of public bodies to the Ombudsman, who shall undertake a review, without power of decision, and shall make such recommendations to the competent organs as are necessary to prevent or make good injustice.

2. The actions of the Ombudsman shall be independent of any acts of grace or legal remedies provided for in this Constitution or the law.

3. The office of the Ombudsman shall be an independent organ; the Warden of Justice shall be appointed by the Assembly of the Republic.

4. The organs and personnel of the Public Service shall co-operate with the Ombudsman in the discharge of the Ombudsman's responsibilities.

CHAPTER I Personal rights, freedoms and guarantees

 * Article 24 Right to life

1. Human life is inviolable.

2. In no case shall the death penalty be applied.


 * Article 25 Right to personal integrity

1. The moral and physical integrity of the person is inviolable.

2. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment or punishment.


 * Article 26 Other personal rights

1. Everyone is recognized as having the right to his or her personal identity, civil capacity, citizenship, good name and reputation, and likeness, the right to speak out and the right to the protection of the privacy of his or her personal and family life.

2. The law shall establish effective guarantees against the misuse, or use that is contrary to human dignity, of information concerning individuals or families.

3. A person may be deprived of citizenship or subjected to restrictions on his or her civil capacity only in the cases and under the conditions laid down by law, and never on political grounds.


 * Article 27 Right to liberty and security

1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security.

2. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty, in whole or in part, unless as the consequence of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court convicting him or her of an offense punishable by law, or as the consequence of a security measure judicially ordered.

3. This guarantee does not apply to the following cases where a person is deprived of his or her liberty, for a period and under conditions laid down by law:

a. Remand in custody of a person arrested in flagrante delicto or where there is strong evidence that the person has committed a serious crime punishable by imprisonment for more than 3 years;

b. The arrest or detention of a person who has unlawfully entered or remained in the national territory or against whom extradition or deportation proceedings have been instituted;

c. Imprisonment for reasons of discipline of military personnel, to whom a right to appeal to the competent court is guaranteed;

d. Detention of a minor in an appropriate institution for the purposes of protection, support or education, on the order of a competent court of law;

e. Detention under a court order for non-compliance with a court order or to ensure appearance before the competent judicial authority.

4. Everyone who is deprived of liberty shall be informed, promptly and in a manner that he or she understands, of the reasons for the arrest or detention, and of his or her rights.

5. Any deprivation of liberty in violation of the provisions of this Constitution or the law shall place the State under the duty to compensate the person aggrieved as laid down by law.


 * Article 28 Remand in custody

1. Remand in custody without judicial charge is subject to the scrutiny of a court within 48 hours, in order to determine the validity of, or to continue, the detention; the court shall hear the reasons for the detention and shall inform the detainee of them, and shall conduct an examination of that person and provide him or her with the opportunity to present a defense.

2. Remand in custody shall not be continued if it can be replaced by bail or by some other more favorable measure that is available under the law.

3. A court order that involves deprivation of liberty or the continuation of detention shall be communicated promptly to the person specified by the detainee, who may be a relative or another person in whom the detainee has confidence.

4. Remand in custody, both before and after a judicial charge is made, shall be subject to the time limitations prescribed by law.


 * Article 29 Application of the criminal law

1. No one shall be convicted under the criminal law except for an act or omission made punishable under existing law; and no one shall be subjected to a security measure, except for reasons authorised under existing law.

2. Paragraph 1 does not prevent the punishment, within the limits of municipal law, of an act or omission which at the time it was committed was regarded as a crime under general principles of international law that are customarily recognized.

3. No sentences or security measures shall be ordered that are not expressly provided for in existing laws.

4. No one shall be subjected to a sentence or security measure that is more severe than those applicable at the time the act was committed or the preparations for its commission were made. Criminal laws that are favorable to the offender shall apply retroactively.

5. No one shall be tried more than once for the same offense.

6. Citizens who have been unjustly convicted have the right, under the conditions laid down by law, to a reconsideration of their sentences and to compensation for loss suffered.


 * Article 30 Limits on sentences and security measures

1. No one shall be subjected to a sentence or security measure that involves deprivation or restriction of liberty for life or for an unlimited or indefinite term.

2. Where there is danger arising from a serious mental disorder that cannot be treated in an open environment, security measures that involve deprivation or restriction of liberty may be extended, on successive occasions, by judicial decision in each case, for as long as that condition lasts.

3. Sentences shall not be transferable.

4. No sentence shall involve, as an automatic consequence, the loss of any civil, occupational or political rights.

5. Persons who are subjected, on conviction, to a sentence or a security measure involving the deprivation of liberty remain entitled to their fundamental rights, subject to the limitations that necessarily derive from that conviction and from the requirements for its enforcement.


 * Article 31 Habeas corpus

1. The remedy of habeas corpus shall be available before a court of law or a court martial, as the case may be, against the abuse of power in the form of unlawful arrest or detention.

2. An application for habeas corpus may be made by the detainee or by any citizen in the exercise of his or her political rights.

3. The court shall rule on the application for habeas corpus within 8 days at a hearing in the presence of both parties.


 * Article 32 Guarantees in criminal proceedings

1. Criminal proceedings shall safeguard all the guarantees for the defense.

2. Everyone charged with an offense is presumed innocent until convicted, shall be tried within the shortest period of time that is compatible with the defense guarantees.

3. An accused person has the right to select, and be represented by, counsel at all stages of the proceedings. The matters and stages of proceedings for which representation shall be compulsory shall be prescribed by law.

4. A judge shall have jurisdiction throughout the preliminary investigation, who, in accordance with the law, may delegate to other persons those aspects of the investigation that are not directly connected with fundamental rights.

5. Criminal proceedings shall be accusatory in structure, and the trial and such parts of the preliminary investigation as are determined by law shall be subject to the principle that both parties should be heard.

6. Evidence is of no effect if it is obtained by torture, force, infringement of the physical or moral integrity of the individual, or wrongful interference with private life, the home, correspondence or telecommunications.

7. No case shall be withheld from the court which has jurisdiction under existing law.

8. In proceedings for breaches of regulatory ordinances, the accused person is guaranteed the right to be heard in addition to the right to make a defense.


 * Article 33 Extradition, deportation and right to asylum

1. Portuguese citizens shall not be extradited or deported from the national territory.

2. No one shall be extradited for political reasons.

3. No one shall be extradited for crimes that carry the death penalty under the law of the requesting State.

4. Extradition shall be determined by a judicial authority only.

5. Deportation of persons who have entered, or are permanently resident in, the national territory, who have obtained a residence permit, or who have lodged an application for asylum that has not been refused, shall be determined by a judicial authority only; the law shall provide for the expeditious decision of these matters.

6. The right of asylum is guaranteed to aliens and stateless persons who are persecuted, or under a serious threat of persecution, in consequence of their activities on behalf of democracy, social or national liberation, peace between peoples or liberty or human rights of individuals.

7. The status of political refugees shall be established by law.


 * Article 34 Inviolability of home and correspondence

1. An individual's home and the privacy of his or her correspondence and other means of private communication are inviolable.

2. A citizen's home shall not be entered against his or her will, except under the order of the competent judicial authority and in the cases and in the manner prescribed by law.

3. No one shall enter the home of any person at night without that person's consent.

4. Interference by a public authority with correspondence or telecommunications is prohibited, except in the cases laid down by the law relating to criminal procedure.


 * Article 35 Use of computerized data

1. Subject to the law on State secrecy and legal confidentiality, all citizens have both the right of access to any data relating to them that is contained in computerized records and files and the right to be informed of the use for which the data is intended; they are entitled to require that the contents of the files and records be corrected and brought up to date.

2. Access to personal computerized records or files for the purpose of obtaining information concerning third parties or for interconnecting files is prohibited, except in exceptional cases as prescribed by law.

3. Computerized storage shall not be used for information concerning a person's ideological or political convictions, party or trade union affiliations, religious beliefs or private life, except in the case of data, for statistical purposes, that does not identify individuals.

4. The law shall determine what is personal data for the purposes of computerized storage, the conditions under which public or private bodies may establish data banks and data bases, and the conditions under which they may be utilized and accessed.

5. Citizens shall not be given all-purpose national identity numbers.

6. The law shall make determine, in relation to the transnational communication of data, the appropriate standards of protection for personal data and for data that should be safeguarded in the national interest.


 * Article 36 Family, marriage and filiation

1. Everyone has the right to found a family and to marry on terms of full equality.

2. The requirements for, and the consequences of, marriage and its termination by death or divorce shall be regulated by law, without distinctions arising from the manner in which the marriage is contracted.

3. Spouses have equal rights in relation both to their civil and political capacity and to the education and maintenance of their children.

4. Children born outside marriage shall not be discriminated against on that ground; terms describing filiation that are discriminatory shall not be used by the law or by government departments.

5. Parents have the right and the duty to educate and maintain their children.

6. Children shall not be separated from their parents unless the parents fail to perform their fundamental duties towards the children, and in that case only by judicial decision.

7. Adoption shall be regulated and protected by the law.


 * Article 37 Freedom of expression and information

1. Everyone has the right to express and publicize his or her thoughts freely, by words, images or other means, and the right to impart, obtain and receive information without hindrance or discrimination.

2. The exercise of these rights shall not be prevented or restricted by any kind or form of censorship.

3. Offenses committed in the exercise of these rights are punishable under the general principles of criminal law, which the courts of law have jurisdiction to try.

4. The rights to reply and to make corrections, and the right to compensation for loss suffered, shall be equally and effectively all individuals and corporate persons.


 * Article 38 Freedom of the press and mass media

1. Freedom of the press is guaranteed.

2. Freedom of the press comprises:

a. The freedom of expression and creativity for journalists and authors and, as a function of the journalist, the giving of editorial direction to the relevant mass media, except where the media belong to the State or are doctrinal or denominational in character;

b. The right of journalists to have access to information sources, to protection of their professional independence and confidentiality, and to elect editorial councils, in accordance with the law;

c. The right to found newspapers and other publications, without prior administrative authorisation, deposit or qualifications.

3. The law shall require, in general terms, the disclosure of the ownership, and the means of financing, of the mass media.

4. The State shall guarantee the freedom and independence of the mass media from political and economic powers; it shall impose the principle of speciality upon companies that own general information media; it shall treat and support those companies in a non-discriminatory manner and shall prevent their concentration, in particular through multiple or inter-locking financial interests.

5. The state shall guarantee the existence and operation of a public radio and television service.

6. The mass media in the public sector shall be so structured and operated as to be independent of the Government, the Public Service and other public bodies, and to guarantee opportunities for the expression of, and challenge to, different lines of opinion.

7. Radio and television stations shall operate only under a licence granted for the purpose after a public competition, in accordance with the law.


 * Article 39 High Authority for the Mass Media

1. The High Authority for the Mass Media shall guarantee the right to information, the freedom of the press, the independence of the mass media from political and economic powers, opportunities for expression of, and challenges to, different lines of opinion, and the exercise of the right to broadcasting time, the right of reply and the right of political argument.

2. The High Authority for the Mass Media shall be an independent body, composed, in accordance with the law, of 13 members, as follows:

a. One judge appointed by the Superior Council for the Judiciary, who shall preside;

b. 5 members elected by the Assembly of the Republic by a system of proportional representation and the Hondt highest average method;

c. 3 members appointed by the Government;

d. 4 members representing, in particular, public opinion, the mass media and the arts.

3. The High Authority for the Mass Media shall give its opinion before any government decision is reached concerning the licensing of private television channels; such a decision shall only be made in favour of an application that has been the subject of a favourable opinion.

4. Within the period prescribed by law, the High Authority shall give its public and reasoned opinion before the directors of mass media that belong to the State or to other public bodies or to bodies directly or indirectly under the economic control of the State are appointed or dismissed.

5. The law shall regulate the operation of the High Authority for the Mass Media.


 * Article 40 Right to broadcasting time, to reply and to political argument

1. Political parties, trade unions, professional organizations and organizations representing economic interests have the right to broadcasting time on publicly owned radio and television, to the extent to which they are representative and meet the objective criteria that shall be prescribed by the law.

2. Political parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic, but not in the Government, have the right to broadcasting time on publicly owned radio and television, in proportion to their representation, and have the right to reply and to political argument with respect to the political statements of the Government, as provided by law. The grant of the exercise of those rights shall be equivalent, in length and relevance, to that granted to the Government.

3. During elections, candidates have the right to regular and equitable broadcasting time on radio and television stations of national and regional importance as provided by law.


 * Article 41 Freedom of conscience, religion and worship

1. Freedom of conscience, religion and worship is inviolable.

2. No one shall be persecuted or deprived of rights or exempted from civil responsibilities or duties by reason of his or her convictions or religious observance.

3. No one shall be questioned by any authority about his or her convictions or religious observance, except for the purpose of gathering statistical information that does not identify individuals, nor shall anyone be prejudiced by his or her refusal to reply.

4. Churches and religious communities shall be independent of the State and are free to determine their own organisation and to perform their own ceremonies and worship.

5. Freedom within a denomination to teach its religion and to use its own media for providing public information about its activities is guaranteed.

6. The right to be a conscientious objector shall be guaranteed by the law.


 * Article 42 Freedom of cultural originality

1. Intellectual, artistic and scientific originality shall not be restricted.

2. This freedom includes the right to originate, produce and disseminate scientific, literary or artistic works, and includes legal protection for copyright.


 * Article 43 Freedom to learn and teach

1. Freedom to learn and teach is guaranteed.

2. The State shall not arrogate to itself the right to plan education and cultural development in accordance with any philosophical, aesthetic, political, ideological or religious precepts.

3. Public education shall be non-denominational.

4. The right to establish private and co-operative schools is guaranteed.


 * Article 44 Right to travel and emigrate

1. The right of all citizens to travel and settle freely anywhere in the national territory is guaranteed.

2. The right to emigrate or leave the national territory and the right to return to it is guaranteed to everyone.


 * Article 45 Right to assemble and demonstrate

1. Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and unarmed, even in public places, without prior authorization.

2. The right of all citizens to demonstrate shall be recognized.


 * Article 46 Freedom of association

1. Citizens have the right to form associations freely and without prior authorization, provided that the associations are not intended to promote violence and that their objectives are not contrary to the criminal law.

2. Associations may pursue their objectives freely and without interference form any public authority, and they may not be dissolved by the State, nor their activities suspended, unless by judicial decision in the circumstances prescribed by law.

3. No one shall be put under a duty to join an association or compelled to remain in it.

4. Armed, quasi-military, militarized or para-military associations, other than those of the State or the Armed Forces, and organizations that adopt fascist ideology are not permitted.


 * Article 47 Freedom to choose an occupation and enter the civil service

1. Everyone has the right to choose freely his or her occupation or type of work, subject to restrictions laid down by law in the public interest or inherent in his or her capacity.

2. All citizens have the right, equally and without restriction, to become a public official, by means of general public competition.

CHAPTER II Rights, freedoms and guarantees of political participation

 * Article 48 Participation in public life

1. All citizens have the right to take part in political life and in the direction of the public affairs of the country, either directly or through freely elected representatives.

2. Every citizen has the right to objective information about the activities of the State and other public bodies and to be informed by the Government and other authorities about the management of public affairs.


 * Article 49 Right to vote

1. All citizens over the age of 18 years have the right to vote, unless subject to an incapacity under the general law.

2. The exercise of the right to vote is personal and constitutes a civic duty.


 * Article 50 Right to hold public office

1. All citizens have the right, equally and without restriction, to hold public office.

2. No one shall be discriminated against in his or her placement in a specific post, employment, or professional career or in the social benefits to which he or she has a right, by reason of the exercise of political rights or the holding of public office.

3. The law shall establish only such limitations with respect to the holding of an elective office as are necessary to guarantee the freedom of choice by electors and to ensure absence of bias, and independence, in the performance of the responsibilities of the office.


 * Article 51 Political associations and parties

1. Freedom of association includes the right to establish and join political associations and parties, and, through them, to work jointly and democratically to give expression to the will of the people and to organize political power.

2. No one shall be a member of more than one political party at the same time, or be prevented from exercising any right by reason of membership, or the termination of membership, of a lawfully constituted party.

3. Without prejudice to the philosophy or ideology underlying their programs, political parties shall not use names that contain expressions directly connected with any religion or church, or use emblems that may be mistaken for national or religious symbols.

4. No party shall be established with a name or stated aims that indicate a regional connection or field of action.


 * Article 52 Right to petition and right of actio popularis

1. All citizens have the right to submit, individually or jointly with others, petitions, representations, claims or complaints to the organs with supreme authority or any authority, for the purpose of defending their rights, this Constitution, the law or the general interest.

2. The law shall determine the conditions under which joint petitions submitted to the Assembly of the Republic may be examined in plenary session.

3. Everyone, personally or through associations that purport to defend the interests in issue, enjoys the right of actio popularis in the cases and under the conditions provided by law, and in particular, the right to advocate the prevention, suppression and prosecution of offenses against public health, the environment, the quality of life and the cultural heritage, and to claim appropriate compensation on behalf of the aggrieved party or parties.

