Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Sumerian Swinge

Sumerian, sū-mē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Sumir, one of the two divisions of ancient Babylonia.

Summary, sum′a-ri, adj. summed up or condensed: short: brief: compendious: done by a short method.—n. an abstract, abridgment, or compendium.—adv. '.—n. '.—v.t. ', to present in a summary or briefly.—ns. '; one who summarises; , a brief educational text-book.—Summary diligence (Scots law), the process by which execution may proceed without the need of further application to the court, in the case of bonds and other instruments registered for execution.

Summation, sum-ā′shun, n. act of summing or forming a total amount: an aggregate.—adjs. ', '.

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the second and warmest season of the year—June, July, August.—v.i. to pass the summer.—v.t. to keep through the summer.—adj. ', dried by the heat of summer.—n. ', a beautiful North American duck.—adj. ', lying fallow during the summer.—ns. ', a house in a garden used in summer: a summer residence; ', a kind of early apple.—adv. '.—adj. ', warm and bright like summer.—ns. ', the summer colour of a bird, insect, &c.; ', ', the summer season.—adj. , like summer.—Indian summer (see Indian); St Luke's, St Martin's, summer (see Saint). [A.S. sumer, sumor; Dut. zomer, Ger. sommer.]

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the first stone laid over columns or pilasters to form a cross vault: the central beam of a floor which receives the joists: any large piece of timber supported on two strong piers or posts, and serving as a lintel to a door, window, &c.; (obs.) a pack-horse, a sumpter-horse. [Sumpter.]

Summerset. Same as Somersault.

Summit, sum′it, n. the highest point or degree: the top.—adj. ', having no summit or top.—n. ', the highest level. [O. Fr. som, the top of a hill—L. summum, highest.]

Summon, sum′un, v.t. to call with authority: to command to appear, esp. in court: to rouse to exertion.—ns. '; ', a summoning or an authoritative call: a call to appear, esp. in court: a call to surrender.—v.t. to serve with a summons. [O. Fr. somoner—L. summonēre—sub, secretly, monēre, to warn.]

Sump, sump, n. a round pit of stone lined with clay, for receiving metal on its first fusion or reduction: the reservoir at the lowest point of a mine, from which the water is pumped: (prov.) a bog, a puddle. [Dut. somp; Ger. sumpf.]

Sumph, sumf, n. (prov.) a blockhead, a soft sheepish fellow.—adj. '.—n. '.

Sumpit, sum′pit, n. the poisoned arrow thrown from the , or Malay blow-gun.

Sumpsimus, sump′si-mus, n. a correct expression displacing an incorrect but common one (see Mumpsimus). [L., 1st pers. pl. perf. indic. of sumĕre, to take.]

Sumpter, sump′tėr, n. a horse for carrying burdens. [With inserted p from O. Fr. somier—Low L. sagmarius—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle—Gr. sattein, to pack.]

Sumptuary, sumpt′ū-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or regulating expense, as in Sumptuary Laws, which sought to prevent extravagance in banquets, dress, &c. [L. sumptuarius—sumĕre, sumptum, to take, contr. of sub, up, emĕre, to buy.]

Sumptuous, sumpt′ū-us, adj. costly: magnificent.—ns. ', '.—adv. . [L. sumptuosus, costly—sumptus, cost.]

Sun, sun, n. the body which is the source of light and heat to our planetary system: a body which forms the centre of a system of orbs: that which resembles the sun in brightness or value: the sunshine: a revolution of the earth round the sun, a year: sunrise, day: (her.) a bearing representing the sun.—v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.—v.i. to become warm in the sunshine:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. sunned.—n. ', a beam or ray of the sun.—adjs. ', ', smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. ', a family of small tropical birds, the male with resplendent metallic plumage; ', a South American bird about the size of a small curlew, long-legged and long-necked, with brilliant many-coloured markings; ', a light bonnet projecting beyond the face to protect from the sun; ', an iris formed by the sun, esp. in the spray of a cataract; ', a burning or scorching by the sun, esp. the browning of the skin of the face, hands, &c. exposed to the sun.—adjs. ', ', burned or discoloured by the sun.—n. ', a strong outburst of sunlight.—adj. ', clothed in radiant light.—ns. ', one of the superficial markings frequently seen on the surfaces of thin-bedded flagstones and argillaceous sandstones; ', the light of the dawning sun; ', a plant of the genus Drosera, found in bogs and moist heathy ground; ', an instrument for measuring time by means of the motion of the sun's shadow cast by a style erected on its surface; ', a mock sun or parhelion; ', sunset: a hat with a wide brim to shade the eyes; ', in Australia, a loafer who saunters from station to station in the interior, arriving about sundown in the hope of getting free rations and lodging for the night: a physician in government employment who practises for private fees after his official hours.—adj. ', dried by exposure to the sun.—ns. ', a fish whose body resembles the forepart of a larger fish cut short off, supposed to be so called from its nearly circular form; ', a plant so called from its flower, which is a large disc with yellow rays; ', the sun considered as a deity; ', a light hat with wide brim to shade the face from the sun.—adj. ', without the sun: deprived of the sun or its rays: shaded: dark.—ns. '; ', the light of the sun.—adjs. ', like the sun; ', lighted up by the sun.—n. ', a solar myth (see Solar).—p.adj. Sunned, exposed to the sun.—n. '.—adj. ', pertaining to, coming from, or like the sun: exposed to, warmed, or coloured by the sun's rays.—ns. ', ', a photograph; ', ', the rising or first appearance of the sun above the horizon: the time of this rising: the east; ', ', the setting or going down of the sun: the west; ', a ladies' parasol: an awning; ', the shining light of the sun: the place on which it shines: warmth.—adjs. ', ', bright with sunshine: pleasant: bright like the sun; ', smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. ', one of the dark irregular spots appearing on the surface of the sun; ', aventurine feldspar.—adj. '.—n. ', a nervous disease, from exposure to the sun.—adv. ', toward the sun.—ns. ', adoration of the sun; '.—Be in the sunshine, Have the sun in one's eyes, to be in liquor, to be drunk; Take the sun, to ascertain the latitude from the sun; Under the sun, in the world, on earth. [A.S. sunne; Ice. sunna, Ger. sunne.]

Sundari, sun′da-ri, n. a tree abundant in Burma and Borneo, with dark durable timber.—Also ', '.

Sunday, sun′dā, n. the first day of the week, so called because anciently dedicated to the sun or its worship.—ns. ', one's best clothes; ', one whose religion is confined to Sundays; , a school for religious instruction for children, held on Sunday. [A.S. sunnan dæg; Ger. sonntag.]

Sunder, sun′dėr, v.t. to separate: to divide.—ns. '; '.—In sunder (B.), asunder. [A.S. syndrian, to separate—sundor, separate; Ice. sundr, asunder.]

Sundry, sun′dri, adj. separate: more than one or two: several: divers.—n.pl. , sundry things: different small things.—All and sundry, all collectively and individually.

Sung, sung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sing.

Sunk, sungk, Sunken, sungk′n, pa.p. of sink.

Sunket, sung′ket, n. (Scot.) a dainty.

Sunn, sun, n. an Indian leguminous plant cultivated for the fibre of its bark. [Hind. san.]

Sunnite, sun′īt, n. the name commonly given to orthodox Muslims, because in their rule of faith and manners the Sunna, or traditional teaching of the prophet, is added to the Koran.—Also .

Sup, sup, v.t. to take into the mouth, as a liquid: (Scot.) to eat with a spoon.—v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.) to sip:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. supped.—n. a small mouthful, as of a liquid. [A.S. súpan; Ice. súpa, Ger. saufen, to drink.]

Supawn, su-pan′, n. mush, or Indian meal boiled in water, eaten with milk.—Also ', ', . [Amer. Ind.]

Supe, sūp, n. (U.S.) a theatrical super: a toady.

Super, sū′pėr, n. a supernumerary actor.

Superable, sū′pėr-a-bl, adj. capable of being overcome.—n. '.—adv. '.

Superabundant, sū-pėr-ab-und′ant, adj. abundant to excess: more than enough: copious.—v.i. ', to abound exceedingly: to be more than enough.—n. '.—adv. .

Superacidulated, sū-pėr-a-sid′ū-lā-ted, adj. acidulated to excess.

Superadd, sū-pėr-ad′, v.t. to add over and above.—n. .

Superaltar, sū′pėr-awlt-ar, n. a small slab of stone used as a portable altar, to be laid on the top of an unconsecrated altar.

Superangelic, sū-pėr-an-jel′ik, adj. more than angelic.

