Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Connelly/Opinion of the Court

The question we have here is whether respondent William I. Connelly, hereafter referred to as the taxpayer, is entitled to the $1,500 exclusion from gross income provided by § 22(b)(13)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code. The taxpayer claimed this additional allowance for the taxable years 1943 and 1944. The Commissioner disallowed the sum deducted. The Tax Court sustained the Commissioner, 8 T.C. 848, and the Court of Appeals reversed, one judge dissenting. 84 U.S.App.D.C. 260, 172, F.2d 877. We granted certiorari. 337 U.S. 924, 69 S.Ct. 1170.

On February 19, 1943, taxpayer was a civil service employee in the legal division of the Coast Guard. On that date he was enrolled as a lieutenant commander within one of the six classifications which constituted the temporary members of the Coast Guard Reserve. His enrollment was under authority of the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Reserve Act which provided for the enrolling of 'persons (including Government employees without pay other than the compensation of their civilian positions).' 55 Stat. 12, as amended, 56 Stat. 1021, 14 U.S.C. § 307, 14 U.S.C.A. § 307 note. On April 24, 1944, he was reenrolled as a commander and his class was described as 'Coast Guard Civil Service Employees.'

After enrollment taxpayer performed duties identical with those which he had previously performed. At the time he was enrolled, his civil service ratng was P-5. Later this rating was raised to P-6 and his rank was increased at the same time to that of commander. He received the same pay after enrollment that he had received as a civil service employee. He received overtime pay as a civil service employee, deductions were made from his pay for civil service retirement, and he was subject to civil service regulations as to annual and sick leave. If he had been injured or killed, he would have received benefits as a civil employee of the United States. He was still subject to the Selective Training and Service Act, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 301 et seq. In the case of sickness or disease contracted while on active duty, taxpayer was entitled to the same hospital and medical care as members of the regular Coast Guard, but dental care was not included. While on active duty he was required to wear the uniform of and he received the courtesies due his rank. He was subject to the laws, regulations and orders of the Coast Guard and to disciplinary action.

It is apparent that taxpayer had a dual status. He had a limited military status with the rank of lieutenant commander and later that of commander. He had also the status of a civil service employee, carefully so limited and with all the privileges incident to such status. He was given just enough military status to enable him effectively to carry out his duties. All considerations of an economic character pertaining to his employment by the Government were related to his civil service status.

In Mitchell v. Cohen, 333 U.S. 411, 68 S.Ct. 518, 92 L.Ed. 774, we held that one employed in a department of the Federal Government as a civil service employee who was enrolled temporarily in the Volunteer Port Security Force of the Coast Guard Reserve and who worked part-time as a reservist without pay was not an 'exserviceman' within the meaning of the Veterans' Preference Act, 5 U.S.C.A. § 851 et seq. Looking to the legislative history of that statute, we found that the over-shadowing purpose of the Act was to favor those who had a real record of military service.

The Court of Appeals found in this case that by the application of (172 F. 880) 'long-established criteria-oath of office, military duty, and subjection to military discipline' taxpayer had acquired a military status and was thus entitled to the exclusion. We agree that he had a military status for some purposes. But the question for tax purposes is whether he received his pay in that status. To come within § 22(b)(13(A), he must have received his compensation 'for active service as a commissoned officer.' We understand this to mean that if taxpayer received his pay as a commissioned officer, he would be entitled to the exclusion. It seems equally plain that if he received his pay as a civil service employee and served without military pay and allowances, he is not entitled to the claimed exclusion. As in the Cohen case, the emphasis of the statute is on a military and not on a civilian status.

And it is clear that taxpayer received his compensation in a civilian status. As noted, § 307 of the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Reserve Act provided for the enrolling of 'persons (including Government employees without pay other than the compensation of their civilian positions).' The Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries referred to the amendment by which the parenthetical phrase was added to the statute as being 'advisable to clarify this authority (enrollment of temporary members without the pay of their military rank) and resolve any doubt of its applicability to Government employees by specifically providing for temporary membership in the Coast Guard Reserve of Government employees without military pay but with continuance in their civilian positions and the receipt of the compensation thereof.'

From the date of the enactment of the enrollment statute there seems to have been no deviation from the view that the taxpayer was to be paid as a civil service employee and not as a commissioned officer. His pay came from congressional appropriations allocated to civilian positions. His pay was at the civil service scale for his grade, with overtime pay and appropriate deductions for civil service retirement. His continuing civilian status is underlined by his receipt of a civil service promotion, from which his military promotion resulted. Indeed, the taxpayer's certificate of disenrollment described the duty performed as 'Chief of Admiralty and Maritime Section having civil service status, receiving civilian but no military pay, and holding rank of Commander as a Temporary Member of the Coast Guard Reserve.'

The Court of Appeals ignored the status in which taxpayer was compensated and gave effect to his military status which was provided only to facilitate the performance of his duties in wartime. Taxpayer's rank was for the purpose of getting the job done, and not for the purpose of receiving compensation.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed.

Reversed.

Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.