CHAPTER III Rights, freedoms and guarantees of workers

 * Article 53 Security of employment

The right of workers to security of employment is guaranteed. Dismissals without just cause or for political or ideological reasons are prohibited.


 * Article 54 Workers' committees

1. Workers have the right to establish workers' committees for the defence of their interests and to secure a democratic share in the management of their enterprise.

2. The establishment of committees shall be determined by general meetings of the workers, who shall also approve their constitutions and elect their members by direct and secret ballot.

3. Coordinating committees may be established, for the purpose of intervening more effectively in economic reorganization and as a safeguard for the guarantees for the interests of the workers.

4. Committee members shall enjoy the protection afforded by the law to trade union delegates.

5. Workers' committees have the right:

a. To receive all information necessary for the carrying out of their activities;

b. To monitor the management of enterprises;

c. To involve themselves in the re-organization of units of production;

d. To participate in the preparation of labor legislation, and social and economic plans, that concern their sector;

e. To manage, or participate in the management of, social activities of enterprises;

f. To sponsor the election of workers' representatives to the management organs of enterprises that belong to the State or other public bodies, in accordance with the law.


 * Article 55 Trade union freedoms

1. Workers are free to form trade unions as a prerequisite and guarantee for the building of their solidarity in defense of their rights and interests.

2. Trade union freedoms are guaranteed to workers without discrimination, in particular the following:

a. Freedom to establish trade unions at every level;

b. Freedom of membership, no worker being required to pay dues to a trade union of which he or she is not a member;

c. Freedom in the organization and internal regulation of trade unions;

d. The right to engage in trade union activity within businesses;

e. The right of trade unions to different aims, as determined by their constitutions.

3. Trade unions shall be governed in accordance with the principles of democratic organization and management, based on regular elections to their governing bodies by secret ballot, and they shall not be dependent on any prior authorization or recognition, as they are founded upon the full participation by the workers in all aspects of trade union activity.

4. Trade unions shall be independent of employers, the State and religious denominations and political parties and other political associations. Adequate guarantees for that independence shall be laid down by law as the foundation for the solidarity of the working classes.

5. Trade unions have the right to establish relations with or to join international trade union organizations.

6. The law shall provide adequate protection for the workers' elected representatives from any form of constraint, coercion or limitation in the legitimate performance of their functions.


 * Article 56 Rights of trade unions and collective agreements

1. Trade unions have the right to defend and promote the defence of the rights and interests of the workers they represent.

2. Trade unions have the right:

a. To participate in the preparation of labour legislation;

b. To participate in the management of social security institutions and other bodies whose aim is to satisfy the interests of the working classes;

c. To participate in monitoring the implementation of economic and social plans;

d. To be represented on bodies engaged in the harmonisation of social matters, as provided by the law.

3. Trade unions have the powers necessary for exercising the right to conclude collective agreements, which shall be guaranteed by law.

4. The rules governing the powers to conclude collective labour agreements, and the validity of their provisions, shall be prescribed by law.


 * Article 57 Right to strike and prohibition of lock-outs

1. The right to strike is guaranteed.

2. Workers are entitled to determine which interests are to be protected by means of strikes; the range of those interests shall not be restricted by law.

3. Lock-outs are prohibited.

CHAPTER 1 Economic rights and duties

 * Article 58 Right to work

1. Everyone has the right to work.

2. The duty to work is inseparable from the right to work, except in the case of those persons whose capacities have been impaired by age, sickness or disability.

3. It is the duty of the State, in implementing plans to give effect to economic and social policy, to guarantee the right to work, by ensuring:

a. The implementation of policies of full employment;

b. Equality of opportunity in the choice of occupation or type of work, and conditions that prevent the prohibition of, or restrictions on, access to any post, work or profession by reason of a person's sex;

c. Cultural, technical and vocational training for workers.


 * Article 59 Rights of workers

1. All workers, regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, place of origin, religion or political or ideological convictions, are entitled to :

a. Remuneration for their work, according to its quantity, nature and quality, on the principle of equal pay for equal work, so as to guarantee to them an appropriate livelihood;

b. The organization of work in conditions of human dignity that make for personal self-fulfillment;

c. Safe and healthy working conditions;

d. Rest and recreation, a limit on the length of the working day, weekly rest day and regular holidays with pay;

e. Material assistance when they are involuntarily unemployed.

2. It is the duty of the State to guarantee the conditions of work, remuneration and rest to which workers are entitled, in particular by:

a. Fixing, and keeping up to date, a national minimum wage, taking into account, among other factors, the needs of workers, increases in the cost of living, the extent to which the sectors of production have developed, economic and financial stability, and capital growth for purposes of development;

b. Setting national maximum working hours;

c. Special protection at work for women during pregnancy and after childbirth, for minors and disabled person and for those engaged in especially strenuous activity or working in unhealthy, toxic or dangerous conditions;

d. Systematic development, in co-operation with welfare services, of a network of rest and holiday centers;

e. Protecting the working conditions and guaranteeing social benefits of workers working abroad.


 * Article 60 Consumer rights

1. Consumers have the right to goods and services of good quality, to guidance and information, to the protection of their health, safety and economic interests and to compensation for injury.

2. Advertising shall be regulated by law; all forms of concealed, indirect or fraudulent advertising are prohibited.

3. Consumer associations and consumer co-operatives are entitled, in accordance with the law, to State support and to be consulted on questions concerning consumer protection.


 * Article 61 Private enterprise, co-operatives and worker-management

1. Private economic enterprise shall be freely exercised, within the framework provided by this Constitution and the law, and with due account to the general interest.

2. Everyone is recognized as having the right, without restrictions, to establish co-operatives, provided that co-operative principles are observed.

3. Co-operatives shall carry on their activities without restrictions and may join unions, federations and confederations.

4. The right to worker-management as provided by law shall be recognized.


 * Article 62 Right to private property

1. Everyone is guaranteed, under this Constitution, the right to private property and to transfer it during his or her lifetime and on death.

2. Requisitioning or compulsory acquisition of property for public purposes shall be carried out only under the authority of law and on the payment of fair compensation.

CHAPTER II Social rights and duties

 * Article 63 Social security

1. Everyone is entitled to social security.

2. It is the duty of the State to organize, co-ordinate and subsidize a unified and decentralized social security system, with the participation of the trade unions and other associations representing workers and associations representing other beneficiaries.

3. The right to establish private and non-profit institutions of social solidarity that pursue the objectives of social security contained in this Article, Article 67(2)(b), Article 69, Article 70(1)(d) and Articles 71 and 72, shall be recognized; such institutions shall be regulated by law and be subject to supervision by the State.

4. The social security system shall provide protection for citizens in sickness or old age or when disabled, widowed, orphaned or unemployed, and in all other situations in which the means of subsistence or the capacity to work have been lost or impaired.

5. All periods in work, no matter in which sectors of activity that work was performed, shall be taken into account in calculating the amount of old age and disability pensions, as determined by the law.


 * Article 64 Health

1. Everyone has the right to have his or her health safeguarded and the duty to defend and foster it.

2. The right to the safeguarding of health shall be met by:

a. A national health service available to all and free of charge to the extent that the economic and social conditions of citizens require;

b. The creation of economic, social and cultural conditions that guarantee the protection of children, the young and the old; the systematic improvement of living and working conditions; the promotion of physical fitness and sports in schools and among the people; the development of health education for the people.

3. In order to ensure the right to the safeguarding of health, the State has a primary duty:

a. To guarantee the access of all citizens, regardless of their economic circumstances, to both preventive and remedial medical care and rehabilitation;

b. To guarantee a rational and efficient medical and hospital service covering the whole country;

c. To direct its program towards the provision of the costs of medical care and medicines from public funds;

d. To regulate and supervise privately funded medical practice, coordinating it with the national health service;

e. To regulate and supervise the production, marketing and use of chemical, biological and pharmaceutical products and other methods of treatment and diagnosis.

4. The national health service shall have a decentralized management in which the beneficiaries participate.


 * Article 65 Housing

1. Everyone has the right, both personally and for his or her family, to a dwelling of adequate size, that meets satisfactory standards of hygiene and preserves personal and family privacy.

2. In order to ensure the right to housing, it is the duty of the State to:

a. Draw up and implement a policy for housing as a part of general national planning and to support plans for urban areas that guarantee an adequate network of transport and social facilities;

b. Encourage and support the initiatives of local communities for the resolution of their housing problems and for promoting the establishment of housing co-operatives and their own building projects;

c. Promote private building, when in the public interest, and the individual ownership of housing.

3. The State shall adopt a policy for the institution of a system of rents that are compatible with family incomes and for individual ownership of housing.

4. The State and the local authorities shall exercise effective supervision over the use of immovable property, compulsorily acquire urban land, where necessary, and lay down the legal requirements with respect to its use.


 * Article 66 Environment and quality of life

1. Everyone has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced human environment and the duty to defend it.

2. It is the duty of the State, acting through appropriate bodies and by recourse to, or through support from, popular initiatives:

a. To prevent and control pollution, and its effects, and harmful forms of erosion;

b. To organize and promote national planning with the objectives of establishing proper locations for activities and a balance between economic and social development, and a countryside that is ecologically balanced;

c. To establish and develop nature reserves and parks and recreation areas, and classify and protect the countryside in order to guarantee nature conservation and the preservation of cultural assets of historic or artistic interest;

d. To promote the rational use of natural resources, while safeguarding their capacity for renewal and ecological stability.


 * Article 67 Family

1. The family, as a basic component of society, has the right to protection by community and the State and to the creation of all the conditions that permit the personal fulfillment of its members.

2. The State has the duty of protecting the family, in particular by:

a. Promoting the social and economic independence of family units;

b. Promoting the establishment of a national network of assistance for mothers and children, a national network of day-care centres and facilities for family support, and a policy for the aged;

c. Working together with parents in the education of their children;

d. Promoting, by all necessary means, wider knowledge of the methods of family planning and making the legal and technical arrangements that enable parenthood to be planned;

e. Adjusting taxes and security benefits to reflect family responsibilities;

f. Determining, after consultation with associations representing families, and implementing an overall and integrated policy for the family.


 * Article 68 Fatherhood and motherhood

1. In performing their unique role with respect to their children, in particular as regards their education, parents are entitled to be protected by the community and the State, with guarantees for self-fulfillment in their occupations and for their participation in the civic life of the country.

2. Motherhood and fatherhood are pre-eminent social values.

3. During pregnancy and after giving birth, women in employment are entitled to special protection, including the entitlement to an adequate period of leave from work without loss of remuneration or other privileges.


 * Article 69 Childhood

1. Children have the right to be protected by the community and the State for their full development.

2. Children, and in particular those orphaned or abandoned, are entitled to the special protection of the community and the State against any form of discrimination or oppression and against abuse of authority in the family or other institutions.


 * Article 70 Youth

1. Young people, and in particular those at work, shall receive special protection so that they may enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights, in particular with respect to:

a. Education, vocational training and culture;

b. Access to a first job, work and social security;

c. Physical education and sport:

d. The use of leisure time.

2. The primary objectives of a policy for youth shall be the development in young people of their personality, the creation of the conditions that enable them to lead a full and active life, and a delight for originality and a sense of service to the community.

3. In conjunction with families, schools, businesses, organizations of residents, cultural associations and foundations and cultural and recreational groups, the State shall promote and assist youth organizations in the pursuit of those objectives, and international exchanges of young people.


 * Article 71 Disabled persons

1. Citizens who are physically or mentally disabled shall enjoy all the rights and be subject to all the duties contained in this Constitution, except to the extent that their disability renders them unfit to exercise or perform them.

2. The State shall implement a national policy for the prevention of disability, and for the treatment, rehabilitation and integration of disabled persons, shall educate the community to be aware of its duties of respect for them and solidarity with them, and shall ensure that they enjoy their rights to the full extent subject to the rights and duties of their parents or guardians.

3. The State shall provide assistance to associations of disabled persons.


 * Article 72 Old age

1. Old people have the right to economic security and to conditions of housing and of family and community life that prevent or surmount their isolation and marginal position in society.

2. The policy for the old shall also include economic, social and cultural measures that aimed at providing old people with opportunities for self-fulfillment through active participation in the life of the community.

CHAPTER III Cultural rights and duties

 * Article 73 Education, culture and science

1. Everyone has the right to education and culture.

2. The State shall promote the democratization of education and the other conditions that enable education, both at school and elsewhere, to contribute to the development of the personality, to social progress and to democratic participation in public life.

3. In conjunction with the mass media, cultural associations and foundations, cultural and recreational groups, associations for the protection of the cultural heritage, organizations of residents and other cultural agencies, the State shall promote the democratization of culture by encouraging and guaranteeing access by all citizens to the fruits of culture and culture creativity.

4. Scientific creativity and research, and technological innovation, shall be encouraged and supported by the State.


 * Article 74 Education

1. Everyone has the right to education with the guarantee of the right to equal opportunities for access and success in schooling.

2. Education shall contribute to the overcoming of economic, social and cultural differences, to equipping citizens for democratic participation in a free society and to the promotion of mutual understanding, tolerance and a spirit of community.

3. In the implementation of its policy for education, it is the duty of the State:

a. To ensure compulsory and free basic education for all;

b. To institute a public system of pre-school education;

c. To guarantee continuing education, and to eliminate illiteracy;

d. To guarantee to all citizens, in accordance with their ability, access to the highest levels of education, scientific research and artistic creativity;

e. To institute, by stages, free education at all levels;

f. To provide for schools within the communities they serve and coordinate education with economic, social and cultural activities;

g. To promote and support special education for the disabled;

h. To ensure instruction in the Portuguese language and access to Portuguese culture the children of emigrants.

4. Employment of minors of school age in work shall be prohibited, as provided by law.


 * Article 75 Public, private and co-operative education

1. The State shall establish a network of public educational institutions to meet the needs of the whole population.

2. The State shall recognize and supervise private and co-operative education, in accordance with the law.


 * Article 76 University and access to higher level education

1. The rules governing access to universities and other institutions of higher education shall guarantee equal opportunities for all and the democratization of the system of education; they shall take into account the need for qualified graduates and the enhancement of the educational, cultural and scientific standards of the country.

2. Universities shall be autonomous in the making of their regulations and shall enjoy scientific, educational, administrative and financial autonomy, in accordance with the law.


 * Article 77 Democratic participation in education

1. Teachers and students have the right to participate in the democratic management of their schools in accordance with the law.

2. The law shall regulate the manner of participation of associations of teachers, students and parents and of the scientific community and institutions in the determination of the policy for education.


 * Article 78 Cultural enjoyment and creativity

1. Everyone has the right to cultural enjoyment and creativity, and the duty to preserve, protect and extend the cultural heritage.

2. It is the duty of the State, in co-operation with all cultural agencies:

a. To encourage and ensure the access of all citizens, and in particular the workers, to the means and mechanisms of cultural activity, and to correct present imbalances in the country in this respect;

b. To support initiatives to stimulate the broad variety and expression of individual and collective creativity, and a wider availability of cultural works and assets of quality;

c. To promote the protection and increased respect for the cultural heritage, making it a vital element of the common cultural identity;

d. To develop cultural relations with all peoples, particularly those that are Portuguese-speaking, and ensure the protection and promotion of Portuguese culture abroad;

e. To coordinate the policy for culture with other policies.


 * Article 79 Physical education and sport

1. Everyone has the right to physical education and sport.

2. It is the duty of the State, in conjunction with schools and sporting associations and groups, to promote, stimulate, guide and support the practice and spread of physical education and sport, and to prevent violence in sport.

SECTION 1 General principles

 * Article 80 Fundamental principles

Social and economic organization shall be based on the following principles:

a. Subordination of economic power to democratic political power;

b. Co-existence of public, private and co-operative and social sectors in the ownership of the means of production;

c. Collective ownership of the means of production and of land, where required in the public interest; and collective ownership of natural resources;

d. Democratic planning of the economy;

e. Safeguarding of the co-operative and social sector in the ownership of the means of production;

f. Democratic participation of workers.


 * Article 81 Primary duties of the State

In economic and social matters the primary duties of the State are:

a. To promote an increase in the social and economic well-being and quality of life of the people, in particular of those most underprivileged;

b. To make the necessary corrections with respect to imbalances in the distribution of wealth and income;

c. To ensure that productive forces are put to full use, in particular by monitoring the efficiency of the public sector;

d. To guide economic and social development to achieve balanced growth of all sectors and regions, and to eliminate progressively economic and social differences between town and country;

e. To abolish private monopolies and to prevent their creation, and to prevent abuse of economic power and all practices that are harmful to the general interest;

f. To ensure fair competition in business;

g. To develop economic relations with all peoples, while always protecting national independence and the interests of the Portuguese and the economy of the country;

h. To put an end to very large estates and to restructure very small farms;

i. To ensure that organizations that represent workers and organizations that represent economic activities participate in determining, implementing and regulating the principal economic and social measures;

j. To protect consumers;

l. To make the legal and technical arrangements necessary for introducing a system of democratic economic planning;

m. To draw up a policy for science and technology that furthers the development of the country;

n. To adopt a national policy for energy that is in keeping with conservation of natural resources and a balanced ecology, while promoting international co-operation in this field.