Superannuate, sū-pėr-an′ū-āt, v.t. to impair or disqualify by living beyond the years of service or by old age: to pension on account of old age or infirmity.—v.i. to become incapacitated by long service.—n. , state of being superannuated: the allowance granted in consideration of such. [L. super, above, annus, a year.]

Superation, sū-pe-rā′shun, n. the apparent passing of one planet by another in longitude: the act of surmounting.

Superb, sū-pėrb′, adj. proud: magnificent: stately: elegant: showy: (coll.) first-class, very good.—adv. '.—n. ', the state of being superb. [L. superbus, proud—super, above.]

Supercalendered, sū-pėr-kal′en-derd, adj. denoting paper of a very high degree of polish due to several courses of rolling.

Supercallosal, sū-pėr-ka-lō′sal, adj. lying above the corpus callosum, specifying a fissure or sulcus of the median aspect of the cerebrum.

Supercanopy, sū-pėr-kan′ō-pi, n. an upper arch or gable above a lesser or lower one.

Supercargo, sū-pėr-kär′go, n. a person in a merchant-ship placed in charge of the cargo and superintending all the commercial transactions of the voyage.—n. .

Supercelestial, sū-pėr-sel-est′yal, adj. situated above the firmament or vault of heaven.

Supercharge, sū′pėr-chärj, n. (her.) a charge borne upon an ordinary or other charge.

Supercilious, sū-pėr-sil′i-us, adj. lofty with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: overbearing.—adj. ', above the eyebrow.—adv. '.—n. . [L. superciliosus—supercilium, an eyebrow—super, above, cilium, eyelid.]

Supercretaceous, sū-pėr-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) lying above the chalk.

Superdainty, sū-pėr-dān′ti, adj. (Shak.) over-dainty.

Superdominant, sū-pėr-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone just above the dominant, the sixth or submediant.

Supereminent, sū-pėr-em′i-nent, adj. eminent in a superior degree: excellent beyond others.—n. '.—adv. '.

Supererogation, sū-pėr-er-ō-gā′shun, n. doing more than duty requires or is necessary for salvation, hence anything superfluous or uncalled for.—adjs. ', ' ().—Works of supererogation (R.C.), works not absolutely required of each individual for salvation, but which may be done for the sake of greater perfection—affording the church a store of surplus merit, to eke out the deficient merit of others. [L. super, above, erogāre, -ātum, to pay out.]

Superessential, sū-pėr-e-sen′shal, adj. transcending mere being and essence.

Superexalt, sū-pėr-egz-awlt′, v.t. to exalt to a superior degree.—n. .

Superexcellent, sū-pėr-ek′sel-lent, adj. excellent above others, or in an uncommon degree.—n. .

Superfamily, sū′pėr-fam-i-li, n. a group in classification between a suborder and a family, a group of families.

Superfecundation, sū-pėr-fek-un-dā′shun, n. the impregnation of two or more ova at the same stage of development by different acts of coition.

Superficies, sū-pėr-fish′yēz, n. the upper face or surface: the outer face or part of a thing.—adj. ', pertaining to, or being on, the surface: shallow: slight: containing only what is apparent and simple: not learned.—v.t. ', to treat superficially.—n. ', a person of merely superficial knowledge.—adv. '.—ns. ', '; , one possessing a right to what stands on the surface of the lands of another.—adj. belonging to the surface: situated on another's land. [L. super, above, facies, face.]

Superfine, sū′pėr-fīn, adj. fine above others: finer than ordinary.—n. '.—adj. ', very finical.

Superfluous, sū-pėr′flōō-us, adj. more than enough: unnecessary or useless.—n. ', a superfluous quantity or more than enough: state of being superfluous: superabundance.—adv. '.—ns. ', superfluity; ' (Shak.), any superfluity. [L. superfluus—super, above, fluĕre, to flow.]

Superfœtation, sū-pėr-fē-tā′shun, n. the circumstance of two distinct conceptions occurring in the same woman at a considerable interval so that two fœtuses of different ages—the offspring possibly of different fathers—may coexist in the uterus—also '.—vs.i. ', , to conceive after a prior conception.

Superfrontal, sū-pėr-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the frontal lobe of the brain.—n. a covering for the top of the altar, generally hanging down all round, and fringed.

Superfunction, sū-pėr-fungk′shun, n. action of some organ in excess of what is normal.—adj. .

Superfuse, sū-pėr-fūz′, v.t. to pour over something else.

Superheat, sū-pėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. .

Superhuman, sū-pėr-hū′man, adj. above what is human: divine.—n. '.—adv. '.

Superhumeral, sū-pėr-hū′me-ral, n. anything carried on the shoulders: the amice: the pallium: a Jewish ephod.

Superimpose, sū-pėr-im-pōz′, v.t. to impose or lay above: (geol.) to establish a structural system over, independently of underlying structures.—n. , the act of superimposing: state of being superimposed.

Superincumbent, sū-pėr-in-kum′bent, adj. lying above.—ns. ', '.

Superinduce, sū-pėr-in-dūs′, v.t. to bring in over and above something else, to superadd.—ns. ', '.

Superinenarrable, sū-pėr-in-ē-nar′a-bl, adj. in the highest degree incapable of being described.

Superintend, sū-pėr-in-tend′, v.t. to have the oversight or charge of: to control, manage.—v.i. to exercise supervision.—ns. ', ', oversight: direction: management.—adj. ', superintending.—n. one who superintends: the head of a Sunday-school: in some Protestant churches a clergyman having the oversight of the clergy of a district: overseer.—n. '.

Superior, sū-pē′ri-or, adj. upper: higher in place, rank, or excellence: surpassing others: beyond the influence of: of wider application, generic: (print.) set above the level of the line.—n. one superior to others: the chief of a monastery, &c., and of certain churches and colleges: (Scots law) one who has made an original grant of heritable property to a tenant or vassal, on condition of a certain annual payment (feu-duty) or of the performance of certain services.—ns. ', a female superior or chief in a convent, nunnery, &c.; ', quality or state of being superior: pre-eminence: advantage: (Scots law) the right which the superior enjoys in the land held by the vassal.—adv. , in a superior manner.—Superior planets, those more distant from the sun than the earth. [L., comp. of superus, high—super, above.]

Superjacent, sū-pėr-jā′sent, adj. lying above or upon.

Superlative, sū-pėr′la-tiv, adj. raised above others or to the highest degree: superior to all others: most eminent: (gram.) expressing the highest degree of a quality.—n. (gram.) the superlative or highest degree of adjectives and adverbs: any word or phrase full of exaggeration.—adv. '.—n. ', state of being superlative or in the highest degree. [L. superlativus—superlatus, pa.p. of superferre—super, above, ferre, to carry.]

Superlunar, sū-pėr-lū′nar, adj. above the moon: not of this world.—Also .

Supermedial, sū-pėr-mē′di-al, adj. being above the middle.

Supermundane, sū-pėr-mun′dān, adj. above the world.

Supernacular, sū-pėr-nak′ū-lar, adj. very choice, of liquor.—n. , wine fit to be drunk to the last drop with no heeltaps, anything very choice.—adv. to the last drop.

Supernal, sū-pėr′nal, adj. that is above or in a higher place or region: relating to things above: celestial. [L. supernus—super, above.]

Supernatant, sū-pėr-nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface.—n. . [L. supernatāre—super, above, natāre, to swim.]

Supernational, sū-pėr-nash′un-al, adj. transcending the national, and belonging to mankind.—n. .

Supernatural, sū-pėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. above or beyond the powers of nature: not according to the usual course of nature: miraculous: spiritual.—v.t. ', to bring into the supernatural sphere.—ns. ', the belief in the influence of the supernatural in the world; ', a believer in the supernatural.—adj. of or pertaining to the supernatural.—adj. '.—adv. '.—n. '.

Supernumerary, sū-pėr-nūm′ėr-ar-i, adj. over and above the number stated, or which is usual or necessary.—n. a person or thing beyond the usual, necessary, or stated number: one who appears on the stage without a speaking part. [L. supernumerarius—super, over, numerus, a number.]

Supernutrition, sū-pėr-nū-trish′un, n. excessive nutrition.

Superoccipital, sū-pėr-ok-sip′e-tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Superoctave, sū′pėr-ok-tāv, n. (mus.) a coupler in the organ by means of which is sounded an octave higher than the one struck: an organ-stop two octaves above the principal.

Superolateral, sū-pe-rō-lat′ėr-al, adj. situated above and at the side.