 * Article 82 Sectors of ownership of the means of production

1. The co-existence of 3 sectors in relation to the ownership of the means of production is guaranteed.

2. The public sector comprises the means of production that belong to and are managed by the State or other public bodies.

3. The private sector comprises the means of production that belong to or are managed by private persons or private corporate bodies, subject to the provisions of paragraph 4.

4. The co-operative and social sector comprises the following:

a. The means of production that belong to and are managed by co-operatives in accordance with co-operative principles;

b. Community means of production that belong to and are managed by local communities;

c. The means of production that are utilized by workers' collectives.


 * Article 83 Requirements for collective ownership

The law shall define the manner and form of the collective acquisition and collective ownership of means of production and land, and the criteria for determining consequential compensation.


 * Article 84 Public domain

1. The following are part of the public domain:

a. Territorial waters with the beds beneath them and contiguous seabeds, and lakes, lagoons and navigable waterways, with the beds beneath them;

b. Airspace over the territory that is above the recognized limits for ownership or leasing;

c. Mineral deposits, medical mineral-water sources, natural underground cavities in the subsoil, other than rock, ordinary soil and other materials habitually used for building construction;

d. Roads;

e. National railways;

f. Other property classified by the law as part of the public domain.

2. The law shall determine what is part of the public domain of the State, of the autonomous regions and of local authorities; it shall also determine the applicable rules, the conditions for utilizing the public domain and its limits.


 * Article 85 Nationalization measures carried out after 25 April 1974

1. Re-privatization of the ownership of, or the right to utilize, the means of production and other property nationalized after 25 April 1974 shall be effected only if it complies with a framework law adopted by an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to sit in the Assembly of the Republic.

2. Small and medium-sized businesses outside the basic sectors of the economy that have been indirectly nationalized may be re-privatized in accordance with the law.


 * Article 86 Co-operatives and enterprises with worker-management

1. The State shall encourage and support the establishment and operation of co-operatives.

2. Fiscal and financial concessions to co-operatives and preferential conditions for loans and technical assistance shall be determined by the law.

3. The State shall support viable enterprises that have worker-management.


 * Article 87 Private businesses

1. The State shall monitor compliance by private businesses with this Constitution and the law, and shall protect small and medium-sized businesses that are economically viable.

2. The State may involve itself with the management of private businesses only temporarily where the law expressly authorizes and, as a general rule, following a judicial decision.

3. The law shall determine the basic sectors in which activity by private businesses and other entities of a similar nature is forbidden.


 * Article 88 Economic activity and foreign investment

Economic activity and investment by foreign persons, individual or corporate, shall be regulated by law to guarantee that they contribute to the development of the country and to defend national independence and the interests of workers.


 * Article 89 Abandoned means of production

1. Means of production that have been abandoned may be compulsorily acquired on conditions that shall be laid down by the law, which shall take due account of the special position of property of workers who have emigrated.

2. Means of production that have been abandoned without good reason may also be compulsorily made available on lease or to a concessionary, under conditions that shall be laid down by the law.


 * Article 90 Worker participation in management

Units of production in the public sector shall ensure effective participation by workers in their management.

SECTION II Planning

 * Article 91 Planning objectives

The objectives of the plans for economic and social development shall be the promotion of economic growth, balanced development of the sectors and the regions, a fair division of the national product among individuals and among the regions, co-ordination of economic policy with social, educational and cultural policies, conservation of ecological balance, and protection of the environment and the quality of life of Portuguese people.


 * Article 92 Nature of plans

Medium-term economic and social development plans, and the annual plan in which the financial statement for the State Budget appears and that contains the principal guidelines for sectoral and regional plans shall be prepared by the Government in conformity with its program.


 * Article 93 Preparation of plans

1. The Assembly of the Republic has the power to approve the major options relating to each plan and to review reports on their progress.

2. The bill that contains the major options relating to each plan shall be accompanied by a report on the principal options, overall and for the sectors, that includes the supporting case based on preparatory studies.


 * Article 94 Implementation of plans

The implementation of the plans shall be decentralized, with respect to both regions and sectors, subject to their co-ordination by the Government.


 * Article 95 The Economic and Social Council

1. The Economic and Social Council is the body responsible for consultation and co-ordination in relation to economic and social policies; it shall participate in the preparation of plans for economic and social development and shall perform such other functions as are given to it by the law.

2. The composition of the Economic and Social Council shall be determined by law; in particular, it shall include representatives of the Government, of organizations representing workers, of organizations representing economic interests, of the autonomous regions and of local authorities.

3. The law shall also provide for the organization and operation of the Economic and Social Council, and for the status of its members.

SECTION III Agricultural, commercial and industrial policies

 * Article 96 Objectives of the agricultural policy

1. The objectives of the policy for agriculture shall be as follows:

a. To increase agricultural production and productivity, by providing agriculture with an infrastructure, and the human, technical and financial means, that will ensure improved supply to the country and growth in exports;

b. To promote improvement in the economic, social and cultural circumstances of rural workers and farmers, rationalization of the structures of land-owning, and access to the ownership or holding of land, and other means of production directly concerned with its utilization, by those who work on it;

c. To provide the conditions that will bring about true equality between those who work in agriculture and other workers and will prevent disadvantages to the agricultural sector in transactions with other sectors;

d. To ensure that the land and other natural resources are used and managed in a rational way and to protect their capacity for re-generation;

e. To encourage farmers to join together, and the direct utilization of the land.

2. The State shall promote a policy for rural planning and for diversification in the use of agricultural land, that takes full account of the ecological and social circumstances of the country.


 * Article 97 Abolition of very large estates

1. The law shall provide for the alteration of the size of farming units the dimensions of which are excessive from the standpoint of the policy for agriculture; the law shall entitle the owner of estates that are compulsorily acquired to appropriate compensation and to retain an area that is sufficiently large to enable the land to be utilized in a rational and viable way.

2. Land that is compulsorily acquired shall be handed over, in accordance with the law, either for ownership or holding by small farmers, preferably family farming units or by co-operatives of rural workers or small farmers, or for other forms of land utilization by workers; these provisions do not prevent the provision of a period of probation, prior to the transfer of full property rights, for the purpose of assessing whether land is being effectively and rationally utilized.


 * Article 98 Alteration of the size of very small farms

Without affecting property rights and in accordance with the law, the State shall promote alteration of the size of units of land utilization the dimensions of which are smaller than is appropriate from the standpoint of the policy for agriculture; it shall promote this in particular through legal, tax and credit incentives for integration of the structure of units or, short of that, for their economic integration, especially through co-operative arrangements, or by means of joint share-holdings.


 * Article 99 Forms for utilizing land belonging to third parties

1. The law shall provide rules to regulate the leasing or other means of utilizing land belonging to third parties so as to guarantee the security and legitimate interests of the farmer.

2. Renting and colonization systems are prohibited, and conditions shall be created for farmers whereby the practice of agricultural share-cropping may be effectively abolished.


 * Article 100 State aid

1. In implementing the objectives of the policy for agriculture, the State may provide preferential aid to small and medium-sized farmers, in particular where they are a part of a family farming unit, whether as individuals or associated in co-operatives, and co-operatives of farm workers and other forms of land utilization by workers.

2. State aid shall, in particular, include the following:

a. Provision of technical assistance;

b. Support from state-owned businesses and co-operatives engaged in marketing both before and after production;

c. Support from public funds in relation to risks resulting from unpredictable or uncontrollable climatic or phytopathological conditions;

d. Encouragement to rural workers and farmers to join together, and in particular the establishment of co-operatives for production, purchase, sale and processing or the provision of services and other facilities for workers.


 * Article 101 Participation in drawing the policy for agriculture

Participation in drawing up the policy for agriculture is guaranteed to rural workers and farmers through their representative organizations.


 * Article 102 Objectives of the policy for commerce

The objectives of the policy for commerce are as follows:

a. Healthy competition among those in trade;

b. Rationalization of the lines of distribution;

c. Opposition to speculative activities and restrictive trade practices;

d. Development and diversification of external economic relations;

e. Protection of the consumer.


 * Article 103 Objectives for the policy for industry

The objectives of the policy for industry are as follows:

a. Increasing industrial production within a framework of modernization, regulation of social and economic interests and the integration of the Portuguese economy with the world economy;

b. Strengthening of industrial and technological innovation;

c. Increasing the competitiveness and productivity of industries;

d. Assistance to small and medium-sized businesses and, more generally, to initiatives and businesses that create employment, increase imports or are concerned with import substitution;

e. Assistance for the purpose of giving international prominence to Portuguese companies.

SECTION IV Financial and fiscal system

 * Article 104 Financial system

The structure of the financial system shall be determined by the law in such a way as to guarantee that savings are encouraged and built up with security and that the financial resources necessary for economic and social development are provided.


 * Article 105 Bank of Portugal

The Bank of Portugal, in its capacity as a central bank, shall participate in the formulation and implementation of monetary and financial policies, and shall issue money in accordance with the law.


 * Article 106 Fiscal system

1. The fiscal system shall be directed towards meeting the financial requirements of the State and other public bodies, and the fair distribution of incomes and wealth.

2. Taxes shall be imposed under law, which shall determine the incidence, rates, concessions and guarantees for taxpayers.

3. No one shall be compelled to pay any tax that has not be imposed as provided by this Constitution or the payment or collection of which is not carried out in the manner prescribed by law.


 * Article 107 Taxes

1. Personal income tax shall seek to reduce inequality and shall be a single, progressive tax that takes account of family needs and income.

2. Businesses shall be taxed essentially on their actual income.

3. Inheritance and gift taxes shall be progressive and in a form that contributes to equality between citizens.

4. Consumption taxes shall seek to adjust consumption to the changing requirements for economic development and social justice, and those taxes shall be weighted against luxury items.


 * Article 108 Budget

1. The State Budget shall include:

a. A breakdown of the revenue and expenditure of the State, including the revenue and expenditure of autonomous funds and services;

b. The social security budget.

2. The Budget shall be drawn up in accordance with the main options in the annual plan and shall take into account statutory and contractual liabilities.

3. The Budget shall be in unitary form and shall specify expenditure by reference to the relevant organic or functional classification, so as to preclude the existence of secret appropriations and funds; it may also be structured by reference to programs.

4. The Budget shall make provision for the supply of funds necessary to meet expenditure; the law shall lay down the rules for giving effect to the Budget, the conditions for raising public loans, and the criteria under which adjustments may be introduced by the Government, while giving effect to the Budget, to the heads of the organic classification, within the general ambit of each budgetary program approved by the Assembly of the Republic, in order to secure its full implementation.


 * Article 109 Preparation of the Budget

1. The Budget law shall be prepared, structured, enacted and implemented as prescribed by the frame-work law, which shall also make provision for the rules with respect to the preparation and implementation of the budgets of autonomous funds and services.

2. The Budget shall be tabled in draft and submitted to a vote within the time limits prescribed by law, which shall provide with respect to the procedure to be followed if those limits cannot be met.

3. The draft Budget shall be accompanied by reports on:

a. The predicted trends in the principal macro-economic indicators that have a bearing on the Budget, and in the money supply and related sources;

b. The reasons for differences in anticipated revenue and expenditure in comparison with the previous Budget;

c. The public debt, treasury transactions and the Treasury accounts;

d. The position with respect to autonomous funds and services;

e. Budgetary allocations in favor of the autonomous regions;

f. Transfers of funds between Portugal and the outside world that have a bearing on the Budget;

g. Fiscal privileges and the consequential loss in revenue that is predicted.


 * Article 110 Monitoring

Implementation of the Budget shall be the subject of review by the Court of Audit and the Assembly of the Republic; having received the opinion of that Court, the Assembly shall scrutinize and approve the General Accounts of the State, including the social security accounts.

SECTION I General principles

 * Article 111 Source and exercise of power

Political power lies with the people and shall be exercised in accordance with this Constitution.


 * Article 112 Participation by citizens in political life

Direct and active participation by citizens in political life is a requirement of, and a basic instrument for consolidating, the democratic system.


 * Article 113 Organs with supreme authority

1. The organs with supreme authority are the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic, the Government and the Courts.

2. The formation, composition, powers and operation of the organs with supreme authority are governed by this Constitution.


 * Article 114 Separation and interdependence

1. The organs with supreme authority shall be separate and interdependent as this Constitution provides.

2. No organ with supreme authority, or of an autonomous region or of local government shall delegate its powers to another organ except in the circumstances and under the conditions expressly prescribed by this Constitution and by law.


 * Article 115 Legislation

1. Legislation shall comprise laws, decree-laws and regional legislative decrees.

2. Laws and decree-laws have equal force, subject to the superior authority of organic laws and to the subordination of decree-laws to the laws containing the delegated power under which they are made or to the laws containing the basic principles of the legal system that they amplify.

3. Regional legislative decrees shall deal with matters of specific concern to the region that are not within the exclusive powers of the Assembly of the Republic or the Government; they shall not be inconsistent with the general laws of the Republic except when made under Article 229(1)(b).

4. The general laws of the Republic comprise laws and decree-laws the purposes of which require their application without qualification to the whole of the national territory.

5. No law shall create other categories of legislation or grant to acts of any other nature the power effectively to interpret, replace, modify, suspend or repeal any of their provisions.

6. Government regulations shall be made in the form of regulative decrees when this is required by the law for which they provide the regulation and in the case of independent regulations.

7. Regulations shall specify the laws for which they provide regulation or that lay down the authority under which, and the circumstances in which, they are made.


 * Article 116 General principles of electoral law

1. Direct, secret and regular elections are required for the selection of members of the elective organs with supreme authority, of the autonomous regions and of local government.

2. Registration of electors is compulsory and permanent and shall be officialy initiated. There shall be a single registration system for all elections that take place by direct universal suffrage.

3. Election campaigns shall be conducted in accordance with the following principles:

a. Freedom to canvass;

b. Equality of opportunity and treatment for all candidates;

c. Impartiality towards candidates on the part of public bodies;

d. Control of electoral expenses.

4. Citizens have the duty to co-operate with the election administration as laid down by the law.

5. Votes cast shall be converted into effective elections in accordance with the principle of proportional representation.

6. Action dissolving collegiate organs that are elected by direct suffrage shall set the date for new elections, which shall be held within the following 90 days under the election law in force at the time of the dissolution; otherwise the action has no legal validity.

7. The courts have the power to rule as to the proper conduct of, and the validity of action taken during, the election process.


 * Article 117 Political parties and the right of opposition

1. Political parties shall participate in organs that are elected by direct universal suffrage to the extent of their electorally determined representation.

2. The right of democratic opposition of minorities shall be recognized on the conditions set out in this Constitution.

3. Political parties that are represented in the Assembly of the Republic but not in the Government have the right in particular to be informed regularly and directly by the Government on the progress of the principal matters of public interest; political parties that are represented in other assemblies formed through direct elections but not in the associated executive organ enjoy the same right with respect to that organ.


 * Article 118 Referendum

1. Citizens having the right to vote who are registered in the national territory may be called upon to express their opinions directly, and in a binding form, through a referendum, on the decision of the President of the Republic following a proposal by the Assembly of the Republic or by the Government, in the circumstances, and subject to the provisions, prescribed by this Constitution and the law.

2. The only subjects for a referendum shall be those matters of national interest in respect of which the power of decision rests with the Assembly of the Republic or the Government through the approval of an international convention or the enactment of legislation.

3. Amendments to this Constitution, the matters provided for in Articles 164 and 167 of this Constitution, and budgetary, fiscal and financial matters and actions shall not be the subject of a referendum.

4. Each referendum shall deal with a single subject; the questions shall be formulated in objective terms, and clearly and precisely and so as to permit an answer of yes or no; the law shall determine the maximum number of questions that may be asked and the other requirements with respect to the formulation and carrying out of referenda.

5. Referenda shall not be called or carried out between the dates for calling and carrying out a general election for the organs with supreme authority or the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions or of local government or for the European Parliament.

6. The President of the Republic shall submit proposals for a referendum that have been forwarded to the President by the Assembly of the Republic or the Government, for a compulsory anticipatory review of their compliance with this Constitution and the law.

7. The rules in Article 116(1), (2), (3), (4) and (7) apply to referenda with necessary modifications.

8. Proposals for a referendum that are refused by the President of the Republic or by the negative vote of the electorate may not be renewed in the same legislative session, unless there is a new election for the Assembly of the Republic or the Government is dismissed.


 * Article 119 Collegiate organs

1. Meetings of the assemblies that act as organs with supreme authority, of the autonomous regions or of local government shall be held in public except in the circumstances prescribed by law.

2. Decisions of collegiate organs shall be taken when a majority of the prescribed membership is present.

3. Decisions of collegiate organs shall be taken by a simple majority, without counting abstentions, except in the circumstances prescribed by this Constitution, the law and their own regulations.


 * Article 120 Status of holders of political office

1. Holders of political office are politically, civilly and criminally responsible for their acts and omissions in the performance of their functions.

2. The law shall prescribe the duties, responsibilities and disqualifications of holders of political office, and their rights, privileges and immunities.

3. The law shall specify the offenses for which holders of political office shall be liable, and the sanctions and their consequences; these may include removal from office or forfeiture of their responsibilities.


 * Article 121 Principle of renewal

No one shall hold any national, regional or local political office for life.


 * Article 122 Publication of legislation and decisions

1. The following shall be published in the official journal, the Diário da República:

a. Constitutional laws;

b. International conventions, notifications of ratification and other notifications relating to them;

c. Laws, decree-laws and regional legislative decrees;

d. Decrees of the President of the Republic;

e. Resolutions of the Assembly of the Republic and of the Regional Assemblies of the Azores and Madeira;

f. Standing Orders of the Assembly of the Republic, the Council of State and of the Regional Assemblies of the Azores and Madeira;

g. Rulings of the Constitutional Court and rulings of other courts which are made binding by law;

h. Regulative decrees and other decrees and regulations of the Government, decrees of Ministers for the Republic for the autonomous regions and regional regulative decrees;

i. The results of national elections and referenda.

2. Failure to publish any of the legislation or decisions specified in paragraph 1 or decisions of a general nature taken by the organs with supreme authority, of the autonomous regions or local government causes them to have no legal validity.

3. The manner of publication of other decisions, and the consequences of the failure to do so, shall be determined by law.

CHAPTER 1 Status and election

 * Article 123 Definition

The President of the Republic shall represent the Portuguese Republic, guarantee the independence of the nation, the unity of the State and the proper functioning of the democratic institutions, and shall be, ex officio, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


 * Article 124 Election

1. The President of the Republic shall be elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage by the Portuguese citizens who are registered as voters in the national territory.

2. The right to vote shall be exercised personally in the national territory.


 * Article 125 Eligibility for election

Citizens of Portuguese origin who are entitled to vote and are at least 35 years of age are eligible for election.


 * Article 126 Re-election

1. No one shall be re-elected for a third consecutive term of office or during the 5 years immediately following the end of a second consecutive term of office.

2. If the President of the Republic resigns from office, he or she shall not stand as a candidate in the election that immediately follows nor in an election held in the 5 years immediately following the resignation.


 * Article 127 Nominations

1. Nominations for the office of President of the Republic require the support of a minimum of 7500, and a maximum of 15,000, citizens entitled to vote.

2. Nominations shall be submitted to the Constitutional Court at least 30 days before the date fixed for the election.

3. The election process shall be re-opened, under the conditions prescribed by law, if a candidate dies or for any reason becomes incapable of performing the functions of President of the Republic.


 * Article 128 Date of election

1. The President of the Republic shall be elected in the period between the 60th day and the 30day before the last day of the predecessor's term of office, or between the 60th day and the 90th day following the day on which the office falls vacant.

2. The election shall not be held in the period of 90 days that precedes or follows the date of an election for the Assembly of the Republic.

3. In the circumstances referred to in paragraph 2, the election shall be held in the period between the 90th day and the 100th day that follows the date of an election for the Assembly of the Republic: the term of office of the outgoing President shall be automatically extended for the appropriate period of time.

4. Where two elections are possible, the date for the first shall be fixed so as to permit both elections to be held in the periods of time specified in paragraphs 1 and 3.


 * Article 129 Electoral system

1. The candidate who obtains more than half the votes validly cast shall be elected President of the Republic. Blank ballot papers shall not be considered to be validly cast.

2. If none of the candidates obtains that proportion of the votes, a second ballot shall be held on the 21st day after the date of the first ballot.

3. In a second ballot, only the two candidates who have obtained the most votes and have not withdrawn shall stand for election.


 * Article 130 Installation and swearing in

1. The installation of the President-elect shall take place before the Assembly of the Republic.

2. The installation shall take place on the last day of the term of office of the outgoing President or, in the case of an election after the office has fallen vacant, on the 8th day following publication of the result of the election.

3. During the installation, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath:

«I swear on my honor to perform faithfully the office with which I am invested and to defend, observe, and cause to be observed, the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic».


 * Article 131 Term of office

1. The President of the Republic shall hold office for 5 years; the term of office shall end on the installation of the newly elected President.

2. If the office falls vacant, the President of the Republic subsequently elected begins a new term of office.


 * Article 132 Absence from the national territory

1. The President of the Republic shall not be absent from the national territory without the consent of the Assembly of the Republic or its Standing Committee, if the Assembly is not in session.

2. This consent is not necessary if the President of the Republic is in transit or on an unofficial visit of not more than 5 days, although the Assembly of the Republic shall be informed in advance of these occasions.

3. Failure to comply with paragraph 1 results in automatic forfeiture of office.


 * Article 133 Criminal liability

1. The President of the Republic shall be answerable before the Supreme Court of Justice for offenses committed in the performance of his or her duties.

2. It is the duty of the Assembly of the Republic to initiate the proceedings on proposal of one-fifth, that is supported by two-thirds, of the Deputies entitled to vote.

3. Conviction results in forfeiture of office and disqualification from re-election.

4. The President of the Republic shall be answerable before a court of law, after the end of the term of office, for offenses not committed in the performance of his or her duties.


 * Article 134 Resignation

1. The President of the Republic may resign from office by addressing a message to the Assembly of the Republic.

2. The resignation shall take effect when the message is made known to the Assembly of the Republic, subject to its subsequent publication in the Diário da República.


 * Article 135 Acting President

1. If the President of the Republic is temporarily unable to perform the duties or if there is a vacancy in the office before the installation of a newly elected President, the presidential functions shall be performed by the President of the Assembly of the Republic, or, if that person is unable to act, by his or her deputy.

2. The office of the President of the Assembly, or his or her deputy, are automatically suspended during the period when the holder of the office is acting as President of the Republic.

CHAPTER II Powers

 * Article 136 Powers with regard to other organs

The President of the Republic has the following powers in relation to other organs:

a. To preside over the Council of State;

b. To fix, in conformity with the electoral law, the dates of the elections for the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic, the European Parliament and the regional legislative assemblies;

c. To convene extraordinary sessions of the Assembly of the Republic;

d. To address messages to the Assembly of the Republic;

e. To dissolve the Assembly of the Republic, subject to the provisions of Article 175, after receiving the opinions of the parties represented in the Assembly and of the Council of State;

f. To appoint the Prime Minister in accordance with Article 190(1);

g. To dismiss the Government in accordance with Article 198(2) and to remove the Prime Minister from office under Article 189(4);

h. To appoint and remove from office members of the Government on the proposal of the Prime Minister;

i. To preside over the Council of Ministers at the request of the Prime Minister;

j. To dissolve the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions, on his or her own initiative or on the proposal of the Government, after receiving the opinions of the Assembly of the Republic and the Council of State;

l. To appoint and remove from office, on the proposal of the Government, the Ministers for the Republic for the autonomous regions, after receiving the opinion of the Council of State;

m. To appoint and remove from office, on the proposal of the Government, the president of the Court of Audit and the Attorney-General;

n. To appoint 5 of the members of the Council of State and 2 of the members of the Superior Council for the Judiciary ;

o. To preside over the Superior Council for National Defense;

p. To appoint and remove from office, on the proposal of the Government, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, and, after receiving the opinion of the Chief of the General Staff, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (if any) and the Chiefs of Staff of the three services of the Armed Forces.


 * Article 137 Personal powers

The President of the Republic has the following personal powers:

a. To perform the functions of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces;

b. To promulgate and order the publication of laws, decree-laws and regulative decrees, and to sign resolutions of the Assembly of the Republic approving international agreements and the other decrees of Government;

c. To submit appropriate matters of national interest to a referendum under Article 118;

d. To declare a state of siege or a state of emergency, in conformity with the provisions of Articles 19 and 141;

e. To make a statement on all serious emergencies in the life of the Republic;

f. To grant pardons and to commute sentences, after receiving the opinion of the Government;

g. To request the Constitutional Court to undertake an anticipatory review of the constitutionality of provisions of laws, decree-laws and international conventions;

h. To request the Constitutional Court to rule on legal provisions that are unconstitutional or whether unconstitutionality has occurred through omission;

i. To perform the actions relating to the territory of Macao that are provided for in its statute;

j. To award decorations in accordance with the law and to perform the function of grand-master of Portuguese orders of honour.


 * Article 138 Powers in international relations

The President of the Republic has the following powers with respect to international relations:

a. To appoint ambassadors and envoys extraordinary on the proposal of Government, and to accept the accreditation of foreign diplomatic representatives;

b. To ratify international treaties once they have been duly approved;

c. To declare war in the case of actual or imminent aggression, and to make peace, on the proposal of the Government, after receiving the opinion of the Council of State and with the authorization of the Assembly of the Republic or, if it is not in session and its immediate recall is not possible, of its Standing Committee.


 * Article 139 Promulgation and veto

1. Within 20 days after receiving a decree of the Assembly of the Republic for the purpose of its promulgation as law, or after the publication of a ruling of the Constitutional Court that none of the provisions of such a decree are unconstitutional, the President of the Republic shall either promulgate the instrument or exercise the right of veto in the form of a message, based on substantial grounds, requesting its reconsideration.

2. If the Assembly of the Republic confirms its vote by an absolute majority of the Members entitled to vote, the President of the Republic shall promulgate the instrument within 8 days after receiving it.

3. However, a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present, where that majority exceeds an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote, is required to ratify decrees that are in the form of organic laws or concern any of the following matters:

a. External relations;

b. The boundaries between the public, the private and the co-operative and social sectors, with respect to ownership of the means of production;

c. Regulation of elections for the European Parliament or any other electoral measures provided for in this Constitution.

4. Within 40 days after receiving a decree of the Government for the purpose of its promulgation, or after the date of publication of a ruling of the Constitutional Court that none of the provisions of such a decree are unconstitutional, the President

of the Republic shall either promulgate the instrument or exercise the right of veto in

by way of a written communication to the Government containing the reasons for the veto.

5. The President of the Republic also has a right of veto in the circumstances laid down in Articles 278 and 279.


 * Article 140 Failure to promulgate or sign

Failure by the President of the Republic to promulgate or to sign any measure specified in Article 137 (b) causes the measure to have no legal validity.


 * Article 141 Declaration of a state of siege or emergency

1. A state of siege or a state of emergency shall not be declared unless the Government has first been consulted and the authorization obtained of the Assembly of the Republic or, if it is not in session and its recall is not possible, of its Standing Committee.

2. Where the authorization is given by the Standing Committee of the Assembly, the declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency shall be ratified by a plenary sitting of the Assembly as soon as possible after it is in session.


 * Article 142 Powers of an interim President of the Republic

1. An interim President of the Republic does not have any of the powers specified in Articles 136(e) and (n) and 137(c).

2. An interim President of the Republic shall exercise the powers specified in Articles 136 (b), (c), (f), (m) and (p), 137(a) and 138 (a) only after taking the opinion of the Council of State.


 * Article 143 Ministerial counter-signature

1. Action taken by the President of the Republic under Articles 136(h), (j), (l), (m) and (p), 137 (b), (d) and (f) and 138 (a), (b) and (c) shall be counter-signed by the Government.

2. Absence of the counter-signature causes the action to have no legal validity.

CHAPTER III Council of State

 * Article 144 Definition

The Council of State is the political organ that advises the President of the Republic.


 * Article 145 Composition

The Council of State shall be presided over by the President of the Republic and is comprised of the following members:

a. The President of the Assembly of the Republic;

b. The Prime Minister;

c. The President of the Constitutional Court;

d. The Ombudsman;

e. The presidents of the regional governments;

f. Former presidents of the Republic elected under this Constitution and not removed from office;

g. 5 citizens appointed by the President of the Republic for the period corresponding to the President's term of office;

h. 5 citizens elected by the Assembly of the Republic, by a system of proportional representation, for the period corresponding to the legislative term.


 * Article 146 Installation and term of office

1. The installation of the members of the Council of State shall be performed by the President of the Republic.

2. Members of the Council of State specified in Article 145 (a) to (e) shall perform their functions for as long as they hold the specified office.

3. Members of the Council of State specified in Article 145(g) and (h) shall continue to perform their functions until the installation of their replacements.


 * Article 147 Organization and operation

1. The Council of State has power to draw up its own standing orders.

2. Meetings of the Council of State shall not be public.


 * Article 148 Powers

The Council of State has powers:

a. To state its opinion on the dissolution of the Assembly of the Republic and of the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions;

b. To state its opinion on the dismissal of the Government in the circumstances specified in Article 198(2);

c. To state its opinion on the appointment and removal from office of the Ministers for the Republic for the autonomous regions;

d. To state its opinion on the declaration of war and the making of peace;

e. To state its opinion on the actions of the interim President of the Republic specified in Article 142;

f. To state its opinion on all other matters as are provided for in this Constitution, and, in general, to advise the President of the Republic on the performance of his or her functions at the request of the President.


 * Article 149 Statement of opinions

Opinions of the Council of State specified in Article 148(a) to (e) shall be stated at the meeting called for the purpose by the President of the Republic and shall be made public at the time that the actions to which they relate are taken.

CHAPTER 1 Status and election

 * Article 150 Definition

The Assembly of the Republic is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens.


 * Article 151 Number of Deputies

The Assembly of the Republic shall have not less than 230, and not more than 235, Deputies, as provided in the electoral law.


 * Article 152 Constituencies

1. Deputies shall be elected by electoral districts, the boundaries of which shall be laid down by law, which may also provide for one national district.

2. Except in the case where there is a national electoral district, the number of Deputies allocated to each electoral district, shall be proportionate to the number of voters enrolled in the electoral register for that district.

3. Deputies shall represent the whole country, rather than the electoral district for which they were elected.


 * Article 153 Qualifications

Portuguese citizens entitled to vote may stand for election, subject to the restrictions arising from local disqualifications or the holding of specified offices, as are prescribed in the electoral law.


 * Article 154 Nominations

1. Nominations shall be made, as provided by law, by the political parties either separately or in combination with others; the lists may include citizens who are not members of the nominating parties.

2. No one shall stand for more than one electoral district or be named in more than one list.


 * Article 155 Method of election

1. Deputies shall be elected by a system of proportional representation and the Hondt highest average method.

2. The law shall not limit the conversion of votes cast into numbers elected by a requirement for a minimum national percentage of votes.


 * Article 156 Beginning and end of term of office

1. The term of office of Deputies starts with the first meeting of the Assembly of the Republic and ends with first meeting after the next general election, without prejudice to the powers to suspend and remove individual Deputies from office.

2. The filling of Assembly seats that fall vacant and the temporary replacement of Deputies, where there are good reasons, shall be regulated by the electoral law.


 * Article 157 Disqualifications

1. Deputies who are appointed members of the Government shall not perform the functions of a Deputy while the appointment is in force; their seat shall be filled temporarily as provided for in Article 156(2).

2. The law may make provision for other disqualifications.


 * Article 158 Performance of functions by Deputies

1. Deputies are guaranteed the conditions that enable them to perform their functions efficiently, and in particular to maintain the essential contact with the electorate.

2. The law shall prescribe the circumstances in which absence of Deputies, by reason of meeting of the Assembly or missions on its behalf, constitutes a valid reason for adjourning official activities or duties unconnected with the Assembly.

3. Public bodies are under a duty, as provided by law, to co-operate with Deputies in the performance of their functions.


 * Article 159 Powers of Deputies

Deputies have the following powers:

a. To table proposals for the revision of this Constitution;

b. To table bills, draft resolutions or motions for debate;

c. To address questions to the Government concerning its actions or those of the Public Service and to receive answers within a reasonable time, subject to the law on State secrecy;

d. To request and to obtain from the Government or from the organs of any public body such data, information and publications as they may consider useful for the performance of their office;

e. To request the setting up of parliamentary committees of inquiry;

f. Such powers as are conferred on them by the Standing Orders of the Assembly.


 * Article 160 Immunities

1. Deputies are not subject to civil, criminal or disciplinary proceedings in respect of their voting or opinions expressed in the performance of their duties.

2. Deputies shall not be detained or arrested unless on the authority of the Assembly or when found in flagrante delicto committing an offense punishable by imprisonment for more than 3 years.

3. Where criminal proceedings are instituted against a Deputy who is charged with an offense other than one punishable in the manner specified in paragraph 2, the Assembly shall decide whether or not the Deputy shall be suspended so that the proceedings can be pursued.


 * Article 161 Rights and privileges

1. Deputies shall not act as jurors, experts or witnesses while the Assembly is in session, except with the permission of the Assembly.

2. Deputies enjoy the following rights and privileges:

a. Deferment of military service and civic or civil defense service;

b. Freedom of movement and the right to a special passport for the purposes of official visits abroad;

c. A special identity card;

d. Allowances as prescribed by law.


 * Article 162 Duties

Deputies have the following duties:

a. To attend plenary sittings of the Assembly and the meetings of the committees of which they are members;

b. To perform their functions in the Assembly and to carry out the responsibilities assigned to them by their parliamentary group;

c. To participate in the voting.