Superorder, sū-pėr-or′dėr, n. a group in the classifications of natural history above the order but below the class.—adj. .

Superordinary, sū-pėr-or′di-nā-ri, adj. above the ordinary.

Superordination, sū-pėr-or-di-nā′shun, n. the ordination of a successor by an ecclesiastic: (logic) the relation of a universal proposition to a particular proposition in the same terms.—adj. .

Superorganic, sū-pėr-or-gan′ik, adj. not dependent on organisation, psychical, spiritual: social.

Superparasitism, sū-pėr-par′a-sīt-izm, n. the infestation of parasites by other parasites.—n. ', the parasite of a parasite.—adj. '.

Superphosphate, sū-pėr-fos′fāt, n. a phosphate containing the greatest amount of phosphoric acid that can combine with the base.

Superphysical, sū-pėr-fiz′i-kal, adj. superorganic, psychical.

Superpose, sū-pėr-pōz′, v.t. to place over or upon.—adjs. '; '.—n. , act of superposing: state of being superposed: that which is above anything.

Superpraise, sū-pėr-prāz′, v.t. (Shak.) to praise excessively.

Super-royal, sū-pėr-roi′al, adj. larger than royal, denoting a size of paper, 19¼ × 27½ in. for writing and drawing paper, 20½ × 27½ in. for printing-paper.

Supersacral, sū-pėr-sā′kral, adj. situated on or over the sacrum.

Supersalt, sū′pėr-sawlt, n. a salt having a greater number of equivalents of acid than base.

Supersaturate, sū-pėr-sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to saturate beyond the normal point.—n. .

Superscribe, sū-pėr-skrīb′, v.t. to write or engrave over, on the outside or top: to write the name on the outside or cover of.—ns. ', ', act of superscribing: that which is written or engraved above or on the outside. [L. super, above, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Supersede, sū-pėr-sēd′, v.t. to take the place of another by reason of superior right, power, &c.: to make useless by superior power: to come in the room of, to replace: to displace, set aside, render unnecessary.—ns. ', a writ to stay proceedings, or to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases; ', ', ', a setting aside, the act of superseding;  (Scots law), a private agreement among creditors, under a trust-deed, to supersede or sist diligence for a certain period: an order of court granting protection to a debtor. [L. super, above, sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Supersensible, sū-pėr-sen′si-bl, adj. above the range of the senses, spiritual.—adv. '.—adj. ', excessively sensitive.—n. '.—adjs. ', , beyond the senses.

Superserviceable, sū-pėr-sėrv′is-a-bl, adj. (Shak.) doing more than required, over-officious.

Supersolar, sū-pėr-sō′lar, adj. above the sun.

Superstition, sū-pėr-stish′un, n. excessive reverence or fear, based on ignorance: excessive exactness in religious opinions or practice: false worship or religion: an ignorant and irrational belief in supernatural agency, omens, divination, sorcery, &c.: belief in what is absurd, without evidence: rites or practices proceeding from superstitious belief or fear: over-nicety, exactness too scrupulous or morbid.—adj. ', pertaining to, or proceeding from, superstition: over-exact.—adv. '.—n. . [L. superstitio, excessive religious belief—super, over, above, statum, sistĕre—stāre, to stand.]

Superstratum, sū-pėr-strā′tum, n. a stratum or layer situated above another.

Superstructure, sū-pėr-strukt′ūr, n. a structure above or on something else: anything erected on a foundation—also '.—adjs. ', .

Supersubtle, sū-pėr-sut′l, adj. over-subtle.—adj. ', subtilised or refined to excess.—n. ', excessive subtlety, over-nicety.

Supertonic, sū-pėr-ton′ik, n. (mus.) the tone in a scale next above the tonic or keynote.

Supervene, sū-pėr-vēn′, v.i. to come in addition, or closely after: to occur, take place.—adj. ', coming above, as something additional.—n. ', act of supervening or taking place. [L. super, above, venīre, ventum, come.]

Supervise, sū-pėr-vīz′, v.i. to oversee: to superintend.—ns. ', ', act of supervising: inspection: control; ', one who supervises: an overseer: an inspector: (Shak.) a spectator.—adjs. ', pertaining to, or having, supervision; , beyond the ordinary visual powers. [L. super, over, vidēre, visum, to see.]

Supervolute, sū′pėr-vol-ūt, adj. (bot.) having a plaited or convolute arrangement in the bud.

Supine, sū-pīn′, adj. lying on the back: leaning backward, inclined, sloping: negligent: indolent.—v.t. ', to bring the palm upward.—ns. ', the state of being supine: the act of lying or being laid with the face upward: the act of turning the palm of the hand upward: the hand so turned; ', that which produces supination: a muscle that turns the palm upward; ', one of two parts of the Latin verb, really verbal nouns, ending in tum and tu, called the first and second supine respectively.—adv. '.—n. '. [L. supinus—sub, under.]

Suppedaneum, sup-ē-dā′nē-um, n. a foot-rest on a cross or crucifix.—adj. , being under the feet. [L. sub, under, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Suppeditate, sup-ed′i-tāt, v.t. to supply, furnish.—n. , supply. [L. suppeditāre, -ātum, to supply—suppetĕre, to be in store—sub, under, petĕre, to seek.]

Supper, sup′ėr, n. a meal taken at the close of the day.—adj. ', without supper.—ns. ', the act of one who sups: that which is supped;  (see Lord). [O. Fr. soper (Fr. souper)—from Low Ger. supen, to sup.]

Supplant, sup-plant′, v.t. to displace by stratagem: to take the place of: to undermine.—ns. '; '. [L. supplantāre, to trip up one's heels—sub, under, planta, the sole of the foot.]

Supple, sup′l, adj. pliant: lithe: yielding to the humour of others: fawning.—v.t. to make supple: to make soft or compliant.—v.i. to become supple.—n. '.—adj. ', having supple sinews: lithe.—Supple Jack (U.S.), one of various climbing-shrubs with strong stems: a pliant cane. [Fr. souple—L. supplex, bending the knees—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supplement, sup′le-ment, n. that which supplies or fills up: any addition by which defects are supplied: the quantity by which an angle or an arc falls short of 180° or a semicircle.—v.t. ', to supply or fill up: to add to.—adjs. ', ', added to supply what is wanting: additional.—adv. '.—ns. '; '.—v.t. ', to supplement.—adjs. ', , supplemental.—n. a supplement. [L. supplementum—supplēre, to fill up.]

Suppliant, sup′li-ant, adj. supplicating: asking earnestly: entreating.—n. a humble petitioner.—adv. '.—n. '. [Fr. suppliant, pr.p. of supplier—L. supplicāre.]

Supplicant, sup′li-kant, adj. supplicating: asking submissively.—n. one who supplicates or entreats earnestly.—adv. . [L. supplicans, pr.p. of supplicāre.]

Supplicate, sup′li-kāt, v.t. to entreat earnestly: to address in prayer.—n. ', in the English universities, a petition.—adv. '.—n. ', act of supplicating: in ancient Rome, a solemn service or day decreed for giving formal thanks to the gods for victory, &c.: earnest prayer or entreaty, especially, in liturgies, a litany petition for some special blessing.—adj. ', containing supplication or entreaty: humble.—n. , formerly a writ issued by the King's Bench or Chancery for taking the surety of the peace against a person. [L. supplicāre, -ātum—supplex—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supply, sup-plī′, v.t. to fill up, esp. a deficiency: to add what is wanted: to furnish: to fill a vacant place: to serve instead of:—pa.t. and pa.p. [Fr.,—L. supplēre—sub, up, plēre, to fill.]

Supply, sup-plī′, n. act of supplying: that which is supplied or which supplies a want: amount of food or money provided (used generally in pl.): a grant of money provided by a legislature for the expenses of government: a person who takes another's duty temporarily, a substitute, esp. a clergyman.—ns. ', the act of supplying, the thing supplied; ' (Shak.), that which is supplied, gratification.—adj. ' (Shak.), supplying, auxiliary.—adv. '.—ns. ', one who supplies; ' (Shak.), a supply.—Commissioner of Supply, one of the body forming the chief county authority in Scotland for administrative and rating purposes, down to 1889.

Support, sup-pōrt′, v.t. to bear up: to endure or sustain: to keep up as a part or character: to make good: to defend: to represent in acting: to supply with means of living: to uphold by countenance, patronise: to follow on the same side as a speaker.—n. act of supporting or upholding: that which supports, sustains, or maintains: maintenance: an actor playing a subordinate part with a star: an accompaniment in music.—adj. ', capable of being supported: endurable: capable of being maintained.—n. '.—adv. '.—ns. ' (Shak.), support; ', one who, or that which, supports: an adherent: a defender: (her.) a figure on each side of the escutcheon.—adjs. ', '.—n.fem. '. [L. supportāre—sub, up, portāre, to bear.]

Suppose, sup-pōz′, v.t. to lay down, assume, or state as true: to imagine.—adj. ', that may be supposed.—n. ' (Shak.), supposition.—adj. ' (Shak.), counterfeit.—adv. ', according to supposition.—ns. '; ', act of supposing: that which is supposed: assumption: presumption, opinion.—adj. ', implying supposition.—adv. '.—adjs. ', hypothetical; ', implying, expressing, or including a supposition.—adv. '.—ns. ' (med.), a pill of any solid medicine in the form of a cone or cylinder intended for introduction into the rectum or other canal; ', that which is supposed; ', supposition. [Fr. supposer—L. supponĕre, -positum—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Supposititious, sup-poz-i-tish′us, adj. put by trick in the place of another: spurious: imaginary, hypothetical, supposed.—adv. ', in a supposititious manner.—n. ', the state of being supposititious. [L. supposititius—supponĕre, to put in the place of another—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Suppress, sup-pres′, v.t. to crush, put down: to keep in: to retain or conceal: to stop, restrain.—adv. '.—ns. ', '.—adj. '.—ns. ', act of suppressing: stoppage: concealment; ', one who supports suppression.—adj. , tending to suppress: subduing. [L. supprimĕre, suppressum—sub, under, premĕre, to press.]

Suppurate, sup′ū-rāt, v.i. to gather pus or matter.—n. ', a morbid process which gives rise to the formation of pus, one of the commonest products of inflammation.—adj. ', tending to suppurate: promoting suppuration.—n. a medicine which promotes suppuration. [L. sub, under, pus, pur-is, pus.]

Supraciliary, sū-pra-sil′i-ar-i, adj. above the eyebrow.—Also .

Supraclavicular, sū-pra-kla-vik′ū-lar, adj. situated above the clavicle or collar-bone.

Supracostal, sū-pra-kost′al, adj. above or upon the ribs.

Supracretaceous, sū-pra-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) denoting strata lying above the chalk.

Supralapsarian, sū-pra-laps-ā′ri-an, n. one of a class of Calvinists who make the decree of election and predestination to precede the Creation and the Fall—opp. to Sublapsarian.—adj. pertaining to the Supralapsarians or to their opinions.—n. . [L. supra, above, beyond, labi, lapsus, to fall.]

Supralateral, sū-pra-lat′ėr-al, adj. placed on the upper part of the side.

Supralunar, sū-pra-lū′nar, adj. beyond the moon: very lofty.

Supramaxillary, sū-pra-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. pertaining to the upper jaw.—n. the superior maxillary or upper jaw-bone.

Supramundane, sū-pra-mun′dān, adj. above the world.

Supra-orbital, sū-pra-or′bi-tal, adj. being above the orbit of the eye.

Supraposition, sū-pra-pō-zish′un, n. the placing of one thing above another.

Supraprotest, sū-pra-prō′test, n. acceptance or payment of a bill of exchange, by one not a party to it, after protest for non-acceptance or non-payment.

Suprarenal, sū-pra-rē′nal, adj. situated above the kidneys.

Suprascapular, sū-pra-skap′ū-lar, adj. situated above the scapula or shoulder-blade.—Also .

Suprasensible, sū-pra-sen′si-bl, adj. above the reach of the senses.

Supraspinal, sū-pra-spī′nal, adj. situated above the spine.—adj. , above a spine or spinous process.

Supreme, sū-prēm′, adj. highest: greatest: most excellent.—n. the highest point: the chief, the superior.—n. ', state of being supreme; highest authority or power.—adv. '.—ns. ', '.—Oath of supremacy, an oath denying the supremacy of the pope; The Supreme Being, God. [L. supremus, superl. of superus, high—super, above.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. a chapter of the Koran.—Also . [Ar. sūra, a step.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. the sap of the palmyra and coco-palm, &c. [Hind. surā.]

Suraddition, sur-a-dish′un, n. (Shak.) something added, as to a name.

Surah, sū′ra, n. a soft twilled silk fabric.—Also Surah silk.

Sural, sū′ral, adj. pertaining to the calf of the leg. [L. sura, the calf.]

Surance, shōōr′ans, n. (Shak.) assurance.

Surat, sū-rat′, n. coarse uncoloured cotton made at Surat, 160 miles north of Bombay.

Surbase, sur′bās, n. a cornice or series of mouldings above the base of a pedestal.—adj. '.—n. '.

Surbate, sur-bāt′, v.t. (Spens.) to bruise, as the feet by travel.—Also . [Prob. Fr. solbatu, solbature—sole, the sole, battu, pa.p. of battre, to beat.]

Surbed, sur-bed′, v.t. to set edgewise, as a stone with reference to the grain.

Surcease, sur-sēs′, v.i. to cease.—v.t. to cause to cease.—n. cessation. [O. Fr. sursis, pa.p. of surseoir—L. super-sedēre, to refrain from.]

Surcharge, sur-chärj′, v.t. to overcharge or overload.—n. an excessive load: an overcharge: an extra charge: a painting in lighter enamel over a darker which serves as the ground.—adj. ', overloaded.—n. '.

Surcingle, sur′sing-gl, n. a girth or strap for holding a saddle on an animal's back: the girdle of a cassock.—v.t. to surround with such. [L. super, above, cingulum, a belt.]



Surcoat, sur′kōt, n. an overcoat, generally applied to the long flowing drapery of knights anterior to the introduction of plate-armour: a short robe worn by ladies over the tunic at the close of the 11th century. [O. Fr. surcote, surcot—sur, over, cote, a garment.]

Surculus, sur′kū-lus, n. a shoot from a root-stock, a sucker.—adjs. ', bearing such; ', producing such. [L.]

Surd, surd, adj. (alg.) involving surds: produced by the action of the speech organs on the breath (not the voice), as the 'hard' sounds k, t, p, f, &c.: deaf: (obs.) unheard, senseless.—n. (alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational numbers, or which has no root.—ns. ', the condition of being deaf and dumb; ', want of sonant quality. [L. surdus, deaf.]

Sure, shōōr, adj. secure: fit to be depended on; certain: strong: confident beyond doubt.—advs. Sure, Surely, firmly, safely: certainly, assuredly.—adj. ', walking firmly or securely: not liable to stumble.—adv. '.—ns. '; '.—Sure enough, certainly.—Be sure, be certain, see to it; Have a sure thing (slang), to have a certainty; Make sure, to make certain; To be sure, without doubt. [O. Fr, seür (Fr. sûr)—L. securus—se-, apart from, cura, care.]

Surety, shōōr′ti, n. certainty: he who, or that which, makes sure: security against loss: one who becomes bound for another, a sponsor.—ns. ', ', state of being surety: obligation of one person to answer for another. [Doublet security.]

Surf, surf, n. the foam made by the dashing of waves.—ns. ', a plover-like bird found on the Pacific coasts of North and South America, akin to sandpipers and turnstones, and sometimes called Boreal sandpiper and Plover-billed turnstone; ', the scoter (q.v.); ', one skilful in handling boats in surf.—adj. '. [Skeat explains the r as intrusive, and suggests that suffe is the same as &apos;sough of the sea,' M. E. swough, swoughen, swowen—A.S. swógan, to make a rushing sound.]

Surface, sur′fās, n. the exterior part of anything.—adj. ', having a surface.—ns. ', a miner employed in open-air working: a workman employed in keeping a railway-bed in repair; ', printing from a relief surface, as cotton-cloth; ', one who, or that which, smooths or levels a surface; ', in liquids, that property in virtue of which a liquid surface behaves as if it were a stretched elastic membrane—say a sheet of india-rubber; ', drainage-water; , the act of giving a certain surface to anything. [Fr., from sur—L. super, and face—L. facies.]

Surfeit, sur′fit, v.t. to fill to satiety and disgust.—n. excess in eating and drinking: sickness or satiety caused by overfullness.—ns. ' (Shak.), one who surfeits, a glutton; ', eating overmuch: gluttony. [O. Fr. surfait, excess, sorfaire, to augment—L. super, above, facĕre, to make.]

Surficial, sur-fish′al, adj. formed on the surface, as opposed to Subterranean.

Surfrappé, sur-frap′ā, adj. restruck or restamped—of a coin. [Fr.]