 * Article 163 Cessation and resignation of office

1. Deputies cease to hold office if they:

a. Become subject to any of the disabilities or disqualifications prescribed by law;

b. Fail to take their seat in the Assembly or exceed the number of absences permitted under the Standing Orders;

c. Join a different party from the one that nominated them for election;

d. Are convicted by a court of membership of an organization that has a fascist ideology.

2. Deputies may resign the office by a declaration in writing.

CHAPTER II Powers

 * Article 164 Political and legislative powers

The Assembly of the Republic has the following powers:

a. To amend this Constitution in accordance with Articles 284 and 289;

b. To approve the political and administrative statutes of the autonomous regions;

c. To approve the statute of the territory of Macao;

d. To enact legislation on any subject other than those in the exclusive powers of the Government under this Constitution;

e. To delegate to the Government power to legislate;

f. To delegate powers to legislate as provided in Article 229(1)(b);

g. To grant amnesties and general pardons;

h. To approve laws with respect to major planning options and the State Budget;

i. To authorize the Government to raise and make loans and to engage in other activities to provide credit that do not give rise to unsecured debt, to prescribe the general conditions for those matters and to fix the maximum amount in Treasury bills that may be issued in any one year by the Government;

j. To approve international conventions on matters within its exclusive powers, treaties for the membership of Portugal in international organizations, treaties of friendship, of peace, for defense or to rectify boundaries, or concerning military matters and any other treaties tabled by the Government;

l. To propose to the President of the Republic the submission of questions of relevant national interest to a referendum;

m. To authorize the declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency and to confirm any such declaration;

n. To authorize the President of the Republic to declare war and to make peace;

o. To perform the other functions conferred on it by this Constitution and the law.


 * Article 165 Supervisory powers

The Assembly of the Republic has the following supervisory powers:

a. To monitor observance of this Constitution and the laws and to keep the activities of the Government and the Public Service under review;

b. To keep implementation of declarations of a state of siege or a state of emergency under review;

c. To scrutinize, and to refuse to ratify, or to amend, decree-laws, other than those made in the exercise by Government of its exclusive legislative powers and regional legislative decrees made under Article 229(1)(b);

d. To receive the accounts of the State and of public bodies designated by law, which shall be submitted not later than 31 December in the year following and be accompanied by the report of the Court of Audit, if completed, and any other information required for their scrutiny;

e. To review the annual and the final reports concerning the implementation of plans.


 * Article 166 Powers in relation to others organs

The Assembly of the Republic has the following powers in relation to other organs:

a. To witness the installation of the President of the Republic;

b. To consent to the absence of the President of the Republic from the national territory;

c. To institute proceedings against the President of the Republic for offenses committed in the performance of his or her functions, and to decide on the suspension of members of the Government in the circumstances specified in Article 199;

d. To debate the program of the Government;

e. To pass motions of confidence in, and of censure of, the Government;

f. To monitor and to evaluate, in accordance with the law, the participation of Portugal in the process for implementing the European Union;

g. To give its opinion on the dissolution of the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions;

h. To elect, by a system of proportional representation, 5 members of the Council of State, 5 members of the High Authority for the Mass Media, and those members of the Superior Council for the Public Prosecution whom the Assembly is empowered to appoint;

i. To elect, by a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies where that majority exceeds an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote, 10 judges of the Constitutional Court, the Ombudsman, the president of the Economic and Social Council, 7 members of the Superior Council for the Judiciary, and those members of other constitutional organs whom the Assembly is empowered to appoint.


 * Article 167 Exclusive legislative powers

The Assembly of the Republic has exclusive legislative power with respect to the following matters:

a. Election of persons to hold office in the organs with supreme authority;

b. Referendum;

c. Organization, operation and procedures of the Constitutional Court;

d. Organization of national defense and determination of the responsibilities consequent upon it, and the general structure, and the operation and discipline, of the Armed Forces;

e. State of siege and state of emergency;

f. Acquisition, loss and re-acquisition of Portuguese citizenship;

g. Determination of the limits of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone, and the rights of Portugal to the adjacent sea-beds;

h. Political parties and associations;

i. Structure of the educational system;

j. Election of office holders in the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions and of local government, and of other constitutional organs and of organs elected by direct and universal elections;

l. Status of office holders in the organs with supreme authority and of local government, and of other constitutional organs and of organs elected by direct and universal elections;

m. Grant to courts martial, under Article 215(2), jurisdiction over serious offences that may considered equivalent to offenses that are essentially military;

n. Creation, abolition and alteration of the boundaries of local authorities;

o. Direct consultation with the electorate at the local level;

p. Restrictions on the exercise of fundamental rights by permanent personnel of the military and the security forces when on active service.


 * Article 168 Partially exclusive legislative powers

1. The Assembly of the Republic has exclusive legislative powers with respect to the following matters, except where legislative power is delegated to the Government:

a. Status and capacity of persons;

b. Rights, freedoms and guarantees;

c. Prescription of offenses, punishments and security measures, and the bases for their application, and the criminal process;

d. Basic legal rules with respect to the punishment of disciplinary offenses and breaches of regulatory ordinances, and the related procedures;

e. Basic legal rules with respect to requisition and compulsory acquisition for public purposes;

f. Bases of the social security system and of the national health service;

g. Bases of the system for protecting nature, the ecological balance and the cultural heritage;

h. Basic legal rules with respect to the renting of rural and urban property;

i. Taxation and the fiscal system;

j. Determination of the sectors for the ownership of the means of production, including the basic sectors in which private businesses and other similar entities may not operate;

l. Manner and form of interference with, and compulsory acquisition, nationalization and privatization of, the means of production and of land in the public interest, and the criteria for the determination of compensation in those cases;

m. Planning system and the composition of the Economic and Social Council;

n. Bases of the policy for agriculture, including the determination of the maximum and minimum sizes of private farms;

o. Monetary system and the standards for weights and measures;

p. Basic legal rules with respect to the preparation and the structure of the budgets for the State, the autonomous regions and local authorities;

q. Organization and powers of the courts, the Public Prosecutors and of non-judicial bodies for alternative dispute resolution, and the status of the judiciary and Public Prosecutors;

r. Basic legal rules with respect to the intelligence services and state secrets;

s. Status of local authorities, including the system of local finances;

t. Participation of associations of residents in local government;

u. Public associations, guarantees against public administrators and the civil liability of the Public Service;

v. Bases for the rules relating to public officials and their jurisdiction;

x. General basis of the status of state-owned enterprises;

z. Determination of the property in the public domain, and the arrangements with respect to such property;

aa. Legal rules with respect to the means of production of property in the co-operative and social sector.

2. Laws delegating powers of legislation shall determine the subject, the purpose, the extent and the period of the delegation, and any power to extend that period.

3. Delegated powers of legislation shall not be used more than once, but may be exercised in stages.

4. Delegated powers to legislate lapse when the Government to which they were granted is dismissed, when the term of the Assembly ends or when the Assembly is dissolved.

5. This Article applies to the delegated powers to legislate conferred on the Government by the Budget law; when concerned with fiscal matters, such powers shall not lapse until the end of the financial year to which they relate.


 * Article 169 Form of actions

1. The action specified in Article 164(a) shall take the form of constitutional laws.

2. The actions specified in Article 167(a) to (e) shall take the form of organic laws.

3. The actions specified in Article 164(b) to (i) and (m) shall take the form of laws.

4. The actions specified in Article 166(d) and (e) shall take the form of motions.

5. Other actions of the Assembly of the Republic, and the actions of the Standing Committee specified in Article 182(e) and (f), shall take the form of resolutions.

6. Resolutions shall be published without promulgation.


 * Article 170 Legislative initiative and referendum

1. The power to initiate laws and to propose referenda lies with Deputies, parliamentary groups and the Government; the power to initiate laws with respect to the autonomous regions lies with the appropriate regional legislative assembly.

2. Deputies, parliamentary groups and regional legislative assemblies shall not table bills, draft legislation or amendments that involve, in the current year, any increase in State expenditure or any reduction in State revenue, as provided for in the Budget.

3. Deputies and parliamentary groups shall not propose referenda that involve, in the current year, any increase in State expenditure or any reduction in State revenue, as provided for in the Budget.

4. Bills, draft legislation and proposals for referenda that have been finally rejected shall not be re-introduced in the same legislative session, unless a new Assembly of the Republic is elected.

5. Bills, draft Government legislation and proposals for referenda that are not voted upon in the legislative session in which they are tabled need not be re-introduced in the following legislative session, unless the legislative term of the Assembly has ended.

6. Draft legislation and proposals for referenda tabled by the Government lapse on the dismissal of the Government.

7. Legislative initiatives from regional assemblies lapse at the end of their legislative term, unless approved on the first reading, in which case they lapse only when the legislative term of the Assembly ends.

8. Parliamentary committees are entitled to submit alternative texts; but these do not prejudice the bills, draft legislation or the proposals for a referendum to which they refer when those have not been withdrawn.


 * Article 171 Debates and voting

1. Debate of bills and draft legislation shall comprise a first reading general debate and a second reading debate on detail.

2. Voting comprises a vote on the first reading, a vote on the second reading and a final overall vote.

3. If the Assembly so decides, texts approved on the first reading shall be submitted to committees for their second reading, subject to the power of the Assembly to recall them and to a final overall vote by the Assembly.

4. The second reading of bills relating to matters specified in Articles 167(a) to (f), (h), (n) and (p) and 168(1)(s) must be voted on by the Assembly in plenary session.

5. Organic laws must be approved, in the final vote, by an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.

6. Provisions of laws relating to matters specified in Articles 152(1) and (2) and 167(p) must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the Deputies present, provided that the majority exceeds an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.


 * Article 172 Ratification of decree-laws

1. Decree-laws, other than those approved under the exclusive legislative powers of the Government, shall be submitted, on the petition of 10 Deputies, for consideration by the Assembly of the Republic, at one of the ten plenary meetings next following their publication; the Assembly may amend or refuse to ratify the decrees.

2. Where proposals are made for the amendment of a decree-law, made under delegated legislative powers, that has been submitted for consideration, the Assembly may suspend the operation of the decree, in whole or in part, until the law amending it is published or the proposals for amendment are rejected.

3. The suspension shall lapse immediately the Assembly has held 10 plenary meetings without taking a final decision on ratification.

4. Where ratification is refused, the decree-law ceases to be in force from the date of the publication of the resolution in the Diário da República, and it may not be published again in the same legislative session.

5. The ratification process shall lapse if, after a decree-law has been submitted for consideration, the Assembly takes no decision on it, or, having decided to make amendments, it does not approve a law to that effect before the end of the current legislative session, in which there have been 15 plenary meetings.


 * Article 173 Urgency procedure

1. At the request of a Deputy or parliamentary group or the Government, the Assembly of the Republic is entitled to adopt a urgency procedure for passing a bill, draft legislation or a motion for a resolution.

2. At the request of the regional assembly for the Azores or Madeira, the Assembly is also entitled to adopt an urgency procedure for passing a bill initiated by that regional assembly.

CHAPTER III Organization and operation

 * Article 174 Legislative term

1. The legislative term lasts for 4 legislative sessions.

2. In the case of a dissolution, the newly elected Assembly shall start a new legislative term, the length of which shall be increased, at the beginning, by the time needed to complete the legislative session current at the date of the election.


 * Article 175 Dissolution

1. The Assembly of the Republic may not be dissolved during the 6 months immediately following its election, or during the last half-year of the term of office of the President of the Republic or during a state of siege or a state of emergency.

2. A decree of dissolution made in contravention of paragraph 1 shall have no legal validity.

3. A dissolution of the Assembly does not affect the continuance in the office of the Deputies or the powers of the Standing Committee until the first meeting of the Assembly after the ensuing election.


 * Article 176 Meeting after an election

1. The Assembly of the Republic shall meet as of right on the third day after the final results of the election are declared, or where election occasioned by the end of the legislative term takes place on a day before the end of that term, on the first day of the next legislative term.

2. If that date falls in the period when the Assembly is not in session, it shall meet for the purpose of giving effect to Article 178.


 * Article 177 Legislative sessions, period of sittings, and convening

1. A legislative session lasts for one year from 15 October.

2. The usual period for sittings of the Assembly runs from 15 October to 15 June, subject to adjournments at the decision of the Assembly on a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present.

3. The Assembly may sit outside the period specified in paragraph 2, following a decision of a plenary session extending the usual period for sittings, at the initiative of the Standing Committee, or, if that is not possible and in the case of a grave emergency, at the initiative of more than half of the Deputies.

4. Extraordinary sittings of the Assembly may be convened by the President of the Republic for the transaction of specific business.

5. Where the Assembly decides to adjourn under paragraph 2, committees are entitled to sit although the plenary Assembly is not sitting.


 * Article 178 Internal powers of the Assembly

The Assembly of the Republic has the power:

a. To draw up and approve its own Standing Orders under this Constitution;

b. To elect, by an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote, its President and other officers, that is, 4 vice-presidents, who shall be elected on the recommendation of the 4 largest parliamentary parties;

c. To appoint the Standing Committee and the other committees.


 * Article 179 Order of business of plenary sittings

1. The order of business shall be drawn up by the President of the Assembly of the Republic in accordance with the order prescribed by the Standing Orders, subject to the right to challenge it before the Assembly in plenary session and to the powers of the President of the Republic under Article 177(4).

2. The Government may request that priority be given to matters of national interest that require urgent resolution.

3. All parliamentary parties are entitled to determine the order of business of a specific number of sittings in accordance with criteria to be prescribed by the Standing Orders, due account being taken of the position of minority parties and those not represented in the Government.


 * Article 180 Attendance by members of the Government at plenary sittings

1. Ministers have the right to attend plenary sittings of the Assembly of the Republic and may be assisted or replaced by Secretaries of State, all of whom are entitled to speak as provided in the Standing Orders.

2. Sittings shall be fixed at which members of the Government shall be present to answer oral or written questions or requests for information from Deputies; they shall be held at the minimum intervals prescribed in the Standing Orders and on dates to be settled in agreement with the Government.

3. The committees may request members of the Government to take part in their work.


 * Article 181 Committees

1. The Assembly of the Republic shall have the committees provided for in the Standing Orders and may establish committees of inquiry or committees for other specific purposes.

2. The composition of the committees shall reflect the representation of parties in the Assembly of the Republic.

3. Petitions addressed the Assembly shall be examined by its committees or by a committee established for the purpose, which may seek the advice of other committees that are competent in the matter; in all cases the committees may request any citizen to give evidence before them.

4. Subject to the general rules governing their constitution, parliamentary committees of inquiry must be set up when requested by one-fifth of the Deputies entitled to vote, to a limit of one per Deputy for each legislative session.

5. Parliamentary committees of inquiry have the same powers of investigation as judicial authorities.

6. The presidencies of committees shall be distributed between the parliamentary parties in proportion to the number of their Deputies.


 * Article 182 Standing Committee

1. A Standing Committee of the Assembly of the Republic shall sit when the Assembly of the Republic is not in session, when it is dissolved and in the other cases provided for in this Constitution.

2. The Standing Committee shall be chaired by the President of the Assembly and shall be composed of the vice-presidents and Deputies appointed by all the parties in proportion to the number of their Deputies.

3. The Standing Committee has the following powers:

a. To monitor the activities of the Government and the Public Service;

b. To exercise the powers of the Assembly with respect to the term of office of Deputies;

c. To take steps for the convening of the Assembly when necessary;

d. To prepare the opening of the legislative session;

e. To consent to the absence of the President of the Republic from the national territory;

f. To authorize the President of the Republic to declare a state of siege or a state of emergency, or to declare war or to make peace.

4. In the case specified in paragraph 3(f), the Standing Committee shall take the steps necessary to ensure that the Assembly is convened as soon as possible.


 * Article 183 Parliamentary groups

1. Deputies elected for the same party or the same alliance of parties are entitled to set up a parliamentary group.

2. Parliamentary groups have the following rights:

a. To participate in the committees of the Assembly in proportion to the number of their Deputies and to nominate their representatives;

b. To express an opinion with regard to the order of business and to have challenge the order of business adopted before the Assembly in plenary session;

c. To initiate, in each legislative session, 2 debates on motions questioning the Government on matters of general or sectoral policy;

d. To request the Standing Committee to take steps for the convening of the Assembly;

e. To request the setting up parliamentary committees of inquiry;

f. To initiate laws;

g. To propose motions for the rejection of the Government's program;

h. To propose motions of censure on the Government;

i. To be informed regularly and directly by the Government on progress in respect of major matters of public interest.

3. Each parliamentary group is entitled to a place of work at the seat of the Assembly and to specialist and administrative personnel in whom it has confidence, as shall be determined by law.


 * Article 184 Officials and experts serving the Assembly

The work of the Assembly and its committees shall be assisted by a permanent staff of specialist and administrative officials and by experts appointed or temporarily contracted, in the numbers that the President considers necessary.