Surfusion, sur-fū′shun, n. the condition of being liquid below fusing-point.

Surge, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a large wave.—v.i. to rise high: to swell.—adj. , full of surges or waves: billowy. [L. surgĕre, to rise.]

Surgeon, sur′jun, n. one who treats injuries or diseases by manual operations.—ns. ', ', the office or employment of a surgeon in the army or navy; ', act and art of treating lesions or malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate: a place for surgical operations.—adj. ', pertaining to surgeons, or to surgery: done by surgery.—adv. . [A doublet of chirurgeon (q.v.).]

Suricate, sū′ri-kāt, n. a long-legged South African carnivore, allied to the civet, genette, and ichneumon.

Surinam-toad, sū-ri-nam′-tōd, n. a South American toad-like amphibian.

Surloin, the preferable form of sirloin (q.v.).

Surly, sur′li, adj. morose: uncivil: tempestuous.—adv. '.—n. '. [For sir-ly, for sir-like, arrogant.]

Surmaster, sur′mas-tėr, n. a master in a school next in rank to a headmaster.

Surmise, sur-mīz′, n. suspicion: conjecture.—v.t. to imagine: to suspect.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [O. Fr.,—surmettre, to accuse—L. super, upon, mittĕre, to send.]

Surmount, sur-mownt′, v.t. to mount above: to surpass: to overcome, get the better of.—adj. ', that may be surmounted.—n. '.—adj. ', surpassed: overcome: (archit.) denoting an arch or dome rising higher than a semicircle: (her.) denoting a figure when another is laid over it.—n. '. [Fr.—sur (L. super), above, monter, to mount.]

Surmullet, sur-mul′et, n. a mulloid food-fish of the genus Mullus, with two long barbels on the throat.

Surname, sur′nām, n. a name over and above the Christian name: the family name.—v.t. to call by a surname.—adj. . [Formed from Fr. sur—L. super, over and above, and Eng. name, on the analogy of Fr. sur-nom.]

Surpass, sur-pas′, v.t. to pass beyond: to exceed: to excel: to go past in space.—adj. ', that may be surpassed.—p.adj. ', passing beyond others: excellent in a high degree.—adv. '.—n. '. [Fr. surpasser, sur—L. super, beyond, passer, to pass.]

Surplice, sur′plis, n. a white linen garment worn over the cassock by clerks of all degrees, most commonly used for the service of the choir, and also employed, along with the stole, by priests in the administration of the sacraments and in preaching.—adj. , wearing a surplice. [Fr. surplis—Low L. superpellicium, an over-garment.]

Surplus, sur′plus, n. the overplus: excess above what is required.—n. , overplus. [Fr., from sur—L. super, over, plus, more.]

Surprise, sur-prīz′, n. act of taking unawares: the emotion caused by anything sudden: amazement.—v.t. to come upon suddenly or unawares: to lead or bring unawares, to betray (with into): to strike with wonder or astonishment: to confuse.—n. ', act of surprising.—adv. '.—adj. ', exciting surprise: wonderful: unexpected.—adv. '.—n. . [Fr.,—surpris, pa.p. of surprendre—L. super, over, prehendĕre, to catch.]

Surquedry, sur′kwe-dri, n. (Spens.) pride, arrogance—also '.—adj. '.

Surrebound, sur-e-bownd′, v.i. to rebound again and again: to give back echoes.

Surrebut, sur-e-but′, v.i. to reply to a defendant's rebutter.—ns. ', a plaintiff's evidence or presentation of evidence, in response to a defendant's rebuttal; ', the plaintiffs reply, in common law pleading, to a defendant's rebutter; , the answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Surreined, sur′rānd, adj. (Shak.) injured by driving, overworked.

Surrenal, sur-rē′nal, adj. situated above the kidneys.

Surrender, sur-ren′dėr, v.t. to deliver over: to resign.—v.i. to yield up one's self to another.—n. act of yielding, or giving up to another.—ns. ', one to whom a legal surrender is made; ', one who surrenders; ' (law), one who makes a surrender; ',  (obs.), a surrender. [O. Fr. surrendre, from sur, over—L. super, over, rendre—L. reddĕre, to render.]

Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish′us, adj. done by stealth or fraud.—adv. . [L., from surripĕre, surreptum—sub, under, rapĕre, to seize.]

Surrey, sur′ā, n. (U.S.) a light four-wheeled vehicle for four persons, usually with two seats in a box mounted on side-bars.

Surrogate, sur′rō-gāt, n. a substitute: the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.—ns. '; ', subrogation; , that which comes in place of something else. [L. surrogāre, ātum—sub, in the place of, rogāre, to ask.]

Surround, sur-rownd′, v.t. to go round about; to encompass, environ: to cut off from communication or retreat.—n. , an encompassing: (pl.) things which surround, external circumstances. [O. Fr. suronder—L. superundāre, to overflow, often confused with round.]

Sursize, sur-sīz′, n. a penalty in feudal times for non-payment of castle-guard rent on the appointed day.

Surtax, sur′taks, n. an additional tax on certain articles.—v.t. to lay such a tax upon.

Surtout, sur-tōō′, -tōōt′, n. a close-bodied frock-coat: (fort.) a raised portion of the parapet of a work at the angles, to protect from enfilade fire. [Fr.,—Low L. super-totus, an outer garment.]

Surveillance, sur-vel′yans, n. a being vigilant or watchful: inspection.—adj. . [Fr.,—surveiller—sur, over—L. super, veiller, to watch—L. vigilāre.]

Survey, sur-vā′, v.t. to see or look over: to inspect: to superintend: to examine: to measure and estimate, as land—(obs.) '.—ns. ', oversight: view: examination: the measuring of land, or of a country: general view: a description of the condition, use, &c. of property to be insured: an auction at which a farm is let for three lives: (U.S.) a district for the collection of customs under a particular officer; ', the art of ascertaining the boundaries and superficial extent of any portion of the earth's surface; ', an overseer: a measurer of land; . [O. Fr. surveoir—L. super, over, vidēre, to see.]

Survive, sur-vīv′, v.t. to live beyond: to outlive.—v.i. to remain alive.—n. ', a surviving or living after: any custom or belief surviving in folklore from a more or less savage earlier state of society, long after the philosophy or rationale of it is forgotten.—p.adj. ', continuing alive: outliving.—ns. ', one who survives or lives after another; '.—Survival of the fittest, the preservation of favourable variations, attended with the destruction of injurious ones, such being the result of Natural Selection (see Natural). [Fr.,—L. super, beyond, vivĕre, to live.]

Surya, sōōr′ya, n. the sun-god in Hindu mythology. [Sans. sūrya, the sun.]

Susceptible, sus-sep′ti-bl, adj. capable of receiving anything: impressible: disposed to admit.—ns. ', ', quality of being susceptible: capability: sensibility.—adv. '.—adj. ', capable of receiving or admitting: readily admitting.—ns. '; '; '; '.—adj. . [Fr.,—L. suscipĕre, susceptum, to take up—sub, up, capĕre, to take.]

Suscitate, sus′i-tāt, v.t. to excite, rouse.—n. . [L. suscitāre, -ātum—sub, under, citāre, to arouse.]

Suspect, sus-pekt′, v.t. to mistrust: to imagine to be guilty: to doubt: to have a slight opinion that something exists, but without sufficient evidence, to conjecture.—v.i. to imagine guilt, to be suspicious.—n. a person suspected.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. , not suspected. [L. suspicĕre, suspectum, to look at secretly—sub, up, specĕre, to look at.]

Suspend, sus-pend′, v.t. to hang one thing beneath another: to make to depend on: to make to stop for a time: to delay: to debar from any privilege, office, emolument, &c. for a time.—ns. ', the temporary cessation of the outward signs and of some of the functions of life—due to asphyxia, drowning, strangulation; ', one who, or that which, suspends, one of a pair of straps crossing the shoulders to support the trousers; ', state of being suspended: act of withholding the judgment: uncertainty: indecision: stop betwixt two opposites; ', susceptibility of being suspended.—adj. ', capable of being suspended.—ns. ', act of suspending: interruption: delay: temporary privation of office or privilege: a conditional withholding; ', a bridge in which the roadway is supported by chains, which pass over elevated piers, and are secured below at each end.—adj. '.—adv. '.—n. ', a suspensory bandage.—adj. '.—n. ', that which holds up a part, esp. the arrangement joining the lower jaw to the cranium in vertebrates below mammals.—adj. , that suspends: doubtful.—n. that which suspends: a bandage: having the effect of delaying or staying.—Suspend payment, to publicly stop paying debts from insolvency. [L. suspendĕre—sub, beneath, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Suspercollate, sus-pėr-kol′āt, v.t. to hang. [''Sus. per coll.'', abbrev. for L. suspensio per collum, hanging by the neck.]

Suspicion, sus-pish′un, n. act of suspecting: the imagining of something without evidence or on slender evidence: mistrust: (coll.) a slight quantity of, as of spirits.—adj. ', full of suspicion: showing suspicion: inclined to suspect: liable to suspicion, doubtful.—adv. '.—n. .

Suspire, sus-pīr′, v.i. to fetch a deep breath, to sigh, to breathe.—n. ', act of sighing.—adj. ', sighing. [L. suspīrāre—sub, under, spirāre, to breathe.]

Sustain, sus-tān′, v.t. to hold up: to bear: to maintain: to relieve: to prove: to sanction: to prolong.—adjs. ', that may be sustained; ', kept up at one uniform pitch.—ns. ', one who, or that which, sustains; ', act of sustaining, sustenance; ', that which sustains: maintenance: provisions.—adj. ', supporting, pertaining to a ', a support or sustaining tissue, esp. an inferior spine of the tarsus in spiders of the genus Epeira.—v.t. ', to sustain.—n. ', that which sustains: support: maintenance.—adj. ', sustaining.—ns. ', a sustaining part or structure; ', the act of sustaining; , one of two posterior projections of a butterfly-chrysalis.—Sustentation Fund, the scheme by which the ministers of the Free Church of Scotland are supported by voluntary contributions not local or congregational, but with a national altruism or solidarity paid into a great central fund, out of which equal stipends are paid to all alike. [L. sustinēre—sub, up, tenēre, to hold.]

Susurrant, sū-sur′ant, adj. murmuring, whispering.—n. ', a soft murmur.—adv. '.—adj. ', whispering, rustling.—n. ', a soft murmuring, a whispering. [L. susurrāre, -ātum, to whisper.]

Sutile, sū′til, adj. done by stitching. [L. sutilis—suĕre, to sew.]

Sutler, sut′lėr, n. a person who follows an army and sells liquor or provisions: a camp-hawker.—n. ', a sutler's work: a sutler's store.—adj. ', pertaining to sutlers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler. [Old Dut. soetelaar, zoetelaar, a small trader—zoetelen, to do mean work; Low Ger. suddeln, to do dirty work.]

Sutor, sū′tor, n. a cobbler.—adj. . [L.]

Sutra, sōōt′ra, n. in Sanskrit literature, the technical name of aphoristic rules, and of works consisting of such rules—the groundworks of the ritual, grammatical, metrical, and philosophical literature of India being written in this form.

Suttee, sut-tē′, n. a usage long prevalent in India, in accordance with which, on the death of her husband, the faithful widow burned herself on the funeral pyre along with her husband's body.—n. , the practice of self-immolation among Hindu widows. [Sans. satí, a true wife.]

Suttle, sut′l, adj. light. [Subtle.]

Suture, sū′tūr, n. the mode of connection between the various bones of the cranium and face—serrated, when formed by the union of two edges of bone with projections and indentations fitting into one another—squamous, when formed by the overlapping of the bevelled edges of two contiguous bones: (surg.) the sewing up of a wound by one or other mode, so as to maintain the opposed surfaces in contact: (bot.) the seam at the union of two margins in a plant.—adj. ', relating to a suture.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. ', having, or united by, sutures. [L. sutura—suĕre, to sew.]

Suversed, su-verst′, adj. versed and belonging to the supplement.

Suzerain, sū′ze-rān, n. a feudal lord: supreme or paramount ruler.—n. , the dominion of a suzerain: paramount authority. [O. Fr.,—sus—Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-versum, above; the termination in imitation of Fr. souverain, Eng. sovereign.]

Svelt, svelt, adj. in art, free, easy, bold. [Fr.,—It.]

Swab, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or drying floors or decks, or for cleaning out the bore of a cannon: a bit of sponge, &c., for cleansing the mouth of a sick person: (slang) a naval officer's epaulet: a lubber or clumsy fellow in sailor's slang.—v.t. to clean or dry with a swab:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. swabbed.—n. , one who uses a swab: a baker's implement for cleaning ovens. [Dut. zwabber, a swabber, zwabberen, to swab; Ger. schwabber.]

Swack, swak, v.i. (Scot.) to drink greedily.

Swack, swak, adj. (Scot.) active, nimble.

Swad, swad, n. a country lout.

Swaddle, swod′l, v.t. to swathe or bind tight with clothes, as an infant.—ns. ', an Irish papist's name for a Methodist, &c.; ', ', a cloth for swaddling an infant:—pl. ' (B.). [A.S. swethel, a swaddling-band, swathu, a bandage.]

Swaddy, swod′i, n. a soldier, esp. a militiaman.

Swag, swag, n. (slang) anything obtained by plunder: baggage, esp. that carried by one tramping through the bush, a swagman's pack: the subsidence of a mine-roof: a festoon or hanging cluster of flowers.—ns. ', ', one who carries his swag about with him in his search for work; , a place where cheap and trashy goods are sold. [Prob. swag (v.).]

Swag, swag, v.i. to sink down by its own weight.—adj. , having a large projecting belly. [Prob. conn. with sway.]

Swage, swāj, n. a tool used for making mouldings on sheet-iron.

Swage, swāj, v.t. and v.i. (Milt.) to assuage.

Swagger, swag′ėr, v.i. to swing the body in a blustering defiant way: to brag noisily, to bully.—n. boastfulness: insolence of manner.—adj. (slang) very fashionable.—n. '.—adj. and n. '.—adv. . [A freq. of swag=sway.]

Swahili, swa-hē′li, n. the name given to the people of Zanzibar and the opposite coast belonging to the Bantu stock, with an Arab infusion, and speaking a Bantu tongue modified by Arabic.—adj. . [Ar. Waswahili, 'coast people.']

Swain, swān, n. a young man: a peasant: a country lover.—n. ', love-making.—adj. ', boorish.—n. , boorishness. [Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. svend, servant.]

Swale, swāl, n. a shady spot: a lower tract of rolling prairie.

Swallow, swol′ō, n. a migratory bird with long wings, which seizes its insect food on the wing: a genus (Hirundo) and family (Hirundinidæ) of passerine birds, with long and pointed wings.—adj. , like a swallow's tail in form, forked and pointed—of a dress-coat. [A.S. swalewe; Ger. schwalbe.]

Swallow, swol′ō, v.t. to receive through the gullet into the stomach: to engulf: to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust.—n. . [A.S. swelgan, to swallow; cog. with Ger. schwelgen.]

Swam, swam, pa.t. of swim.

Swamp, swomp, n. wet, spongy land: low ground filled with water.—v.t. to sink in, or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to fill with water, as a boat.—adj. , consisting of swamp: wet and spongy. [Scand., Dan. and Sw. svamp, a sponge; from the root of swim.]

Swan, swon, n. a genus of birds constituting a very distinct section of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the neck as long as the body, noted for grace and stateliness of movement on the water.—ns. ', the China goose; ', one who tends swans; ', better ' and ', the custom of marking the upper mandible of a swan to show ownership—done annually to the royal swans on the Thames, the occasion being excuse for a festive expedition.—adj. '.—ns. ', a familiar figure in European folklore, changing at will into a maiden or a swan by means of the magic properties of her shift; ', the notch made on the swan's upper mandible; ', the end of a pipe, &c., curved like a swan's neck; ', a place where swans are kept and tended.—adj. ', swan-like.—ns. ', the down or under-plumage of a swan, used for powder-puffs, &c.: a soft woollen cloth: a thick cotton with a soft nap on one side; ', a shot of large size, like buck-shot; ', the unplucked skin of a swan: a soft, nappy, fine-twilled flannel; , the fabled song of a swan just before its death: a poet's or musician's last work. [A.S. swan; Ger. schwan, Dut. zwaan.]

Swang, swang, n. (prov.) a swamp.

Swank, swangk, adj. (Scot.) slender, pliant: agile, supple—also '.—n. ', an active fellow. [A.S. swancor, pliant; Ger. schwank.]

Swanky, Swankie, swangk′i, n. poor thin beer or any sloppy drink, even sweetened water and vinegar.

Swanpan. See Shwanpan.

Swap, swop, v.t. to barter.—n. an exchange.—adj. , large. [Swop.]