CHAPTER I Function and structure

 * Article 185 Definition

The Government is the organ for the conduct of the general policy of the country and the superior organ of public administration.


 * Article 186 Composition

1. The Government comprises the Prime Minister, the Ministers, the Secretaries and the Under-Secretaries of State.

2. The Government may include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers.

3. The number of ministries and secretariats of State, their titles and powers and the mode of coordinating them shall be laid down, as appropriate to the case, in the decrees appointing the holders of the offices or by decree-law.


 * Article 187 The Council of Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministers, if any, and the Ministers.

2. The law may establish Councils of the Ministers responsible for special subjects.

3. Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State may be required to attend meetings of the Council of Ministers.


 * Article 188 Temporary replacement of members of the Government

1. If there is no Deputy Prime Minister, the place of the Prime Minister shall be taken, in the Prime Minister's absence or inability to act, by the Minister designated by the Prime Minister to the President of the Republic, or if no such designation is made, by the Minister whom the President of the Republic designates for the purpose.

2. The place of a Minister shall be taken, in the Minister's absence or inability to act, by the Secretary of State designated by the Prime Minister or, if no such designation is made, by the member of the Government whom the Prime Minister designates for the purpose.


 * Article 189 Commencement and cessation of functions

1. The Prime Minister shall commence to hold office on installation and shall cease to hold office when removed from office by the President of the Republic.

2. Other members of the Government shall commence to hold office on installation and shall cease to hold office when they, or the Prime Minister, are removed from office.

3. Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State shall also cease to hold office when their respective Minister is removed from office.

4. Where the Government is dismissed, the Prime Minister of the outgoing Government shall be removed from office on the appointment and installation of the new Prime Minister.

5. Before its program has been subjected to review by the Assembly of the Republic or after it has been dismissed, the Government shall limit its activities to those which are strictly necessary to ensure the proper management of public business.

CHAPTER II Formation and responsibility

 * Article 190 Formation

1. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President of the Republic after taking the opinion of the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic and with due regard for the results of the general election.

2. The other members of the Government shall be appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.


 * Article 191 Program

The program of the Government shall state its principal political objectives and the measures to be adopted or proposed in the various fields of governmental activity.


 * Article 192 Collective responsibility

The members of the Government are bound by the program of the Government and by the decisions taken in the Council of Ministers.


 * Article 193 Responsibility of the Government

The Government shall be responsible for its actions to the President of the Republic and to the Assembly of the Republic.


 * Article 194 Responsibility of members of the Government

1. The Prime Minister shall be responsible to the President of the Republic and, within the terms of the political responsibility of the Government, to the Assembly of the Republic.

2. The Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers shall be responsible to the Prime Minister and, within the terms of the political responsibility of the Government, to the Assembly of the Republic.

3. The Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State shall be responsible to the Prime Minister and to their respective Ministers.


 * Article 195 Consideration of the program of the Government by the Assembly of the Republic

1. The program of the Government shall be submitted to the Assembly of the Republic for consideration, in the form of statement made by the Prime Minister within a maximum of 10 days after appointment.

2. If the Assembly of the Republic is not in session, it must be convened by its President for this purpose.

3. The debate may not exceed 3 days, and until it is closed, any parliamentary group may propose the rejection of the program and the Government may request the approval of a vote of confidence.

4. A rejection of the Government's program requires an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.


 * Article 196 Request for vote of confidence

The Government may ask the Assembly of the Republic for a vote of confidence on a statement of general policy or on any matter of national interest.


 * Article 197 Motions of censure

1. The Assembly of the Republic may, on the proposal of one quarter of the Deputies entitled to vote or of any parliamentary party, pass a motion of censure on the Government with respect to the implementation of its programme or any matter of national interest.

2. A motion of censure shall not be considered until 48 hours after it has been tabled; the debate may not exceed 3 days.

3. If a motion of censure is not passed, its signatories shall not table another such motion during the same legislative session.


 * Article 198 Dismissal of the Government

1. The dismissal of the Government occurs when:

a. A new legislative term begins;

b. The President of the Republic accepts the resignation of the Prime Minister;

c. The Prime Minister dies or is suffering from a permanent physical incapacity;

d. Its program is rejected;

e. A motion of confidence is not passed;

f. A motion of censure is passed by an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.

2. The President of the Republic may, after taking the opinion of the Council of State, dismiss the Government when necessary to safeguard the proper functioning of the democratic institutions.


 * Article 199 Criminal liability of members of the Government

Where criminal proceedings are instituted against a member of the Government, who is charged with an offence other than one punishable with imprisonment for more than 3 years, the Assembly of the Republic shall decide whether or not that member shall be suspended so that the proceedings can be pursued.

CHAPTER III Powers

 * Article 200 Political powers

1. In performing its political functions, the Government has the following powers:

a To counter-sign the acts of the President of the Republic as required by Article 143;

b. To negotiate and to agree international conventions;

c. To approve international conventions, approval of which is not within the powers of the Assembly of the Republic or which have not been tabled before the Assembly;

c. To table bills and draft resolutions before the Assembly of the Republic;

d. To propose to the President of the Republic that matters of relevant national interest be submitted to referendum under Article 118;

f. To state its opinion on any declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency;

g. To propose to the President the making of a declaration of war or the making peace;

h. To table before the Assembly of the Republic under Article 165(d) the accounts of the State and of such other public bodies as the law shall require;

i. To submit to the Assembly of the Republic, at appropriate times, information concerning the process for implementing the European Union, in accordance with Article 166 (f);

j. To do such other acts as are provided for in this Constitution and the law.

2. The Government shall approve treaties and international agreements by decree.


 * Article 201 Legislative powers

1. In performing its legislative functions, the Government has the following powers:

a. To make decree-laws on matters not within the exclusive powers of the Assembly of the Republic;

b. To make decree-laws on matters within the exclusive powers of the Assembly of the Republic that are delegated to it by the Assembly;

c. To make decree-laws amplifying laws that state basic principles of the legal system.

2. The Government has exclusive legislative powers in matters concerning its own structure and operation.

3. The decree-laws referred to in paragraph 1(b) and (c) must expressly specify the law under which the legislative power is delegated or which states the basic principles which they amplify.


 * Article 202 Administrative powers

In performing its administrative functions, the Government has the following powers:

a. To prepare plans on the basis of the laws relating to the major options, and to carry them out;

b. To put the Budget of the State into effect;

c. To make the regulations necessary for the proper enforcement of the laws;

d. To manage the services and the direct administrative activity of the State, both civil and military, to supervise indirect administration and to keep watch over autonomous administration;

e. To perform all the activities required by law with respect to the officials and personnel of the State and of other public corporate bodies;

f. To protect democratic legality;

g. To perform all the activities and make all the arrangements necessary to promote economic and social development and to meet community needs.


 * Article 203 Powers of the Council of Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers has the following powers:

a. To determine the general lines of governmental policy and its implementation;

b. To decide whether to seek a vote of confidence in the Assembly of the Republic;

c. To approve bills and draft resolutions;

d. To approve decree-laws and international conventions that are not tabled before the Assembly of the Republic;

e. To approve the plans;

f. To approve the actions of Government that involve increase or decrease in public revenue or expenditure;

g. To decide upon other matters within the powers of the Government that are required by law or are submitted to it by the Prime Minister or a Minister.

2. Councils of Ministers responsible for special subjects shall exercise the powers conferred upon them by law or delegated to them by the Council of Ministers.


 * Article 204 Powers of members of the Government

1. The Prime Minister has the following powers:

a. To direct the general policy of the Government and to co-ordinate and guide the activities of all Ministers;

b. To direct the operations of the Government and its general relations with the other organs of the State;

c. To keep the President of the Republic informed with respect to the conduct of the internal and external policies of the country;

d. To perform other duties conferred by this Constitution and the law.

2. The Ministers have the following powers:

a. To carry out the policies within the responsibility of their ministries;

b. To protect the general relations between the Government and the other organs of the State in the area of responsibility of their ministries.

3. Decree-laws and other decrees of the Government shall be signed by the Prime Minister and the Ministers responsible for their subject matter.

CHAPTER I General principles

 * Article 205 Jurisdiction

1. The courts are the organs with supreme authority that have the power to administer justice in the name of the people.

2. In administering justice, the courts are under a duty to safeguard the rights and interests of citizens that are legally protected, to punish breaches of democratic legality and to resolve public and private disputes.

3. In performing their functions, the courts are entitled to the assistance of other authorities.

4. The law may provide for alternative methods of dispute resolution that do not involve the courts.


 * Article 206 Independence

The courts are independent and subject only to the law.


 * Article 207 Findings as to unconstitutionality

In matters brought before them for decision, the courts shall not apply any rules that contravene the provisions of this Constitution or the principles contained there.


 * Article 208 Court decisions

1. Decisions of the courts shall be based on the cases and provisions contained in law.

2. Decisions of the courts are binding on all public and private bodies and shall prevail over the decisions of all other authorities.

3. The law shall regulate the conditions for the enforcement of court decisions affecting other authorities, and shall prescribe the penalties for failure to enforce those decisions.


 * Article 209 Court hearings

Court hearings shall be public, unless the court hearing a matter rules otherwise in the interests of safeguarding personal dignity or public morality or of guaranteeing its own proper operation.


 * Article 210 Juries, public participation and assessors

1. Juries shall be composed of judges from the entire bench and by jurors and shall be summoned, at the request of the prosecution or the defense, for the trial of serious crimes, other than those involving terrorism.

2. The law may provide for the use of lay magistrates to hear labor disputes, offenses against public health, minor offenses and other matters which call for special consideration of the social values that may have been infringed.

3. The law may also provide for the use of assessors with specialist qualifications to take part in the hearing of specified matters.

CHAPTER II Organization of the courts

 * Article 211 Categories of courts

1. There shall be the following categories of courts, in addition to the Constitutional Court:

a. The Supreme Court of Justice and the courts of law of first instance and of second instance;

b. The Supreme Administrative Court and other administrative and fiscal courts;

c. The Court of Audit;

d. Courts martial.

2. Maritime courts and arbitration courts may be established.

3. The law shall determine the circumstances and the manner in which the courts mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 may be constituted, whether separately or jointly, as courts for the resolution of disputes.

4. Subject to the provisions concerning courts martial, courts with exclusive jurisdiction to try specific categories of offence shall not be established.


 * Article 212 The Supreme Court of Justice and the courts of law

1. The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest court of law, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

2. The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be elected by the judges of that court.

3. The courts of law of first instance shall be, as a rule, the district courts, to which the courts mentioned in Article 213(2) shall have an equivalent status.

4. The courts of law of second instance shall be, as a rule, the courts of appeal.

5. The Supreme Court of Justice shall operate as a court of first instance or of second instance in the cases prescribed by law.


 * Article 213 Powers and jurisdiction of the courts of law

1. The courts of law shall be courts with a general jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters and shall have jurisdiction in all matters not assigned to other judicial bodies.

2. There may be courts of law of first instance with limited jurisdiction or specializing in hearing specified matters.

3. Courts of appeal and the Supreme Court of Justice may perform their functions through specialized chambers.


 * Article 214 Administrative and fiscal courts

1. The Supreme Administrative Court is the highest of the administrative and fiscal courts, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

2. The President of the Supreme Administrative Court shall be elected by and from among the judges of that court.

3. Administrative and fiscal courts have jurisdiction over law suits and appeals seeking decisions on disputes arising from administrative or fiscal legal relations.


 * Article 215 Courts martial

1. Courts martial have the jurisdiction to try offenses that are essentially military.

2. The law may, for good cause, grant to courts martial jurisdiction over offenses that may considered equivalent to offenses referred to in paragraph 1.

3. The law may confer on courts martial the power to order disciplinary measures.


 * Article 216 The Court of Audit

1. The Court of Audit is the highest body for reviewing the legality of public expenditure and for delivering judgment on those accounts that the law requires to be submitted to it and, in particular, it has the following powers:

a. To give its opinion on the General Accounts of the State, including the social security accounts and the accounts of the autonomous regions;

b. To enforce liability for financial offenses in accordance with the law;

c. To exercise such other powers as are conferred on it by law.

2. The Court of Audit may perform its functions in a decentralized way, through regional sections, as determined by law.

CHAPTER III Status of judges

 * Article 217 Judges of the courts of law

1. The judges of the courts of law constitute a single body which shall be governed by its own statute.

2. The law shall determine the qualifications and rules for the selection of the judges of the courts of law of first instance.

3. Selection of the judges of the courts of law of second instance shall be made prevailingly on merit, by means a competition among the judges of the courts of first instance, based on their curricula.

4. Appointment to the Supreme Court of Justice shall be by means of a competition, based on curricula and shall be open to members of the judiciary, public prosecutors and other jurists of merit, as the law shall determine.


 * Article 218 Guarantees and disqualifications

1. Judges have security of tenure and may be transferred, suspended, retired or removed from office only as provided by law.

2. Judges may not be held liable for their decisions, except in the circumstances provided for by law.

3. Judges in office may not perform any other functions, whether public or private, other than in unpaid teaching or legal research, as provided by law.

4. Judges in office may not be assigned to perform other functions unrelated to the work of the courts unless authorised by the appropriate superior council.


 * Article 219 Appointment, assignment, transfer and promotion of judges

1. The Superior Council for the Judiciary has the power to appoint, assign, transfer and promote the judges of the courts of law and to exercise disciplinary control over them, as provided by law.

2. The appropriate superior councils have the power to appoint, assign, transfer and promote the judges of the administrative and fiscal courts and to exercise disciplinary control over them, as provided by law.

3. The power to appoint, assign, transfer and promote the judges of other courts, and to exercise disciplinary control over them, shall be determined by law, subject to the guarantees contained in this Constitution.


 * Article 220 Superior Council for the Judiciary

1. The Superior Council for the Judiciary shall be presided over by the President of the Supreme Court of Justice and shall have the following composition:

a. 2 members appointed by the President of the Republic, one of whom shall be a judge;

b. 7 members elected by the Assembly of the Republic;

c. 7 judges elected by their peers by a system of proportional representation.

2. The rules relating to guarantees for judges apply to all members of the Superior Council for the Judiciary.

3. The law may provide for the participation of court officials elected by their peers in the Superior Council for the Judiciary for the exclusive purposes of discussing and voting on questions relating to the assessment of the professional merit and disciplinary control of court officials.

CHAPTER IV Public Prosecutors

 * Article 221 Functions and status

1. The Public Prosecutors have the responsibility for representing the State, instituting criminal proceedings, and defending democratic legality and such interests as shall be determined by law.

2. The Public Prosecutors shall have a separate status and be autonomous as provided by law.

3. The Public Prosecutors shall be accountable judicial officers, hierarchically graded, and shall be transferred, suspended, retired or dismissed only in the circumstances provided by law.

4. The Attorney-General's Office has the power to appoint, assign, transfer and promote, and to exercise disciplinary control over, Public Prosecutors.


 * Article 222 Attorney-General's Office

1. The Attorney-General's Office is the highest authority in public prosecution and shall have such composition and powers as the law shall determine.

2. The Attorney-General's Office shall be presided over by the Attorney-General and shall contain the Superior Council for the Public Prosecution, which shall include members elected by the Assembly of the Republic and members elected by the Public Prosecutors from among themselves.

SECTION VI The Constitutional Court

 * Article 223 Definition

The Constitutional Court is the court that has the specific power to administer justice in matters involving questions of legal and constitutional nature.


 * Article 224 Composition and status of the judges

1. The Constitutional Court shall be composed of 13 judges, 10 of whom shall be appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; the remaining 3 shall be co-opted.

2. Six of those members appointed by the Assembly of the Republic or co-opted must be selected from among the judges of the other courts; the remainder shall be jurists.

3. Judges of the Constitutional Court hold office for 6 years.

4. The President of the Constitutional Court shall be elected by the judges of that court.

5. Judges of the Constitutional Court enjoy the same guarantees as to independence, security of tenure, impartiality and immunities, and are subject to the same disqualifications, as judges of the other courts.

6. The law may prescribe further rules with respect to the status of judges of the Constitutional Court.


 * Article 225 Powers

1. The Constitutional Court has the power to decide questions of unconstitutionality and illegality as provided in the Article 277 and following Articles.

2. The Constitutional Court, in addition, has the following powers:

a. To verify the death and to rule on the permanent physical incapacity of the President of the Republic, and to verify that the President is temporarily prevented from performing the functions of President;

b. To verify that the President of the Republic has forfeited the office in the circumstances described in Article 132(3) and 133(3);

c. To give final rulings on the proper conduct of, and the validity of action taken during, the electoral process;

d. To verify the death and to rule on the incapacity of any candidate for the office of President of the Republic, for the purposes of Article 127(3);

e. To verify the legality of the constitutions of political parties and their alliances, of their names, initials and symbols, and to direct their dissolution, in accordance with this Constitution and the law;

f. To provide an anticipatory verification of compliance with this Constitution of referenda and of direct consultations with the electorate at the local level.

3. The Constitutional Court shall also perform such other functions as are conferred on it by this Constitution and the law.