Swape, swāp, n. (prov.) a pump-handle: a large oar or sweep: a sconce for holding a light.—v.i. to sweep: to place aslant.—n. , a well from which water is raised by a well-sweep.

Sward, swawrd, n. the grassy surface of land: green turf—also Swarth.—v.t. to cover with sward.—adjs. ', ', covered with sward. [A.S. sweard; Dut. zwoord, Ger. schwarte.]

Sware, swār (B.), pa.t. of swear.

Swarf, swärf, v.i. to faint.—n. a swoon.

Swarf, swärf, n. the grit from a grindstone in grinding cutlery wet.

Swarm, swawrm, n. a body of humming or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects, esp. of bee: a great number: throng.—v.i. to gather as bees: to appear in a crowd: to throng: to abound: to breed multitudes.—v.t. to cause to breed in swarms. [A.S. swearm; Ger. schwarm; from the same root as Ger. schwirren.]

Swarm, swawrm, v.i. to climb a tree by scrambling up by means of arms and legs (with up).

Swarth, swawrth, n. (Shak.). Same as Swath.

Swarth, swawrth, n. a wraith, apparition of a person about to die.

Swarthy, swawrth′i, adj. of a blackish complexion: dark-skinned: tawny—also Swart, Swarth.—adv. '.—ns. ';  (Milt.), the dog-star, so called because at the time of its appearance it darkens the complexion. [A.S. sweart; Ice. svartr, Ger. schwarz, black.]

Swarve, swawrv, v.i. to swerve.

Swash, swosh, v.t. to dash or splash.—v.i. to make a splashing noise, to wash up against.—ns. ', a bully, a blusterer; ' (Shak.), one who swashes, a blusterer.—adj. ', slashing, crushing.—n.pl. ', Italic capitals with top and bottom flourishes, intended to fill out ugly gaps.—ns. ', a disc set obliquely on a revolving axis, to give a reciprocating motion to a bar along its length; ', lathe-work in which the cuts are inclined to the axis of rotation.—adj. , swaggering. [Scand.; cf. dial. Sw. svasska, Norw. svakka, prov. Eng. swack, a blow.]

Swastika, swäs′ti-ka, n. the same as Fylfot (q.v.).—Also  and Gammadion. [Sans., 'fortunate.']

Swat, swot (Spens.), pa.t. of sweat.

Swatch, swach, n. a strip of cloth as a sample. [Swath.]

Swath, swawth, n. a line of grass or corn cut by the scythe: the sweep of a scythe.—adj. . [A.S. swathu, a track; Dut. zwade, also a scythe.]

Swathe, swāth, v.t. to bind with a band or bandage.—n. a bandage. [A.S. swethian; cf. Swaddle.]

Swats, swats, n. (Scot.) new ale: thin sowens.

Swatter, swat′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to spill water about. [Cf. Dut. swaddren, to dabble in water.]

Sway, swā, v.t. to swing or wield with the hand: to incline to one side: to influence by power or moral force: to govern: to hoist, raise.—v.i. to incline to one side: to govern: to have weight or influence.—n. the sweep of a weapon: that which moves with power: preponderance: power in governing: influence or authority inclining to one side: a thatcher's binding-switch.—adj. Swayed (Shak.), bent down and injured in the back by heavy burdens—said of a horse. [Prob. Scand., as Ice. sveigja, Dan. svaie, to sway; akin to swing.]

Sweal, swēl, v.t. to scorch.—v.i. to melt and run down: to burn away slowly. [A.S. swelan.]

Swear, swār, v.i. to affirm, calling God to witness: to give evidence on oath: to utter the name of God or of sacred things profanely.—v.t. to utter, calling God to witness: to administer an oath to: to declare on oath:—pa.t. swōre; pa.p. sworn.—n. .—Swear at, to aim profanity at: to be very incongruous with, esp. in colour; Swear by, to put complete confidence in; Swear in, to inaugurate by oath; Swear off, to renounce, promise to give up. [A.S. swerian; Dut. zweren, Ger. schwören.]

Sweard, swērd, n. (Spens.) sword.

Sweat, swet, n. the moisture from the skin, the state of one who sweats, diaphoresis: labour: drudgery.—v.i. to give out sweat or moisture: to toil, drudge for poor wages: to suffer penalty, smart.—v.t. to give out, as sweat: to cause to sweat: to squeeze money or extortionate interest from, to compel to hard work for mean wages: to wear away or pare down by friction or other means, as coins: to scrape the sweat from a horse.—ns. ', one who sweats, or that which causes sweating, a diaphoretic: a heavy kind of jersey used by persons in training for athletic contests, to reduce their weight: one who sweats coins: a London street ruffian in Queen Anne's time who prodded weak passengers with his sword-point; '; ', a bath to promote perspiration; ', ', a house, room, for sweating persons: a room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices; ', an extremely fatal epidemic disorder which ravaged Europe, and esp. England, in the 15th and 16th centuries—a violent inflammatory fever, with a fetid perspiration over the whole body; ', the practice of working poor people at starvation wages, esp. in making up clothes in their own houses.—adj. ', wet with sweat: consisting of sweat: laborious. [A.S. swát, sweat, swǽtan, to sweat; Dut. zweet; Low Ger. sweet, Ger. schweiss.]

Sweath-band, swēth′-band, n. (Spens.) a swaddling-band. [Swathe.]

Swede, swēd, n. a native of Sweden; a Swedish turnip.—adj. , pertaining to Sweden, to Swedish turnips, gloves of undressed kid, &c.

Swedenborgian, swē-dn-bor′ji-an, n. one who holds the religious doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher (1688-1772), founder of the New Jerusalem Church.—n. .

Sweeny, swē′ni, n. atrophy of a muscle.

Sweep, swēp, v.t. to wipe or rub over with a brush or broom: to carry along or off by a long brushing stroke or force: to destroy or carry off at a stroke: to strike with a long stroke: to carry with pomp: to drag over: to pass rapidly over.—v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly: to pass with pomp: to move with a long reach:—pa.t. and pa.p. swept.—n. act of sweeping: extent of a stroke, or of anything turning or in motion: prevalence, range: direction of a curve: the act of bringing into a general movement: rapid or wide-spread destructiveness: a curved approach before a building: a chimney-sweeper: (pl.) oars of great length used during a calm or in still water, either to assist the rudder or to propel the vessel.—n. '.—adv. ', in a sweeping manner.—n. '.—n.pl. ', things collected by sweeping: rubbish.—ns. ', a net that embraces a large compass: ' (Shak.), one who wins all—usually in pl. ', a method of gambling by which several persons contribute each certain stakes, the whole of which fall to one in case of a certain event happening; ', one who scrapes a little gold or silver from the sweepings of refineries.—adj. , swaying, sweeping, curving. [A.S. swápan; Ger. schweifen, Cf. Swoop.]

Sweer, Sweir, swēr, adj. (Scot.) lazy, unwilling. [A.S. swǽr, swár, heavy.]

Sweet, swēt, adj. pleasing to the taste or senses: tasting like sugar: fragrant: melodious: beautiful, grateful to the eye: fresh, as opposed to salt or to sour: pure: recent, not stale, sour, or putrid: mild, soft, gentle: kind, obliging.—n. a sweet substance: a term of endearment: (pl.) sweetmeats, confections: sweet dishes served at table, puddings, tarts, jellies, &c.—v.t. (obs.) to sweeten.—adj. ' (Shak.), at once fair and young.—ns. ', the laurel (Laurus nobilis); ', the pancreas of an animal used for food, both delicate and nutritious.—adj. ', sweet-smelling.—ns. ', a thorny shrub of the rose kind resembling the brier, having a sweet smell; ', a variety of maize.—v.t. ', to make sweet: to make pleasing, mild, or kind: to increase the agreeable qualities of: to make pure and healthy.—ns. ', one who, or that which, sweetens; ', act of sweetening: that which sweetens; ', ', an aromatic plant of the genus Acorus of the arum family; ', a lover or mistress.—n.pl. ', confections.—n. ', a sweet apple: (Shak.) a darling, a word of endearment.—adj. ', somewhat sweet to the taste.—ns. '; ', a flower of the narrow-leaved varieties of a species of pink, Dianthus barbatus, as distinguished from other varieties called Sweet-william; ', a small tree in the southern United States, having sweetish leaves relished by cattle and horses; ', one whose lips are sweet—a term of endearment: the ballanwrasse, or Labrus maculatus.—adv. '.—ns. ', a fragrant species of marjoram; ', a confection made wholly or chiefly of sugar; ', the double-flowered variety of Narcissus poeticus; '; ', olive-oil; ', a pea cultivated for its fragrance and beauty; ', a twining plant common in tropical and sub-tropical countries, having large sweetish edible tubers.—adj. ', having a sweet smell.—n. ', a tropical American evergreen, also its pulpy fruit.—adj. ', having a mild, amiable disposition.—ns. ', a white variety of the European grape, with very sweet juice; ', the bunch-pink, Dianthus barbatus, a garden flower of many colours and varieties; , a name applied to various trees and shrubs of the laurel family found in South America and the West Indies.—Be sweet on, or upon, to be in love with. [A.S. swéte; Ger. süsz, Gr. hēdys, L. suavis, sweet, Sans. svad, to taste.]