 * Article 226 Organization and operation

1. The law shall prescribe rules with respect to the seat, organization and operation of the Constitutional Court.

2. The law shall prescribe rules with respect to the division of the work of the Constitutional Court into non-specialist chambers for the purpose of appeals in concreto on constitutionality and legality or for the exercise of other powers conferred on it by the law.

3. The law shall prescribe rules for reference to plenary sittings of the Constitutional Court of contradicting rulings of its chambers on the application of the same legal rule.

SECTION VII Autonomous regions

 * Article 227 Political and administrative status of the Azores and Madeira

1. There shall be special political and administrative arrangements for the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that are based on their geographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics and on the historic aspirations of the peoples of those islands for autonomy.

2. Regional autonomy shall work for democratic participation by the citizens of the regions, their economic and social development, the promotion and protection of regional interests and the strengthening of national unity and of the bonds of solidarity among all Portuguese.

3. Regional political and administrative autonomy shall in no way derogate from the complete sovereignty of the State; it shall be exercised within the framework of this Constitution.


 * Article 228 Statutes

1. Drafts of the political and administrative statutes of the autonomous regions shall be prepared by the regional assemblies and tabled before the Assembly of the Republic for debate and approval.

2. If the Assembly of the Republic rejects or amends the draft, it shall return the draft to the regional assembly in question for its consideration and opinion.

3. On receipt of the opinion, the Assembly of the Republic shall debate the draft and reach a final decision on it.

4. The rules set out in paragraphs 1 to 3 apply with respect to amendment of the statutes.


 * Article 229 Powers of the autonomous regions

1. The autonomous regions are corporate entities in public law, and have the following powers, which may be further provided for in their statutes:

a. To legislate, in compliance with this Constitution and the general laws of the Republic, on such matters of specific interest to the regions as are not within the exclusive powers of the organs with supreme authority;

b. To legislate, when the power is delegated to them by the Assembly of the Republic, in compliance with this Constitution, on such matters of specific interest to the regions are not within the exclusive powers of the organs with supreme authority;

c. To amplify, in matters of specific interest to the region, the bases contained in laws on matters that are not within the exclusive powers of the Assembly of the Republic and on matters specified in Article 168(1)(f), (g), (n), (v) and (x);

d. To make regulations for implementing regional legislation and general laws made by the organs with supreme authority that do not reserve the regulation-making power to those organs;

e. To exercise the right of initiative with respect to their statutes, in accordance with Article 228;

f. To exercise the right of legislative initiative under Article 170(1), by tabling bills and proposals for amendments before the Assembly of the Republic;

g. To exercise the executive powers that belong to them;

h. To administer and dispose of their assets and to enter into transactions and contracts where it is in their interest to do so;

i. To exercise their powers of taxation, in accordance with the law, to allocate that revenue and the other revenue granted to them, to apply that revenue to meet their expenditure, to adapt the national fiscal system to regional circumstances in accordance with the framework law enacted by the Assembly of the Republic;

j. To establish and dissolve local authorities and to alter their areas, in accordance with the law;

l. To supervise the activities of local authorities;

m. To raise populated areas to the status of towns or cities;

n. To superintend those services, public institutions and state-owned and nationalised businesses which engage in activities that are exclusively or predominantly regional, and other activities where supervision is required in the regional interest;

o. To approve the regional economic plan, the regional budget and the regional accounts and to participate in the preparation of national plans;

p. To prescribe acts that are ilegal under a regulatory ordinance and to provide the sanctions, subject to Article 168(1)(d);

q. To participate in the determination and implementation of the fiscal, monetary, financial and foreign exchange policies in such a way as to ensure regional control over current methods of payment and the provision of funds for the investments that are necessary for their economic and social development;

r. To participate in the determination of policies with respect to territorial waters, the exclusive economic zone and the adjacent sea-beds;

s. To participate in negotiations for international treaties and agreements of direct concern to them and to share in any resulting benefits;

t. To co-operate with foreign regional bodies and to participate in organisations concerned with the furtherance of inter-regional dialogue and co-operation, in accordance with guidelines laid down by the organs with supreme authority responsible for foreign policy;

u. To provide their opinion, on their own initiative or when requested by the organs with supreme authority, on questions of concern to the regions that are within the responsibility of those organs.

2. Proposals for the delegation of a power to legislate shall be accompanied by the draft of the regional legislative decree that is to be made under it; Article 168(2) and (3) applies with respect to any such delegation.

3. Delegated powers referred to in paragraph 2 shall lapse at the end of the legislative term or on the dissolution of either the Assembly of the Republic or the regional legislative assembly to which they were granted.

4. Regional legislative decrees made under paragraph (1)(b) and (c) shall expressly refer to the law delegating the power to legislate or the laws containing the bases which they amplify; Article 172, with the necessary modifications, applies to these decrees.


 * Article 230 Limits on powers

The autonomous regions may not:

a. Restrict the right of workers as recognized by law;

b. Impose restrictions on the movement of persons and goods between them and the other parts of the national territory, except restrictions on goods that are necessary in the interests of public health;

c. Reserve any occupation or public office to persons born or resident in the region.


 * Article 231 Co-operation between the organs with supreme authority and regional organs

1. The organs with supreme authority shall, in co-operation with the organs of regional government, ensure the economic and social development of the autonomous regions, and shall seek, in particular, to correct inequalities arising from insular circumstances of the regions.

2. The organs with supreme authority shall always obtain the opinion of the organs of regional government on those matters within their powers that affect the autonomous regions.


 * Article 232 Representation of the supreme authority of the Republic

1. The sovereign authority of the Republic shall be specially represented in each autonomous region by a Minister for the Republic, who shall be appointed and removed from office by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Government after the opinion of the Council of State has been given.

2. The Minister for the Republic shall coordinate the work of the central services of the State in so far it affects the interests of the region; and for that purpose, he or she has ministerial powers and is entitled to attend those meetings of the Council of Ministers that deal with matters of interest to the region in question.

3. The Minister for the Republic shall superintend the administrative functions performed in the region by the State and shall coordinate them with those performed by the region itself.

4. A Minister for the Republic who is absent or unable to act shall be replaced in the region by the president of the regional legislative assembly.


 * Article 233 Organs of self-government of the regions

1. The organs of self-government of each region are the regional legislative assembly and the regional government.

2. The regional legislative assembly shall be elected in universal, direct and secret suffrage by a system of proportional representation.

3. The regional government shall be politically responsible to the regional legislative assembly; the president of the government shall be appointed by the Minister for the Republic who shall pay due regard to the results of the election.

4. The other members of the regional government shall be appointed and removed from office by the Minister for the Republic on the recommendation of the president of that government.

5. The status of the members of the organs of self-government of the autonomous regions shall be provided for in their political and administrative statutes.


 * Article 234 Powers of the regional legislative assembly

1. The regional legislative assembly has exclusive power to perform the functions specified in Article 229(1)(a), (b), (c), the second part of (d), (f), the first part of (i), (j), (m) and (p), and to approve the regional budget, the economic plan and the regional accounts and to adapt the national fiscal system to the circumstances of the region.

2. The regional legislative assembly has the power to prepare and approve its own standing orders in accordance with this Constitution and the political and administrative statute of the region in question.

3. The provisions of Article 178 (c), 181(1), (2) and (3), 182, except paragraphs (3)(e) and (f) and (4) and 183 (except paragraph (2)(b)), apply, with necessary modifications, to the regional legislative assembly and its parliamentary groups.


 * Article 235 Signature and veto of the Minister for the Republic

1. The Minister for the Republic has the power to sign and order publication of regional legislative decrees and regional regulatory decrees.

2. Within 15 days after receiving a decree of the regional legislative assembly for signature or after the publication of a ruling of the Constitutional Court that none of the provisions of such a decree are unconstitutional, the Minister for the Republic shall either sign the decree or exercise the right of veto in the form of a request, based on substantial grounds, for its reconsideration.

3. If the regional legislative assembly confirms its vote by an absolute majority of the deputies entitled to vote, the Minister for the Republic shall sign the decree within 8 days after receiving it.

4. Within 20 days after receiving a decree of the regional government for signature, the Minister for the Republic shall either sign the decree or refuse to sign; the Minister shall send written reasons for a refusal to sign to the regional government, which may then convert the decree into a bill to be presented to the regional legislative assembly.

5. In exercising the power of veto, the Minister for the Republic shall also comply with Articles 278 and 279.


 * Article 236 Dissolution of regional organs

1. The organs of self-government of the autonomous regions may be dissolved by the President of the Republic, after taking the opinion of the Assembly of the Republic and the Council of State, for actions contrary to this Constitution.

2. If the regional organs are dissolved, the Minister for the Republic shall assume responsibility for the government of the region.

CHAPTER I General principles

 * Article 237 Local authorities

1. The democratic organization of the State shall include local authorities.

2. Local authorities shall be bodies corporate with representative organs serving the particular interests of the population in their territorial areas.


 * Article 238 Categories of local authorities and administrative division

1. Local authorities on the mainland shall be the parishes, municipalities and the administrative regions.

2. The autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira shall be made up of parishes and municipalities.

3. For large urban areas and islands, the law may establish other forms of local government for the area that are appropriate to the particular local circumstances.

4. The administrative division of the national territory shall be established by law.


 * Article 239 Functions and organization

The responsibilities and organization of local authorities and the powers of their organs shall be regulated by law in such a way as to give effect to the principle of administrative decentralization.


 * Article 240 Local assets and finance

1. Local authorities shall have their own assets and financial resources.

2. The system of local finance shall be established by law and shall be directed towards the fair apportionment of public funds by the State and by the local authorities and the correction, as necessary, of inequalities between local authorities at the same level.

3. The receipts of local authorities must, in all cases, include the income from the management of their assets and the sums collected for access to their services.


 * Article 241 Deliberative and executive organs

1. Every local authority shall include an elected assembly with powers of deliberation and a corporate executive body responsible to it.

2. The assembly shall be elected in universal, direct and secret suffrage of the citizens resident in its area by a system of proportional representation.

3. The organs of local authorities may undertake direct consultations with the citizens enrolled on the electoral register in their area, by secret vote, on matters within their exclusive powers, in the cases, under the conditions, and with the effect, that the law shall prescribe.


 * Article 242 Power to regulate

Local authorities have their own power to make regulations, within the limits of this Constitution, of the laws and the regulations of superior local authorities or authorities with supervisory powers.


 * Article 243 Administrative supervision

1. Administrative supervision of local authorities consists of verifying that the organs of those authorities are complying with the law, and it shall be exercised in the cases and the manner prescribed by law.

2. Supervisory actions that impose restrictions on local autonomy require prior consultation with a local authority organ, as shall be provided by law.

3. Local authority organs composed by direct elections may be dissolved only for acts or omissions involving serious illegality.


 * Article 244 Local authority staffs

1. Local authorities shall have their own staffs as prescribed by law.

2. The rules governing officials and personnel of the State apply equally to officials and personnel in local administration.

3. The law shall determine the manner in which the State is to give technical and personnel support to local authorities, without prejudicing their autonomy.

CHAPTER II Parishes

 * Article 245 Organs of parishes

The representative organs of the parish are the parish assembly and the parish board.


 * Article 246 Parish assemblies

1. The parish assembly shall be elected by the citizens entitled to vote who are resident in the parish.

2. In addition to the political parties, other groups of citizens entitled to vote may put forward candidates for election to the parish organs, as shall be provided for by law.

3. The law may provide that, in parishes with small populations, the parish assembly may be replaced by meetings of all the citizens entitled to vote.


 * Article 247 Parish boards

1. The parish board shall be the executive organ of the parish; it shall be elected by the assembly in secret ballot from among its members.

2. The chairman of the board shall be the citizen who heads the list that receives the most votes in the election to the assembly or, where no assembly exists, the citizen elected for the purpose by a plenary meeting of the citizens.


 * Article 248 Delegation of responsibilities

The parish may delegate administrative responsibilities that do not involve the exercise of formal decision-making to associations of residents.

CHAPTER III Municipalities

 * Article 249 Changes in municipalities

Municipalities may be established and dissolved, and their areas altered, by law after consultation with the organs of the local authorities affected.


 * Article 250 Municipal organs

The representative organs of municipalities are the municipal assembly and the municipal chamber.


 * Article 251 Municipal assemblies

The municipal assembly shall be composed of the chairmen of the parish boards and at least an equal number of members elected by an electoral college of the municipality.


 * Article 252 Municipal chambers

The municipal chamber shall be the corporate executive organ of the municipality; it shall be elected by the citizens entitled to vote who are resident in its area. The chairman shall be the candidate who heads the list that receives the most votes.


 * Article 253 Associations and federations

Municipalities may form associations and federations for the administration of common interests.


 * Article 254 Share in the revenue from direct taxation

Municipalities shall share, in their own right, and in accordance with the law, in the revenue from direct taxation.

CHAPTER IV Administrative regions

 * Article 255 Establishment by law

Administrative regions shall be established simultaneously by law, which shall determine the powers, composition, responsibilities and organization of their organs; and different provision may be made for different cases.


 * Article 256 Individual establishment

The establishment of each administrative region, which shall be provided for by law, shall depend on the law referred to in Article 255 and on a favorable vote by a majority of the municipal assemblies that represent the major part of the population of the region.


 * Article 257 Responsibilities

Administrative regions shall be responsible for the direction of the public services and for coordinating and supporting the activities of municipalities, while respecting municipal autonomy and without limiting their powers.


 * Article 258 Plans

Administrative regions shall prepare regional plans and participate in the preparation of the plans referred to in article 92.


 * Article 259 Regional organs

The representative organs of the administrative regions shall be the regional assembly and the regional board.


 * Article 260 Regional assemblies

The regional assembly shall be composed of members directly elected by the citizens enrolled in the electoral register for the regional area and of a smaller number elected, by a system of proportional representation and the Hondt highest average method, by an electoral college comprising the directly elected members of the municipal assemblies in that area.


 * Article 261 Regional boards

The regional board shall be the corporate executive organ for the region; it shall be elected in a secret ballot by the regional assembly from among its members.


 * Article 262 Representatives of the Government

Attached to each region there shall be a representative of the Government, appointed by the Council of Ministers, who shall also have authority with respect to the other local authorities in the regional area.

CHAPTER V Organizations of residents

 * Article 263 Establishment and area

1. With the objective of increasing participation by the population in local administrative life, organizations of residents may be set up for the residents of areas smaller than the parish.

2. The parish assembly, on its own initiative or at the request of committees of residents or of a significant number of residents, shall determine the boundaries of the areas of organizations of residents mentioned in paragraph 1 and, where appropriate, resolve disputes arising in that connection.


 * Article 264 Structure

1. The structure of organizations of residents shall be laid down by law and shall include a residents' assembly and a residents' committee.

2. The residents' assembly shall be composed of the persons residing in the area who are enrolled on the electoral register for the parish.

3. The residents' committee shall be elected in a secret ballot by the residents' assembly and may be dismissed at the will of that assembly.


 * Article 265 Rights and powers

1. Organizations of residents enjoy the following rights:

a. To petition local authorities with respect to matters of administration of concern to the residents;

b. To participate in the parish assembly through their representatives, who shall not have voting rights.

2. Organizations of residents may exercise the powers necessary to enable them to perform the functions conferred upon them by law or delegated to them by the organs of their parish.

SECTION IX The Public Service

 * Article 266 Fundamental principles

1. The Public Service shall work to promote the public interest, while observing the rights and interests of citizens that are protected by law.

2. The organs and officials of the Public Service are subject to this Constitution and the law, and shall perform their functions with full respect for the principles of equality, proportionality, fairness and impartiality.


 * Article 267 Structure of the Public Service

1. The Public Service shall be so structured as to avoid bureaucracy, to bring administration closer to the people and to ensure participation by those affected by its activities, in particular, through public associations, organizations of residents and other forms of democratic representation.

2. To give effect to paragraph 1, the law shall establish suitable methods of decentralizing and devolving administration, without prejudicing necessary efficiency and unity of action or the powers of direction and supervision of the Government.

3. Public associations may be formed only to deal with specific needs; they may not perform functions that properly belong to trade unions; and their internal organization shall be structured on the basis of respect for the rights of their members and on the democratic character of their organs.

4. Administrative procedure shall be the subject of a special law which shall ensure the rationalization of the systems in use of the services and the participation by citizens in the decision-making process or in the consideration of matters that affect them.


 * Article 268 Rights and guarantees of citizens

1. Citizens are entitled to be informed by the Public Service, when they so require, about the progress of proceedings in which they are directly interested and to know the final decisions that are taken with respect to them.

2. Citizens shall also enjoy the right to have access to administrative records and files, subject to the legal provisions with respect to internal and external security. investigation of crime and personal privacy.

3. Administrative action shall be notified to interested parties in the manner prescribed by law; it shall be based on stated substantial grounds when it affects the rights or interests of citizens that are legally protected.

4. Interested parties are guaranteed recourse to the courts for a review, on the ground of illegality, of any administrative action, regardless of its form, that affects any of their rights or interests that are legally protected.

5. Access to administrative justice is also guaranteed to citizens for the purpose of securing rights or interests that are legally protected.

6. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2, the law shall fix the maximum period within which the Public Service must respond.


 * Article 269 Public officials

1. When performing their functions, officials in the Public Service and other personnel of the State and other public bodies shall serve exclusively the public interest, as that is defined, under the law, by the competent organs of the Public Service.

2. Officials in the Public Service and other personnel of the State and other public bodies shall not be prejudiced or benefited by their exercise of political rights contained in this Constitution, in particular through party allegiance.

3. In disciplinary proceedings the right of the individual affected to be heard and to present a defense is guaranteed.

4. No one shall hold more than one public post or office unless that is expressly permitted by law.

5. The law shall determine when the holding of a public office or post and the carrying out of other activities are incompatible.


 * Article 270 Restrictions on the exercise of rights

The law may prescribe restrictions on the freedom of expression, meetings, demonstration, association, and collective petitioning, and on the capacity to stand for election of permanent staff members of the military and the security forces when on active service, to the extent made necessary by their particular functions.


 * Article 271 Liability of officials and personnel

1. Officials and other personnel of the State and other public bodies shall be responsible in civil, criminal or disciplinary proceedings for their acts or omission when performing their functions for actions that result in infringements of the rights or interests of citizens that are legally protected; no action or proceedings in respect of these matters shall be dependent, at any stage, on the prior approval of a superior authority.

2. An official or other member of the personnel of the State who acts on a service matter in accordance with the orders or instructions of his or her legitimate superior officer shall not be held liable, provided he or she, before acting, requested or required that they be given or confirmed in writing.

3. The duty of obedience ceases if the carrying out of the orders or instructions would involve the commission of a criminal offence.

4. The law shall regulate the circumstances under which the State and other public bodies are entitled to be indemnified by their organs, officials or personnel.


 * Article 272 The police

1. The police have the responsibility of defending democratic legality, protecting internal security and the rights of citizens.

2. The measures that may be taken by the police shall be provided for by law and shall not be used beyond what is strictly necessary.

3. Prevention of crime, including crimes against the security of the State, shall be undertaken with due regard for the general rules governing the police and with proper respect for the rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens

4. The law shall determine the arrangements with respect to the security forces, each of which shall have a single organization for the whole of the national territory.

SECTION X National Defense

 * Article 273 National defense

1. The State has the responsibility for ensuring national defense.

2. The objectives of national defense are to guarantee national independence, the integrity of the national territory and the freedom and security of the people against external aggression or threats, while respecting constitutional order, the democratic institutions and international conventions.


 * Article 274 Superior Council for National Defense

1. The Superior Council for National Defense shall be presided over by the President of the Republic and its composition shall be determined by law.

2. The Superior Council for National Defense shall be the body to provide advice on questions concerning national defense and the organization, operation and discipline of the Armed Forces, and it shall have the administrative powers that shall be conferred upon it by law.


 * Article 275 The Armed Forces

1. The Armed Forces have the responsibility for providing the military defence of the Republic.

2. The Armed Forces shall be composed exclusively of Portuguese citizens, shall be organised on the basis of compulsory military service and shall comprise a single structure for the entire national territory.

3. The Armed Forces shall obey the competent organs with supreme authority in accordance with this Constitution and the law.

4. The Armed Forces shall be at the service of the Portuguese people, and shall be strictly non-partisan; their members shall not take advantage of opportunities provided by their weapons, positions or functions to intervene in political matters.

5. The Armed Forces may collaborate, as provided by law, in carrying out specified tasks for meeting basic needs and improving the quality of life of the people, including those arising from public disasters that do not warrant the suspension of rights.

6. The laws that make provision with respect to states of siege and states of emergency shall determine the conditions under which the Armed Forces may be used in those circumstances.


 * Article 276 Defense of the Nation, military and civic service

1. The defense of the Nation is a fundamental right and a fundamental duty of all Portuguese.

2. Military service shall be compulsory for the period and on the conditions that the law shall prescribe.

3. Persons considered to be unfit for armed military service shall perform military service that does not require the use of arms or civic service appropriate to their circumstances.

4. Conscientious objectors shall perform civic service of an equivalent length to, and as onerous as, military service.

5. Civic service may be established as an alternative to or as complementary to military service and may be made compulsory by law for citizens who are not subject to military service.

6. No citizen who fails to perform military service or civic service, where that is compulsory, may hold or acquire any office in the State or in any other public body.

7. No citizen shall be prejudiced in respect of an occupation, social security benefits or a permanent career by performing military service or compulsory civic service.

SECTION I Review of constitutionality

 * Article 277 Positive unconstitutionality

1. Rules of law that contravene any provision of this Constitution or the principles contained in it are unconstitutional.

2. International treaties that are unconstitutional, in substance or form, but have been duly ratified may nonetheless be applied as part of Portuguese law, provided that the provisions are applied as part of the law of the other treaty party, unless the unconstitutionality arises from the contravention of a fundamental principle.


 * Article 278 Anticipatory review of constitutionality

1. The President of the Republic may request the Constitutional Court to undertake an anticipatory review of the constitutionality of any provision of an international treaty that has been submitted to the President for ratification, or of an instrument sent to the President for promulgation as a law or a decree-law, or of an international agreement where the decree giving approval has been presented for the signature of the President.

2. Ministers for the Republic may also request the Constitutional Court to undertake an anticipatory review of the constitutionality of any provision of a regional legislative decree or a regulative decree for the implementation of the general law of the Republic that has been sent to them for signature.

3. An anticipatory review of constitutionality shall be requested not later than 8 days after the date on which the instrument is received.

4. The President of the Republic, the Prime Minister or one-fifth of the Deputies of the Assembly of the Republic, entitled to vote may request the Constitutional Court to undertake an anticipatory review of the constitutionality of any provision of any decree submitted to the President for promulgation as an organic law.

5. On the same day as the President of the Assembly of the Republic submits to the President of the Republic a decree for promulgation as an organic law, he or she shall inform the Prime Minister and the parliamentary parties in the Assembly of the Republic.

6. An anticipatory review of constitutionality of the kind described in paragraph 4 shall be requested not later than 8 days after the date referred to in paragraph 5.

7. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the President of the Republic may not promulgate decrees of the kind described in paragraph 4 before 8 days have elapsed from the date on which they were received, or before a requested ruling of the Constitutional Court is handed down.

8. The Constitutional Court shall hand down its ruling within 25 days; where paragraph 1 applies, this time limit may be reduced by the President of the Republic for reasons of urgency.


 * Article 279 Effects of rulings

1. If the Constitutional Court rules that a provision of a decree or international agreement is unconstitutional, the instrument must be vetoed by the President of the Republic or the Minister for the Republic, as the case may be, and shall be returned to the organ that approved it.

2. In the circumstances described in paragraph 1, a decree may not be signed or promulgated unless the organ that approved it deletes the provision ruled to be unconstitutional or, as appropriate, confirms it by a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present, provided that the majority exceeds an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.

3. If the instrument is revised, the President of the Republic or the Minister for the Republic, as the case may be, may request an anticipatory review of the constitutionality of any of its provisions.

4. Where the Constitutional Court rules that a provision of a treaty is unconstitutional, that treaty shall be ratified only if the Assembly of the Republic approves it by a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present, provided that the majority exceeds an absolute majority of the Deputies entitled to vote.


 * Article 280 Appeals on constitutionality and legality

1. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear appeals against any of the following court decisions:

a. Decisions refusing to apply a legal rule on the ground of unconstitutionality;

b. Decisions applying a legal rule, the constitutionality of which was challenged during the proceedings.

2. The Constitutional Court also has jurisdiction to hear appeals against any of the following court decisions:

a. Decisions refusing to apply a legislative provision on the ground of illegality arising from contravention of some superior law;

b. Decisions refusing to apply a provision of a regional legislative instrument on the ground of illegality arising from contravention of the statute of an autonomous region or the general law of the Republic;

c. Decisions refusing to apply a provision of an instrument made by an organ with supreme authority on the ground of illegality arising from contravention of the statute of an autonomous region;

d. Decisions applying a provision, the legality of which was challenged during the proceedings on any of the grounds specified in sub-para-graphs (a), (b) or (c).

3. Where a court refuses to apply a provision of an international convention, any legislation or a regulatory decree, any appeal under paragraph 1(a) or 2(a) must be brought by the Public Prosecution.

4. An appeal under paragraph (1)(b) or (2)(d) may be brought only by the party who raised the question of unconstitutionality or illegality; the law shall prescribe the requirements and procedure with respect to the bringing of these appeals.

5. The Constitutional Court also has jurisdiction to hear appeals against court decisions which apply provisions that it has previously ruled to be unconstitutional or illegal; the Public Prosecution must institute an appeal in all such cases.

6. Appeals may only be made to the Constitutional Court on questions of unconstitutionality or illegality, as the case requires.


 * Article 281 General review of constitutionality and legality

1. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to undertake review, and to make rulings that are generally binding, in the following matters:

a. Unconstitutionality of any legal rule;

b. Illegality of any provision of legislation, on the ground that it contravenes superior law;

c. Illegality of any provision of a regional legislative instrument on the ground that it contravenes the statute of the region or the general law of the Republic;

d. Illegality of any instrument made by an organ with supreme authority on the ground that it contravenes the rights of a region as set out in its statute.

2. The following persons are entitled to request the Constitutional Court to make generally binding rulings on questions of unconstitutionality and illegality:

a. The President of the Republic;

b. The President of the Assembly of the Republic;

c. The Prime Minister;

d. The Ombudsman;

e. The Attorney-General;

f. One-tenth of the Deputies of the Assembly of the Republic;

g. The Ministers for the Republic, the regional legislative assemblies, or their presidents, the presidents of the regional governments or one-tenth of the deputies of a regional legislative assembly, in any case of unconstitutionality on the ground of a contravention of the rights of an autonomous region or in any case of illegality on the ground of contravention of the statute of the region or the general law of the Republic.

3. The Constitutional Court also has jurisdiction to review and give generally binding rulings on the unconstitutionality or illegality of a legal rule, the application of which it has held to be unconstitutional or illegal in three appeals.


 * Article 282 Effects of rulings of unconstitutionality or illegality

1. A generally binding ruling of unconstitutionality or illegality shall be given effect from the date when the provision ruled unconstitutional or illegal came into force and shall require that any provisions that may have been revoked shall be reinstated, with retroactive effect.

2. However, where unconstitutionality or illegality derives from contravention of a constitutional or legal provision that has been subsequently made, the ruling shall be given effect only from the date when that provision came into force.

3. Cases already decided shall hold good, except if the Constitutional Court rules otherwise in respect of a legal rule relating to penal or disciplinary matters or an illegal act under a regulatory ordinance or a provision that is disadvantageous to the accused.

4. When required in the interests of legal certainty, or for reasons of equity or public interest of exceptional importance, which shall be justified if requested, the Constitutional Court may prescribe effects of unconstitutionality or illegality that are more restrictive than those specified in paragraphs 1 and 2.


 * Article 283 Unconstitutionality by omission

1. At the request of the President of the Republic, the Ombudsman or, in a case where the rights of an autonomous region have been contravened, the presidents of the regional assemblies, the Constitutional Court shall review and verify whether there has been an omission, in contravention of this Constitution, to enact legislation that is necessary to implement the provisions of this Constitution.

2. If the Constitutional Court verifies that there has been unconstitutionality by omission, it shall communicate that fact to the competent legislative organ.

SECTION II Revision of the Constitution

 * Article 284 Competence and time of revision

1. The Assembly of the Republic may revise this Constitution after 5 years have elapsed since the last occasion on which an ordinary law revising the Constitution was published.

2. However, the Assembly of the Republic may, by a majority of four-fifths of the Deputies entitled to vote, assume special powers to revise this Constitution at some other time.


 * Article 285 Power to initiate constitutional revision

1. Revision of this Constitution may be initiated by Deputies.

2, On the tabling of proposals for constitutional revision, any other proposals for that purpose shall be tabled within 30 days.


 * Article 286 Approval and promulgation

1. Amendments to this Constitution must be approved by a majority of two-thirds of the Deputies entitled to vote.

2. Amendments to this Constitution, once approved, shall be incorporated into a single revision law.

3. The President of the Republic has no power to refuse to promulgate a revision law.


 * Article 287 New text of the Constitution

1. Amendments to this Constitution shall be inserted in their proper place with consequential substitutions, deletions and additions.

2. The new text of the Constitution shall be published together with the revision law.


 * Article 288 Limits on matters of revision

Laws revising this Constitution shall respect:

a. National independence and the unity of the State;

b. The republican form of government;

c. The separation of the Churches from the State;

d. The rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens;

e. The rights of workers, workers' committees and trade unions;

f. The co-existence of public, private and co-operative and social sectors in the ownership of the means of production;

g. The place of economic plans within the framework of a mixed economy;

h. Universal, direct, secret and regular suffrage for the selection of the elected members of the organs with supreme authority, the autonomous regions and local government and a system of proportional representation;

i. Pluralism in expression and political organisation, which shall include political parties and the right of democratic opposition;

j. The separation and inter-dependence of the organs with supreme authority;

l. Judicial review of legal provisions for positive unconstitutionality and unconstitutionality by omission;

m. The independence of the courts;

n. The autonomy of local authorities;

o. The political and administrative autonomy of the archipelagoes of the Azores and Madeira.


 * Article 289 Limits on time of revision

No action may be taken to revise this Constitution during a state of siege or a state of emergency.

FINAL AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

 * Article 290 Previous law

1. Constitutional laws enacted subsequent to 25 April 1974 not saved by this Chapter shall be considered to be ordinary laws, without prejudice to paragraph 2.

2. Ordinary laws enacted before this Constitution came into force shall remain in force except to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Constitution or the principles contained in it.


 * Article 291 Districts

1. Until the administrative regions are fully established, the areas not covered by them shall continue to be divided into districts.

2. Each district shall have, on conditions to be determined by law, a deliberative assembly composed of representatives of the municipalities.

3. The civil governor, assisted by a council, shall represent the Government and shall exercise powers of supervision in the area of the district.


 * Article 292 Status of Macao

1. While under Portuguese administration, the territory of Macao shall be subject to a statute that is appropriate to its special circumstances.

2. The statute of the territory of Macao embodied in Law 1/76 of 17 February, with the amendments made by Law 53/76 of 14 September, shall remain in force.

3. Upon the proposal of either the Legislative Assembly of Macao or the Governor of Macao, who shall take the opinion of the legislative Assembly of Macao, the Assembly of the Republic, which shall take the opinion of the Council of State, may amend or replace that statute.

4. The President of the Republic shall not promulgate a decree of the Assembly of the Republic, where the proposal is approved with amendments, unless the Legislative Assembly of Macao or the Governor of Macao, as the case may be, gives a favorable opinion.

5. The territory of Macao shall have its own judicial system that is autonomous and adapted to the particular circumstances of that territory, as provided by law, which shall give full effect to the principle of the independence of the judiciary.


 * Article 293 Self-determination and independence of East Timor

1. Portugal remains bound by her responsibilities under international law to promote and guarantee the right to self-determination and the independence of East Timor.

2. The President of the Republic and the Government have the power to take all necessary action for achieving the objectives set out in paragraph 1.


 * Article 294 Indictment and trial of officers and personnel of PIDE/DGS

1. Law 8/75 of 25 July, with the amendments made by Law 16/75 of 23 December and Law 18/75 of 26 December, shall remain in force.

2. The offenses identified in Articles 2(2), 3, 4(b) and 5 of the Law referred to in paragraph 1 may be given greater particularity by law.

3. The law may make specific provisions regulating the exceptional extenuating circumstances provided for in Article 7 of that Law.


 * Article 295 Special rules with respect to political parties

The provisions of Article 51(3) shall apply to political parties established before this Constitution came into force; the law shall prescribe rules for that matter.


 * Article 296 Principles to be applied to re-privatizations under Article 85(1)

The framework law provided for in Article 85(1) shall guarantee the following basic principles:

a. Re-privatization of the ownership of, and the right to utilize, the means of production or other property nationalized after 25 April 1974 shall be carried out, normally by the following preferred means: by open public competitive tenders, by flotation on the stock exchange or by public subscription;

b. Revenue obtained from re-privatization shall be used only for the purpose of redeeming the national debt or the debts of State-owned businesses, or for servicing debts contracted as a result of nationalizations, or for new investments in capital stock in the productive sector;

c. Workers in re-privatized businesses shall, in the process of the re-privatization of their business, retain all the rights and duties to which they have become entitled;

d. Workers in re-privatized businesses shall be given a preferential right to subscribe to a percentage of the capital stock of their business;

e. The value of the means of production or other property that is to be re-privatized shall be assessed by more than one independent body.


 * Article 297 Provisional statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira

The provisional statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira shall remain in force until the equivalent definitive statute comes into force.


 * Article 298 Date and coming into force of this Constitution

1. The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic bears the date of its adoption by the Constituent Assembly, namely, 2 April 1976.

2. The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic comes into force on 25 April 1976.