Swell, swel, v.i. to grow larger: to expand: to rise into waves: to heave: to be inflated: to bulge out: to grow louder: to be bombastic, to strut: to become elated, arrogant, or angry: to grow upon the view: to grow more violent: to grow louder, as a note.—v.t. to increase the size of: to aggravate: to increase the sound of: to raise to arrogance: to augment the sound of:—pa.p. swelled or swollen (swōln).—n. act of swelling: a bulge or protuberance: increase in size: an increase and a succeeding decrease in the volume of a tone: a gradual rise of ground: a wave or billow or succession of them in one direction, as after a storm: a distinct set of pipes in an organ, enclosed in a case furnished with movable shutters which being more or less opened by means of a pedal, produce a swell of sound: (geol.) an upward protrusion of strata from whose central region the beds dip quaquaversally at a low angle: a strutting foppish fellow, a dandy.—adj. fashionable.—n. ', the fashionable world generally.—adj. ' (B.), inflated, proud, haughty.—n. protuberance: a tumour: a rising, as of passion: (B.) inflation by pride.—adj. ', foppish, dandified.—ns. ', well-dressed pickpockets collectively; , a well-dressed pickpocket. [A.S. swellan; Ger. schwellen.]

Swelt, swelt, v.i. (Spens.) to swelter.

Swelter, swelt′ėr, v.i. to be faint or oppressed with heat: to perspire copiously from heat.—v.t. to cause to faint, to overpower, as with heat.—p.adj. '.—adv. '.—adj. , sultry, oppressive with heat. [A.S. sweltan, to die; Ice. svelta, to hunger.]

Swept, swept, pa.t. and pa.p. of sweep.

Swerve, swėrv, v.i. to turn, depart from any line, duty, or custom: to incline: to rove, wander.—n. an act of swerving.—adj. ', that does not swerve.—n. ', one who swerves. [A.S. sweorfan; Dut. zwerven.]

Sweven, swē′vn, n. (obs.) a dream.—v.t. and v.i. to sleep, dream. [A.S. swefen, sleep, dream.]

Swift, swift, adj. moving quickly: fleet, rapid: speedy: ready.—n. a genus (Cypselus) and family (Cypselidæ) of picarian birds, resembling the swallows in general appearance and habits, but most closely allied by anatomical structure to the humming-birds—with long pointed wings, a short tail, and remarkable powers of rapid and prolonged flight: the common newt: a reel for winding yarn: the main cylinder of a carding-machine: the current of a stream.—n. ', any rope temporarily used to tighten or keep a thing in its place.—adjs. '; '; '.—adv. ', with swiftness: rapidly.—n. ', quality of being swift: quickness: fleetness: rapidity: speed.—adj. . [A.S. swift, from same root as swoop.]

Swig, swig, n. a pulley with ropes not parallel.—v.t. to tighten a rope by hauling at right angles to its lead: to castrate by ligating the scrotum and making the testicles slough off. [Prob. swag.]

Swig, swig, n. a large draught: one who drinks deep.—v.t. to drink by large draughts, to gulp down. [Prob. conn. with A.S. swelgan, to swallow.]

Swill, swil, v.t. or v.i. to drink greedily or largely, to drink habitually, to drench one's self with: to wash, rinse.—n. a large draught of liquor: the liquid mixture given to swine.—ns. '; '.—n.pl. , hog wash. [A.S. swilian, to wash; cf. Sw. sqvala, to gush.]

Swim, swim, v.i. to float, as opposed to sink: to move on or in water: to be borne along by a current: to glide along with a waving motion: to be dizzy: to be drenched: to overflow: to abound.—v.t. to pass by swimming: to make to swim or float:—pr.p. pa.t. swam; pa.p. swum or swam.—n. act of swimming: any motion like swimming: air-bladder of a fish.—adj. ', capable of being swum.—ns. ', one who swims: a web-footed aquatic bird; ', one of the abdominal appendages which in the lobster and other Crustacea are used in swimming; ', the act of floating or moving on or in the water: dizziness; ', a bath large enough for swimming in.—adv. ', in a gliding manner, as if swimming: smoothly, successfully.—ns. ', the state of swimming: a melting look, tearfulness; ', an artificial pond adapted for swimming in; ', a place where swimming is taught; ', a cellular variety of flint—float-stone.—In the swim, in the main current, of affairs, business, &c. [A.S. swimman; Ger. schwimmen.]

Swinck, swingk, v.i. (Spens.). Same as Swink.

Swindge, swindj, v.t. (Milt.). Same as Swinge (1).

Swindle, swin′dl, v.t. to cheat under the pretence of fair dealing.—n. the act of swindling or defrauding: anything not really what it appears to be.—adj. ', capable of being swindled.—ns. ', one who defrauds by imposition: a cheat or rogue; ', roguery, swindling practices.—adj. ', cheating. [Ger. schwindler, a cheat—schwindeln, to be giddy, schwindenempty, to sink; A.S. swindan, to droop.]

Swine, swīn, n.sing. and pl. a well-known quadruped with bristly skin and long snout, fed for its flesh: a pig: pigs collectively.—ns. ', a herd or keeper of swine; ', chicken-pox; ', a place where pigs are kept; ', the dandelion; ' (same as Stink-stone); ', a pig-sty. [A.S. swín, a pig; Ger. schwein, L. sus, Gr. hys.]

Swing, swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and fro, as a body hanging in air: to move forward with swaying gait: to vibrate: to practise swinging: to turn round at anchor: to be hanged.—v.t. to move to and fro: to cause to wave or vibrate: to whirl, to brandish: to cause to wheel or turn as about some point: to fix up anything so as to hang freely:—pa.t. and pa.p. swung.—n. the act of swinging: motion to and fro: a waving motion: anything suspended for swinging in: the sweep or compass of a swinging body: the sweep of a golf-club when driving: influence or power of anything put in motion: free course, unrestrained liberty.—ns. ', a device for adjusting the plate-holder of a camera at any desired angle; ', a boat-shaped carriage swung from a frame, in use for swinging in at fairs, &c.; ', a bridge that may be moved aside by swinging, at the mouth of docks, &c.; ', a churn-box so hung as to be worked by oscillation; '; ', a pivoted handle of any utensil, esp. a bail or other arched handle; ', the act of moving back and forth, esp. the pastime of moving in a swing.—adj. having a free easy motion.—n. ', the spar which stretches the foot of a lower studding-sail.—adv. ', in a swinging-manner.—ns. ', the post to which a gate is hung; ', a form of intimidation common in England about 1830-33, which consisted mainly in sending letters signed 'Swing' or 'Captain Swing' to farmers, ordering them under threats to give up threshing-machines, &c.; ', a mechanism in the truck of a railway carriage, &c., permitting swaying from side to side; ', a sugar-pan with spout, pivoted so that it may be emptied by tipping; ', a plough without a fore-wheel under the beam; ', a hanging shelf; ', an upright timber, with a blunt edge at top over which flax was beaten by the swingle—also '; ', a complete oscillation.—adj. swinging, drawling.—ns. ', a moveable bed on which plate-glass is cemented for polishing; ', a holder swinging on horizontal centres, on which work is fastened so as to hold flat against the face of a file; '=Swingle-tree (q.v.); ', a swinging trot; , the wheel that drives a clock pendulum, corresponding to the balance-wheel in a watch. [A.S. swingan; Ger. schwingen, to swing; allied to wag, sway.]

Swinge, swinj, v.t. to beat, chastise: to forge, weld together: to wave to and fro.—n. a lash, a lashing movement.—n. ' (Shak.), one who pretends to feats of arms, a blusterer.—adj. ', great, huge.—adv. .—n. Swinger any person or thing great or astonishing, a bold lie, a whopper. [A.S. swengan, to shake, a causal form of swingan, to swing.]

Swinge, swinj, v.t. (Spens.). Same as Singe.